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Russian "Dead Hand"? She doesn't exist! Dead Hand System Where is the perimeter system located?

Perimeter system(Strategic Missile Forces airborne attack index - 15E601, nicknamed “Dead Hand” in the West, and “Hand from the Coffin” in the East) - missile force control system strategic purpose- Strategic Missile Forces. In the documents it received the name “Perimeter”. The system involved the creation of such technical means and software, which would make it possible in any conditions, even the most unfavorable, to bring the order to launch missiles directly to the launch teams. According to the creators of Perimeter, the system could prepare and launch missiles even if everyone died and there was no one to give the order. This component began to be unofficially called “Dead Hand or Hand from the Coffin.”

Operating principle of the system:

The logic of the Dead Hand’s actions involved the regular collection and processing of a gigantic amount of information. A variety of information was received from all kinds of sensors. For example, about the state of communication lines with a higher command post: there is a connection - there is no connection. About the radiation situation in the surrounding area: normal level of radiation - increased level of radiation. About the presence of people at the starting position: there are people - there are no people. About registered nuclear explosions and so on and so forth.
The “Dead Hand” had the ability to analyze changes in the military and political situation in the world - the system assessed commands received over a certain period of time, and on this basis could conclude that something was wrong in the world. When the system believed that its time had come, it became active and launched a command to prepare for the launch of the rockets.
Moreover, the “Dead Hand” could not begin active operations in Peaceful time. Even if there was no communication, even if the entire combat crew left the starting position, there were still a lot of other parameters that would block the operation of the system.

After an order received from the highest echelons of the Strategic Missile Forces control to a special command post, the 15P011 command missile with a special 15B99 warhead is launched, which in flight transmits launch commands to all launchers and command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces that have the appropriate receivers.

System concept:

The system is designed to guarantee the launch of silo-based ICBMs and SLBMs in the event that, as a result of a crushing nuclear strike by the enemy on the territory of the USSR, all command units of the Strategic Missile Forces capable of ordering a retaliatory strike are destroyed. The system is the only doomsday machine (weapon) existing in the world guaranteed retribution), whose existence has been officially confirmed. The system is still classified and may still be on combat duty to this day, so any information about it cannot be confirmed as unequivocally reliable, or refuted, and should be viewed with a due degree of skepticism.

At its core, the Perimeter system is an alternative command system for all branches of the military armed with nuclear charges. It was created as a backup system in case the key nodes of the Kazbek command system and the Strategic Missile Forces communications lines were destroyed by the first strike, in accordance with the concept of Limited nuclear war. To ensure the guaranteed fulfillment of its role, the system was initially designed as fully automatic and, in the event of a massive attack, is capable of making a decision on a retaliatory strike independently, without the participation (or with minimal participation) of a person. The existence of such a system in the West is called immoral, but it is essentially the only deterrent that provides real guarantees that a potential enemy will renounce the concept of a preventive crushing strike.

History of creation:

Development of a special command missile system, called “Perimeter”, was assigned to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by USSR Government Decree N695-227 dated August 30, 1974. The MR-UR100 (15A15) missile was initially intended to be used as the base missile; later they settled on the MR-UR100 UTTH (15A16) missile ). The missile, modified in terms of its control system, received the index 15A11.

In December 1975, a preliminary design of the command rocket was completed. The rocket was equipped with a special warhead, indexed 15B99, which included an original radio engineering system developed by OKB LPI. To ensure the conditions for its functioning, the warhead had to have a constant orientation in space during flight. A special system for its calming, orientation and stabilization was developed using cold compressed gas (taking into account the experience of developing the propulsion system for the Mayak SGCH), which significantly reduced the cost and time of its creation and testing. The production of SGC 15B99 was organized at NPO Strela in Orenburg.

After ground testing of new technical solutions in 1979, LCTs of the command rocket began. At NIIP-5, sites 176 and 181, two experimental mine launchers were put into operation. In addition, a special command post was created at site 71, equipped with newly developed unique equipment combat control to ensure remote control and launch of a command missile according to orders coming from the highest levels of control of the Strategic Missile Forces. At a special technical position in the assembly building, a shielded anechoic chamber was built, equipped with equipment for autonomous testing of the radio transmitter.

Flight tests of the 15A11 missile (see layout diagram) were carried out under the leadership of the State Commission headed by Lieutenant General V.V. Korobushin, First Deputy Chief of the Main Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The first launch of the 15A11 command rocket with an equivalent transmitter was successfully carried out on December 26, 1979. The developed complex algorithms for interfacing all systems involved in the launch were tested, the ability of the rocket to provide the given flight path of the GC 15B99 (trajectory apex at an altitude of about 4000 km, range 4500 km), operation of all service systems of the main unit in normal mode, the correctness of the adopted technical solutions was confirmed.

10 missiles were allocated for flight testing. In connection with the successful launches and the accomplishment of the assigned tasks, the State Commission considered it possible to be satisfied with seven launches.

During the testing of the Perimeter system, real launches of 15A14, 15A16, 15A35 missiles were carried out from combat facilities according to orders transmitted by the SGCh 15B99 in flight. Previously, additional antennas were mounted on the launchers of these missiles and new receiving devices were installed. All launchers and command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces subsequently underwent these modifications.

Along with flight tests, a ground test of the functionality of the entire complex was carried out under the influence of damaging factors. nuclear explosion at the test site of the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, in the testing laboratories of VNIIEF (Arzamas), at the nuclear test site New Earth. The tests carried out confirmed the operability of the control system and SGCh equipment at levels of exposure to a nuclear explosion exceeding those specified in the TTT MO.

Even during the flight tests, a government decree set the task of expanding the functions solved by the command missile complex, with the delivery of combat orders not only to Strategic Missile Forces facilities, but also to strategic missile submarines, long-range and naval missile-carrying aircraft at airfields and in the air, points control of the Strategic Missile Forces, Air Force and Navy.

The flight tests of the command missile were completed in March 1982. In January 1985, the complex was put on combat duty. For more than 10 years, the command missile complex has successfully fulfilled its important role in the defense capability of the state.

System components:

System command posts:

Apparently, they are structures similar to standard missile bunkers of the Strategic Missile Forces. They contain the control equipment and communication systems necessary to ensure the operation of the system. Presumably integrated with command missile launchers, however, most likely they are spaced at a fairly large distance to ensure better system survivability.

Command missiles:

Command missile 15A11 of the Perimeter system. The only widely known component of the complex. They are part of the 15P011 command missile complex and have the index 15A11, developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau on the basis of the 15A16 missiles (MR UR-100U). Equipped with a special warhead 15B99, containing a radio-technical command system developed by OKB LPI, designed to ensure the delivery of combat orders from the central command post to all command posts and launchers under conditions of exposure to nuclear explosions and active electronic countermeasures, when the warhead is flying on a passive part of the trajectory. Technical operation rockets is identical to the operation of the basic 15A16 rocket. Launcher 15P716 - silo, automated, highly protected, OS type, most likely a modernized OS-84 launcher. The possibility of basing missiles in other types of launch silos cannot be ruled out.

The development of a command missile began under the TTT of the Ministry of Defense in 1974. Flight design tests were carried out at NIIP-5 (Baikonur) from 1979 to 1986. A total of 7 launches were carried out (6 successful, 1 partially successful). The mass of the warhead 15B99 is 1412 kg.

Receiving devices:

They ensure that the components of the nuclear triad receive orders and codes from command missiles in flight. They are equipped with all launchers of the Strategic Missile Forces, all SSBNs and strategic bombers. Presumably, the receiving devices are hardware connected to the control and launch equipment, ensuring autonomous execution of the launch order.

Autonomous control and command system:

The mythical component of the system is a key element of the Doomsday Machine, the existence of which there is no reliable information. Some proponents of the existence of such a system believe that it is a complex expert system, equipped with many communication systems and sensors that monitor the combat situation. This system supposedly monitors the presence and intensity of conversations on air at military frequencies, the receipt of telemetry signals from Strategic Missile Forces posts, the level of radiation on the surface and in the surrounding area, the regular occurrence of point sources of powerful ionizing and electromagnetic radiation at key coordinates, coinciding with sources of short-term seismic disturbances in the earth’s crust (which corresponds to the picture of multiple ground-based nuclear strikes), and, possibly, the presence of living people at the command post. Based on the correlation of these factors, the system probably makes the final decision on the need for a retaliatory strike.

Another proposed option for the system’s operation is that upon receiving information about the first signs of a missile attack, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief switches the system to combat mode. After this, if within a certain time the system command post does not receive a signal to stop the combat algorithm, then command missiles are launched.

System location:

The automated system "Perimeter" is installed in the area of Mount Kosvinsky Kamen (Ural). According to Blair, "American strategists consider him the crown jewel Russian system nuclear combat command, since from here it is possible to maintain communication through the granite layer with Russian long-range strategic aviation using a VLF radio signal (3.0 - 30.0 kHz), capable of propagating even in a nuclear war. This bunker is a critical link in the doomsday machine's communications network, designed to provide semi-automatic retaliation in response to a decapitation strike."

Operation and system status:

After being put on combat duty, the complex worked and was periodically used during command post exercises. Command missile system 15P011 with the 15A11 missile (based on the MR UR-100) was on combat duty until June 1995, when, as part of the START-1 agreement, the complex was removed from combat duty. According to other sources, this happened on September 1, 1995, when in the 7th missile division(township Vypolzovo) was taken off duty and the 510th missile regiment, armed with command missiles, was disbanded. This event coincided with the completion of the withdrawal of MR UR-100 missiles from the Strategic Missile Forces and the process of rearmament of the 7th RD with the Topol mobile ground missile system, which began in December 1994.

In December 1990, in the 8th Missile Division (Yurya town), a regiment (commander - Colonel S.I. Arzamastsev) with a modernized command missile system, called “Perimeter-RTs”, which included a command missile, took up combat duty , created on the basis of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM.

There is also evidence that previously the Perimeter system, along with 15A11 missiles, included command missiles based on the Pioneer MRBM. Such a mobile complex with “pioneer” command missiles was called “Gorn”. The index of the complex is 15P656, the missiles are 15Zh56. At least one unit known Missile Forces strategic purpose, which was armed with the Horn complex - the 249th missile regiment, stationed in the city of Polotsk, Vitebsk region of the 32nd missile division (Postavy), from March-April 1986 to 1988 was on combat duty with mobile a complex of command missiles.

Organizations involved in the production of components and technical maintenance of the complex are experiencing difficulties with financing. Staff turnover is high, resulting in a decline in staff qualifications. Despite this, the Russian leadership has repeatedly assured foreign states that there is no risk of accidental or unauthorized missile launches.

IN Western press The name “Dead hand” was assigned to the system.

In Japan, military experts dubbed this system the “Hand from the Coffin.”

According to Wired magazine in 2009, the Perimeter system is operational and ready to strike back.

In December 2011, the commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Lieutenant General Sergei Karakaev, stated that the Perimeter system exists and is on combat duty.

Operators:

Russia (The system is currently active).

Russia has the only weapon in the world that guarantees a retaliatory nuclear strike against the enemy, even in the terrible event that we no longer have anyone to decide on this strike. The unique system counterattacks automatically - and brutally.

Imagine the worst possible scenario. The world, teetering on the very brink of war, collapsed. The patience of the “Western democracies” has been exhausted, and across the territory Soviet Union a pre-emptive nuclear strike was launched. Deadly missiles were launched from silo launchers, submarines and aircraft. The full power of many thousands of warheads fell on cities and military installations. And while the Soviet leadership, in shock and panic, was figuring out what had happened, whether it was a mistake, and how to correct the situation, there was nothing left to correct. Major cities, industrial and military centers, control and communications centers were destroyed in a single massive strike. The powerful nuclear arsenal of the USSR simply did not have time to be used: the command did not come, and in the absence of a leadership center, the dangerous rival is blind, mute and motionless.

But at the very moment when NATO generals raise their glasses of victory, something unimaginable happens. The enemy, who had been silent for what seemed like forever, seemed to come to life. Thousands of rockets rushed towards Western countries- and before the generals had time to finish off the bottle of champagne, many of them, having broken through with such efforts, built missile defense, wiped off the face of the earth big cities, military bases, command centers. Nobody won.

This is how the “Perimeter” system worked, which received in the Western press chilling the name “Dead Hand”, the last argument of the Soviet (and now Russian) state. Despite the large number and variety of “Doomsday Machines” invented by science fiction writers, which guarantee retribution to any enemy and are capable of reaching and guaranteed to destroy him, only “Perimeter” apparently really exists.

However, “Perimeter” is a system kept in such strict secrecy that there are some doubts about its existence, and all information about its composition and functions should be taken with a great deal of doubt. So what do we know?

The Perimeter system launches an automatic massive nuclear strike. It guarantees the launch of submarine-, air- and silo-based ballistic missiles in the event that the enemy destroys ALL points capable of ordering a retaliatory attack. It is completely independent from other means of communication and command systems, even from the notorious “nuclear suitcase” of the Kazbek system.

The system was put on combat duty in 1985, and five years later it was modernized, received the name “Perimeter-RC” and served for another 5 years. Then, as part of the START-1 agreement, she was removed from duty - and her current condition is unknown. According to some sources, it may be “turned on” again after START-1 expires (this happened already in December 2009), and according to others, it has already been returned to its current state.

This is how the system is believed to work. “Perimeter” is on constant combat duty; it receives data from tracking systems, including early warning radars for missile attacks. Apparently, the system has its own independent command posts, which are in no way (outwardly) indistinguishable from many similar points of the Strategic Missile Forces. According to some reports, there are 4 such points, they are separated over a long distance and duplicate each other’s functions.

At these points, the most important - and most secret - component of the Perimeter, the autonomous control and command system, operates. It is believed that this is a complex software system created on the basis of artificial intelligence. By receiving data on communications on the air, the radiation field and other radiation at control points, information from early detection systems for launches, seismic activity, it is able to draw conclusions about the fact of a massive nuclear attack.

If “the situation is ripe,” the system itself is transferred to a state of full combat readiness. Now she needs one last factor: the absence of regular signals from the usual command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces. If signals have not been received for some time, “Perimeter” triggers the Apocalypse.

15A11 command missiles are released from the silos. Created on the basis of the MR UR-100 intercontinental missiles (launch weight 71 tons, flight range up to 11 thousand km, two stages, liquid-propellant jet engine), they carry a special warhead. In itself, it is harmless: it is a radio engineering system developed at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic. These missiles, rising high into the atmosphere and flying over the territory of the country, broadcast launch codes for all nuclear missile weapons.

They also act automatically. Imagine a submarine standing at the pier: almost the entire crew on the shore has already died, and only a few confused submariners on board. Suddenly she comes to life. Without any outside intervention, having received a launch signal from strictly secret receiving devices, the nuclear arsenal begins to move. The same thing happens in immobilized mine installations, and on strategic aviation. A retaliatory strike is inevitable: it is probably unnecessary to add that “Perimeter” is designed to be especially resistant to all damaging factors nuclear weapons. It is almost impossible to reliably disable it.

Russia has updated its "doomsday" system

On November 15, the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces (ASD) successfully launched into orbit the Meridian communications satellite, which will support the normal functioning of the Unified Satellite Communication System (ESSC) of the Armed Forces. This connection is a backup channel of the so-called “Doomsday” system. The Ministry of Defense explained to Izvestia what is remarkable about the current launch from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the Astrakhan region.

- “Judgment Day” is for the public, but for specialists it is another name, classified. This is a network of communication nodes, transmitting stations and computer terminals that provide stable, noise-free and closed communication with any point globe. They are the ones who give the signal combat use all strategic nuclear forces,” the source said.

According to him, the system remains Russia’s best-kept secret, and the Ministry of Defense is responsible for its operation special department. The source refused to say on what principles the signal is sent to intercontinental ballistic missiles(ICBMs), strategic bombers and submarines with nuclear missiles, which make up the nuclear triad.

"Doomsday" is part of the main task of the global system. In general, it provides closed communication throughout the Earth in a normal, non-emergency mode. Its creation began back in the 1970s. An officer of the Aerospace Defense Command shared with Izvestia that the ESSS consists of two subsystems - in geostationary and highly elliptical orbits. On the first, the satellite seems to hover over a certain area, combining its own speed and the speed of rotation of the Earth; on the second, it moves along a parabola with the highest point in the Northern Hemisphere.

We simply call the geostationary orbit stationary, and the highly elliptical orbit – mobile,” explained the interlocutor in the East Kazakhstan region.

According to his information, the stationary subsystem consists of about a dozen Raduga satellites. All of them hang over the territory of Russia, but without mobile add-ons they cannot fully fulfill the tasks of the ESSS. The fact is that at high latitudes it is more difficult to “hang” a geostationary satellite than at the equator, and above North Pole where the Earth's rotation axis passes, it is generally impossible to hold them. This is where we need mobile satellites, those same "Meridians".

The problem is that such a satellite does not hang, but moves, and its operating time is limited. For support continuous communication The satellites must follow each other with an interval of six to seven hours, and their ecliptic plane is rotated 90 degrees to each other, says an aerospace defense officer.

Before Meridians, the mobile subsystem consisted of satellites of the Molniya series. In 1998, funding for the ESSC was sharply reduced, and a smooth replacement of the old series with a new one did not work out. The Meridians themselves are not ideal either. Of the five previously launched satellites, two are now operational - one was depressurized, the second did not enter orbit, and the third died at the end of last year along with the launch vehicle.

As an interlocutor in East Kazakhstan region said, the Molnii had a service life of three years, but they work longer.

With Meridians in orbit, communication has become much better. The satellite just launched will be the third, and when it becomes part of the ESSS, our mobile subsystem will work in full force, - he said.

The optimism of East Kazakhstan region is added by the fact that the launched Meridian entered its intended orbit on November 14 at 21.05, and at 5 am on November 15 carried out the first test data exchange. The military hopes it will take no more than a week to correct the orbit and conduct all tests. izvestia.ru/news/539706

And now we read here. The wrong country was called Honduras))) The collapse of the strategic nuclear arsenal SHSA

Operating principle of the system:
The logic of the Dead Hand's actions involved the regular collection and processing of a gigantic amount of information. A variety of information was received from all kinds of sensors. For example, about the state of communication lines with a higher command post: there is a connection - there is no connection. About the radiation situation in the surrounding area: normal level of radiation - increased level of radiation. About the presence of people at the starting position: there are people - there are no people. About registered nuclear explosions and so on and so forth.
The “Dead Hand” had the ability to analyze changes in the military and political situation in the world - the system assessed commands received over a certain period of time, and on this basis could conclude that something was wrong in the world. When the system believed that its time had come, it became active and launched a command to prepare for the launch of the rockets.
Moreover, the “Dead Hand” could not begin active operations in peacetime. Even if there was no communication, even if the entire combat crew left the starting position, there were still a lot of other parameters that would block the operation of the system.
After an order received from the highest echelons of the Strategic Missile Forces control to a special command post, the 15P011 command missile with a special 15B99 warhead is launched, which in flight transmits launch commands to all launchers and command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces that have the appropriate receivers.
System concept:
The system is designed to guarantee the launch of silo-based ICBMs and SLBMs in the event that, as a result of a crushing nuclear strike by the enemy on the territory of the USSR, all command units of the Strategic Missile Forces capable of ordering a retaliatory strike are destroyed. The system is the only doomsday machine (weapon of guaranteed retribution) in existence in the world, the existence of which has been officially confirmed. The system is still classified and may still be on combat duty to this day, so any information about it cannot be confirmed as unequivocally reliable, or refuted, and should be viewed with a due degree of skepticism.
At its core, the Perimeter system is an alternative command system for all branches of the military armed with nuclear warheads. It was created as a backup system in case the key nodes of the Kazbek command system and the communications lines of the Strategic Missile Forces were destroyed by the first strike, in accordance with the concept of Limited Nuclear War developed in the United States. To ensure the guaranteed fulfillment of its role, the system was initially designed as fully automatic and, in the event of a massive attack, is capable of making a decision on a retaliatory strike independently, without the participation (or with minimal participation) of a person. The existence of such a system in the West is called immoral, but it is essentially the only deterrent that provides real guarantees that a potential enemy will renounce the concept of a preventive crushing strike.

History of creation:
The development of a special command missile system, called "Perimeter", was assigned to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by USSR Government Decree N695-227 of August 30, 1974. It was initially planned to use the MR-UR100 (15A15) missile as the base missile; later they settled on the MR-UR100 UTTH (15A16) missile. The missile, modified in terms of its control system, received the index 15A11.

The Perimeter system (Strategic Missile Forces air defense index: 15E601) is a complex for automatic control of a massive retaliatory nuclear strike, created in the USSR at the height of the Cold War.

“Our strategic nuclear forces (SNF) are configured in such a way as to threaten Russian nuclear and economic facilities. Even at the moment when we are negotiating with Russian President Vladimir Putin, we are holding his Kremlin office at gunpoint. This is the fact of life” - Joseph Cirincione ( Joseph Cirincione, director of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for international peace. December 2001.

The Perimeter system (Strategic Missile Forces air defense index: 15E601) is a complex for automatic control of a massive retaliatory nuclear strike, created in the USSR at the height of the Cold War. Designed to guarantee the launch of silo-based ICBMs and SLBMs in the event that, as a result of a crushing nuclear strike by the enemy on the territory of the USSR, all command units of the Strategic Missile Forces capable of ordering a retaliatory strike are destroyed.

The system is a backup communications system used in the event of the destruction of the Kazbek command system and the combat control systems of the Strategic Missile Forces, Navy and Air Force.

At the same time, she first announced the top-secret name - “Perimeter”, and in English language a new concept was introduced - “dead hand”. Some in the West called the Perimeter system immoral, but at the same time, even its most ardent critics were forced to admit that it is, in fact, the only deterrent that provides real guarantees that a potential enemy will refuse to launch a preventive nuclear strike .

Possible operating principle

There is no reliable information about the 15E601 “Perimeter” system, however, based on indirect data, it can be assumed that it is a complex expert system equipped with many communication systems and sensors. The system probably has next principle work.

“Perimeter” is on constant combat duty; it receives data from tracking systems, including early warning radars for missile attacks. Apparently, the system has its own independent command posts, which are in no way (outwardly) indistinguishable from many similar points of the Strategic Missile Forces. According to some reports, there are 4 such points, they are separated over a long distance and duplicate each other’s functions.

At these points, the most important and most secret component of the Perimeter operates - the autonomous control and command system. It is believed that this is a complex software system created on the basis of artificial intelligence. By receiving data, she is able to draw conclusions about the fact of a massive nuclear attack.

The system tracks:

The presence and intensity of negotiations on air on military frequencies,

Information from the Missile Attack Warning System (MAWS),

Receiving telemetry signals from Strategic Missile Forces posts,

Radiation levels on the surface and in the surrounding area,

Regular occurrence of point sources of powerful ionizing and electromagnetic radiation at key coordinates, coinciding with sources of short-term seismic disturbances in the earth’s crust (which corresponds to the picture of multiple ground-based nuclear strikes),

Presence of living people at the control point, etc.

In peacetime, “Perimeter” is in a calm state - one might say, “sleeping” - without ceasing, however, to analyze incoming information. When switched to combat mode or receiving an alarm signal from early warning systems, strategic missile forces and other systems, monitoring of a network of sensors is launched to detect signs of nuclear explosions.

If “the situation is ripe,” the system itself is transferred to a state of full combat readiness. Before launching the retaliatory strike algorithm, Perimeter checks for the presence of four conditions. First, whether a nuclear attack occurred. Then the connection with the General Staff is checked - if there is a connection, the system is turned off.

If the General Staff does not respond, “Perimeter” requests “Kazbek” (known thanks to the “Cheget” subscriber complex or “nuclear suitcase”). If they are silent there too, artificial intelligence transfers the right to make decisions to any person who is in command bunker. And only after that it begins to act.

Another proposed option for the system’s operation is that upon receiving information about the first signs of a missile attack from the early warning system, the top officials of the state could switch the system to combat mode. After this, if within a certain time the system’s control center does not receive a signal to stop the combat algorithm, then the procedure for delivering a retaliatory nuclear strike is initialized. This completely excluded the possibility of making a decision on a retaliatory strike in the event of a false alarm and ensured that even the destruction of everyone who has the authority to issue a command for launches would not be able to prevent a retaliatory nuclear strike.

About the Perimeter rocket

In the early 70s, the capabilities of the enemy's electronic suppression of the Strategic Missile Forces' combat command and control systems increased significantly. The task of ensuring the transmission of combat orders from the highest echelons of command to command posts and individual launchers has become urgent. strategic missiles. To solve this problem, it was proposed to use (in addition to the existing communication channels) a special command missile equipped with a powerful radio transmitting device, which, after launch, would give commands to launch all missiles on combat duty.

In December 1975 Yuzhnoye Design Bureau completed a preliminary design of a command missile based on the MR-UR100 ICBM. The control system that ensured the flight of the warhead along a trajectory with its apex at an altitude of about 4000 km was modified. with a range of 4500 km. Later, the MR-UR-100 UTTH missile was used, which received the index 15A11.

The rocket was equipped with a special warhead (SCH), index 15B99, which included a radio engineering system developed by OKB LPI. During the flight, the SHS had to have a certain orientation in space, for which an orientation and stabilization system using compressed gas was developed.

At the same time, the experience of developing engines for the Mayak SNG was used, which significantly reduced the cost and development time. The production of SGC 15B99 was organized at NPO Strela in Orenburg.

In 1979 flight development tests (FDT) of the command rocket began. At NIIP-5, at sites 176 and 181, two experimental mine launchers were put into operation. In addition, a command post was created at site 71, equipped with newly developed combat control equipment. The first launch of the 15A11 rocket with an equivalent transmitter was successfully carried out on December 26, 1979. 10 missiles were allocated for flight testing.

In connection with the successful launches and the accomplishment of the assigned tasks, the State Commission considered it possible to be satisfied with seven launches. During the testing of the Perimeter system, real launches of 15A14, 15A16, 15A35 missiles were carried out from combat facilities according to orders transmitted by the SGCh 15B99 in flight. Previously, additional antennas were mounted on the launchers of these missiles and new receiving devices were installed (subsequently, all launchers and command posts of the Strategic Missile Forces underwent these modifications).

Along with flight tests, a ground test of the complex’s performance under conditions of exposure to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion was carried out. The tests carried out confirmed the operability of the control system and SGCh equipment when exposed to a nuclear explosion. During the flight tests, a government decree set the task of placing receiving devices of the Perimeter system on missile submarines, on long-range bombers at air force and naval control posts.

The flight tests of the command rocket were completed in March 1982. Total launches during the flight test: successful - 6, partially successful - 1. In January 1985. The missile was placed on combat duty in silo "OS" 15P716. As part of the START-1 agreement in June 1995. The command missile complex was removed from combat duty.

There is also evidence that previously the Perimeter system, along with 15A11 missiles, included command missiles based on the Pioneer MRBM. Such a mobile complex with “pioneer” command missiles was called “Gorn”. The index of the complex is 15P656, the missiles are 15Zh56. It is known about at least one unit of the Strategic Missile Forces, which was armed with the Horn complex - the 249th Missile Regiment, stationed in the city of Polotsk, Vitebsk Region, 32nd Missile Division (Postavy), from March-April 1986 to 1988 was on combat duty with a mobile complex of command missiles.

The START I Treaty expired on December 5, 2009. By this time, the war of 08.08.08 had already passed and Russia had completely lost the illusion of the friendliness of the West. The time has come to think about protecting your country and citizens. It is not known for certain, however, based on a number of signs it can be assumed that “Perimeter” and “Perimeter-RC” escaped the fate of being cut up and these complexes were again put on combat duty.

The year is 2012. Russia has updated its “doomsday” system - New communications satellite will improve performance

On November 15, 2012(!), the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) successfully launched into orbit the Meridian communications satellite, which will support the normal functioning of the Unified Satellite Communication System (ESSC) Armed Forces. The Ministry of Defense explained to Izvestia what is remarkable about the current launch from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the Arkhangelsk region.

This is a network of communication nodes, transmitting stations and computer terminals that provide stable, noise-free and closed communication with anywhere in the world. They are the ones who give the signal for the combat use of all strategic nuclear forces,” the interlocutor said.

According to him, the system remains Russia's best-kept secret, and a special department in the Ministry of Defense is responsible for its operation. The source refused to say on what principles the signal is sent to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), strategic bombers and submarines with nuclear missiles, which make up the nuclear triad.

"Meridian" (GUKOS index - 14F112) is a series of Russian dual-use communications satellites developed by JSC "ISS" by order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Status: In operation

Total built - 7
Total launched - 7
In working order - 4
Accidents in orbit - 1
Lost - 2
First launch - 12/24/2006
Last run - 10/30/2014

The year is 2015. “Dead hand” of the future - Russia declared the development of nuclear forces the main priority for 2015

Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, Army General Valery Gerasimov, said that the main priority for the development of the country's armed forces next year will be the development of strategic nuclear forces. Experts note that the military needs to focus not on creating new missiles, but on improving the Dead Hand automatic control system, as well as on creating high-precision non-nuclear weapons.

“The main priority (for 2015), of course, is the state and development of strategic nuclear forces,” General Valery Gerasimov said in an interview with RIA Novosti. Earlier, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu stated that the military would purchase more than 50 intercontinental strategic missiles in 2015, and two Borei class strategic missile carriers armed with 20 Bulava intercontinental missiles would go on combat duty. At the same time, four new regiments will be formed in the Strategic Missile Forces - 12 missiles (presumably Yars) each.

According to the president of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems, retired captain of the first rank Konstantin Sivkov, the priority of the development of nuclear forces means the development of the entire complex that ensures the production and use of nuclear weapons.

“We are talking about maintaining the required level of combat readiness of strategic nuclear forces. This means that the combat strength of Russia's strategic nuclear forces and their control system must ensure the use of a guaranteed retaliatory strike, causing damage unacceptable to the enemy in any situation. And this is a whole range of measures,” says Sivkov.

For this purpose, there is a complex for automatically launching nuclear missile weapons in the event of an attack on Russian territory. It was created back in the USSR and received the name “Dead Hand” in the West.

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Everyone is discussing Kiselyov with his phrase that Russia is the only country that is “capable of turning the United States into radioactive ash.”
The presenter of Vesti Nedeli briefly spoke about the Perimeter system of guaranteed nuclear retaliation.
And he noted that it was after the release of the material about “Perimeter” that the US President began to call his colleague from Russia more often and began to turn grayer...

So, "Dead Hand"

« Our strategic nuclear forces (SNF) are configured in such a way as to threaten Russian nuclear and economic facilities. Even while we are negotiating with Russian President Vladimir Putin, we are keeping his Kremlin office at gunpoint. This is the truth of life— Joseph Cirincione, director of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. December 2001.

Russia has the only weapon in the world that guarantees a retaliatory nuclear strike against the enemy, even in the terrible event that we no longer have anyone to decide on this strike.
The unique system counterattacks automatically - and brutally.

Command missile 15A11 of the Perimeter system

Perimeter system (Strategic Missile Forces air defense index: 15E601)- a complex for automatic control of a massive retaliatory nuclear strike, created in the USSR at the height of the Cold War. Designed to guarantee the launch of silo-based ICBMs and SLBMs in the event that, as a result of a crushing nuclear strike by the enemy on the territory of the USSR, all command units of the Strategic Missile Forces capable of ordering a retaliatory strike are destroyed. The system is a backup communications system used in the event of the destruction of the Kazbek command system and the combat control systems of the Strategic Missile Forces, Navy and Air Force.

The system is the only doomsday machine (weapon of guaranteed retribution) in existence in the world, the existence of which has been officially confirmed. The system is still classified and may still be on combat duty to this day, so any information about it cannot be confirmed as unequivocally reliable, or refuted, and should be viewed with a due degree of skepticism.

In the mid-1970s, the development of a control system for strategic missile forces - the Strategic Missile Forces - began in Leningrad. In the documents it received the name “Perimeter”. The system involved the creation of such technical means and software that would make it possible, in any conditions, even the most unfavorable, to convey the order to launch missiles directly to the launch teams. According to the creators of Perimeter, the system could prepare and launch missiles even if everyone died and there was no one to give the order. This component became unofficially called the “Dead Hand”.

When creating a new control system for the Strategic Missile Forces, two important questions had to be answered. Firstly: how to make soulless automation understand that its time has come? Secondly: how to give it the ability to turn on exactly at the moment when it is needed, not earlier and not later? Naturally, there were other issues - perhaps not so important individually, but global in the aggregate.

Creating a reliable system with such parameters is extremely difficult. However, the wizards from the Soviet military-industrial complex were able to come up with such a scheme for Armageddon that they themselves became afraid. But on the other hand, there was also pride among professionals who had done something that no one had ever been able to do before. But how?

Any missile, especially one equipped with a nuclear warhead, can take off only if there is a corresponding order. In peacetime, during firing exercises (with a dummy warhead instead of a real warhead), this happens as simply as usual. The launch command is transmitted through the command communication lines, after which all locks are removed, the engines are ignited, and the rocket is carried off into the distance. However, in a real combat situation, in the event of various kinds of interference, this would be much more difficult to do. As in the hypothetical scenario of a surprise nuclear strike that we presented at the beginning of the article, communication lines could be knocked out, and the people who had the authority to give the decisive order could be destroyed. But who knows what could happen in the chaos that would certainly arise after a nuclear strike?

The “Dead Hand” had the ability to analyze changes in the military and political situation in the world - the system assessed commands received over a certain period of time, and on this basis could conclude that something was wrong in the world. In a word, it was a smart thing. When the system believed that its time had come, it became active and launched a command to prepare for the launch of the rockets.

Moreover, the “Dead Hand” could not begin active operations in peacetime. Even if there was no communication, even if the entire combat crew left the starting position, there were still a lot of other parameters that would block the operation of the system.

The Perimeter system with its main component, the Dead Hand, was put into service in 1983. The first information about it became known in the West only in the early 1990s, when some of the developers of this system moved there. On October 8, 1993, The New York Times published an article by its columnist Bruce Blair, “The Russian Doomsday Machine,” in which for the first time information about the control system of the Russian missile forces appeared in the open press. At the same time, its top-secret name, “Perimeter,” was announced for the first time, and a new concept, “dead hand,” entered the English language. Some in the West called the “Perimeter” system immoral, but at the same time even its most ardent critics were forced to admit that it is, in fact, the only deterrent that provides real guarantees that a potential enemy will refuse to launch a preventive nuclear strike.

mountain "Kosvinsky stone"
Silo UR-100N UTTH

It’s not for nothing that they say that fear rules the world. As for immorality, then... what is the “immorality” of retaliating? The Perimeter system is a backup command system for all branches of the military armed with nuclear warheads. It is designed to be particularly resistant to all damaging factors of nuclear weapons, and it is almost impossible to disable it. Its task is to make a decision on a retaliatory strike independently, without the participation (or with minimal participation) of a person. Only if the key nodes of the Kazbek command system (“ nuclear suitcase") and communication lines of the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces) will be destroyed by the first strike in accordance with the “highly moral” concepts of “Limited Nuclear War” and “Decapitation Strike” developed in the United States. In peacetime, the main components of the Perimeter system are in standby mode. They assess the situation by processing data coming from measuring posts.

In addition to the extreme operating algorithm described above, Perimeter also had intermediate modes. One of them is worth telling in more detail.

On November 13, 1984, the 15A11 command missile, created in Dnepropetrovsk, at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, was tested; all American intelligence assets worked in a very intense mode. The command rocket was the intermediate option mentioned above. It was planned to be used in the event that communication between the command and missile units scattered throughout the country was completely interrupted. It was then that the order was supposed to be given from the General Staff in the Moscow region or from the reserve command post in Leningrad to launch 15A11. The missile was supposed to launch from the Kapustin Yar test site or from a mobile launcher, fly over those areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan where the missile units were stationed, and give them the command to take off.

On a November day in 1984, this is exactly what happened: the command rocket issued a command to prepare and launch from Baikonur the R-36M (15A14) - which later became the legendary “Satan”. Well, then everything happened as usual: “Satan” took off, rose into space, and a training warhead separated from it, which hit a training target at the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. (Detailed specifications command rocket, if this question interests anyone especially, you can find out from the books that are in last years are published in abundance in Russian and English.)

In the early 70s, taking into account the real possibilities of highly effective methods of electronic suppression by a potential enemy of the Strategic Missile Forces' combat command and control systems, it became a very urgent task to ensure the delivery of combat orders from the highest echelons of command (the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces Directorate) to command posts and individual launchers of strategic missiles standing on combat duty in case of emergency.

The idea arose to use for these purposes, in addition to the existing communication channels, a special command missile equipped with a powerful radio transmitting device, launched at a special period and giving commands to launch all missiles on combat duty throughout the USSR.

The development of a special command missile system, called “Perimeter”, was assigned to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by USSR Government Decree N695-227 of August 30, 1974. It was initially planned to use the MR-UR100 (15A15) missile as the base missile; later they settled on the MR-UR100 UTTH (15A16) missile. The missile, modified in terms of its control system, received the index 15A11.

The cover of the compartment with maintenance-free equipment is impenetrable, what is there is not known for certain

In December 1975 The preliminary design of the command rocket was completed. The rocket was equipped with a special warhead, indexed 15B99, which included an original radio engineering system developed by OKB LPI. To ensure the conditions for its functioning, the warhead had to have a constant orientation in space during flight. A special system for its calming, orientation and stabilization was developed using cold compressed gas (taking into account the experience of developing the propulsion system for the Mayak SGCH), which significantly reduced the cost and time of its creation and testing. The production of SGC 15B99 was organized at NPO Strela in Orenburg.

After ground testing of new technical solutions in 1979. LCT of the command rocket began. At NIIP-5, sites 176 and 181, two experimental mine launchers were put into operation. In addition, a special command post was created at site 71, equipped with newly developed unique combat control equipment to provide remote control and launch of a command missile according to orders coming from the highest echelons of the Strategic Missile Forces control. At a special technical position in the assembly building, a shielded anechoic chamber was built, equipped with equipment for autonomous testing of the radio transmitter.

The first launch of the 15A11 command rocket with an equivalent transmitter was successfully carried out on December 26, 1979. The developed complex algorithms for interfacing all systems involved in the launch were tested, the ability of the missile to ensure the given flight path of the MC 15B99 (trajectory apex at an altitude of about 4000 km, range 4500 km), the operation of all service systems of the MC in normal mode, and the correctness of the adopted technical solutions was confirmed.

The 15P716 launcher is a silo-type, automated, highly protected, “OS” type. The key components of this system are the 15A11 command missile and receiving devices that ensure the reception of orders and codes from command missiles. The 15A11 command missile of the Perimeter system is the only widely known component of the complex. They have the index 15A11, developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau on the basis of the MR UR-100U missiles (index 15A16). Equipped with a special warhead (index 15B99), containing a radio engineering command system developed by OKB LPI. The technical operation of the missiles is identical to the operation of the base 15A16 missile. The launcher is silo-type, automated, highly protected, most likely OS type - a modernized OS-84 launcher. The possibility of basing missiles in other types of launch silos cannot be ruled out.

Along with flight tests, a ground test of the functionality of the entire complex was carried out under the influence of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion at the test site of the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, in the testing laboratories of VNIIEF (Sarov), and at the Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site. The tests carried out confirmed the operability of the control system and SGCh equipment at levels of exposure to a nuclear explosion exceeding those specified in the TTT MO.

Many enterprises and organizations from various ministries and departments took part in the creation of the complex. The main ones are: NPO "Impulse" (V.I. Melnik), NPO AP (N.A. Pilyugin), KBSM (A.F. Utkin), TsKBTM (B.R. Aksyutin), MNIIRS (A.P. Bilenko), VNIIS (B.Ya. Osipov), Central Design Bureau "Geophysics" (G.F. Ignatiev), NII-4 MO (E.B. Volkov).

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

There is no reliable information about the 15E601 “Perimeter” system, however, based on indirect evidence, it can be assumed that it is a complex expert system equipped with many communication systems and sensors. The system probably has the following operating principle.

The system is located on the database and receives data from tracking systems, including early warning radars. The system has its own stationary and mobile combat control centers. In these centers, the main component of the Perimeter system operates - an autonomous control and command system - a complex software complex created on the basis of artificial intelligence, connected to a variety of communication systems and sensors that monitor the situation.

In peacetime, the main components of the system are in standby mode, monitoring the situation and processing data received from measuring posts.

In the event of a threat of a large-scale attack using nuclear weapons, confirmed by data from early warning systems about a missile attack, the Perimeter complex is automatically brought into combat readiness and begins to monitor the operational situation.

They also act automatically. Imagine a submarine standing at the pier: almost the entire crew on the shore has already died, and only a few confused submariners on board. Suddenly she comes to life. Without any outside intervention, having received a launch signal from strictly secret receiving devices, the nuclear arsenal begins to move. The same thing happens in immobilized silo installations and in strategic aviation. A retaliatory strike is inevitable: it is probably unnecessary to add that the Perimeter is designed to be especially resistant to all damaging factors of nuclear weapons. It is almost impossible to reliably disable it.

antenna radio channel of the combat control system

The system tracks:
. the presence and intensity of negotiations on air on military frequencies,
. information from SPRN,
. receiving telemetry signals from Strategic Missile Forces posts,
. radiation level on the surface and in the surrounding area,
. regular occurrence of point sources of powerful ionizing and electromagnetic radiation at key coordinates, coinciding with sources of short-term seismic disturbances in the earth’s crust (which corresponds to the picture of multiple ground-based nuclear strikes),
. presence of living people at the control point.

Based on the correlation of these factors, the system probably makes the final decision about the fact of a massive nuclear attack and the need to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike.

If the sensor components of the system confirm with sufficient reliability the fact of a massive nuclear strike, and the system itself loses contact with the main command nodes of the Strategic Missile Forces for a certain time, the Perimeter system initiates the procedure for delivering a retaliatory nuclear strike, even bypassing the Kazbek system, better known for its the most noticeable element, the “Cheget” subscription kit, is like a “nuclear suitcase”.

After receiving an order from the Strategic Missile Forces VZU to a special command post, or at the command of the autonomous control and command system that is part of the Perimeter system, command missiles are launched (15A11, and subsequently 15Zh56 and 15Zh75). Command missiles are equipped with a radio command unit that transmits in flight a control signal and launch codes for launching to all carriers of strategic nuclear weapons located on the base.

To receive signals from the SSG of command missiles, all KP, PZKP, PKP RP and RDN, as well as APU, except for the Pioneer family complexes and 15P020 of all modifications, were equipped with special RBU receivers of the Perimeter system. At stationary command centers of the Navy, Air Force, command posts of fleets and air armies, at the end of the 80s, equipment 15E646-10 of the Perimeter system was installed, incl. capable of receiving signals from command missiles. Further, orders for the use of nuclear weapons were communicated through their specific communications means of the Navy and Air Force. The receiving devices are hardware connected to the control and launch equipment, ensuring immediate autonomous execution of the launch order in a fully automatic mode, providing a guaranteed retaliatory strike against the enemy even in the event of the death of all personnel.

COMPOUND

The main elements of the Perimeter system:
— an autonomous command system, which is part of stationary and mobile combat control centers;
- command missile systems.

Divisions included in the Perimeter system:

URU GSh - control radio nodes of the General Staff of the aircraft, presumably:
URU General Staff of the Armed Forces:
624th PDRTs, military unit 44684.1 US General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, (56° 4’58.07″N 37° 5’20.68″E)

URU Strategic Missile Forces - control radio nodes of the General Staff of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation, presumably:
URU General Staff Strategic Missile Forces
140th PDRTs, military unit 12407, PDRTs General Staff Strategic Missile Forces
143562, Moscow region, Istra district, village Voskhod (Novopetrovskoe) (55° 56′ 18.14″N 36° 27′ 19.96″E)

Stationary CBU - stationary combat control center (CCU) of the Perimeter system, 1231 TsBU, military unit 20003, facility 1335, Sverdlovsk region, village. Kytlym (Mount Kosvinsky stone);

Mobile CBU - mobile combat control center (PCCU) of the Perimeter system, complex 15B206:

1353 CBU, military unit 33220, Sumy region, Glukhov, 43rd rd (military unit 54196, Romny), 43rd RA (military unit 35564, Vinnitsa), 1990 - 1991. In 1991 redeployed to 59th rd, Kartaly.

1353 TsBU, military unit 32188, call sign “Perborshchik”, Kartaly, 1353 TsBU was part of the 59th rd, but due to its peculiarities and the nature of the tasks performed, it was directly subordinate to the General Staff of the Russian Federation, 1991 - 1995;
In 1995, 1353 TsBU was included in the 59th RD (military unit No. 68547, Kartaly), 31st RA (military unit 29452, Orenburg).
In 2005, 1353 TsBU was disbanded along with the 59th rd.
1193 CBU, military unit 49494, Nizhny Novgorod region, urban settlement Dalnee Konstantinovo-5 (Surovatikha), 2005 - ...;

15P011 - 15A11 command missile complex.
510th rp, BRK-6, military unit 52642, 7th rd (military unit 14245, Vypolzovo (Bologoe-4, ZATO “Ozerny”)) 27th RA (military unit 43176, Vladimir), January 1985 - June 1995;

There is also evidence that previously the Perimeter system, along with 15A11 missiles, included command missiles based on the Pioneer MRBM. Such a mobile complex with “pioneer” command missiles was called “Gorn”. The complex index is 15P656, the missiles are 15Zh56. It is known about at least one unit of the Strategic Missile Forces, which was armed with the Horn complex - the 249th Missile Regiment, stationed in the city of Polotsk, Vitebsk Region, 32nd Missile Division (Postavy), from March-April 1986 to 1988 was on combat duty with a mobile complex of command missiles.

15P175 “Sirena” is a mobile ground-based command missile system (PGRK KR).

In December 1990, in the 8th Missile Division (urban town of Yurya), a regiment (commander - Colonel S.I. Arzamastsev) with a modernized command missile system, called “Perimeter-RC”, which included a command missile, took up combat duty , created on the basis of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM.

Mobile ground-based command missile system (PGRK KR).
8th rd (military unit 44200, Yurya-2), 27th RA (military unit 43176, Vladimir), 10/01/2005 - ...

76th rp (military unit 49567, BSP-3):
1 and 2 GPP - 1st division
3 GPP and GBU - 2nd Division

304th rp (military unit 21649, BSP-31):
4 and 5 GPP - 1st division
6 GPP and GBU - 2nd Division

776th rp (military unit 68546, BSP-18):
7 and 8 GPP - 1st division
9 GPP and GBU - 2nd Division

After being put on combat duty, the 15E601 “Perimeter” system was periodically used during command post exercises.

In November 1984, after the launch of the 15A11 command rocket and the exit of the 15B99 command rocket to the passive part of the trajectory, the SGCH issued a command to launch the 15A14 rocket (R-36M, RS-20A, SS-18 “Satan”) from the NIIP-5 test site (Baikonur Cosmodrome) . Subsequently, everything happened as expected - launch, testing of all stages of the 15A14 rocket, separation of the training warhead, hitting the target square at the Kura training ground, in Kamchatka.

In December 1990, a modernized system was put into service, called “Perimeter-RC”, which operated until June 1995, when, as part of the START-1 agreement, the complex was removed from combat duty. It is quite possible that the Perimeter complex should be modernized so that it can quickly respond to a non-nuclear strike cruise missiles"Tomahawk".

According to unverified data, the system was already returned to combat duty in 2001 or 2003.

And some more evidence on this topic:

« The USSR developed a system that became known as the “Dead Hand”. What did this mean? If the country was attacked nuclear attack, and the Commander-in-Chief could not make any decision, among the intercontinental missiles that were at the disposal of the USSR, there were those that could be launched via a radio signal from the system commanding the battle“says Doctor of Engineering Sciences Petr Belov.

Using complex system sensors that measured seismic activity, air pressure and radiation to determine if the USSR was under nuclear attack, the Dead Hand provided the ability to launch a nuclear arsenal without anyone pressing the red button. If contact with the Kremlin were lost and the computers detected an attack, the launch codes would be activated, giving the USSR the opportunity to retaliate after its destruction.

« A system that can be automatically activated upon the first enemy strike is actually necessary. Its very presence makes it clear to the enemies that even if ours are destroyed command centers and decision-making systems, we will have the ability to launch an automated retaliatory strike", said former boss Colonel General Leonid Ivashov of the Main Directorate for International Military Cooperation of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

During Cold War The USA had its own “backup option”, code-named “Mirror”. Crews have been in the air continuously for three decades, with the mission to control the skies should control of the ground be lost due to a surprise attack. The main difference between " By a dead hand" and "Mirror" is that the Americans relied on people to warn them about the attack. After the Cold War, the United States abandoned this system, although it is still unclear whether a Soviet version exists. Those who know about this avoid talking about this topic. " I can't talk about this because I don't know about the current state of affairs", says Ivashov.

“Operation Looking Glass” (“Mirror”) - air command posts (ACCP) of the US Strategic Air Command (SAC) on Boeing EC-135C aircraft (11 units), and later, from July 1989, on E-6B " Mercury" (Boeing 707-320) (16 units). 24 hours a day, for more than 29 years, from February 3, 1961 to June 24, 1990, two Looking Glass aircraft were constantly in the air - one over the Atlantic, the other over the Pacific Ocean. In total, 281,000 hours were spent in the air. The crews of the All-Union Communist Party, consisting of 15 people, including at least one general, were in constant readiness to take command of strategic nuclear forces in the event of the defeat of ground command posts.

The main difference between Perimeter and Mirror is that the Americans relied on people to take command and make the decision to launch a nuclear retaliatory strike. After the end of the Cold War, the United States abandoned this system for carrying airborne assault weapons and currently the military commandos are on duty at 4 air bases in constant readiness ready for takeoff.

Also in the USA there was a complex of command missiles - UNF Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS). The system was first fielded on July 11, 1963, at launch sites at Wisner, West Point, and Tekamah, Nebraska, as part of three MER-6A Blue Scout Junior missiles. The system was on the database until December 1, 1967. Subsequently, the modernized ERCS was based on the Minuteman series missiles - LEM-70 (based on Minuteman I since 1966) and LEM-70A (based on Minuteman II since 1967) (Project 494L). The upgraded system was delivered to the database on October 10, 1967 at Whiteman AFB, Missouri, as part of ten silo launchers. The system was removed from the database at the beginning of 1991.

sources

http://masterok.livejournal.com/501495.html
http://www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/publications/index.shtml?zhelez_22.html - Alexander Zheleznyakov
http://www.inosmi.ru/multimedia/20091215/157016951.html
http://usa-army.ru/yadernaya-strategiya.html
http://pioneer-club.org.ua/publ/sistema_15eh601_perimetr_mertvaja_ruka_oruzhie_vozmezdija_sssr/1-1-0-98

http://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/17-10/mf_deadhand?currentPage=all

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