The largest arapaima. Full description of the giant arapaima fish, photo video review. Features of arapaima and its habitat
Many years ago, arapaima was brought to Thailand and settled in natural and artificial reservoirs. Its homeland is the Amazon. Today it reproduces quite actively and is the object of not only sport, but also commercial fishing. Although the latter is not welcomed by environmental structures. This fish is one of the main baits for tourists to Lake of Monsters and various phishing parks in Pattaya. Tour operators offer hunting for incredible size fish. However, not everyone knows that the real parameters are somewhat smaller.
Biological description
Arapaima gigantea has many other names. It is also called pirarucu, paiche or Brazilian arapaima. At the same time, her Latin name- Arapaima gigas. It has a laterally compressed oblong body that reaches middle length about two meters. Weight is usually up to two hundred kilograms. Belongs to the order Herring and is a representative of the suborder Bonetongues. Historically this freshwater fish lives in large basins tropical rivers. It is found in the reservoirs of Peru, Brazil and some other hot countries.
The main diet consists of invertebrates and smaller relatives. Its body is covered with large scales, forming a noticeable relief. Such armor reliably protects it from attacks by other predators. Its eggs are very large, although the parents reliably guard the eggs. The color is quite interesting. In the anterior-upper part of the body, the brown-olive color weakens in the middle of the body closer to the rear fins. The greenish tints in the rear part give way to pinkish and become dark red towards the tail. She received this color as a result of evolution that lasted millions of years.
We can say that over the past 135 million years the morphology of this amazing animal has not changed. However, it existed before. That's why it's called a fossil fish. It is also interesting because it relates to lungfish. Certain structures in her body allow her to breathe, both dissolved in water and atmospheric air. Due to this, its migration through dry sections of rivers is possible, and even the teeth of a piranha cannot bite through the armored scales. Apparently that's why this type so successfully preserved himself all this time.
Interesting facts and legends
In addition to reliable data, there are many different legends about arapaima. Fishermen always tend to exaggerate when talking about their catch. Therefore, there are a lot of stories about multi-meter specimens. There are official data on the largest individual caught. In 1978, it was found in Brazil. Its length was two and a half meters, and its weight was 150 kilograms. However, some stories tell of specimens up to three and even four meters in length. It is these stories that travel agencies use to lure tourists.
Arapaima became the object of fishing because of its delicious meat. It contains virtually no internal bones, so it is considered a delicacy. The scales are great for making all kinds of jewelry and other products. Since ancient times, they were hunted with harpoons, and the fry were caught in nets. Therefore, today the arapaima is listed as an endangered species. Fishing in some areas is strictly prohibited. Environmental organizations are doing everything possible to preserve this interesting and archaic inhabitant of fresh water bodies.
Fishing methods and other subtleties
As mentioned above, in Pattaya and some other resorts they offer to try their luck in catching arapaima. But where can this be done if fishing in natural reservoirs is prohibited? In this city there are special artificial lakes and ponds where this species lives. ancient giant. It was specially brought here to entertain tourists. Conditions are created for its growth and reproduction. Therefore, here it can reach a length of up to two meters and a little more.
The most famous of all places in Thailand is the Lake of Monsters. It is also home to Mekong catfish and other freshwater giants. Since it often comes to the surface to breathe, it is not that difficult to detect. They don't catch it with a regular spinning rod. Due to large sizes it will easily break any fishing rod. Usually a piece of meat is tied to a strong thick stick and lowered into the water where the fish has found itself. She is quite trustingly hooked, but it is impossible to cope with it alone. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with their catch. But to do this, a team of experienced fishermen first pacifies her.
It is not possible to catch arapaima with nets or other methods here. But only young individuals would still be caught in the net. In captivity they live up to ten years, but even in mid-life they can already reach a length of one and a half meters. Of course, all conditions for life and reproduction are created in phishing parks. But additional stress does not promote active spawning. Such fishing is permitted only due to the fact that the prey was bred specifically for such events. If you are not bothered by the decline in the population of these giants in the aquatic space, it is quite possible to go for such a trophy. In any case, they will not give it to you, but will simply give you a memorable photograph.
Dangerous fish!
Despite the fact that the fish reveals itself quite easily, it is a dangerous predator. You can catch her, but it’s hardly safe to engage in direct combat with her. She has a very powerful tail and dense scales, which cannot be said about a person. The fish may bite your arm or leg. In addition, a blow from its tail can cause serious injury. You should not be too bold in communicating with this inhabitant of the fresh waters of Pattaya. As already mentioned, for photographs with their prey, experienced fishermen will calm it down for a while.
Arapaima can be especially dangerous when protecting its offspring. These fish are enough caring parents. They protect the masonry very carefully. Approaching the place where eggs are laid is a very dangerous activity. She easily overturns boats and attacks people. This fish is even capable of killing! Therefore, before going on a hunt for her, you should think about the safety of such an event. Is it necessary to expose yourself to such risks in order to stroke your vanity?
Arapaima, better known as "Pirarucu" or "Pirosca".
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas), better known in Brazil as " Pirarucu" or "Pirosca" — unusual fish which breathes atmospheric air. Lives in rivers, lakes and swamps tropical forests in the Amazon basin South America. These giants, which are among the largest fish in the world living in fresh water, can grow up to 4 meters and weigh 200!!! kilograms. They have a wide body covered with large gray scales and a small, narrow head. Adult representatives of the species can boast original decoration in the form of a red border on the scales, especially on the tail. It is characteristic that the bright red color appears only when the fish grows to one and a half meters in length. For this the local population calls her Piraruku (Pirarucu) - “red fish”.
Although Arapaima can submerge for 10 to 20 minutes, it usually stays close to the surface where it hunts and may come out to breathe frequently with a characteristic coughing sound. Pirarucu's diet consists mainly of fish, but sometimes it catches unwary birds that land on the surface of the water.
Seasonal flooding in the Amazon basin has become an integral part of Arapaima's reproductive cycle. IN low level water (February - April), Arapaima builds nests and females lay eggs. Small Arapaima are born when the water level rises and provides a flooded, suitable habitat for this fish. Adult males play unique role in reproduction. If necessary, they can carry tens of thousands of eggs in their mouths, aggressively defending them in case of danger.
Effective anti-piranha protection
To combat the relentless piranha, Arapaima is equipped with a "body armor" that is rigid on the outside and flexible on the inside, according to X-ray analysis. According to a study published by the British scientific journal, Arapaima's scales have a unique structure and act as a natural armor of multi-layered protection.
A complex structure based on "simple biological elements" is Arapaima's secret to effective armor, the researchers explain.
The first level of protection is its surface, only half a millimeter of scale, but rich in minerals and very hard, capable of preventing the teeth of aquatic predators from penetrating, sometimes even tearing them apart. Just below is a more flexible second layer, twice as thick, consisting of collagen sheets (proteins) oriented in different directions and capable of aligning depending on the pressure to which they are subjected. The result of this structure is that the impact of the piranha's jaws is attenuated and spread over a large area, which prevents breakage of the outer layer (hard shield).
This natural “soft padding” is akin to the soft linings that were placed under chain mail medieval knights, but only a more complex and more effective option.
To further improve the armor's performance, the animal's scales intersect in a way that transfers energy to the underlying layer, according to a report published by the British journal Nature Communications.
While scales protect it from piranhas and other natural predators, they are less effective against the most formidable predator of all: humans. Spending so much time near the surface, Arapaima becomes vulnerable and can be easily reached by humans with a harpoon. Some indigenous tribes and peoples consume Arapaima's meat and tongue, and use its large scales to make jewelry, decorations and other household items.
Although the habitat of this giant fish does not cause her too much concern, overfishing of Arapaima has become a serious problem and some South American authorities have established certain protective measures. Caught in abundance in the nineteenth century, this fish is now an endangered species.
Despite Taken measures for the conservation of Arapaima, many scientists believe that this is not enough. To preserve the species, to saturate the market with a delicacy ( Arapaima meat), it is necessary to organize its breeding, which is already being done successfully in some countries.
Predator Arapaima grows quickly, up to 10 kilograms per year, and also withstands intensive breeding conditions, thanks to their ability to breathe atmospheric air, which allows them to live in poorly oxygenated environments and makes them an excellent subject for breeding.
The Amazon rainforest is a huge ecosystem that is home to such strange and amazing creatures, like the jaguar, dart frogs and basilisks. However, the forest is the habitat of not only those creatures that prowl, run or crawl in its wilds. The depths of the Amazon River, the world's largest river, are home to creatures so amazing and scary that they make the movie Jaws seem like a pleasant and relaxing swim in the ocean.
10. Black Caiman
Essentially, the black caiman is an alligator on steroids. Black caimans can grow up to six meters in length, have larger and heavier skulls than Nile crocodiles and are apex predators in the waters of the Amazon River. This means that they are basically the king of the river, eating anything they can get their teeth into, including piranhas, monkeys, freshwater groupers, deer and anacondas.
Oh yeah, it's worth noting that they readily attack people. In 2010, a black caiman attacked a biologist named Deise Nishimura while she was cleaning fish on her houseboat. Even though she managed to fight it off, the black caiman took one of her legs with it. This caiman lived under her houseboat for eight months, apparently waiting for the right opportunity to attack.
9. Anaconda (Green Anaconda)
Continuing the theme of giant reptiles, we present to your attention the largest snake in the world, living in the Amazon River - the anaconda. Although reticulated pythons may be longer in body length, anacondas are much heavier. Female anacondas are typically larger than males and can weigh up to 250 kilograms. The anaconda's body length can be about 9 meters, and its body diameter can reach 30 centimeters. They are not venomous, but use their impressive muscular strength to constrict and strangle their victims, which include capybaras, deer, caimans and even jaguars. Preferring shallow waters that allow them to sneak up on their prey, they usually live not in the Amazon River itself, but in its branches.
8. Arapaima
Arapaima also known as "puraruku" or "paiche" is a giant predatory fish, which lives in the Amazon and adjacent lakes. Equipped with armored scales, they swim without much fear in waters infested with piranhas, and are themselves quite effective predators, feeding on fish and the occasional bird. Arapaima prefer to stay close to the surface because in addition to the oxygen they receive from the water through their gills, they also need to take breaths of air when rising to the surface of the water. Appearing on the surface, they make a characteristic sound similar to a cough. Their body length can reach 2.7 meters and weight 90 kilograms. These fish are so fierce that they even have teeth on their tongues.
7. Brazilian Otter (Giant Otter)
Brazilian otters are the largest freshwater otters. Brazilian otters have the most long length bodies from the entire mustelidae family, and adult males can grow up to two meters when measured from head to tail. Their diet mainly consists of fish and crabs, which they hunt in family groups of three to eight individuals. They can eat up to four kilograms of seafood per day. However, many people think they are cute, but don't let their cuteness fool you, they are no more harmless than the other creatures on this list. There have been cases where groups of Brazilian otters have killed and eaten adult anacondas. They can also kill a caiman with ease. During observation of one group of Brazilian otters, it was observed that they killed and ate a five-foot caiman in 45 minutes. Although their numbers are declining rapidly, due in part to human intervention, they are considered one of the most strong predators the Amazon rainforest, hence their unofficial nickname “river wolves”.
5. Bull Sharks
Although bull sharks typically live in salty waters ocean, they feel great in fresh waters. There have been cases where they swam so far down the Amazon River that they were seen in the city of Iquitos in Peru, almost 4,000 kilometers from the sea. Their specific kidneys sense changes in salt levels in the water and adapt accordingly. And you definitely wouldn't want to meet one of them in the river. These sharks often grow up to 3.3 meters in length, and the weight of especially large specimens caught by fishermen reached 312 kilograms. Like other sharks, bull sharks have several rows of sharp, triangular teeth and incredible strong jaws, providing a bite force of 589 kilograms. They are also not at all averse to feasting on humans, and it is this type of shark that most often attacks people (the second and third places are occupied by tiger and great white sharks, respectively). The above characteristics, coupled with the fact that these sharks prefer to live near densely populated areas, have led many experts to consider them the most dangerous sharks in the world.
4. Electric Eels
Electric eels are actually more closely related to catfish than other eels, but you probably wouldn't want to get close enough to them to find out for yourself. They grow up to 2.5 meters in length and can produce electrical discharges using special electrical organs located along their sides. These discharges can reach 600 volts, which is five times the power of the average American outlet and is enough to knock a horse unconscious. While a single shock is not enough to kill a healthy adult, repeated shocks can lead to cardiac or respiratory failure, and cases of people passing out and drowning after being attacked by an electric eel are not uncommon. Many of the disappearances reported near the Amazon River have been linked to eel attacks, which stunned people with electricity and left them drowning in the river's waters. Fortunately for our species, even though eels are carnivores, they typically eat a diet of fish, amphibians, birds and small mammals. They detect prey by sending out small, 10-volt discharges using their electrical organs, and upon finding it, kill it by releasing powerful discharges.
3. Red-Bellied Piranhas
The quintessential horror of the Amazon River, so frightening that it has inspired a number of controversial Hollywood films, the common piranha is actually primarily a scavenger. However, this does not mean that piranhas do not attack healthy creatures. They can grow up to 30 centimeters in length and usually swim in large groups, so they pose a significant threat to most animals. Like all types of piranhas, common piranhas have incredibly sharp teeth that are arranged in a row on the top and lower jaw these fish. These teeth are completely closed, making them an ideal tool for tearing and tearing the flesh of the victim. Their fearsome reputation mainly comes from "fever feeding", where a whole group of piranhas surround the hapless victim and eat his flesh to the bone in a few minutes. Such attacks are usually the result of prolonged hunger or provocation.
2. Mackerel Hydrolic (Payara / Vampire Fish)
Despite their diminutive name, the mackerel is a ferocious predator, capable of catching and devouring fish half their size. own body. Considering that their body length can reach up to 1.2 meters, this is quite an impressive feat. Most of their diet consists of piranhas, which should give you some idea of how ferocious these fanged fiends can be. Two fangs grow from their lower jaw, which can grow up to 15 centimeters in length. They use these fangs to literally impale their prey on them after they lunge at them. In fact, their fangs are so large that they have special holes in their upper jaw to prevent them from piercing themselves with the fangs.
1. Brown Pacu
One creature that lives in the Amazon River is much scarier to men than to women. The brown pacu is a much larger relative of the piranha, well known for its distinctive human-like teeth. Unlike many of the other creatures on this list, pacu are actually omnivores, and most their diet consists of fruits and nuts. Unfortunately, for some pacu, “nuts” are not just what falls from the trees. Yes, you understood correctly. There have been several cases of pacu biting off the testicles of male swimmers. In Papua New Guinea, several men died after a paku mistook their genitals for easy prey. Oh yeah, don't worry if you can't get to the Amazon to see these monsters robbing men of their dignity - they've already started spreading across Europe.
In Brazil there is a species of fish whose size is impressive to the person who first saw them. Adults can reach a body length of 2.5 m and a weight of up to 200 kg. Biological features and the living conditions of these fish have been little studied and are still waiting for their researchers, who will not be afraid to go into the very wilds of the Amazon forests.
Arapaima lives in rivers flowing into the longest river of the American continent - the Amazon and is found not only in Brazil, but also in Peru and Guyana.
The body of the arapaima fish is shaped like a large torpedo with a short, blunt tail. The dorsal fin looks like an unfolded fan. The color of the arapaima is unique.
The dorsal part of the fish changes color from bluish-black to greenish-white, closer to the tail the color turns into a reddish color. The huge scales covering the body of the fish shimmer from pink to red. The local name pirarucu translates to red fish. Arapaima meat is extremely tasty and tender. It was mercilessly caught in the Peruvian and Brazilian parts of the American continent. Local residents caught fish using a harpoon. No one thought that the number of arapaima was decreasing.
At the end of the 60s of the last century, very small fish were caught in the net. And only then did the government of Latin American countries try to take measures to preserve this species in natural environment a habitat. The fact is that arapaima is not only a tasty food product, but by its origin it is of interest to biologists, as an organism preserved from the era of dinosaurs. More than 135 million years ago, these fish appeared in the swampy Amazon swamps.
To survive in these conditions, the arapaima has an important, from an evolutionary point of view, adaptation - it breathes atmospheric air, periodically rising to the surface of the reservoir every 10-15 minutes.
This is how fishing enthusiasts who encountered arapaima for the first time describe the breathing process: Rocking in time with the movements of the fishermen, a small canoe floated along the mirror-like surface of the Amazon. Suddenly the water at the bow of the boat began to swirl like a whirlpool, and the mouth of a giant fish stuck out, exhaling air with a whistle. The fishermen looked in shock at the monster, twice the height of a man, covered with a scaly shell. And the giant splashed his blood-red tail - and disappeared into the depths...”
This method of breathing is characteristic only of this species of fish. The waters of the Rio Moro, Rio Negro, and Rio Pasa rivers contain too little oxygen. The arapaima's swim bladder and pharynx are covered with lung tissue, which makes it possible to breathe atmospheric air if the reservoirs dry out.
Fish comb the water in the river in search of food. Captures small fish with its huge mouth and grinds them with a powerful, rough tongue, which local residents sandpaper matters. In the Amazon River, arapaima is rare, as it prefers to live in water with a quiet current and an abundance of vegetation. Once upon a time there was a huge number of arapaima in Lake Rimai, and when a problem arose with restoring the number unique fish, an area has been created here to monitor its development.
Catch this rare view fish like arapaima are real luck. In Brazil, attempts are being made to grow arapaima in ponds; there is evidence that the fish takes root well in reservoirs with heated water and grows 5 times faster than carp. In the jungles of the Peruvian province of Loreto, areas of natural restoration of the arapaima population have been created. Here, to catch fish, you must purchase a special license from the ministry. Agriculture. It is prohibited to catch and serve specimens smaller than 1.5 m. IN natural environment The jaguar hunts the arapaima; it waits for the unwary fish to approach the shore and pounces on it, drags it ashore and begins to feast.
Arapaima reproduces quite interestingly. The female lays eggs in a small muddy hole. Apparently, the fish digs a hole for future offspring with its mouth. Spawning takes place in small bays with calm water, at a depth of about 5 feet. The male patrols the chosen place for several days, and the female swims nearby at a distance of 10-15 meters. The fry live in the mink for about seven days. The male does not leave the spawning site and swims nearby. The offspring then follows the male and stays in a small flock near the head of the parent.
Experts have discovered holes on the head of the arapaima, through which special glands secrete a mucous substance that helps the juveniles stick together. Local residents mistook the secretions of adult fish for “milk”, which they feed their offspring. But this wrong assumption.
The fry, having reached the age of 7 days, feed on plankton. To inhale air, the entire flock quickly rises to the surface under the supervision of the male. In calm water, it is easier for fry to breathe, since rising waves in the wind interfere with the flow of atmospheric air.
If the fish lose their parents, the whole school disintegrates. But the young are not left unattended. She attaches herself to the offspring of another individual of arapaima, sometimes even different in age from the orphaned fry.
After the loss of their parents, the fry begin to swim in a large water area and mix with neighboring schools of fish.
This possibility increases the chances of survival of this fish species. Lovers aquarium fish successfully contain and breed arapaim in artificial conditions. Although the fish are quite large in size, they look surprisingly graceful in the water. For successful maintenance, large-volume aquariums are necessary, since arapaima often hits the walls in a cramped vessel and dies.
While feeding, it chases prey in a circle. It prefers to feed on the South American arawana, which in its natural habitat is found in the same bodies of water as the arapaima.
Spawning occurs in April or May. Arapaima chooses shallow places with a sandy bottom and clean water. The fish uses its fins to dig out a nest 15 cm deep and about 50 cm in diameter.
Sometimes she spawns in the same nest for two years. Arapaima grows very quickly; one individual in the aquarium has grown almost one and a half meters in five years.
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The most long river in the world - Amazon. Together with tropical forests, which are spread out in its basin, it represents a whole separate ecosystem, full of a wealth of species of flora and fauna. This is where some of the most dangerous predators on the planet, such as jaguars, caimans and anacondas. The rapid waters of the river hide within themselves no less scary monsters- piranhas, known for their powerful jaws and incredible gluttony. Among the more than 2,000 species of fish that inhabit the Amazon, troubled waters The largest fish, the arapaima (arapaima), also lives in the river.
Name
In science it is known as Arapaima gigas, a name given to it by the ancient Indians of Guiana. The Latin word "gigas" means "giant". For many centuries, the indigenous people of Brazil have called it pirarucu “pirarucu” (purarucu) - “red fish” due to the bright color of the meat. In Peru, the common name is paiche.
The first study by scientists relates to early XIX centuries, a little later it was concluded that this is a fossil species that has not changed at all over the past millennia.
Definition
This bottom-dwelling fish is considered a real giant, as it reaches an average length of 2 m, with a weight of about 90 kg.
Specialists conducting observations claim that specimens of 3 m can be found in this region, and the maximum possible length of the big fish on the Amazon is 4.6 m. But, unfortunately, this data has not been officially confirmed.
According to the stories of local residents, in 1978, a fish measuring 2.48 m long and weighing 147 kg was caught in Rio Negro in Brazil. This fact was recorded in local chronicles.
Arapaima has a long body compressed at the sides, an elongated flat head, a wide mouth with sharp teeth on the tongue and palate (for securely fixing prey). The dorsal and anal fins are long, the pectoral fins are located below. The color changes from olive to gray shade(front) to dark red (back) and black tail. As a rule, the male looks much brighter and slimmer than the female.
Home distinctive feature the presence of raised scales is considered big size(4 cm wide), which is arranged in multi-layers and is characterized by incredible strength. It is this feature that allows the arapaima to survive in the company of piranhas during the dry months, when small bodies of water are formed, separated from the main water artery.
Compared to bone tissue, the strength of scales is 10 times higher.
Local craftsmen use the strong scales to make manicure tools and various souvenirs, and use the dried tongue as sandpaper.
Where does he live?
The main region of distribution is the Amazon River in South America in Peru and Brazil. Prefers muddy places with dense vegetation, as well as swamps and flooded areas. Optimal temperature water is +25...+29 degrees Celsius, as it has an acute reaction to temperature changes environment. During the dry season it lives in rivers and lakes, and during rainy periods it moves to flooded forests.
Behavior
The diet of this predator is based on small fish, small animals and birds, which are hunted almost on the surface of the water. Arapaima has the ability to breathe air, since its swim bladder and pharynx are densely covered with blood vessels, which represent a kind of pulmonary tissue. This function was formed due to the low oxygen content in the river, which resulted in the need for an additional respiratory organ. Rising up for a new portion of air after 5-20 minutes, it creates a loud sound that is similar to a cough, it can be heard at a considerable distance. During drought, fish, having taken in air, can burrow into the mud of swamps and successfully wait out unfavorable conditions.
The first spawning (April-May) of the arapaima occurs at almost 5 years, when the body length reaches 0.6-2.15 m. Having chosen a shallow place, the female builds a nest-pit, where she lays large eggs. Observations of their behavior have shown that it is possible to use the same nest for several years. After 1.5-2 days, the larvae appear, all this time the male is busy guarding the clutch, and the female controls the adjacent area.
Males make exemplary and caring fathers: thanks to special glands on their heads with the secretion of mucus, the parent manages to keep the born generation close to them. The fry do not swim far, since the secreted mucus contains a substance that attracts them; they are constantly in a school next to the father's head. They also rise to the surface together with it to take in air. After 3 months, this connection weakens. The growth of fry per month is up to 5 cm.
Protection by the Convention
Due to uncontrolled fishing with nets and harpoons, this valuable commercial species may be endangered. Already now, individuals larger than 2 m are extremely rare, especially in regions with high population density; in some of them, catching arapaima is already prohibited.
Today it is officially included in the Red Book and the list of species of wild flora and fauna that are in danger of extinction. Protected at the state level according to international convention countries and some environmental projects in South America.
To preserve the population, fishing is permitted only with a license from the Ministry of Agriculture in the quantity strictly specified in the document.
Life in captivity
In order to preserve and reproduce the species, the arapaima was relocated to some waters of Malaysia and Thailand, where living conditions are as close as possible to the historical region of habitat. There are also known cases of representatives of pirarucu being found in zoos and large aquariums or swimming pools open to visitors in many countries of the world.
For creating optimal conditions Living in captivity requires compliance with the following parameters:
- container volume – at least 1000 l;
- water temperature - +22...+28 degrees Celsius;
- pH level – 6.0-7.5;
- water hardness – 2.0-15.0 units;
- active filtration, aeration and timely water replacement.
Lifespan of individuals kept outside natural conditions, is about 10 years.
Other inhabitants of the river
Among all the diversity river fish Amazon also contains some other edible varieties. Based on taste criteria, the following varieties are considered the most popular among local residents:
- Aravana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum).
- Brown pacu (Colossoma macropomum).
- Golden spar (freshwater dorado) (Sparus aurata).
- Flathead catfish (Phractocephalus hemioliopterus).
- Haraki-Semaprochilodus (Semaprochilodus).