The water in the rivers becomes thin in the fall. Behavior of fish with the onset of autumn water cooling. Short fishing time

Kirillova Tamara
Abstract of OD on cognitive development“It’s also autumn on reservoirs” in preparatory group children with mental retardation

Municipal budget preschool educational institution

kindergarten combined type No. 3 Dankov

Abstract OD

By cognitive development

"On It’s autumn in bodies of water too»

V preparatory group of children with mental retardation

Developer:

teacher: Kirillova T. N.

Target:

1. Reinforce the idea that seasonal changes in nature in autumn influence the lives of residents reservoirs.

2. Expand and clarify ideas children about preparing the inhabitants of reservoirs for winter.

3. Give children a more complete idea of ​​where fish, crayfish, frogs disappear for the winter, aquatic plants.

Equipment: presentation.

Vocabulary work: silt, zhor.

OD progress

1. introduction teacher

Every day the signs of the coming autumn: falling leaves are circling, gathering in flocks migratory birds, insects, mice, spiders, centipedes are hiding somewhere. They climbed into dry holes, intertwined, and froze the snakes. Animals - some dress in warm fur coats, some stuff their closets in holes, some make a den. Everyone is preparing for winter.

The water in rivers, lakes, and ponds became cold. Above bodies of water Fog often rises. And the inhabitants reservoirs are also preparing for winter. Our conversation today is about frogs, fish, crayfish, and aquatic plants. Seasonal changes in nature in the fall too influence the lives of residents reservoirs.

2. Teacher's story "Like fish in the fall prepare for winter» .

Pisces is starting prepare by the winter season already from summer - in the middle August: the fish begins to swim close to the shore and eat a lot. She does this in order to survive winter fasting without problems. After all, with the onset of cold weather, she feeds mainly on her reserves of fat, which she ate in August.

Closer to winter, fish gather in schools to spend the winter. They descend to the very depths of rivers and lakes. Their body is covered with a thick layer of mucus, like a fur coat. And the fish spend the whole winter at the bottom body of water. After all, the water there does not freeze even in severe frosts.

By winter, fish show immobility and lethargy.

Each type of fish overwinters differently. For example, carp and crucian carp bury as much as possible in the mud that is at the bottom body of water, and survive the winter, remaining completely motionless until spring.

Most fish hibernate - these are catfish, bream, tench, and roach. The fish lies on the bottom body of water or simply buries itself in the mud.

It is very difficult for fish to be under the ice in winter. Are starting to rot seaweed, as a result, the air becomes less and less, and it is difficult for them to breathe. Therefore in bodies of water people make holes through which fresh air enters under the ice.

3. Teacher's story "Where the crayfish spend the winter".

Overwinter crayfish close to the places where they live permanently. Only with the onset of cold weather do they tend to sink a little deeper, this is due to the fact that at depth the water, although a little, is still warmer, and this is how they spend the winter. Despite low temperature water, they are awake and looking for food. Most of the time, which is about twenty hours a day, crayfish are in their own holes and quietly dozing. However, with the onset of dusk, they begin to have enough active life. They get out of their holes and walk along the bottom reservoir and even hunt. In a word, there are no mysteries in how crayfish overwinter. In cold weather they stay in the depths and lead their usual way of life.

4. Reading the story by N. Sladkov "Perch and Burbot".

Burbot is also preparing for winter, although it does not hibernate. Burbot is a predatory fish; the burbot's favorite food is minnows, then ruffs. A lot of burbots eat their own fry. Autumn The feeding of burbot continues until the beginning of winter, for three whole months, with short intervals. With the rivers freezing autumn the burbot's wandering in search of food stops. A sharp change in the environment also affects burbot: he rises to the top and stands under the ice; he apparently feels uneasy and has no time for food. Within a week, his body adapts to the new conditions. And then the burbot begins a normal, familiar life.

I’ll now read you a little fairy tale about burbot.

Miracles under the ice! All the fish are sleepy - you are the only one, Burbot, cheerful and playful. What's the matter with you, huh?

And the fact that for all fish in winter it’s winter, but for me, Burbot, in winter it’s summer! You perches are dozing, and we burbots are playing weddings, swording caviar, rejoicing and having fun!

Let's go, fellow perches, to Burbot's wedding! Let’s wake up our sleep, have some fun, snack on burbot caviar...

You have already guessed what kind of life burbot leads in winter.

5. Teacher's story "Like frogs in the fall prepare for winter» .

The frog goes into hibernation in winter. Like other animals, frogs before hibernation focus on feeding and accumulating relatively large reserves nutrients.

Spadefoot frogs begin to prepare for winter in September-October. They burrow deeper into the mud or use other people's shelters. Very often they can be seen wintering in wells and cellars.

Grass frogs overwinter in flowing streams, rivers, and ditches. Sometimes they travel long distances to their wintering place. In this case, one of the main requirements is the saturation of water with oxygen. in autumn grass frogs are located at the bottom, in the very thickets of aquatic vegetation, or not far from the shore in the sand.

As temperatures drop, lake frogs reduce their activity and go into hibernation. They begin to prepare for hibernation when the water temperature is about 6-9 degrees. Such frogs overwinter at the very bottom reservoirs, migrating there in autumn, buried in the bottom silt. They spend the entire winter at the bottom of lakes, rivers and deep ponds, while breathing through their skin.

Wintering amphibians very often gather under overhanging shores or are carefully hidden in underwater vegetation. Some lake frogs remain active even in cold weather, falling into a shallow sleep - they are lethargic, but at the same time they are not deprived of the ability to jump and swim. If an animal is disturbed, it moves without much difficulty and takes refuge in another place.

6. Teacher's story "How aquatic plants prepare autumn to winter» .

The great role of plants in body of water. They serve as food for animals and release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets serve as a refuge for animals.

Cattail, reed, reed, arrowhead are attached to the bottom with their roots, and stems and leaves float on the surface reservoirs.

In the winter, the yellow egg capsule retains reserves of nutrients in its rhizome that are necessary for the formation of leaves and flowers of this plant next year. In addition, the rhizome, like other parts of the yellow capsule, has air channels through which oxygen necessary for respiration enters the underwater organs of the plant.

Flowers that flaunted on the surface reservoirs in summer, in autumn dropped their seeds to the bottom, and pulled their long stalks under the water. They may freeze on the surface. in autumn the sun does not shine as hot as in summer, the water does not warm up well, and the plants do not have enough solar heat.

7. Outdoor game "Crucian carp and pike".

A circle is drawn on the floor. One child is chosen as a pike, the rest are divided into crucian carp swimming inside the circle and pebbles. By signal: "Pike!" The pike child runs into the circle and tries to catch the crucian carp. And the crucian carp are in a hurry to hide behind the stones. The crucian carp caught by the pike go outside the circle. The game is repeated with another pike.

8. Conversation “Where do they disappear autumn fish, crayfish, frogs, aquatic plants?

Why do frogs bury themselves? in autumn in silt? (Answers children: frogs burrow autumn in silt in order to survive the winter, and also so that they are not eaten by predatory fish).

And who else, besides frogs, in the pond prepares for winter in the fall? (Answers children: in autumn, except frogs, in body of water fish and crayfish are preparing for winter).

What kind of fish leads a normal, habitual way of life in winter and does not hibernate? (Answer children: burbot).

Why do aquatic plants sink? in the fall to the bottom of the reservoir? (Answers children: this is how plants prepare for winter).

With the onset of winter, the water in body of water will freeze and turn into ice. But only the surface will turn into ice reservoir, and at the very depths the water will not freeze, and this is what will help the aquatic inhabitants to survive the winter and not die. Now you know that they are all still with autumn prepared for winter.

Publications on the topic:

OD summary on cognitive development “The Kingdom of Ice and Snow” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

OD summary on cognitive development “Food chains in the forest” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

OD summary on cognitive development “Let's visit the water” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

OD summary on cognitive development “Let's sit in the meadow on a sunny day” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

OD summary on cognitive development “The bugs woke up from the warmth” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

OD summary on cognitive development “Mysteries of Nature” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, kindergarten of combined type No. 3, Dankov Abstract of OD on cognitive.

Summary of the lesson on cognitive development “Invisible Air” in the preparatory group of children with mental retardation Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution, combined kindergarten No. 3, Dankov. Notes on cognitive lessons.

Image library:

Freeze-up is a natural phenomenon characteristic of most rivers and lakes in Russia, the Azov, Aral and Caspian Seas, as well as some reservoirs of the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia. To the question of what ice cover is, we can answer that it is a stationary layer of ice that forms on reservoirs in the autumn-winter period.

What is freeze-up

In late autumn, you can observe how the water in reservoirs becomes dark, almost black. At the same time, it has a dense and viscous consistency. This indicates the beginning of freezing of the reservoir. After this comes freezing. This term is usually used to describe not only the layer of ice covering rivers, but also the process of formation of the ice cover, as well as the time period during which it does not melt.

The characteristics of the phenomenon, such as the period, thickness of the ice and the speed of its establishment, depend on several factors:

• from the landscape and terrain;
• on the characteristics of the river bed and bottom;
• from the weather - atmospheric temperature, and its intensity, as well as the presence of ;
• depending on the size and flow of the river - the smaller the reservoir, the faster freezing will occur.

In addition, the duration of this natural phenomenon determined by the thickness and structure of the ice layer, as well as the duration of the cold period.

In mountain reservoirs with rapid currents, continuous ice cover is not established. Lowland rivers may also have areas that are not frozen. They are called polynyas:

Such areas occur in places where the current is the roughest or the water is warmer than in the entire body of water.

Ice formation process

With the coming cold weather When the temperature drops below 0°C, the process of formation of an ice layer begins. The uniformity of water freezing depends on several factors:

1. On lakes and ponds where there is no current, the process occurs evenly.
2. In calm and frosty weather, the freezing of the reservoir occurs evenly. First, the surface of the water seems to thicken, then gradual freezing occurs.
3. If frosts are accompanied by wind, freezing begins from the coast. First, thin crusts of the ice layer form. They are called “zaberegi” - the ice clings to the banks, signaling the beginning of freeze-up. Further, areas with a thin layer of flat ice floes appear along the entire river bed. When it goes and the flakes fall into cold water, they no longer melt. The movement of ice floes together with water and snow leads to the formation of a porridge-like layer. This process is called sludge - snow flakes, mixed with water. They no longer float only on the surface, but also form in the water column. Gradually, the slush turns into ice patches that freeze and completely cover the reservoir.

The final period of freeze-up begins when the river bed gradually becomes covered with ice from the banks and connects with the banks. Faster water freezes at the source, where it’s not like that fast current, and the river mouth is the last to be bound by an ice layer.

When does freeze-up occur?

The process has no specific time limits. In which month it occurs depends on the characteristics of the reservoir, as well as on weather conditions, including the amount of snow that has fallen.

Freeze-up is typical for almost all water bodies in Russia and its duration increases from south to north.

There is early freeze-up in the northern part of the country. The ice begins to rise from the end of October and completely covers the reservoirs by the beginning of November. In the southern expanses it begins in mid-November. At this time, the air temperature there is set below -5°C.

The Taimyr rivers are the first to become covered with ice. Freeze-up occurs here as early as September. Then the process moves south and lasts about three months. The process finally ends by the end of December.

Freeze-up zones

The duration of freeze-up depends on the climate and lasts from 1 to 8 months. Depending on this, it can be divided into zones. Four zonations are conventionally distinguished:

1. Arkhangelskaya and Murmansk region, Tyumen, Komi Republic, Taimyr, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Amur region, Magadan region - here the freeze-up lasts especially long. Continuous ice cover binds water bodies in October and lasts until May.
2. Kursk, Bryansk, Astrakhan region, North Ossetia, southern regions Primorsky Territory, Stavropol Territory - in these places a stable process is observed on the rivers from December to March.
3. Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus, Azov, Aral and Caspian Sea– here the duration is short-term in nature. At the same time, the ice on the rivers is unstable.
4. Moldova, middle Asia, Transcaucasia - the freeze-up process is absent here or is irregular. Only small sections of rivers can be covered with ice and for a short time.

Even with knowledge about the time intervals of freeze-up in a specific zone, it is not possible to accurately predict the timing of freezing of rivers. This is due to the fact that in each zone there may be deviations from the average. The dates may shift from one to three months depending on weather conditions.

Autumn freeze-up may be accompanied by ice movement caused by gusts of wind and currents. As a result, congestion may occur. This happens most often in small bodies of water with weak currents. The process may be caused by warming. Under the influence of the current, the not yet fully formed ice begins to break and accumulate. With the onset of frost, the ice floes freeze together and form hummocks. Their length can reach three meters.

In some regions, vehicular traffic across rivers is only possible during freeze-up periods.

Most rivers in Russia begin to break up from ice in March and this process ends completely only in May.

Summary of the excursion in the preparatory group.

Water and I are friends.

Target:

To consolidate children's knowledge about the importance of water in the life of plants, animals and humans. About the fact that water is the “home” for many plants and animals, about the need to protect these animals and their habitat.

Tasks:

Deepen and systematize children’s knowledge about the river and its purpose;

Cultivate a positive attitude, awaken aesthetic feelings towards native nature;

Develop the ability to behave correctly;

Activate and enrich children's vocabulary with nouns, adjectives and verbs on the topic.

Progress of the excursion.

1. Today you and I will go for a walk, and you have to guess where.

(any riddle about the river) That's right, we will have an excursion to the river.

2. Arriving at the river, the teacher asks the children whether they know the name of our river. Then the teacher explains why the river is respectfully called “nurse and worker.” After this, the shores are examined (steep, flat, covered with sand or vegetation). A conversation about what types of rivers there are (mighty, majestic, fast, quiet, mountainous, etc.). What is our river like?

3. Do you think the water in the river is warm or cold now? Why? We draw children's attention to the color and transparency of the water.

Yes, the water in the river is clean and transparent. Is it possible to drink water from the river? No. Why? (Children's answers) The teacher draws a conclusion about why you cannot drink water from the river (it has not been purified). Next is the teacher's story about how water is purified (first, water is taken from a river or some underground reservoir, then it goes to special water treatment plants, where, with the help of complex filters, the water is purified from sand, dirt, various microbes, and only after that the water already enters the water supply).

4. Ball game “What kind of water is there?”

Answer options: sea, river, swamp, water supply, mineral, rain, clean, dirty, transparent, colorless, tasteless, hot, cold, warm, etc.

“What can water do?” - splashes, murmurs, runs, pours, flows, shimmers, etc.

5. The river is a community where everyone needs each other: both plants and animals. Children say which inhabitants of the river they would like to turn into (show with facial expressions and movements).

6. Why does river water become dirty? How to make a river clean?

7. Ball game "Good - bad."

The teacher is in the center of the circle with the ball. Throws the ball to the children one by one and asks: “Water is good. Why?", "Water is bad. Why?".

Possible answers:

Fine : water is needed for drinking; to wash, wash hands; You can temper yourself with water, play with water, swim, cook food, wash floors, dishes, toys, wash clothes; water flowers and plants in the garden; Various animals live in the water, birds live near the water.

Badly : if you get drunk in the heat cold water, then you can get sick; hot water you can get burned; if you handle it carelessly and spill it on the floor, you can slip and fall; if you frequently water plants, they may die; if you don't know how to swim, you can drown; There are floods and then the water destroys houses, etc.

8. Summary.

Water is one of the most amazing substances on the planet. Water is a good friend and helper.

What have we learned about water today? (children's answers)

Reading of N. Ryzhova’s poem “Magic Water”.

"Magic Water"

Have you heard about water?

They say she is everywhere!

You will find her in the pond,

And in a damp forest swamp.

In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean

And in the water tap.

Like an icicle freezes

Fog creeps into the forest,

It's boiling on your stove,

The kettle steam hisses.

We can't wash ourselves without her,

Don't eat, don't get drunk!

I dare to report to you:

We can't live without her!

Indeed, without water it is impossible to live on earth, so water must be preserved and protected.

Answered by Dmitry Klimenko, associate professor of the department

Hydrology of Perm State National

Research University

Here is the Trout-Uhle color scale - 21 test tubes with liquid tinted in colors natural waters. Obviously, rivers and lakes can be more than just blue or brown.

The color of water in natural reservoirs is determined by the composition of the rocks from which river catchments are formed, on the one hand, and the supply of colored organic matter- with another.

River water (especially if the river is mountainous) is most often colorless or transparent. This is due to both the influx groundwater, and by recharging the river due to the melting of glaciers and snowfields, as well as by the structure of the riverbed from hard-to-erode rocks: granite, basalt.

When, in conditions of rapid flows, the water becomes oversaturated with air bubbles, it seems as if milk is flowing through the rivers, the water is so opaque.

Gives turquoise color to water rocks and glacial feeding in combination with oxygen saturation of the water. This can be observed, for example, in the Katun River in the Gorno-Altaisk region.

The presence of suspended particles (ash, dust, soot, etc.) can give the water a yellow or brown tint (as on the Yellow River or our Kuban). Often the waters of rivers and streams flowing from swamps have a brown tint - this is due to the supply of organic substances rich in iron.

The development of aquatic vegetation can give green tints to the water. And if intensive development of phytoplankton is not typical for rivers where a flowing regime is provided, then lakes and reservoirs in the summer can be completely covered with a layer of duckweed: the water turns green and becomes unsuitable not only for drinking, but also for swimming.

Besides natural factors the color of water in rivers can be affected by human activities, discharge Wastewater. In this case, any colors of water are possible: bright red, purple, black, rich white. There is even luminescence of water.

In addition, visually the surface color water bodies can be determined not only by the composition of the water, but also weather conditions. Small waves and ripples in sunny weather make the surface of the water silvery. When it rains, it is lead-gray. Under a clear summer sky, even the most muddy brown water of marsh lakes will appear blue on the surface, and at sunset and in the early evening hours, during autumn rainy calms, the surface of reservoirs may look black.

By the way, there are real pink lakes in the world, including the famous one located in Crimea. And spotted in Antarctica.

in autumn undersea world in our reservoirs it is extremely monotonous and even stingy. It is a flat desert of silt, water of poor transparency, and this picture does not change throughout the fall and winter.

These phenomena are associated with the following factors:

• The biological, chemical and mechanical composition of water changes, which affects transparency.
• Duration daylight hours is reduced, which also affects water clarity.
• The amount of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide changes.
• The temperature of the water in different layers also changes the indicators.
• The area of ​​the “reservoir mirror” becomes different.
• The strength and direction of the wind are also different.
• Currents appear.
• Etc.

Autumn under water does not come suddenly. First, a transition period occurs, the signs of which are clearly visible in mid-September. It's not autumn yet, but it's no longer summer.

The first thing you will notice is the reduction in overall illumination. Second - autumn winds, rain and cool nights. All this reduces the temperature of the water, but at this time it is best saturated with oxygen. In heat-loving fish, for example, carp, the time of activity begins, the last of this season. After all, they need to create a good reserve of fat before the winter hunger strike. Crucian carp, bream, carp, tench and ide also feed intensively.

It is believed that in the fall breams gather in large flocks, as if before spawning. But that's not true! In fact, the number of the school does not change in the fall, the bream are simply busy searching for food - bloodworms. Thus, dozens, or even hundreds of fish, side by side, go looking for food.

The water is getting colder every day, and the fish has one thought: “There is, there is, there is...”. At night or during the day in early autumn, bream can still be caught near the shore. Tench and crucian carp are not far behind them. After the summer variety, they are again ready to feed on anything and lose caution in their habits. Tench constantly graze near the shore, feeding almost around the clock. But large cyprinids prefer dreisna shells. This is a mollusk that maintains populations of large tench, bream and crucian carp at the required level. And the carp is completely dependent on this food. Its habitats are very original. You can notice a hole, cleanly swept right down to the yellow sand, with a large mound of dracena. The carp takes a mouthful of shells and methodically grinds them, stroking the meat and spitting out shell fragments.

In early autumn, almost no changes occur in the rivers. Is it getting more clear water. Chubs and ides behave like summer and occupy the usual tricky places: niches and cornices of a clayey shore, large boulders, layers of fresh turf, a thick trunk, submerged branches, bushes, thick grass... Large ides at night approach the very edge of the shore at a depth of 20- 30 cm and pick up gape frogs and fry. Perches hide in small holes and behind small shelters. Pike choose the boundaries of the current, shallow and deep water, areas of open and overgrown water, or simply stand with their belly in the bottom.

The owner of the river, the catfish, is especially active. But all these are large and medium-sized rivers. In shallow waters, the water becomes cold much faster, so the activity of the fish decreases very quickly. Large fish hiding in more deep places, rich in food. These are the lower reaches and mouths of large reservoirs. Roaches head upstream to meet bream, catfish and pike-perch. For 2-3 whole weeks she becomes the mistress of the October rivers. The pike follows the roach. But soon they will descend back again, to deeper places with constant food and a more or less stable temperature.

To be continued….