Human activity in the humid subtropics. By the warm sea. Subtropics. Natural zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. lesson plan on the surrounding world (4th grade) on the topic. Subtropical zone of Russia

Description of the lesson about the surrounding world in 4th grade, developed using the techniques of “Technologies for the development of critical thinking through reading and writing.”

Performed : teacher primary classes GBOU Secondary School No. 3 Smyshlyaevka Peredriy Olga Gennadievna.

Lesson topic: U warm sea. Subtropics. Natural area Black sea ​​coast Caucasus.

Place of the lesson in the lesson system on this topic:Lesson 13 out of 20 in the section “Around native spaces”

Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to concepts tropics and subtropics , With geographical location zone, its features, flora and fauna, economic activities of people;
• form an idea of ​​the natural zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus;
• develop the ability to work with a geographical map;
• develop speech, the ability to observe, reason, draw conclusions.

Planned results:

• students will learn to find and show subtropics on a map of Russia;
• characterize natural conditions and flora;
• compare the subtropical zone with the desert zone;
• understand the importance of the sea coast of the Caucasus for the health of people and the need to protect the nature of this zone.

TRKMChP techniques used in the lesson:true and false statements, working with text and filling out a table, mood thermometer

During the classes

I Organizational moment.

1. Challenge.

II Updating knowledge. Examination homework. Test

A1. What are weather in a desert?

1) hot summer, little precipitation

2) hot summer, harsh winter

3) warm rainy summer

4) short hot summer

A2. What thorny plant do camels readily eat?

1) juzgun 3) camel thorn

2) grate 4) cacti

A3. What animal is called the “ship of the desert”?

1) saiga 3) corsac

2) camel 4) scarab

A4. What are dunes?

1) animals 3) sand shafts

2) plants 4) dust storms

IN 1. What animal uses long strong legs Jumps up to 3 m high?

1) saiga 3) foot and mouth disease

2) corsac 4) jerboa

AT 2. What beetle was worshiped in Ancient Egypt like a deity

1) beauty beetle 3) darkling beetle

2) scarab 4) stag beetle

C1. How animals adapted to desert conditions

1) they have thick skin

2) during the day they bury themselves in the sand and feed at night

3) they go without water for a long time

4) by eating plants, they receive the necessary moisture

C2. Which ecological problems exist in deserts?

1) salts accumulate in the soil due to excessive irrigation

2) there is more shifting sand due to improper grazing of animals

3) the soil is polluted due to mining

4) the number of saigas is declining due to poaching

III Self-determination for activity.

We have visited almost all natural areas, traveling through them from north to south. But perhaps there is another natural area that we should get to know?

Formulate the topic of the lesson. Set goals.

Each student has a sheet of paper with statements on their desk. We read them collectively, everyone puts a “+” sign if true, “-” if false, next to each statement.

1. The subtropical forest zone is located on the Black Sea coast. (+)

2. The subtropical zone occupies a large territory of our country. (-)

3. The subtropical zone is located near Ural mountains. (-)

4. The subtropical zone is characterized by moderately hot summers and warm winters. (+)

5. The flora and fauna of the subtropics are very diverse. (+)

6. On the map, the subtropical zone is indicated yellow. (-)

7. Whales live on the Black Sea coast, sea ​​turtles, seals. (-)

8. Apricots, peaches, and figs are grown in the gardens of the Black Sea coast.(+)

IV Work on the topic of the lesson.

2. Understanding.

Conversation.

Let's turn to the map. Where is the subtropical forest zone located? (It is located on the coast. On the one side Caucasus Mountains, and on the other – the Black Sea.)

How much area does this zone occupy? (It occupies a very small area.)

How Sun rays heat the earth's surface near the tropics?

(The sun's rays fall almost vertically.)

In which thermal zone Is the subtropical zone located? (IN temperate zone, but close to the Northern Tropic)

The location of the zone lies the secret of its amazing climate and nature. The sun heats the sea during the summer, and then the sea releases it to the coast in winter warm air. The Caucasus Mountains are close, right next to the coast.

What height are these mountains? (High mountains)

That’s right, these are high young mountains, they are a barrier to the cold north wind, so the summer on the coast is moderately hot and warm winter. there is a lot of precipitation. The sea sends to earth a large number of moisture, and it is also retained by the mountains.

What are the tropics? (The tropics are a thermal zone located on both sides of the equator.)

And translated from Latin, the prefix “sub” means “under.” So what are subtropics? (This is the area under the tropics)

More precisely, close tropical zone. Subtropical zone is located south of our country, and here, on the Black Sea coast, is only a piece.

(the last line is filled in, the previous ones are filled in in previous lessons)Each row of the table corresponds in color to a specific natural area.

To fill out the second column of the table, read paragraph 3 of the textbook on page 98.

Why is this climate typical for the subtropical zone?

Complete the third column by reading paragraphs 1 and 2 on page 100.

What plants can be found in the subtropics, but not in our zone?

Complete the fourth column of the table by reading paragraph 1 on page 101

What animals can be found in the subtropics?

Complete the last column by reading paragraphs 1 and 2 on page 99.

Physical education minute.

“Lazy Eights” - draw “eights” in the air in a horizontal plane three times with each hand, then with both hands.

“Cap for thought” - gently roll your ears from the top to the lobe three times.

“Blinking” - blinking for each inhalation and exhalation.

V Consolidation of the studied material.

VI Reflection.

3. Reflection.

Let's get back to the statements. Check if you have placed the signs correctly everywhere? Evaluate your work using mood thermometers.

I suggest you take a test that will help you determine whether you understood everything in the lesson.

TEST “Black Sea coast of the Caucasus”

1. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is located….

a) in the forest zone of the country
b) in the subtropical zone of the country
c) in steppe zone countries

2. Subtropics of Russia are

a) a vast area in the center of the country
b) a vast area in the east of the country
c) a small area on the Black Sea coast

3. The following trees are often found on mountain slopes in the subtropics:

a) beech, chestnut
b) larch, lingonberry
c) alder, linden

4. On the Black Sea coast live:

a) cicadas, mantises, locusts
b) fillies, darkling beetles
c) scarlet beetle, water striders

5. The Black Sea is inhabited by:

a) crocodiles, anacondas, seals
b) jellyfish, dolphins, flounder
c) sharks, seals, turtles

6. In the subtropical zone:

a) moderately hot summers and warm winters
b) hot summer and moderately cold winter
c) moderately warm summer and cold winter.

VII Summary.

What would you advise friends who are going on vacation to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus? (Take care of nature, do not throw garbage on the coast, wear a hat, swim only with adults, etc.)

VIII Homework.

Routing

Teacher Peredriy Olga Gennadievna

Date 12/10/2014

Class 4 V

Lesson topic Near the warm sea. Subtropics. Natural zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Lesson type Lesson in learning new knowledge

Goals:

• Developmental: develop the ability to organize educational cooperation and educational activities with peers, develop the ability to work with a geographical map.
• Educational: introduce students to concepts tropics and subtropics , with the geographical location of the zone, its features, flora and fauna, human economic activities, to form an idea of ​​the natural zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus;
• Educational: develop communication skills and the ability to evaluate one’s own activities;
• Planned educational results: students will learn to find and show subtropics on a map of Russia; characterize natural conditions and flora; give examples of relationships between living and inanimate nature; compare the subtropical zone with the desert zone; understand the importance of the sea coast of the Caucasus for the health of people and the need to protect the nature of this zone.

Methods: verbal, information-receptive (transformation of information), search, cognitive reflexive, TRKMChP techniques (working with text and filling out a table, true and false statements)

Forms: frontal, group, individual

Educational resources: multimedia lesson support, physical map Russia, map of natural areas

All natural areas have long been developed by humans. It actively conducts economic activities, thereby changing the characteristics of natural areas. How do human economic activities differ in natural areas?

Polar deserts

These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for farming. The soil here is presented permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.

The coastal areas are home to Arctic foxes, whose fur is highly prized throughout the world. Arctic foxes are actively hunted, which could lead to the extinction of this species.

Rice. 1. The most unsuitable natural zone for farming is the Arctic desert

Tundra and forest-tundra

Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here?

The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, their extraction is actively carried out here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.

Forest zone

This includes taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized cold winter and relatively warm summer. Thanks to the large number of forests, flora and fauna are widespread here. Favorable conditions allow you to thrive various types human economic activity. A large number of factories and factories have been built in these regions. People here are engaged in livestock farming, farming, fishing, and the woodworking industry. This is one of the natural areas modified by humans to the greatest extent.

Rice. 2. The world is experiencing active deforestation

Forest-steppe and steppe

These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient precipitation. The soil here is the most fertile, and the fauna is very diverse. Agriculture and livestock farming flourish most in these areas. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits and cereals are grown here. Coal is actively mined and iron ore. This leads to distortion of the relief and destruction of some species of animals and plants.

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Semi-deserts and deserts

The conditions here are not the most favorable for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is deserted and not fertile. The main type of economic activity in deserts is animal husbandry. The population here raises sheep, rams, and horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.

Rice. 3. Livestock farming in the desert

Subtropics and tropics

This region has undergone the most changes due to human activity. This is due to the fact that this is where civilizations arose and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.

Subtropical and rainforests practically cut down, and the territories are occupied by agricultural plantings. Huge areas are occupied by fruit trees.

What have we learned?

Man is engaged in economic activities in almost all natural areas of the world. This leads to their significant modification, which ultimately can lead to the extinction of some species of animals and plants.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 346.

1. Fill out the table.

2. Fill in the circles next to the pictures of plants that are listed in the Red Book. Write the names of plants on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

3. Write down what environmental problems arise in the subtropical zone due to human activity.

Clogging of coastal waters with dirty runoff. Catching rare insects and hunting rare animals. Littering of nature with garbage and waste after tourists' vacation. Predatory deforestation. Uncontrolled collection of rare plants.

4. Read the text.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus is native to Australia, from where it has spread throughout the world. It's high beautiful trees with fleshy, leathery leaves hanging down. Some eucalyptus trees reach a height of 100 meters.
Eucalyptus is often called the “pump tree.” Since this tree requires a lot of moisture, it is often planted in swampy areas. In some regions of the world, this has led to a reduction in the number of people suffering from malaria and other diseases.
Eucalyptus generously supplies a person with all kinds of medicines. Eucalyptus oil heals the respiratory tract, soothes nervous system, has a good effect on kidney function.
Eucalyptus wood is very hard, but can be processed well. Man uses this wood in the construction of ships, as well as for interior decoration of houses.
(According to A. Likum)

What did you learn from the text about eucalyptus? Title the text. Write the name.
Make up 4 - 5 questions based on the text. Write them down. Ask these questions to your desk neighbor.

What is the birthplace of eucalyptus?
Why is eucalyptus called the "pump tree"?
How long do eucalyptus trees reach?
Eucalyptus tall plant?
Eucalyptus medicinal plant?
What is eucalyptus wood used for?

5. Find in additional literature material about some plant or animal of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Talk about it in class.

6. Continue filling out the “Nature Conservation” table

7. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

3. Tall tree, brought from warm countries.
6. Gelatinous inhabitant of the seas.
8. The name of the natural area near the Black Sea coast.

Zoning - change natural ingredients and the natural complex as a whole from the equator to the poles. Zoning is based on the different supply of heat, light, atmospheric precipitation, which, in turn, are already reflected in all other components, and above all - soils, vegetation and wildlife.

Zoning is characteristic of both land and the World Ocean.

The largest zonal divisions of the geographical envelope are geographical zones. The belts differ from each other primarily in temperature conditions.

The following geographical zones are distinguished: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subpolar, polar (Antarctic and Arctic).

Within the belts on land, natural zones are distinguished, each of which is characterized not only by the same type temperature conditions and moisture, which leads to a commonality of vegetation, soils and fauna.

You are already familiar with the arctic desert zone, tundra, temperate forest zone climate zone, steppes, deserts, wet and dry subtropics, savannas, moist evergreen equatorial forests.

Within natural zones, transitional areas are distinguished. They are formed due to gradual changes in climatic conditions. Such transition zones include, for example, forest-tundra, forest-steppe and semi-deserts.

Zoning is not only latitudinal, but also vertical. Vertical zoning- a natural change in natural complexes in height and depth. For mountains, the main reason for this zonation is the change in temperature and amount of moisture with height, and for the depths of the ocean - heat and sunlight.

The change in natural zones depending on the height above sea level in mountainous areas is called, as you already know, altitudinal zone.

It differs from horizontal zoning in the length of the belts and the presence of a belt of alpine and subalpine meadows. The number of belts usually increases in high mountains and as it approaches the equator.

Natural areas

Natural areas- large divisions geographic envelope, having a certain combination of temperature conditions and humidification regime. They are classified mainly according to the predominant type of vegetation and change naturally on the plains from north to south, and in the mountains - from the foothills to the peaks. Natural zones of Russia are presented in Fig. 1.

The latitudinal distribution of natural zones on the plains is explained by the receipt of unequal amounts solar heat and moisture on the earth's surface at different latitudes.

The resources of flora and fauna of natural zones are biological resources territories.

The set of altitudinal zones depends primarily on what latitude the mountains are located at and what their height is. It should also be noted that for the most part the boundaries between altitudinal zones are not clear.

Let us consider in more detail the features of the location of natural zones using the example of the territory of our country.

polar desert

The very north of our country - the Northern Islands Arctic Ocean— located in a natural area polar (arctic) deserts. This zone is also called ice zone. The southern border approximately coincides with the 75th parallel. The natural zone is characterized by the dominance of Arctic air masses. Total solar radiation is 57-67 kcal/cm2 per year. Snow cover lasts 280-300 days a year.

In winter, the polar night dominates here, which is at a latitude of 75° N. w. lasts 98 days.

In summer, even round-the-clock lighting is not able to provide this area with enough heat. The air temperature rarely rises above 0 °C, and average temperature July is +5 °C. There may be drizzle for several days, but there are practically no thunderstorms or showers. But there are frequent fogs.

Rice. 1. Natural areas of Russia

A significant part of the territory is characterized by modern glaciation. There is no continuous vegetation cover. The glacial areas of land where vegetation develops are small areas. Mosses and crustose lichens “settle” on placers of pebbles, fragments of basalt and boulders. Occasionally there are poppies and saxifrages, which begin to bloom when the snow has barely melted.

The fauna of the Arctic desert is mainly represented by Marine life. This is a harp seal, a walrus, ringed seal, sea ​​hare, beluga whale, porpoise, killer whale.

The species of baleen whales in the northern seas are diverse. Blue and bowhead whales, sei whale, fin whale, humpback whale are rare and endangered species and are listed in the Red Book. Inner side the long horny plates that replace teeth for whales are split into hairs. This allows the animals to filter large volumes of water, extracting plankton, which forms the basis of their diet.

The polar bear is also a typical representative of the animal world of the polar desert. The “maternity hospitals” of polar bears are located on Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Fr. Wrangel.

In summer, numerous colonies of birds nest on the rocky islands: gulls, guillemots, guillemots, auks, etc.

There is practically no permanent population in the polar desert zone. The weather stations operating here monitor the weather and the movement of ice in the ocean. On the islands they hunt Arctic fox in winter and game birds in summer. Fishing is carried out in the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

Steppes

To the south of the forest-steppe zone there are steppes. They are distinguished by the absence of forest vegetation. The steppes stretch in a narrow continuous strip in the south of Russia from the western borders to Altai. Further to the east, steppe areas have a focal distribution.

The climate of the steppes is moderate continental, but drier than in the zone of forests and forest-steppes. Number of annual total solar radiation reaches 120 kcal/cm2. The average January temperature in the sun is -2 °C, and in the east -20 °C and below. Summer in the steppe is sunny and hot. The average temperature in July is 22-23 °C. The sum of active temperatures is 3500 °C. Precipitation is 250-400 mm per year. In summer there are frequent showers. Humidity coefficient less than one(from 0.6 in the north of the zone to 0.3 in southern steppes). Stable snow cover lasts up to 150 days a year. In the west of the zone there are often thaws, so the snow cover there is thin and very unstable. The predominant soils of the steppes are chernozems.

Natural plant communities are predominantly represented by perennial, drought- and frost-resistant grasses with a strong root system. These are primarily cereals: feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, snake grass, tonkonog, bluegrass. In addition to cereals, there are numerous representatives of forbs: astragalus, sage, cloves - and bulbous perennials, such as tulips.

The composition and structure of plant communities change significantly both in the latitudinal and meridional directions.

In the European steppes, the basis is made up of narrow-leaved grasses: feather grass, fescue, bluegrass, fescue, tonkonogo, etc. There are many brightly flowering forbs. In summer, feather grass sways like waves in the sea, and here and there you can see lilac irises. In the drier southern regions, in addition to cereals, wormwood, milkweed, and cinquefoil are common. There are many tulips in spring. Tansy and cereals predominate in the Asian part of the country.

Steppe landscapes are fundamentally different from forest ones, which determines the uniqueness of the animal world of this natural zone. Typical animals in this zone are rodents (the largest group) and ungulates.

Ungulates are adapted to long movements across the vast expanses of the steppes. Due to the thinness of the snow cover, plant food is also available in winter. Important role Bulbs, tubers, and rhizomes play a role in nutrition. For many animals, plants are also the main source of moisture. Typical representatives Ungulates in the steppes are aurochs, antelopes, and tarpans. However, most of these species were exterminated or pushed south as a result of human economic activity. In some areas, saigas, which were widespread in the past, have been preserved.

The most common rodents are the ground squirrel, the vole, the jerboa, etc.

Ferrets, badgers, weasels, and foxes also live in the steppe.

Among the birds typical of the steppes are the bustard, little bustard, gray partridge, steppe eagle, buzzard, and kestrel. However, these birds are now rare.

There are significantly more reptiles than in the forest zone. Among them we highlight steppe viper, snake, common grass snake, snapping lizard, copperhead.

The wealth of the steppes is fertile soils. The thickness of the humus layer of chernozems is more than 1 m. It is not surprising that this natural zone is almost completely developed by humans and natural steppe landscapes are preserved only in nature reserves. In addition to the high natural fertility of chernozems, maintaining Agriculture contribute and climatic conditions, favorable for gardening, cultivation of heat-loving grains (wheat, corn) and industrial crops (sugar beets, sunflowers). Due to insufficient precipitation and frequent droughts, irrigation systems were built in the steppe zone.

The steppes are a zone of developed livestock farming. Big ones are bred here cattle, horses, poultry. Conditions for the development of livestock farming are favorable due to the presence of natural pastures, feed grain, waste from processing sunflowers and sugar beets, etc.

Various industries are developed in the steppe zone: metallurgy, mechanical engineering, food, chemical, textile.

Semi-deserts and deserts

In the southeast of the Russian Plain and on Caspian lowland semi-deserts and deserts are located.

The total solar radiation here reaches 160 kcal/cm2. The climate is characterized by high air temperatures in summer (+22 - +24 °C) and low in winter (-25-30 °C). Because of this, there is a large annual temperature range. The sum of active temperatures is 3600 °C or more. In the semi-desert and desert zones there is a small amount of precipitation: an average of up to 200 mm per year. In this case, the humidification coefficient is 0.1-0.2.

Rivers located in semi-deserts and deserts are fed almost exclusively by spring melting snow. A significant part of them flows into lakes or is lost in the sands.

Typical soils in the semi-desert and desert zones are chestnut. The amount of humus in them decreases in the directions from north to south and from west to east (this is primarily due to a gradual increase in the sparseness of vegetation in these directions), therefore in the north and west the soils are dark chestnut, and in the south they are light chestnut ( the humus content in them is 2-3%). In depressions of the relief, the soils are saline. There are solonchaks and solonetzes - soils from upper layers of which, due to leaching, a significant part of the easily soluble salts is carried into the lower horizons.

Plants in semi-deserts are usually low and drought-resistant. The semi-deserts of the south of the country are characterized by such plant species as tree and gnarled saltwort, camel thorn, and juzgun. At higher elevations, feather grass and fescue dominate.

Steppe grasses alternate with patches of wormwood and romance of yarrow.

The deserts of the southern part of the Caspian lowland are the kingdom of semi-shrub wormwood.

To live in conditions of lack of moisture and soil salinity, plants have developed a number of adaptations. Solyanka, for example, have hairs and scales that protect them from excessive evaporation and overheating. Others, such as tamarix and kermek, “acquired” special salt-removing glands to remove salts. In many species, the evaporative surface of the leaves has decreased and their pubescence has occurred.

The growing season for many desert plants is short. They manage to complete the entire development cycle in favorable time year - spring.

The fauna of semi-deserts and deserts is poor compared to the forest zone. The most common reptiles are lizards, snakes, and turtles. There are many rodents - gerbils, jerboas and poisonous arachnids - scorpions, tarantulas, karakurts. Birds - bustard, little bustard, lark - can be seen not only in the steppes, but also in semi-deserts. Of the most large mammals Let's note the camel, saiga; there are corsac dogs and wolves.

A special area in the semi-desert and desert zone of Russia is the Volga delta and the Akhtuba floodplain. It can be called a green oasis in the middle of a semi-desert. This territory is distinguished by its thickets of reeds (it reaches a height of 4-5 m), shrubs and shrubs (including blackberries), intertwined with climbing plants (hops, bindweed). In the backwaters of the Volga delta there are a lot of algae and white water lilies (including the Caspian rose and water chestnut preserved from the pre-glacial period). Among these plants there are many birds, including herons, pelicans and even flamingos.

The traditional occupation of the population in the semi-desert and desert zones is cattle breeding: sheep, camels, and cattle are raised. As a result of overgrazing, the area of ​​unconsolidated dispersed sand increases. One of the measures to combat the onset of the desert is phytomelioration - a set of measures for cultivating and maintaining natural vegetation. To secure dunes, plant species such as giant grass, Siberian wheatgrass, and saxaul can be used.

Tundra

Vast expanses of the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Kola Peninsula busy to Chukotka tundra. The southern border of its distribution is almost
e falls with the July isotherm of 10 °C. Farthest north southern border the tundra moved to Siberia - north of 72° N. latitude. On Far East the influence of cold seas has led to the fact that the tundra border reaches almost the latitude of St. Petersburg.

The tundra receives more heat than the polar desert zone. Total solar radiation is 70-80 kcal/cm2 per year. However, the climate here continues to be characterized low temperatures air, short summer, harsh winter. The average air temperature in January reaches -36 °C (in Siberia). Winter lasts 8-9 months. At this time of year, southern winds blowing from the mainland dominate here. Summer is characterized by an abundance of sunshine, unstable weather: strong northerly winds often blow, bringing cold temperatures and precipitation (especially in the second half of summer there are often heavy drizzles). The sum of active temperatures is only 400-500 °C. The average annual precipitation reaches 400 mm. Snow cover lasts 200-270 days a year.

The predominant soil types in this zone are peat-bog and slightly podzolic. Due to the spread of permafrost, which has water-resistant properties, there are many swamps here.

Since the tundra zone has a significant extent from north to south, climatic conditions within its boundaries change noticeably: from severe in the north to more moderate in the south. In accordance with this, arctic, northern, also known as typical, and southern tundras are distinguished.

Arctic tundra occupy mainly the Arctic islands. The vegetation is dominated by mosses, lichens, and flowering plants, compared to arctic deserts there are more of them. Flowering plants are represented by shrubs and perennial herbs. Polar and creeping willow, dryad (partridge grass) are widespread. Of the perennial grasses, the most common are polar poppy, small sedges, some grasses, and saxifrage.

Northern tundra distributed mainly on the mainland coast. Their important difference from the Arctic is the presence of closed vegetation cover. Mosses and lichens cover 90% of the soil surface. Green mosses and bushy lichens predominate, and moss is often found. Species composition flowering plants are also becoming more diverse. There are saxifrage, saxifrage, and viviparous knotweed. Shrubs include lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary, crowberry, as well as dwarf birch (ernik) and willows.

IN southern tundras, as in the northern ones, the vegetation cover is continuous, but it can already be divided into tiers. The upper tier is formed by dwarf birch and willows. Middle - herbs and shrubs: crowberry, lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary, sedge, cloudberry, cotton grass, cereals. Lower - mosses and lichens.

The harsh climatic conditions of the tundra “forced” many plant species to “acquire” special devices. Thus, plants with creeping and creeping shoots and leaves collected in a rosette better “use” the warmer ground layer of air. Short stature helps to survive the harsh winter. Although due to strong winds The thickness of the snow cover in the tundra is small, it is enough to cover and survive.

Some devices “serve” plants and summer time. For example, cranberries, birchberries, and crowberries “fight” to retain moisture by “reducing” the size of the leaves as much as possible, thereby reducing the evaporating surface. In dryad and polar willow, the underside of the leaf is covered with dense pubescence, which impedes the movement of air and thereby reduces evaporation.

Almost all plants in the tundra are perennial. Some species are characterized by the so-called viviparity, when instead of fruits and seeds, the plant develops bulbs and nodules that quickly take root, which provides a “gain” in time.

Animals and birds that constantly live in the tundra have also adapted well to harsh natural conditions. They are saved by thick fur or fluffy plumage. In winter, animals are white or light gray in color, and in summer they are grayish-brown. This helps with camouflage.

Typical animals of the tundra are the Arctic fox, lemming, mountain hare, reindeer, white polar and tundra partridges, snowy owl. In summer, the abundance of food (fish, berries, insects) attracts birds such as waders, ducks, geese, etc. to this natural area.

The tundra has a fairly low population density. The indigenous peoples here are the Sami, Nenets, Yakuts, Chukchi, etc. They are mainly engaged in reindeer herding. Mining of minerals is actively carried out: apatites, nephelines, non-ferrous metal ores, gold, etc.

Railroad communication in the tundra is poorly developed, and permafrost is an obstacle to road construction.

Forest-tundra

Forest-tundra- transitional zone from tundra to taiga. It is characterized by alternating areas occupied by forest and tundra vegetation.

The forest-tundra climate is close to the tundra climate. The main difference: the summer here is warmer - the average July temperature is + 11 (+14) ° C - and long, but the winter is colder: the influence of the winds blowing from the mainland is felt.

The trees in this zone are stunted and bent to the ground, with a twisted appearance. This is due to the fact that permafrost and swampy soil prevent plants from having deep roots, and strong winds bend them to the ground.

In the forest-tundra of the European part of Russia, spruce predominates, pine is less common. Larch is common in the Asian part. The trees grow slowly, their height usually does not exceed 7-8 m. Due to strong winds, a flag-shaped crown shape is common.

The few animals that remain in the forest-tundra for the winter are perfectly adapted to the local conditions. Lemmings, voles, and tundra partridge make long passages in the snow, feeding on the leaves and stems of evergreen tundra plants. With an abundance of food, lemmings even give birth to offspring at this time of year.

By small forest areas and bush thickets along the rivers, animals from the forest zone enter the southern regions: the white hare, Brown bear, white partridge. There are wolves, foxes, ermines, and weasels. Small insectivorous birds fly in.

Subtropics

This zone, occupying the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, is characterized by the smallest length and area in Russia.

The amount of total solar radiation reaches 130 kcal/cm2 per year. Summer is long, winter is warm (average temperature in January is 0 °C). The sum of active temperatures is 3500-4000 °C. Under these conditions, many plants can develop all year round. In the foothills and mountain slopes, 1000 mm or more of precipitation falls per year. In flat areas, snow cover practically does not form.

Fertile red earth and yellow earth soils are widespread.

Subtropical vegetation is rich and varied. The flora is represented by evergreen hard-leaved trees and shrubs, including boxwood, laurel, and cherry laurel. Forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, and maple are common. The thickets of trees are intertwined with liana, ivy, and wild grapes. There are bamboo, palm trees, cypress, eucalyptus.

Among the representatives of the animal world, we note chamois, deer, wild boar, bear, pine and stone marten, and Caucasian black grouse.

The abundance of heat and moisture makes it possible to grow subtropical crops such as tea, tangerines, and lemons here. Significant areas are occupied by vineyards and tobacco plantations.

Favorable climatic conditions, proximity to the sea and mountains make this area a major recreational area of ​​our country. There are numerous tourist centers, holiday homes, and sanatoriums here.

Located in the tropical zone rain forests, savannas and woodlands, deserts.

Largely plowed tropical rain forests(South Florida, Central America, Madagascar, Eastern Australia). They are used, as a rule, for plantations (see atlas map).

The subequatorial belt is represented by forests and savannas.

Subequatorial rain forests located mainly in the Ganges valley, southern part Central Africa, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea, northern South America, Northern Australia and the islands of Oceania. In drier areas they are replaced savannah(Southeast Brazil, Central and Eastern Africa, central areas Northern Australia, Hindustan and Indochina). Typical representatives of the animal world of the subequatorial belt are ruminant artiodactyls, predators, rodents, and termites.

At the equator, the abundance of precipitation and high temperatures determined the presence of a zone here evergreen rain forests (Amazon and Congo basin, on the islands South-East Asia). The natural zone of evergreen moist forests holds the world record for the diversity of animal and plant species.

The same natural areas are found on different continents, but they have their own characteristics. First of all, we are talking about plants and animals that have adapted to exist in these natural areas.

The natural zone of the subtropics is widely represented on the coast Mediterranean Sea, south coast Crimea, in the southeast of the USA and in other regions of the Earth.

Western Hindustan, Eastern Australia, Parana basin in South America And South Africa- zones of distribution of more arid tropical savannas and woodlands. The most extensive natural area of ​​the tropical belt - desert(Sahara, Arabian desert, deserts of Central Australia, California, as well as Kalahari, Namib, Atacama). Vast areas of pebble, sand, rocky and salt marsh surfaces are devoid of vegetation. The fauna is small.

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Black Sea coast

The narrow strip of the Black Sea coast, in the center of which the city of Sochi is located, and the mountain slopes up to an altitude of 500-600 m belong to the zone of subtropical forests, or subtropics. Fast streams flow down from the mountains. Trees, shrubs and grasses grow wildly.

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Subtropical weather

Winter is warm. It rains often. Snow falls rarely and melts quickly. Summer is moderately hot. Spring and autumn are very warm. The coast is located between the sea and the mountains. The coast is protected from cold and hot winds.

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Holidays on the Black Sea Coast

The inanimate nature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is surprisingly rich. Moderately hot summers and warm winters, both sea and mountain air, healing mud, healing mineral waters.

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Vegetable world

The flora of this zone is rich and diverse. On the mountain slopes at an altitude of 500-600m there are broad-leaved forests where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, and chestnut grow.

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Parks of the Caucasus

In parks evergreens: Pitsunda pine, cypress, magnolia, thuja, palm, laurel.

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The Arboretum contains plants from different countries With warm climate. This Australian eucalyptus, Lebanese cedar, Japanese quince, flowering cacti, bamboo, sequoia.

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From cultivated plants in the parks you can find grapes, figs, Walnut, apricot, peach, pear, apple tree, ornamental flowering plants.

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Animal world

The most wonderful and largest animals protected areas– bison, roe deer, wild boars, Caucasian goats, deer, lynxes, bears.