Natural phenomenon. Summer natural phenomena. Examples, description, photos. What is a natural phenomenon

Despite the fact that people have long described and found a rational explanation for why certain things happen natural processes and phenomena, the most unusual and rare of them, still surprise, delight and amaze, in particular fire-breathing mountains spewing lava, sweeping away everything in its path; breathtaking whirlwinds rushing at great speed and lifting stones, logs, cars and even entire houses into the sky; incredible fountains of boiling water rising tens of meters into the air from the depths of our planet.

What is a natural phenomenon

Natural phenomena are ordinary, and in some cases supernatural, meteorological and climatic processes as a result of which nature naturally changes. At the same time, they can be quite harmless and cause absolutely no surprise in people and are perceived as something taken for granted, for example, when snowing or rain falls, or can represent real natural disasters, spreading death and destruction around them.

Classification of natural phenomena

Unusual manifestations natural world scientists began to study since ancient times, and in Lately, when science began to move forward by leaps and bounds, its secrets gradually began to be revealed more and more quickly, for example, already in the 17th century. Gilbert proved that our planet is a huge magnet with poles, and a century later Franklin discovered atmospheric electricity.

Since there are a great many natural phenomena on our planet, quite little is still known about them. Therefore, it is not surprising that scientists have described, systematized and classified them. Thanks to this, it became possible not only to study the types of natural processes by category, but also to predict and even prevent the possible occurrence of dangerous natural phenomena, but the amazing manifestations of the natural world are so unpredictable that it is not always possible to do this even with the latest equipment.

The following classification is rather arbitrary, since the same phenomenon of the natural world quite often corresponds to several points at once. Thus, natural phenomena are distinguished:

By the nature of the impact– some types of natural processes or phenomena can have several characteristics at once, for example, a strong flood can be destructive in a city, paralyze traffic on the roads and deplete the soil, making it unsuitable for a good harvest.

• Natural natural phenomena destructive in nature - hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, even an invasion of pests (locusts);
• Paralyzing natural phenomena completely or partially for a long time traffic is stopped (snowfall, ice, fog);
• Phenomena with a depleting effect, due to which the yield decreases, soil fertility decreases, The groundwater and the supply of other natural resources decreases;

By origin:

• Natural phenomena that cause man-made accidents - lightning, ice, biochemical corrosion.
• Climatic - these types are the most common. Examples of these include a typhoon, blizzard or rain;
• Geological and geomorphological are such natural natural phenomena as a tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption;
• Biogeochemical - hazardous natural phenomena of this type are mainly emissions of harmful gases from lakes, swamps and other bodies of water;
• Biological - their appearance is often caused by objects of living nature: increased reproduction of agricultural pests, as well as blood-sucking insects, predatory and poisonous animals, epidemics, diseases of plants and livestock.
• Space - first of all, excessive activity of the sun is dangerous for our world; space weather also affects our world. For example, flares and emissions of charged solar particles and their interaction with the atmosphere and magnetic fields our planet often lead to emergency situations.

By duration:

• Instantaneous - do not last long (within a few seconds or minutes) and are the most dangerous (for example, earthquakes);
• Short-term natural phenomena last from several hours to several days (squall, flood, rain, heat and, interestingly, the full moon);
• Long-term (their period of action is longer and often lasts months, and in some cases years) - this type of phenomena includes natural processes that last months and even years (for example, volcanic eruptions, the occurrence of ozone holes, drying out of reservoirs);
• Centuries-old - last for several decades and can last for centuries (global warming).

By frequency of action:

• Daily - for example, sunset and sunrise;
• Seasonal - leaves fall in autumn, buds appear on trees and bushes in spring.

By scale of distribution:

• Global
• Local
• Regional

The influence of nature on humans

Scientists have long noticed that nature actively influences not only the life of our planet, but also the health and well-being of a person and even his life expectancy. An important role in this case is given to such factors as the quality of water, land, air purity, and climatic conditions.

For example, if people live in an area that is unfavorable for living (temperatures are too cold in winter and high in summer, the presence high humidity, extremely strong winds), then to the human body it will be difficult to withstand, it will quickly fail and become unusable.

The influences of such natural conditions a person does not notice at all about his body, but pays attention only to the most unusual (for example, rainbows, northern lights, pillars of light), mysterious (for a long time now people have been haunted by the mystery Bermuda Triangle) or hazardous natural phenomena that can lead to serious man-made accidents or human death.

site about the most interesting phenomena

On our website you will find information about the most unusual and amazing phenomena nature and their influence on the world. For example, you might be interested to know that a rainbow can be not only sunny, but also lunar, foggy, fiery, or inverted. You will also find out why people see mirages, aurora or halos.

Here you will read about dangerous natural phenomena that amaze with their beauty and power - tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes and other manifestations of the natural world.

Changes constantly occur in nature and the weather, sometimes it snows, sometimes it rains, sometimes the sun shines, sometimes clouds appear. All these are called natural phenomena or natural phenomena. Natural phenomena are changes that occur in nature regardless of human will. Many natural phenomena are associated with the changing seasons (seasons), which is why they are called seasonal. Each season, and we have 4 of them - spring, summer, autumn, winter, has its own natural and weather conditions. Nature is usually divided into living (animals and plants) and non-living. Therefore, phenomena are also divided into phenomena of living nature and phenomena of inanimate nature. Of course, these phenomena overlap, but some of them are especially characteristic of a particular season.

In the spring, after a long winter, the sun warms up more and more, ice begins to drift on the river, thawed patches appear on the ground, buds swell, and the first green grass grows. The days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. It is getting warmer. Migratory birds begin their journey to the region where they will raise their chicks.

What natural phenomena happen in spring?

Snowmelt. As more heat comes from the Sun, the snow begins to melt. The air around is filled with the murmur of streams, which can trigger the onset of floods - a clear sign of spring.

Thawed patches. They appear everywhere snow cover was thinner and where more sun fell on it. It is the appearance of thawed patches that indicates that winter has given up its rights and spring has begun. The first greenery quickly breaks through the thawed patches, and on them you can find the first spring flowers - snowdrops. The snow will lie in crevices and depressions for a long time, but on the hills and fields it melts quickly, exposing the islands of land to the warm sun.

Frost. It was warm and suddenly it froze - frost appeared on the branches and wires. These are frozen crystals of moisture.

Ice drift. In spring it becomes warmer, the ice crust on rivers and lakes begins to crack, and the ice gradually melts. Moreover, there is more water in reservoirs, it carries ice floes downstream - this is ice drift.

High water. Streams of melted snow flow from everywhere to the rivers, they fill reservoirs, and the water overflows its banks.

Thermal winds. The sun gradually warms the earth, and at night it begins to give off this heat, and winds are formed. They are still weak and unstable, but the warmer it gets around, the more they move air masses. Such winds are called thermal; they are characteristic of the spring season.

Rain. First Spring rain cold, but not as cold as snow:)

Storm. The first thunderstorm may occur at the end of May. Not so strong yet, but bright. Thunderstorms are discharges of electricity in the atmosphere. Thunderstorms often occur when displacing and lifting warm air cold fronts.

Hail. This is the fall of ice balls from a cloud. Hail can be anywhere from the size of a tiny pea to chicken egg, then it can even break through the car glass!

These are all examples of inanimate natural phenomena.

Flowering is a spring phenomenon of living nature. The first buds appear on the trees in late April - early May. The grass has already sprouted its green stems, and the trees are preparing to put on their green outfits. The leaves will bloom quickly and suddenly and the first flowers are about to bloom, exposing their centers to the awakened insects. Summer is coming soon.

In summer, the grass turns green, flowers bloom, leaves turn green on the trees, and you can swim in the river. The sun warms up well, it can be very hot. In summer the longest day and the most short night per year. Berries and fruits are ripening, the harvest is ripe.

In summer there are natural phenomena such as:

Rain. While in the air, water vapor supercools, forming clouds consisting of millions of small ice crystals. Low temperature in the air, below zero degrees, leads to the growth of crystals and to the weighting of frozen drops, which melt in the lower part of the cloud and fall in the form of raindrops on the surface of the earth. In summer, the rain is usually warm, it helps to water the forests and fields. Summer rain is often accompanied by a thunderstorm. If at the same time it's raining and the sun is shining, they say it's "Mushroom Rain". This kind of rain happens when the cloud is small and does not cover the sun.

Heat. In summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth more vertically and heat its surface more intensely. At night, the surface of the earth releases heat into the atmosphere. Therefore, in summer it can be hot during the day and even sometimes at night.

Rainbow. Occurs in an atmosphere with high humidity, often after rain or thunderstorms. Rainbow - optical phenomenon nature, to the observer appears in the form of a multi-colored arc. When the sun's rays are refracted in water droplets, optical distortion occurs, which consists of deflection different colors, White color is broken down into a spectrum of colors in the form of a multi-colored rainbow.

Flowering begins in spring and continues throughout the summer.

In the fall you can no longer run outside in a T-shirt and shorts. It gets colder, the leaves turn yellow, fall off, fly away migratory birds, insects disappear from sight.

The following natural phenomena are typical for autumn:

Leaf fall. Going through their year-round cycle, plants and trees shed their leaves in the fall, exposing bark and branches, in preparation for hibernation. Why does a tree get rid of its leaves? So that the fallen snow does not break the branches. Even before the leaves fall, the leaves of the trees dry out, turn yellow or red and, gradually, the wind throws the leaves to the ground, forming leaf fall. This is an autumn phenomenon of wildlife.

Fogs. The earth and water still heat up during the day, but in the evening it gets colder and fog appears. At high humidity air, for example, after rain or in a damp, cool season, the cooled air turns into small droplets of water hovering above the ground - this is fog.

Dew. These are droplets of water from the air that fell on the grass and leaves in the morning. During the night, the air cools down, the water vapor that is in the air comes into contact with the surface of the earth, grass, tree leaves and settles in the form of water droplets. On cold nights, dew drops freeze, causing it to turn into frost.

Shower. This is heavy, "torrential" rain.

Wind. This is the movement of air currents. In autumn and winter the wind is especially cold.

Just like in spring, there is frost in autumn. This means there is a slight frost outside - frost.

Fog, dew, rain, wind, frost, frost - autumn phenomena inanimate nature.

In winter it snows and it gets cold. Rivers and lakes are frozen. In winter the most long nights and the most short days, it gets dark early. The sun barely warms up.

Thus, the phenomena of inanimate nature characteristic of winter:

Snowfall is the fall of snow.

Blizzard. This is snowfall with wind. It is dangerous to be outside in a snowstorm; it increases the risk of hypothermia. A strong snowstorm can even knock you off your feet.

Freeze-up is the establishment of a crust of ice on the surface of the water. The ice will last all winter until spring, until the snow melts and the spring ice drifts.

Another natural phenomenon - clouds - occurs at any time of the year. Clouds are droplets of water collected in the atmosphere. Water, evaporating on the ground, turns into steam, then, together with warm air currents, rises above the ground. This way water is transported over long distances, ensuring the water cycle in nature.

Unusual natural phenomena

There are also very rare unusual phenomena nature such as the northern lights, ball lightning, tornadoes and even fish rain. One way or another, such examples of the manifestation of inanimate natural forces cause both surprise and, at times, anxiety, because many of them can harm humans.

Now you know a lot about natural phenomena and can accurately find those characteristic of a particular season :)

The materials were prepared for a lesson on the subject The World around us in 2nd grade, the Perspective and School of Russia (Pleshakov) programs, but will be useful to any teacher primary classes, and parents of preschool children and junior schoolchildren in homeschooling.

Natural phenomena are ordinary and sometimes supernatural weather and climate events that occur naturally in all parts of the world. They can be as simple as rain or snow for many, or they can be destructive and incredible, like an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. However, even they may not be very important for people if they passed by and caused almost no damage. Otherwise, the natural phenomenon is awarded the “title” of a natural disaster.

Natural phenomena began to be explored many centuries ago. Although, perhaps, their research began in ancient times. For example, in the 17th century, the naturalist Gilbert was able to prove that the Earth is big magnet with its poles, and in the 18th century B. Franklin discovered atmospheric electricity.
However, to this day little is known about natural phenomena. Scientists in many countries are studying them to predict their occurrence and prevent their possible occurrence.

The polar (northern) lights are one of the most beautiful optical phenomena in the world, which can be observed exclusively at high latitudes, near the poles. Typically, auroras are bluish-white, and only in exceptional cases can multicolored auroras be observed. Aurorae appear as a result of bombardment upper layers atmosphere by charged particles moving towards the Earth along the geomagnetic field lines from the near-Earth region outer space. The Northern Lights can last from several hours to several days and amaze with their extraordinary beauty.

Lightning and ball lightning. Any lightning - electricity, which, depending on conditions, can take various shapes. Especially amazing are ball lightning, which used to be called fireballs. The nature of the occurrence of ball lightning is still not precisely known. Sometimes they were even observed inside houses and airplanes. The behavior of ball lightning has also not been studied. Ball lightning can be fiery red, orange or yellow and float in the air for several seconds until it disappears. Lightning is always accompanied by thunder and a bright flash of light and is most often observed during a thunderstorm. Each of us has repeatedly seen ordinary, so-called linear lightning. But ball lightning is a rather rare phenomenon. In nature, there are about a thousand ordinary ones, linear lightning there are only 2-3 balls.

Blue moon. We are all accustomed to seeing the ordinary moon, but sometimes when the atmosphere is dusty, high humidity or for other reasons, the Moon looks colored different colors. The blue and red Moon are especially unusual. A blue moon is such a rare natural phenomenon that the British even have a saying “once in a blue moon,” which means about the same as our “after the rain on Thursday.” The blue moon appears from ashes and burning. For example, when forests burned in Canada, the moon was blue for a whole week.

"Fiery rain ( star Rain). In fact, it is not stars that fall from the sky, but meteorites that enter earth's atmosphere, heat up and burn. In this case, a flash of light appears, which is visible at a fairly large distance from the surface of the Earth. Most often, a meteor shower of high intensity (up to a thousand meteors per hour) is called a star or meteor shower. A meteor shower consists of meteors that burn up in the atmosphere and do not reach the ground, but meteor Rain- consists of meteorites that fall to earth. Previously, the former were not distinguished from the latter, and both of these phenomena were called “rain of fire.” Interesting fact: every year, the mass of the Earth increases by an average of 5 million tons from meteorite fragments and cosmic dust.

Mirages. Despite their prevalence, mirages always evoke an almost mystical sense of wonder.

The most dangerous natural phenomena: Top 10

We all know the reason for the appearance of most mirages - overheated air changes its optical properties, causing light irregularities called mirages. A mirage is a phenomenon that has long been explained by science, but continues to amaze people. The optical effect is based on a special vertical distribution of air density. Under certain conditions, this leads to the appearance of virtual images near the horizon. However, you instantly forget all these boring explanations when you yourself become a witness to a miracle being born before your eyes.

Mudflow (Arabic - “stormy stream”) is a flow of mass with a high concentration of mineral particles, debris rocks, stones. This mass is something between a liquid and a solid mass. These flows arise suddenly, usually in areas of dry meadows and small basins. mountain rivers, although most often in the mountains during heavy and heavy rain.

Mudflows can be caused by:
1) Heavy rainfall.
2) Melting of glaciers or snow cover.
3) Deforestation in mountainous areas (tree roots hold back the soil of mountainous areas, thereby preventing the occurrence of mudflows), which is closely related to the two previous reasons.

Potential mudflow sources are mudflow basins or mudflow channels with big amount collapsed material and the conditions of its accumulation, turning into active mudflows as a result of the occurrence of certain water conditions (rainfalls, glaciers, etc.). That is, to put it simply, dangerous mudflow areas are those whose flows, with the sudden appearance of a large volume -wa waters begin to carry with them various fragments of trees, stones, garbage and/or other things.

Tsunamis are long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, during which a sharp displacement (raising or lowering) of a section of the seabed occurs. Tsunamis are formed by an earthquake of any strength, but great strength reach those that arise due to strong earthquakes (with a magnitude greater than 7). As a result of an earthquake, several waves are propagated. First scientific description The phenomenon was given by Jose de Acosta in 1586 in Lima, Peru after a powerful earthquake, then a tsunami 25 meters high burst onto land at a distance of 10 km.

One of the most unusual celestial anomalies, which has become the subject of conversation and debate among many scientists, are the Asperatus clouds. Sometimes they take on a shape that resembles a crumpled piece of paper, whipped cream, or swirling “horns.” For being so terrifying and unusual look they were given the nickname "devil's clouds."

These dark and mysterious clouds were first noticed in 1953. Previously, there was no information about their existence, so people did not know what to prepare for. Some considered them an omen of the apocalypse, others expected the invasion of terrible hurricanes and tornadoes. But nothing like that happened - the clouds dissipated on their own, without rain, noise or dust.

Soon, devilish clouds began to appear in different parts of the planet, so scientists started talking about them seriously. The phenomenon existed, but there was no explanation for it. Besides, there wasn't even any scientific name, but only what eyewitnesses came up with. Due to their uneven shape, it was decided to give the name “Undulatus asperatus”, which means “wavy-rough”.
Now scientists are faced with new task– determine the cause of the appearance of devilish clouds. So far we have only been able to establish that they contain a lot of moisture.

St. Elmo's Lights is a mysterious, very beautiful and at the same time frightening natural phenomenon, which is nothing more than an electric glow. It can occur on the sharp ends of masts or yards of ships, towers, cliff tops or tall trees at a time when there is a high electric field strength in the atmosphere.

Scientists have found their explanation for the fires of St. Elmo. In science they are known as a point or corona discharge. It appears in an electric field with sharp inhomogeneity. In this case, the role of electrodes is played by pointed objects. Elmo lights can look different: like fireworks, like dancing flames, or like a calm flickering glow. In most cases, eyewitnesses describe them as blue-white lights, but there were also bright scarlet “instances”. They do not cause fire, do not burn and disappear, generally, a minute after their appearance. Often the glow is accompanied by a hissing or crackling sound, reminiscent of the sound of burning brushwood or grass.

What are natural phenomena? What are they? You will find answers to these questions in this article. The material can be useful both for preparing for a lesson on the world around us and for general development.

Everything that surrounds us and is not created by human hands is nature.

All changes that occur in nature are called natural phenomena or natural phenomena. The rotation of the Earth, its movement in orbit, the change of day and night, the change of seasons are examples of natural phenomena.

Seasons are also called seasons. Therefore, natural phenomena associated with the changing seasons are called seasonal phenomena.

Nature, as you know, can be inanimate and living.

TO inanimate nature refers to: Sun, stars, celestial bodies, air, water, clouds, stones, minerals, soil, precipitation, mountains.

Living nature includes plants (trees), mushrooms, animals (animals, fish, birds, insects), microbes, bacteria, and humans.

In this article we will look at winter, spring, summer and autumn natural phenomena in animate and inanimate nature.

Winter natural phenomena

Spring natural phenomena

Summer natural phenomena

Autumn natural phenomena

Unusual natural phenomena

What natural phenomena still exist? In addition to those described above seasonal phenomena There are several more types of nature that are not associated with any time of year.

• Flood called a short-term sudden rise in water level in a river. This sharp rise may be a consequence of heavy rains, melting large quantity snow, the release of an impressive volume of water from the reservoir, and the collapse of glaciers.
• Northern lights- glow of the upper layers of the atmospheres of planets with a magnetosphere due to their interaction with charged particles of the solar wind.
• Ball lightning- a rare natural phenomenon that looks like a luminous formation floating in the air.
• Mirage- an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere: refraction of light streams at the boundary between layers of air that are sharply different in density and temperature.
• « Falling star" - an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere
• Hurricane- extremely fast and strong air movement, often of great destructive power and considerable duration
• Tornado- an ascending vortex of extremely quickly rotating air in the form of a funnel of enormous destructive power, in which moisture, sand and other suspended matter are present.
• Ebbs and flows- changes in water level sea ​​elements and the World Ocean.
• Tsunami- long and high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water.
• Earthquake- represent tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface. The most dangerous of them arise due to tectonic displacements and ruptures in earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle
• Tornado — atmospheric vortex, arising in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreading down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters
• Eruption- the process of a volcano throwing hot debris, ash onto the earth's surface, an outpouring of magma, which, pouring onto the surface, becomes lava.
• Floods- flooding of land with water, which is a natural disaster.

1. Using the textbook, complete the definitions.

these are all the changes that occur in nature.

2) Thermometer - This is a temperature measuring device .

2. Mark (color in the sign) green natural objects, yellow- natural phenomena. Make pairs “object - phenomenon” (connect the tablets with lines).

3. Fill out the table (write at least three examples in each column). If you want, write down the phenomena that can occur with natural objects listed in the table on p. 18.

4. Ant Question, as in the past academic year, drew pictures. He tried very hard, but Seryozha and Nadya’s dad said that Ant had mixed up something again. Find the mistakes. Count and write down how many errors there are in each picture. Prove the correctness of your decision

Errors in the picture “Summer”

1. it doesn't snow in summer
2. there is no ice drift in summer
3. birds don't fly south in summer
4. Snowdrops don't grow in summer
5. in summer the leaves on the trees do not turn yellow

Errors in the picture “Spring”

1. leaves on trees do not turn yellow in spring
2. In the spring the snow melts and there are no more snow-white snowdrifts.

5. Practical work"Learning to measure temperature."

Goal of the work: learn to measure the temperature of air, water, and the human body.

Equipment: room, outdoor, water, medical thermometers; glass with warm water, a glass of cold water.

Progress(according to textbook assignments).

Experience 1.

• Place the thermometer in a glass of warm water.

Experience 2.

• Place the thermometer in a glass of cold water.
  

1) Label the parts of the thermometer.

2) Indicate with arrows what happens to the column of liquid in the thermometer tube.

3) Based on the measurement results, fill out the table.

4) Mark (circle) the result of measuring your body temperature. Draw a conclusion.

Evaluation of completed work(has the goal been achieved): yes, goal achieved
Presentation: report the results of the work to the class, listen and evaluate other messages.

6. Do the exercises.

1) Write in numbers:
ten degrees Celsius - +10°С
ten degrees below zero - -10°С
zero degrees - 0°C
six degrees above zero - +6°С
six degrees below zero - - 6°С

2) Write down in words:
+5° - five degrees Celsius
-7° - seven degrees below zero

7. Use a thermometer to determine and record the air temperature at home or outside.