Hydrographic map of the Black Sea. Black Sea - the grave of our ancestors Map of the depth of the Black Sea

Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean.

History of the Black Sea

The emergence of the Black Sea began with Ocean Tatis, named after the goddess of the sea, Tetis, - approximately 300 million years ago it was on the site of the current Mediterranean, Marmara, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas.

8-10 million years ago freshwater was formed Pontic Sea as a result of progress earth's crust, then it united the current Black and Caspian Sea. We can say that the Pontic Sea is an outdated name for the Black Sea.

Later, the Black Sea more than once merged with the saltier Mediterranean. The last such merger occurred 7-8 thousand years ago, which can be considered the age of the modern Black Sea. It became approximately the same as we see it on modern maps.

Then the salty waters of the Mediterranean Sea poured into the sea, which caused the death of many species of fauna. Decaying into deep sea deprived of oxygen, the biomass began to release huge amounts of hydrogen sulfide, which caused modern features the bottom of the Black Sea.

Black Sea bottom

The Black Sea bowl is deep-sea and has relatively steep slopes. However, greater depth (100 meters or more) does not begin immediately off the coast, but after 10 - 15 kilometers. And only in some places great depths begin after 200 meters (northwestern part) and 1 km (Crimea).

The maximum known depth of the Black Sea is 2211 meters.

Hydrogen sulfide layer

Hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is of biochemical origin: bacteria living in large numbers in the depths of the sea, living in an oxygen-free environment, decompose the corpses of animals and plants and release hydrogen sulfide. And since the water in the Black Sea does not mix well, hydrogen sulfide accumulates at the bottom. The hydrogen sulfide layer of the Black Sea begins at a depth of 150-200 meters; only bacteria live in this layer and there is no other life. Over millions of years, more than a billion tons of hydrogen sulfide have accumulated in the sea.

Hydrogen sulfide- poisonous explosive gas.

Black Sea climate

The formation of the Black Sea climate is ensured air masses coming from the north and south, relief features, as well as sea currents.

Main Caucasus ridge closes the northern coast of Black Time from the northern winds and forms high humidity. Where Caucasus mountains small - there is the driest climate, but also the coolest (Anapa). But where the Caucasus is already high (Abkhazia) - the weather is warmest and humid there.

Climate south coast The Black Sea is shaped by winds blowing from the Mediterranean.

Tornado, atmospheric vortices or tornadoes in the Black Sea are a fairly common occurrence, but they occur mainly only in the summer and autumn: in August and September, at the height of the holiday season.

Freezing of the Black Sea

The sea never freezes, but an exception is the short-term establishment of ice cover in northern parts sea, which happens once every few decades.

Ebbs and flows on the Black Sea

The ebb and flow of the Black Sea is not very pronounced and the magnitude of water level fluctuations is only 3-10 cm, since for the normal development of ebbs and flows they do not have enough water area, and the small width and shallow depth of the Dardanelles, Bosphorus and the Strait of Gibraltar “do not allow » large volumes of water into the Black Sea.

Flora and fauna of the Black Sea

The Black Sea is one of the most sparsely inhabited seas on earth. There are only 37 kilograms of biomass per cubic kilometer of water. Life in the Black Sea is concentrated only in a narrow coastal strip in the area of ​​shallow depths, and below two hundred meters there is no life due to the hydrogen sulfide layer.

Vegetable world

There are more than 250 species of algae in the Black Sea. There are algae that live near the shore - coraline, cystoseira, sea lettuce, laurencia, there are those that need depth - phyllophora, or sea grapes, and there are those that simply float in the water, for example peridenea.

Animal world

In the sea there are jellyfish with the names Aurelia and Cornerot. Cornerot is the largest Black Sea jellyfish and can cause burns, while Aurelia is harmless.

The most common shellfish in the Black Sea are mussels, brine, oysters and scallops.

There are crabs in the Black Sea - there are 18 species of them. The largest is the redbark, but it rarely reaches a size larger than 20 cm in diameter.

The Black Sea is home to approximately 180 species of fish.

Beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, anchovy (Black Sea anchovy), sprat, sprat, mullet, red mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, flounder, bonito, tuna. It is extremely rare for a swordfish to swim into the Black Sea. There are also eels in the sea - river and sea. Among fish that do not have a large commercial value, we can note the bull, sea ​​ruffe, sea ​​needle, seahorse, stickleback, sea ​​dragon, greenfinch - a small bright fish capable of crunching shellfish shells with its teeth, sea ​​cock(triglu), monkfish.

In addition, there are 3 species of mullet, stargazer or sea ​​cow, pipefish, sea Horse.

There are two types of sharks in the Black Sea:

• Katran (spiny shark, sea dog) can grow up to 2 meters.
• Small spotted shark scyllium (cat shark).

Three species of dolphins live permanently in the Black Sea:

• guinea pig (Azovka)
• bottlenose dolphin
• common white sided

Over the past 80 years, whales have been spotted in the Black Sea twice.

Dangerous inhabitants of the Black Sea

There are no inhabitants in the Black Sea that are dangerous to human life, however, there are animals and fish that can cause serious injuries, such as cuts, burns or poisoning.

TO dangerous inhabitants The Black Sea should include:

• Sharks: Katran and spotted (cat). Black Sea sharks are not dangerous, and do not swim close to the shore, but nevertheless you should beware of them in the water, since they are still a predator.
• Jellyfish: aurelia and cornerot. Aurelia is safe, but a larger cornet can cause burns.
• Sea ruff or black sea scorpionfish: located at the bottom in the rocks, it can be caught with a fishing rod. The fish itself is not dangerous; the danger is caused by the needles on the fish's comb. If cut by these needles, swelling and fever may occur, and children may require medical attention.
• Sea dragon- this is the most dangerous black sea fish. If poison gets into the wound, severe pain, swelling, tachycardia, and pulmonary spasms occur; you must immediately consult a doctor.
• stingray grows up to one and a half meters and likes to swim close to the shore in September-October to bask in the sun. He himself is never the first to attack and avoids crowded places, but you can accidentally step on him in the water.

Fortunately, collisions with dangerous fish and animals in the Black Sea are practically impossible for vacationers and swimmers, but nevertheless, be careful when entering the water.

Remember that animal poisoning can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, so in any case you should consult a doctor.

• The mountains around the Black Sea are constantly growing, and the sea itself is increasing in size at a rate of 20-25 cm per 100 years.
• The glow of the Black Sea at night in August is caused by the oribatid flagellate Noctiluca.
• Waves in the Black Sea have their own direction: from the countries of Eastern Europe and Turkey - from the north and northeast; near Crimea and the Caucasus - from the west and south.
• In addition to dolphins, there are other mammals in the sea: porpoise and white-bellied seal.
• The most dangerous fish The Black Sea is a sea dragon.
• There is a katran shark in the Black Sea, but it is not dangerous to humans.
• The Black Sea is home to 2,500 species of animals, which is almost 4 times less than in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Over the past 80 years, whales have entered the sea twice.
• Seemingly traditional rapana clam appeared in the sea relatively recently and was brought by ships from the Far East.
• In the Black Sea there are two closed gyre currents called Knilovich Points, in honor of the oceanologist who described them.

All sailing directions and atlases indicate that average depth Black Sea 1300 meters. From the surface of the water to the bottom of the sea basin is, on average, almost one and a half kilometers, but what we are accustomed to consider the sea has a depth several times less, about 100 meters. Below lurks a lifeless and deadly poisonous abyss. This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom. A liquid convex lens of dead water underlies the thin upper layer, where all is concentrated sea ​​life. The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Major breakthroughs occur less frequently; the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea a strong smell of rotten eggs could be felt and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, spreading in burning columns into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas). There is still debate about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. release of hydrogen sulfide from cracks in seabed. However, there are no contradictions here; apparently, both reasons are at work. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with Mediterranean Sea goes through the shallow Bosphorus rapids. The Black Sea water, desalinated by the river runoff and therefore lighter, goes into the Sea of ​​Marmara and further, and towards it, or rather under it, through the Bosphorus threshold, the saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years. You don’t know this yet. Today, this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the volume of the sea. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution by organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below. Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth. There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away. In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack. On the Black Sea, a gas attack could be much harsher. Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to conduct an underwater nuclear explosion relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal cemeteries will also turn into communal cemeteries. settlements, where the organisms live are no longer marine. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it. Poisonous Sea If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw materials economy will begin, businessmen from the state, in agony and despair, threw the pipes to hell high pressure for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea. It was difficult to expect greater obscurantism. This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which completely burned down due to a fuel line failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments. Thousands of businessmen making resort money from the exploitation of the Black Sea do not suspect that their business will soon come to an end, and the Black Sea coast from a resort area will turn into a zone of environmental disaster, dangerous for human habitation. This especially applies to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, emissions into the atmosphere are most likely. large quantity hydrogen sulfide. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists on the Black Sea, scientists built a graph of the decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports about mass death dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of ​​New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals. Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. For many local residents the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will pass as a farewell to the Black Sea for an unreasonable person. Millions of people living in Black Sea coast will be forced to move further away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come! This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. After all, when reasonable approach to the point, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy. The water of the Black Sea contains silver and gold. If we extracted all the silver in the water of the Black Sea, it would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If all the gold was extracted, it would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the water of the Black Sea have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion exchange resins that are capable of attaching ions of substances dissolved in water. But industrially, using their own special technologies, only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the waters of the Black Sea. It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable gas that, when burned, produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O (about 68.4 kcal/mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide ( harmful product ), then, of course, it is better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction: H2S H2+S3 The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide requires its slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the water of the Black Sea. If we carry out the reactions of burning hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, then burning the resulting sulfur dioxide: SO2 + ? O2 = SO3, then by the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water: SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 then, as is known, we can obtain sulfuric acid with associated heat production in the appropriate amount. During the production of sulfuric acid, about 194 kcal/mol is released. Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first. One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and lift water through it once from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at that the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug. It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also hindered by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs? Black Sea disaster Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems. Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.” But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot most interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents of the entire country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O = H2O + S; H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4. As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea ​​water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of pure surface water extinguished the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a strong storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers can smell a characteristic odor. At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 to the Azov-Black Sea basin fresh water. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp reduction occurred in the Black Sea. biological organisms. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals. Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all the marine souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, and bonito, which have been caught since ancient times, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time). But that's not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake happened today, then everything would end global catastrophe: Billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm? As a result of the initial thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout to the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere. This will no longer be the weak acid rain of today after our factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is a very expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon basis for the structure of the body, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes! Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide! P.S. In order to clarify, it is necessary to clarify one more detail: when reading the article, it may seem that at the depths of the Black Sea there is not a solution of hydrogen sulfide in water, but a huge bubble of pure hydrogen sulfide gas, which, for unknown reasons, cannot float to the surface on its own and may explode... In reality, it's just a solution of hydrogen sulfide acid, i.e. it's just there mineral water. The same as in many hydrogen sulfide mineral springs, which bubble up on the surface and do not explode anything around. So, as you can see, there are many opinions on this matter.

Detailed map of the depths of the Black Sea Sochi

What is a geographic map

A geographic map is an image of the Earth's surface with a coordinate grid and symbols, the proportions of which directly depend on the scale. A geography map is a landmark by which you can identify the location of an area, an object, or a person’s location. These are indispensable assistants for geologists, tourists, pilots and military personnel, whose professions are directly related to travel and trips over long distances.

Types of cards

Conditionally divide geographic Maps There are 4 types:

• in terms of territory coverage and these are maps of continents and countries;
• by purpose and these are tourism, educational, road, navigation, scientific and reference, technical, tourist maps;
• content - thematic, general geographical, general political maps;
• by scale – small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale maps.

Each of the maps is dedicated to a particular topic, thematically reflecting islands, seas, vegetation, settlements, weather, soils, taking into account the coverage of the territory. A map can only represent countries, continents or individual states plotted on a certain scale. Taking into account how much a particular territory has been reduced, the scale of the map is 1x1000.1500, which means a decrease in distance by 20,000 times. Of course, it’s easy to guess that the larger the scale, the more detailed the map is drawn. And yet, individual parts of the earth's surface on the map are distorted, unlike a globe, which is capable of conveying the appearance of the surface without changes. The Earth is spherical and distortions occur, such as: area, angles, length of objects.

Despite all possible distortions, the advantages of a map, unlike a globe, are obvious - the visibility on a sheet of paper of all hemispheres on Earth at once and large number geographical objects. The globe, for example, is inconvenient for travelers to use because it needs to be constantly turned.

C-map Depth map - Sea of ​​Azov covers the following water areas: Sea of ​​Azov and East End Black Sea.

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This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements have shown that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters; closer to the shores, the depth, where the sulfide zone begins, increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique; it is the only one in the world without a hard bottom.

A liquid, convex lens of dead water underlies the thin top layer, where all marine life is concentrated. The underlying lens breathes and swells, breaking through to the surface from time to time due to blowing winds. Major breakthroughs occur less frequently; the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea a strong smell of rotten eggs could be felt and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, spreading in burning columns into the sky (Hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas).

There is still debate about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. release of hydrogen sulfide from cracks on the seabed.

However, there seems to be no contradiction here. Both reasons apply. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea occurs through the shallow Bosphorus threshold. The Black Sea water, desalinated by the river runoff and therefore lighter, goes into the Sea of ​​Marmara and further, and towards it, or rather under it, through the Bosphorus threshold, the saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out to be something like a giant sump, in the depths of which hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated over the past six to seven thousand years.

Today this dead layer makes up over 90 percent of the sea's volume. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution by organic anthropogenic substances, the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from the depths by 25 - 50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide that is propping up from below.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea
On October 31, 1996, it was adopted by Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine Strategic plan actions to protect and restore the Black Sea. In memory of this event, on October 31, the countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day, a beach cleanup campaign, and other environmental actions are carried out. According to a number of experts ecological state The Black Sea has worsened over the past decade, despite a decline in economic activity in a number of Black Sea countries. President of the Crimean Academy of Sciences Viktor Tarasenko expressed the opinion that the Black Sea is the dirtiest sea in the world

Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the Black Sea countries. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.07 mg/m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg/m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge power equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the disaster will be comparable to what would happen if an asteroid with a mass half the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth.

There is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. Now the problem has been forgotten due to unknown circumstances. True, this did not make the problem go away.
In the early 1950s, in Walvis Bay (Namibia), an upward current (upwelling) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland the smell of hydrogen sulfide could be felt, the walls of houses darkened. The smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South-West Africa then experienced a “soft” gas attack. On the Black Sea, a gas attack could be much harsher.

Let's say someone gets the idea to mix up the sea, or at least part of it. Technically this, alas, is feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, it is possible to carry out an underwater nuclear explosion of relatively low power. On the shore it will only be noticed by instruments. But after a few hours, there, on the shore, they will smell the smell of rotten eggs. Under the best circumstances, within 24 hours, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a communal cemetery for marine organisms. If things go wrong, coastal settlements, where organisms that are no longer marine, live, will also turn into mass cemeteries. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives “favorable” and “unfavorable” can be swapped, depending on how you look at it.

If from the position of a person or group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and complete decline of the raw material economy will begin, businessmen from the Russian state, in agony and despair, threw high-pressure pipes to the bottom for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea . It was difficult to expect more obscurantism!

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_stream
Blue Stream is a gas pipeline between Russia and Turkey, laid along the bottom of the Black Sea. The total length of the gas pipeline is 1213 km. The Blue Stream pipeline was built as part of the Russian-Turkish agreement of 1997, according to which Russia must supply 364.5 billion cubic meters to Turkey. m of gas in 2000–2025.

This is a one-time weekend design, which is not possible to repair and prevent in conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which completely burned down due to a fuel line failure. You don’t have to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what will happen if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. No comments.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Stream
South Stream is a Russian-Italian-French-German gas pipeline project that is laid along the bottom of the Black Sea from the Anapa region to the Bulgarian port of Varna. Next, its two branches will pass through Balkan Peninsula to Italy and Austria, although their exact routes have not yet been confirmed. Construction of the gas pipeline began on December 7, 2012 and is scheduled to end in 2015. The planned capacity of South Stream is 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The estimated cost of the project is 16 billion euros. May 15 - construction of the Kazachya compressor station (compressor station) began in the Krasnodar Territory. The total design capacity of the Kazachya station will be 200 MW, from which gas under a pressure of 11.8 MPa (!) will be supplied to the Russkaya CS, and from there it will be sent to South Stream.

Thousands of businessmen making resort money from the exploitation of the Black Sea do not suspect that their business will soon come to an end, and the Black Sea coast from a resort area will turn into a zone of environmental disaster, dangerous for human habitation. This especially applies to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are most likely to be released into the atmosphere. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists on the Black Sea, scientists built a graph of the decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the graph curve reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it was already noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 on the radio in Sochi. There were also reports of mass deaths of dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of ​​New Athos, the sea is already different than it was 20-30 years ago; in the afternoon the water is cloudy, yellow, there are dead fish and even dead animals.

Many businessmen realized the pointlessness of their ideas of participating in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many local residents have the feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as a farewell to a foolish person with the Black Sea. Millions of people living on the Black Sea coast will be forced to move away from the coast due to the danger of dying as a result of suffocation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone may begin, with fatal outcomes. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come!

This will be a worthy retribution of people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. After all, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn the impending troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.

The water of the Black Sea contains silver and gold. If we extracted all the silver in the water of the Black Sea, it would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If all the gold was extracted, it would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the water of the Black Sea have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion exchange resins that are capable of attaching ions of substances dissolved in water. But industrially, using their own special technologies, only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the waters of the Black Sea. (Why not Ukraine and Russia?)

It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal warehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable gas that, when burned, produces a corresponding amount of heat. In other words, this is a fuel that can and should be used. When hydrogen sulfide is burned according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen according to the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2 >H2O (about 68.4 kcal/mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is of course better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction:
H2S H2+S3

The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide requires slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the water of the Black Sea. If you carry out reactions to burn hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen:
2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2,
then by burning the resulting sulfur dioxide:
SO2 + ? O2 = SO3,
then according to the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water:
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4,
then, as is known, we can obtain sulfuric acid with associated heat production in the appropriate amount. During the production of sulfuric acid, about 194 kcal/mol is released. Thus, from the water of the Black Sea it is possible to obtain either hydrogen and sulfur, or sulfuric acid with the associated heat production in the appropriate quantity. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulfide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.

http://www.aif.ru/techno/article/54243/4

One of the scientific developments is based on the fact that in order to raise deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not necessary to expend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and lift water through it once from the depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture at that the same level inside the canal (remember that every 10 meters the pressure in the sea increases by one atmosphere). An analogy is given with a bottle of champagne. By opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, which is why gas begins to be released in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping out a column of water from a pipe for the first time is precisely the opening of the plug.

It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson conducted a ground-based experiment back in 1990, confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is under threat, the planet is saved by a bunch of lone heroes, who are also hindered by the government and everything around them. And where is all the state potential at this time, with its scientific power, computers, and programs?

Skeptics can easily check the data with their fingers by sailing further out to sea and lowering a thick hose with a weight at the end into the water. It’s just not recommended to smoke at this time, so that it doesn’t turn out like in Chukovsky’s poems. Many probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky’s poem: “And the little foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.”

But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are studied very carefully by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utesov helped with the geographic location of the “arson site”: “The bluest sea in the world is my Black Sea!” Until recently, this sea was practically the only vacation spot for residents of the entire country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By “coincidence”, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O = H2O + S;
H2S + 4O + to = H2SO4.

As a result of the first reaction, free sulfur and water are formed. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction occurs explosively with an initial thermal shock. As a result, sulfuric acid is formed. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that was observed by the residents of Yalta during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea water. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often hit areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from the depths. However, a significant layer of clean surface water quenched the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper inhabitable layer of water in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. Currently, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a strong storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers can smell a characteristic odor.

At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 80s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation structures, field irrigation, city water supply systems. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation occurred during the years of industrialization on other rivers in the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decline in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. For example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals.

Nowadays, meeting dolphins in the Black Sea has become very rare. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remains of pathetic vegetation and rare schools of fish; rapana have disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all the marine souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And in the Black Sea even mussels have almost disappeared. Sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, and bonito, which have been caught since ancient times, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet that Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).

But that's not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake had occurred today, it would have ended in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by a thin film of water. What is the scenario for a probable cataclysm? As a result of the initial thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and movements of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes throughout the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere.

This will no longer be the weak acid rain of today after our factories. Acid showers after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out everything living and inanimate on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is an extremely expensive undertaking from an energy-informational point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon basis for the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria “live” on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were discovered in the acidic boiling water of volcanoes!

Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and ends up committing global suicide!
Attempts to become smarter are still difficult to see. Humanity is rushing headlong towards what is called catastrophe.

Bonus: More about the secrets of the Black Sea:

Millionth treasure of the lost ship

In 1854, a ship with the romantic name "Black Prince" sailed Black Sea. On board there was a lot of gold intended to pay the soldiers who participated in the Crimean War. During a storm, the ship was wrecked. The news of a sunken ship with an unappreciated treasure spread throughout Europe. But numerous searches were never successful. The jewelry still rests at the bottom of the Black Sea. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37647

Giant waves

As you know, the waves of the Black Sea are famous for their relatively calm nature. Their height does not exceed 1-2 m, and their length reaches a maximum of 14 m. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37649 But in the twentieth century, the Black Sea decided to show its character - scientists recorded waves 25 m high and 200 m long. Scientists then emphasized the unusual nature of such waves: “The Black Sea has too small an area for the waves in it to reach high speed and great height. Others believe that strong underwater earthquakes sometimes occur in the Black Sea, which cause giant waves; Scientists have not fully explored the nature of such shocks to this day." In turn, any waves over 8 meters pose a catastrophic danger to oil and gas platforms on the Black Sea shelf.
http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37650

The materials published in this post are an online review of tools mass media on the topic of the Black Sea. http://planeta.moy.su/blog/v_glubinakh_chernogo_morja_vozmozhen_vzryv_serovodoroda/2011-11-15-9793