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Interactive map of nature reserves in the Krasnoyarsk region. Coursework: Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….4

Chapter 1. Specially protected natural areas(SPNA) …………………...7

1.1. Reserves …………………………………………………………………………………7

1.2. National parks……………………………………………………..9

1.3. Wildlife sanctuaries………………………………………………………...10

1.4. Forestry and hunting farms……………………………………………..11

1.5. Natural monuments…………………………………………………….12

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens……………………….13

1.7. Medical and recreational areas and resorts…………………..15

1.5. Other protected areas………………………………………………………17

Chapter 2. Protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory………………………………………………………......18

2.1. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………………...18

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve “Stolby”………………18

2.1.2. “Sayano-Shushensky” State Biosphere Reserve………………………………………………………………………………………..21

2.1.3. “Central Siberian” State Biosphere Reserve………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve………………………………………………………………………………………..25

2.1.5 Putorana Nature Reserve……………………………………………...26

2.1.6. Great Arctic State Nature Reserve……………………………………………………………………………………..27

2.1.7. Tunguska Nature Reserve………………………………………………………..28

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………….30

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………………………...32

2.4. Natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory……………………………..33

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory…………………………………………………………………………………..34

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...35

List of references……………………………………………………….37

Applications………………………………………………………………………………….38

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. There is no longer any need to prove to anyone how destructively modern man can influence living nature. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

The basis of territorial nature conservation in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", adopted State Duma February 15, 1995 According to the Law “Specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have their own environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions public authorities, wholly or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established."

In this course work we will consider the main protected areas of Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their situation. Attention is focused on nature reserves and national parks as the basis of Russia's tourism resource framework.

The purpose of the work is to: consider the landscape of protected areas from the point of view of tourism and analyze it in 4 aspects: physical-geographical, ethno-historical, economic-geographical, aesthetic.

Objective: study the basic concepts of specially protected natural areas and study them in accordance with natural, cultural, historical and economic conditions.

As well as planning and organizing ecological tourism and recreation areas in the national park, assessing the aesthetic merits of landscapes is an integral part of the work.

Chapter 1. Specially protected natural areas (SPNA)

Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed evolutionarily. The Law distinguishes the following categories:

state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

National parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

natural monuments;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional and local significance. The territories of nature reserves and national parks belong to protected areas of federal significance. The territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can be classified as either protected areas of federal or regional significance. Natural parks have the status of protected areas of regional significance, and medical and recreational areas can be declared protected areas of local importance.

The decision to organize a protected area federal significance adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation, regional authorities - executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, these are the administrations of territories, regions, autonomous districts, the Government of the republics within the Russian Federation. Specially protected areas of local significance are formed by decisions of local government bodies, for example, district administrations.

1.1. Reserves

According to Russian legislation reserves are environmental, research, environmental and educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

Reserves represent protected areas of the highest rank. Protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world). Traditionally, and according to Russian legislation, these are areas with a strict protection regime; constant year-round monitoring of wildlife life is carried out there. The main significance of nature reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place for understanding the course of natural processes not disturbed by humans, characteristic of the landscapes of a certain geographical region. An equally important aspect of the activity of nature reserves, determined by law, is scientific work. This fundamentally distinguishes them from other forms of specially protected areas. Within the boundaries of the reserves, long-term scientific research is carried out under the unified program “Chronicle of Nature”. These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control of the state of the natural environment. An essential part of the activities of modern reserves is environmental education of the population.

The federal system of reserves was formed over 80 years and currently includes 139 reserves with a total area of more than 34 million hectares, which is 1.56% of the total area of Russia. The system of Russian state nature reserves is recognized throughout the world. Of the Russian reserves, 22 have international status biosphere reserves (they were issued relevant UNESCO certificates).

The creation of reserves is determined by the level of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems. With a low level, characteristic mainly of the northern and taiga regions, it is easy to organize large nature reserves. Here, without any problems, it was possible to find new areas to create extensive nature reserves. It is characteristic that the most large nature reserve countries - Great Arctic (4.2 million hectares) - located on the deserted shores and islands of the Arctic. In general, the areas of reserves are growing from the southwest to the northeast, with the exception of only a few large reserves in the Caucasus, but they also protect mainly sparsely populated and relatively underutilized high-mountain forests and meadows.

In flat, densely populated areas with productive soils, the creation of nature reserves is difficult. In such areas, the creation of high-ranking protected areas meets fierce resistance from nature users, so if protected areas are created, they are small, sometimes spot-on, in size. The situation with the protection of natural ecosystems located within the steppe zone, where these ecosystems are most intensively transformed, is especially difficult. It is here that the few existing reserves are extremely small in area, and in the Siberian part of this zone there are none at all. At the same time, the largest reserves are located either in the little-transformed Arctic and Siberian taiga, or in mountain forest areas.

The oldest existing reserve in Russia - Barguzinsky - was created in 1916. The first boom in the creation of reserves occurred in the 30s. In 1951 and 1961. There were two waves of closure of nature reserves and a significant reduction in the areas of the preserved ones. A new, very powerful wave of creation of nature reserves was observed already in the 90s. Such a high intensity of creation of new reserves revealed a number of circumstances of a turning point. Firstly, this is the redistribution of power from the center to local authorities - the environmental community easily achieved success at the local levels, appealing to the regional prestige of local power elites in regions where until recently there were no reserves. Secondly, the sharp increase in the activity of “green” movements in the late 80s and early 90s had an impact. And finally, thirdly, ambiguity in matters of land ownership had a positive effect. Until the land gained actual ownership or returned entirely to government officials, producers' resistance to conservation efforts by environmentalists was weakened. Later, there will not be the same favorable period under any development scenario for Russia.

1.2. National parks

National parks, as opposed to nature reserves, along with protection and study tasks natural complexes must provide tourism and recreation for citizens. On their territory, land plots of other users and owners may be preserved with the national park’s preemptive right to purchase such land. As of January 1, 1998, there were 32 natural national parks in Russia with a total area of 6.7 million hectares. Currently, there are 41 national parks in Russia, the total area of which is more than 70,000 km².

National natural parks are a new form of territory protection for Russia. The first two (Losiny Ostrov and Sochinsky) were created only in 1983, 12 out of 32 - in the last five years. Implementation of legal status national parks is still facing serious opposition from business entities whose activities are limited by this status. While this form cannot be considered an effective method of territorial protection of wildlife, however, public attention and trends known from other countries give enough hope for the gradual realization of the potential of this form of protection of natural complexes.

Natural park is a protected extensive area of natural or cultural landscape; used for: recreational (for example, organized tourism), environmental, educational and other purposes. Unlike nature reserves, reserves and some other protected areas, the protection regime in natural parks is the least strict.

There are natural parks in Russia, Finland, Austria, Germany, Indonesia, Ukraine and other countries.

In Russia, natural parks are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Territories natural parks are located on lands provided to them for indefinite (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.

On the territory of Russia there are such natural parks as

"Nalychevo" in Kamchatka,

“Bird Harbor” is the only one in Russia natural Park, located in the territory of a large city (Omsk).

"Shcherbakovsky", located in the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region.

1.3. Wildlife sanctuaries

A reserve is a protected natural area in which (unlike reserves) not the entire natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical, memorial or geological objects.

Natural reserves differ from previous categories in that their lands may or may not be alienated from owners and users; they can be of both federal and local subordination. Among federal reserves, zoological ones play the greatest role; other forms - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are less common. Currently, there are 69 federal nature reserves in Russia with a total area of about 170,000 square meters. km in 45 federal subjects, as well as almost 12 thousand regional reserves. Their main function is to protect the hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but very significant restrictions are often introduced on forest exploitation, construction and some other types of economic activity. The protection of these reserves is usually quite well established.

1.4. Forest and hunting farms

Among those not specified in the Law, one can point out such a category of protected areas as those of international importance - mainly as a habitat for waterfowl, which are created in terms of the country’s fulfillment of its obligations arising from membership in the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1050 of September 13, 1994, 35 such objects were identified in the country, the area of which is about 10 million hectares. These lands include not only wetland ecosystems, but also land complexes associated with them. The presence of international status and a special government decree allows us to consider this form as a significant factor in the protection of Russian ecosystems, primarily lakes and swamps.

The status of these objects is still poorly developed. The main difference between this type of protected areas and others is its complexity - the territory of wetlands of international importance may contain nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and lands that do not have a special protection status, including those used in agriculture. In areas of nature reserves, etc. a security regime corresponding to their status is implemented. In specially not protected areas, restrictions are introduced (up to a complete ban) on types of economic activities that adversely affect the functioning of wetlands. Environmentally friendly activities are encouraged. This approach makes this form of protection potentially particularly promising, since, firstly, the number of areas where a complete ban on economic activity is possible has its limits, and secondly, in the vast territories of Russia used by outbreaks there is a combination of strict protection in the most valuable and vulnerable areas with reasonable environmental management seems to be the most effective.

1.5. Natural monument

A natural monument is a protected natural area on which a rare or remarkable object of animate or inanimate nature is located, unique in scientific, cultural, historical, memorial or aesthetic terms.

A natural monument can be a waterfall, a meteorite crater, a unique geological outcrop, a cave or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes natural monuments include areas of significant size - forests, mountain ranges, sections of coasts and valleys. In this case, they are called tracts or protected landscapes.

Natural monuments are divided by type into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex.

For most natural monuments, a reserve regime is established, but for particularly valuable natural objects, a reserve regime can be established.

The most common are natural monuments at the regional level, federal nature monuments - a total of 39 with a total area of 28.0 thousand hectares, regional significance - more than 9 thousand with a total area of 4.15 million hectares (State report on the state of protected areas for 2003) .

Obligations to ensure the protection of a natural monument are usually assumed by the owners, possessors, users and tenants of the lands on which this natural monument is located.

Declaring natural complexes and objects as natural monuments, and the territories occupied by them as natural monument territories, is permitted with the withdrawal of the land plots occupied by them from the owners, possessors and users of these plots.

In 2003, no new natural monuments of federal significance were created (they were not officially registered). In 2004, a number of monuments of regional significance were created, including 12 new natural monuments in the Republic of Adygea (October 2004). This is the first step towards creating a regional (including Krasnodar Territory) network of protected areas in the Western Caucasus. In March 2005, a new natural monument of regional significance appeared on Sakhalin - the Krasnopolsky Oreshnik. Its main goal is to preserve the territory of natural growth of the ailantholfolia or Siebold nut, listed in the Red Books Sakhalin region and the Russian Federation.

1.6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as carrying out scientific, educational and educational activities. The territories of dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended only for the fulfillment of their direct tasks, while land plots are transferred for indefinite (permanent) use either to parks or to research or educational institutions under whose jurisdiction they are located.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks introduce plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and selection and agricultural techniques for creating sustainable decorative displays, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal or regional significance and are formed accordingly by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.

In Russia at the beginning of 2000, there were 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden Botanical Institute named after. V.L. Komarov), departments and scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polar Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.), the former Rosleskhoz (arboretum of the Caucasian branch of VNIILM, etc. ) and its territorial bodies (arboretum of the Novosibirsk forestry enterprise, dendrological park of the Kandalaksha forestry enterprise, etc.), the former Ministry of Agriculture of Russia (dendrological garden of the Novosibirsk fruit and berry station, etc.), state universities (Botanical Garden of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Botanical garden of the St. Petersburg State University, Siberian Botanical Garden of the Tomsk State University, etc.), agricultural (arboretum of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, Botanical Garden of the Omsk Agricultural Institute, etc.), forestry (arboretum of the Arkhangelsk Forestry Institute, Botanical Garden of the St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, etc.) and pedagogical universities (Botanical Garden of the Kirov Pedagogical Institute, Botanical Garden of the Penza Pedagogical Institute, etc.), some other departments (Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants of the Moscow Medical Academy named after. THEM. Sechenov, Kabardino-Balkarian Republican Botanical Garden of the state farm "Ornamental Crops", etc.).

Currently, botanical gardens and dendrological parks in Russia are experiencing certain difficulties, primarily due to insufficient funding. In many botanical gardens, the volume of scientific research has been reduced, collections of plants and seeds are under threat, and interaction (exchange of material, contacts of employees, etc.) between gardens has weakened.

Being located primarily in cities and suburbs, botanical gardens are exposed to the same unfavorable environmental factors as their surrounding areas: air pollution and watercourses, noise pollution, recreational overload, etc. The problem is aggravated due to the often increased sensitivity of plant collections to negative factors external influences in comparison with local vegetation.

To solve the problems of botanical gardens and dendrological parks, it is necessary, first of all, to strengthen the legislative framework. There is a need for a clearer definition of their legal status and the establishment of strict penalties for the use of the relevant territories for purposes contrary to their intended purpose. It is also necessary to take measures to improve budget financing, which would make it possible to solve acute economic problems, and use the freed up resources for the development of scientific and environmental activities.

1.7. Medical and recreational areas and resorts

The lands of medical and recreational areas and resorts are classified as specially protected natural areas and are intended for the treatment and recreation of citizens. These lands include lands with natural healing resources (deposits of mineral waters, medicinal mud, brine of estuaries and lakes), favorable climate and other natural factors and conditions that are or can be used for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Resorts and health-improving areas may have federal, regional or local significance. A health-improving area is understood as a territory that has natural healing resources and is suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as for recreation of the population. The medical and recreational area is a specially protected natural area with a limited regime for the use of subsoil, land and other natural resources and objects. A resort is a specially protected medical and recreational area that has been developed and used for therapeutic and preventive purposes, and has natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for operation, including infrastructure facilities. In order to maintain favorable sanitary and environmental conditions for the organization of prevention and treatment of human diseases, sanitary (mountain sanitary) protection districts are established in accordance with the legislation on the lands of medical and health resorts and resorts. Within the boundaries of medical and recreational areas and resorts, activities are prohibited (limited) that can lead to deterioration in quality and depletion of natural resources and objects with medicinal properties. In order to preserve natural factors favorable for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases of the population, sanitary or mountain sanitary protection districts are organized in the territories of medical and recreational areas and resorts. For medical and recreational areas and resorts, where natural healing resources belong to the subsoil (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, etc.), mountain sanitary protection districts are established. In other cases, sanitary protection districts are established.

1.5. Other protected areas

In Russian conditions, an assessment of the area of slightly disturbed natural complexes that have restrictions on economic activity will be incomplete if we exclude from consideration two very different categories land uses - state forestry and hunting grounds and training grounds of the Ministry of Defense.

Forest and hunting farms- These are elite natural complexes inherited from the Soviet system, intended for country holidays for high-ranking executives. These territories have always had fundamentally more high level protection, economic activities that violate the living conditions of animals were limited, and land acquisitions were not allowed. Despite the current problems of budget financing, the inertia of the special status of these territories is preserved and used by the new elite. Thus, state forestry and hunting farms may well be classified in the same group as protected areas due to their elite position, the presence of real protection and restrictions on economic activity. Yes, in conservation large mammals In the Moscow region, the Istrinskoye GLOH played a huge role; its territory avoided the trend of transformation of meadows, swamps and forests into holiday villages, which is total for the region.

Chapter 2. Protection of flora and fauna in protected areas Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk region- a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia has been approved Federal service geodesy and cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

There are six reserves organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr nature reserves; State nature reserves also include: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Appendix No. 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor national park and the Ergaki natural park.

In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region (as of May 1, 2007). It is planned to create 39 more state natural reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

2.1. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1.1. State Nature Reserve "Stolby"- one of the oldest reserves in Russia - was organized in 1925 on the initiative of the residents of Krasnoyarsk to preserve the picturesque area "Stolby". The reserve is located in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan (Kuisum Mountains), between 55 43'08 ” – 55 57' 27” northern latitude and 92 37’02” – 93 05’40” east longitude. The Yenisei flows along its northern border, and the Bazaikha and Mana rivers flow along its northeastern and southern borders. Area - 47.154 thousand hectares. The most picturesque part near the city is allocated as a tourist and excursion area with an area of 1.3 thousand hectares (2.7% of the entire protected area). Here are the majority of granite-syenite remains, the so-called “Pillars” up to 100 meters high, attracting visitors and tourists with their bizarre shapes. In order to protect the protected area from adverse impacts, a protective zone with a limited regime of environmental management, about 2 km wide along the perimeter and an area of 13.464 thousand hectares, was created along the perimeter of the reserve.

The purpose of the reserve: protection of the unique landscape of the Eastern Sayan, preservation of complexes typical for this natural zone, study of ecosystems and their dynamics, as well as study of the influence of anthropogenic factors.

The reserve is located at the junction of two large geographical provinces - forest-steppe and mountain taiga, which leads to a high diversity of flora and fauna. The fauna is typical of the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan. There are 58 species of mammals, almost half of them belong to the order of rodents. This group includes forest voles, chipmunks and squirrels. Lagomorphs are represented by the mountain hare and the pika. Predatory mammals include the wolf, fox, lynx, wolverine, sable, Brown bear. The order of artiodactyls includes deer, elk, roe deer and musk deer. There are more than 20 species of fish in the rivers, the most common of which are gudgeon, minnow, dace, ruffe, roach, grayling, perch, and pike. 4 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles have been registered on the territory of the reserve. There are 199 bird species, of which the most common are tits, warblers, wagtails, thrushes, woodpeckers, crossbills, nuthatch, bullfinches, lentils, bee-eaters, redstarts, and cuckoos. Easily recognizable birds include the great dove, jackdaw, magpie, black crow, jay, jay, nutcracker, and crow. Of the gallinaceae order, the hazel grouse is the most common; capercaillie and black grouse are much less common. There are a variety of birds of prey: goshawk, sparrowhawk, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, saker falcon, osprey, merlin, kestrel, falcon. The most common owls are tawny owls: long-tailed and bearded owls, long-eared and hawk owls, and eagle owls. Many species of predators have become rare not so much due to human persecution, but due to the destruction of habitats, the impoverishment of the species and quantity of animals that serve as food sources for birds. In this territory there are species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: golden eagle, imperial eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, osprey, black stork, eagle owl.

The flora includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, including lycophytes - 3 species; ferns – 26 species; horsetails – 8 species; bryophytes – 260 species; gymnosperms – 6 species; angiosperms – 705 species; Most of the trees found in the region grow in the forests of the reserve: pine, fir, spruce, Siberian larch and cedar - from conifers; birch and aspen are deciduous. Large and small shrubs are common here: bird cherry, alder, rowan, hawthorn, acacia, willow, viburnum, black and red currant, etc.; grass cover is varied. The main part of the reserve's territory is represented by deciduous and pine forests and dark coniferous taiga. Forest vegetation in the Krasnoyarsk region is replaced by steppe vegetation. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following are noted: coral blackberry, lobaria pulmonata and reticulum, pistillate hornwort, feather grass feather grass, helmeted orchis, lady's slipper and large-flowered, calypso bulbous, curly sparassis and nest flower capulata.

The main direction of the scientific research work of the reserve is the study of natural processes occurring in nature, and the identification of the interconnections of individual links in the natural chain, as well as the development of environmental measures. On the territory of the reserve and adjacent areas, work has been organized to assess the impact of atmospheric pollution on the viability of forests in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk.

2.1.2. "Sayano-Shushensky" State Biosphere Reserve located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan, including the Sayan, Goly and partially Khemchik and Kantegir ranges, within the boundaries of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts. Area – 390.368 thousand hectares, of which 59.3% is occupied by forests, 36% by char, stone deposits and steep rocky slopes. The reserve is dominated by typical mountain landscapes. The protective zone allocated along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 106.2 thousand hectares, includes: the water area of the reservoir of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station along the eastern border of the reserve with all bays with an area of 12 thousand hectares; a two-kilometer strip along the right bank of the reservoir from the mouth of the river. Naked to the administrative border with the Republic of Tyva; a five-kilometer strip along the western border of the reserve in the Shushensky district.

The purpose of the reserve: preservation of typical and unique natural complexes of the Western Sayan, biological diversity, protection of rare animal species. This area is the only one in Russia where it is possible to preserve the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book. The reserve was awarded biosphere status in February 1985.

The territory is located at the junction of several floristic regions, so its flora is mixed. There are many endemic and relict plants here. The Sayan-Altai endemics (the majority of them here) include Altai bluegrass, Krylov's wheatgrass, Altai larkspur, Borodin catchment; Angara-Sayan endemics - Yenisei and Baikal anemones; Tuva-Sayan-Altai - swollen tar and Bunge lumbago. There are also many relict plants in the reserve, such as Krylov's bedstraw, fragrant woodruff, impatiens core, Far Eastern fescue, Daurian rhododendron, Baikal basilisk. Valuable species of medicinal plants grow on the territory of the reserve - maral root, golden root, etc., which were threatened with complete destruction before the creation of the reserve. Currently, the flora of the reserve includes: algae - 7 species, fungi - 19, lichens - 97 species, horsetails and lycophytes - 18 species, bryophytes - 321 species, ferns - 25 species, gymnosperms - 7 species, angiosperms - 867 species. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, the following are noted: Indusiella Tien Shan, Lindbergia short-winged, Lobaria pulmonata, Mutinus canis, Orchis capitata, Slipper grandiflora, Siberian kandyk, two-flowered and Pasco's wrestlers, Nestflower capulata, Feather feather grass, Dendrathema fovellifolia, Fritillary Dagana and chin guard leafless.

The territory of the reserve is a mountainous country covered with dark coniferous forests of the taiga type. They are dominated by spruce, fir and cedar. A clearly defined altitudinal zone determines the diversity of vegetation types and hunting grounds. Siberian pine forests are of primary environmental importance, providing food resources for all representatives of the animal world that live here. Due to this, many animal species form high population densities. The fauna is rich and diverse due to the mixture of faunas of Altai, Mongolia and Sayan. The reserve contains 662 species of insects, 4 species of reptiles, 212 species of birds, 52 species of mammals and 15 species of fish.

There are many rare and endangered animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - snow leopard, forest reindeer (Altai-Sayan population), Siberian ibex, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, osprey, black stork, demoiselle crane, steppe kestrel, avocet, black-headed laughing owl, imperial eagle owl, among insects the carpenter bee and the common Apollo. The question of the presence of the red wolf on the territory of this reserve has not been fully clarified. The reserve serves as a reserve for valuable game species, primarily sable, the number of which in the areas adjacent to the reserve is still low. Musk deer, deer, squirrel, brown bear, hazel grouse, capercaillie, and a small number of lynx live here.

The main scientific profile of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve is monitoring of natural phenomena and processes of the Western Sayan ecosystem in their natural state, as well as under the influence of the hydropower complex of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP; development of scientific foundations for nature conservation in the region.

2.1.3. "Central Siberian" State Biosphere Reserve

The “Central Siberian” State Biosphere Reserve was organized in 1985 on the territory of the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Baykitsky district of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug with a total area of 972.017 thousand hectares. After work carried out in 1992 to clarify the boundaries, its area amounted to 1020.419 thousand hectares, including 595.024 thousand hectares in the Baykitsky district and 425.395 thousand hectares in the Turukhansky district. The reserve is located in the middle reaches of the river. The Yenisei is between the Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta rivers and occupies the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Goal: protection of the reference area of the middle taiga. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the first reserve in Russia, which was originally designed as a biosphere. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.

The Yenisei divides the territory of the reserve into two unequal parts, representing various landscape complexes. The left bank of the Yenisei River is a gently undulating, undulating plain with gentle river valleys and wide watersheds, absolute heights of 200-250 m. This area is dominated by pine forests sandy soils. Along the rivers and on the hills there are dark coniferous forests of spruce and cedar. In depressions of the relief, vast areas are occupied by swamps and peat bogs. In the floodplain of the Yenisei there are large-grass and small-grass meadows. The right bank represents a section of the Central Siberian Plateau and has a dissected flat-topped relief with absolute heights of 300-350 m near the Yenisei and more than 500 m in the eastern part. On the right bank towards the Yenisei, the Yenisei Ridge breaks off into a tectonic ledge. The right bank is characterized by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce forests, as well as birch derivatives. In general, the diversity of the relief has a positive effect on the fauna of the region.

Forests occupy almost the entire territory of the reserve (93.51%). The main forest-forming species along the left bank of the Yenisei are pine, forming pine forests, spruce, and less commonly - cedar, larch and aspen. The right bank is dominated by dark coniferous taiga - spruce, fir, cedar, larch. Of the plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR, calypso bulbosa, grandiflora and true slippers are found in the protected area.

The fauna is typical of the middle taiga of Siberia. The main species are sable and squirrel. Quite common are muskrat, wolverine, elk and bear. Siberian weasel, ermine, and lynx are less common. Upland game is abundant, especially hazel grouse and capercaillie, and black grouse is common, which is explained by the presence of abundant berry fields and coniferous trees. The migration routes of many waterfowl pass along the Yenisei. Anseriformes are numerous; among the ducks, wigeon, pintail, teal and tufted duck are often found. The most abundant are teal and shoveler. Among the rare species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, osprey, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, and black stork have been recorded migrating or nesting.

Flora: bryophytes – 153 species, lycophytes – 7 species, pteridophytes – 18, gymnosperms – 7 species, angiosperms – 679 species. Fauna: insects – 709 species, reptiles – 4 species, birds – 212 species, mammals – 52, fish – 15 species.

Scientific work - the reproduction of valuable fish species is being studied in the reserve, and work on an inventory of plants and animals continues.

2.1.4. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyr State Nature Reserve was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given biosphere status. It is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. This is one of largest reserves Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula, is the most northward continental part of the land in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest-tundra.

The territory of the reserve represents standard areas of the earth's surface, which represent almost all natural zones of Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky" site "), as well as the unique mountain tundra of the ridge. Byrranga.

The Taimyrsky Nature Reserve is the most visited nature reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, environmentalists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. What attracts them most are the fossil mammoth excavations and the musk ox population. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatangu, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

On the territory of the reserve there are 430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is Cladonia (reindeer moss or moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located significantly south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, arctosiberian wormwood, braya capsicum, hard sedge, Polye and Taimyr grains, oblique oysterwort, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya wormwood, woolly-stamened mytillaria, Rhodiola rosea.

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra located on permafrost with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Masa, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, the northernmost larches can be observed. The trees here barely reach the height of a man in several centuries.

2.1.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky district of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska rivers (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887.3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of creating the Putorana State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, unique flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies of snow sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantaiskoye Lake - up to 520 m deep); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.

Of the historical and cultural objects, the most interesting are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and the Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putorana Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural open-air mineralogical museums).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and open forests. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 of mammals, and 140 of birds on the territory of the reserve.

In 2003, the Putorana plateau was classified as a World Cultural and Cultural Site. natural heritage UNESCO. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. An excursion boat route along the lake comes directly to the border of the reserve. Lama.

2.1.6. Great Arctic State nature reserve

The Great Arctic Nature Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million in the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study in their natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are “maternity hospitals” for Taimyr polar bears, and herds of wild reindeer escape from midges in the coastal tundra. Preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic route: brant goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by people, but recently routes have been developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster areas (Table 2) and two reserves: the state nature reserve of federal significance "Severozemelsky", located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the state nature reserve of regional significance "Brekhovo Islands".

The main type of vegetation in the tundra is lichens. They withstand the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black.

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. Found in the reserve rare species gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tolya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.1.7 .Tunguska Nature Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in Evenki municipal area Krasnoyarsk region. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the global cosmic-ecological disaster.

The reserve is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The most high peak The reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak, Mount Farrington, is located near the site Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical region of the northern East Siberian taiga, practically unaffected by local anthropogenic influences, with its characteristic landscapes and biozenoses; at the same time, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it preserves the imprints of the mysterious “Tunguska catastrophe” of June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km northwest of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature, known as the “Tunguska meteorite,” occurred.

Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was felled and burned, but over the last century it has completely recovered. The Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the miracles of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, capercaillie are common, and badger and lynx are also found. Podkamennaya Tunguska is home to about 30 species of fish, most of which are valuable species.

A protective zone 2 km wide has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 20,241 hectares. The protective zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of the protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection and restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.

The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:

Expedition base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Hut";

The expedition base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite is a monument to the history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on Russian nature reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Nature Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, as an exception, limited tourism activities are allowed for the purpose of environmental education of the population, familiarization with the beautiful natural sites of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are by water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the “Kulik trail” - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out with tourists on routes.

2.2. National and natural parks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The only national park in the region, “Shushensky Bor,” was organized in 1995 and is located in the Shushensky district on an area of 39.2 thousand hectares. The park includes part of the picturesque places of the memorial complex “Siberian exile of V.I. Lenin": Hut, Crane Hill, Sand Hill and others. Here, areas of landscapes characteristic of the southern regions of Central Siberia, which are currently experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure, have been taken under protection.

In the national park "Shushensky Bor" there is an interschool forestry enterprise, consisting of three school forestries: "Bee", "Ant", "Crane". School forestries took under their care an arboretum with an area of 1.8 hectares, which contains 162 species of trees and shrubs, of which 22 species were introduced from other regions of the country. The results of many years of work by school forestries included recommendations for the use of trees and shrubs in landscaping settlements in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

From the first days of its existence, the national park has been developing tourism activities. As part of the overview information, when moving along the route, you can get acquainted with the archaeological monuments of the history of human exploration of the Yenisei valley in the Bronze and Iron Ages - Nacherkina Gorka. The remains of the defensive structure of the Kyrgyz state have been preserved - the Omaitura fortress and the remains of the Sayan fort - the first Russian settlement in the upper reaches of the Yenisei (1718)

Employees of the national park, together with the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve and representatives of public organizations, annually take an active part in the “March of the Parks” event.

In the period until 2005, the “Scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory” (1998) provides for the organization of new natural parks, both federal - the Kanskoye Belogorye National Park to preserve the unique natural complex of the highlands of the Eastern Sayan in the Sayan region, and of regional significance - the Symsky natural park for the preservation of a unique natural complex, not changed by human activity, in the Sym river basin of the Yenisei region.

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers part or all of the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, and Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain node, a ridge in the Western Sayan. Located at the source of the rivers Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Upper Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba.

2.3. Natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The state ecological-ethnographic reserve of republican significance “Eloguysky” with an area of 747.6 thousand hectares is located on the territory of the Turukhansky district in the northern part of the Sym-Dubchesk mid-taiga upland in the river basin. Elogui, was organized by Order of the Main Hunt of the RSFSR No. 73 of March 10, 1987.

This reserve was created without a limitation period in order to protect the ecosystems of the middle taiga and maintain the ecological balance in the river basin. Yelogui, to preserve the cultural heritage and habitat of the indigenous peoples of the North. It is an integral part of the biosphere site of the Central Siberian Nature Reserve and is subordinate to it.

The main area of the reserve is occupied by larch-cedar and larch-cedar-spruce middle taiga forests; dark coniferous taiga and pine forests are less widespread. The fauna is typical for the middle taiga and is represented by such species as sable, squirrel, weasel, wolf, elk, wood grouse, hazel grouse and others. The fauna includes 350 species of vertebrates. Species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation are noted in this territory - peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon.

State reserves of regional significance occupy an area of 1076.52 thousand hectares, located in the territories of 25 administrative districts of the region in various natural and climatic zones.

The state nature reserves “Arga”, “Solgonsky Ridge” and “Sisimsky” are complex in profile, the rest are zoological.

Most reserves are aimed at preserving, restoring and reproducing valuable hunting and commercial species of wild animals along with their habitat. The Bolshemurtinsky, Talsko-Garevsky, and Krasnoturansky Bor nature reserves are engaged in the protection of Siberian roe deer in places of mass concentrations on migration routes and wintering grounds, as well as pine forest game.

The territories of many reserves are inhabited by animals listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation, for example, peregrine falcon (Bolshe-Kemchugsky, Malo-Kemchugsky and Prichulymsky reserves), osprey (Ubeysko-Salbinsky, Taibinsky, B-Kemchugsky and Sisimsky reserves), white-tailed eagle (reserves "Arga" and Berezovsky), saker falcon (B-Kemchugsky, Sisimsky). Sightings of the black stork have been recorded in the Arga, Solgonsky Ridge, Prichulymsky and Taibinsky nature reserves; There is reliable information about the presence of the gray crane in the Taibinsky and Bolshemurtinsky reserves during the nesting period.

In the Krasnoturansky Bor reserve there is a colony of gray herons, unique for the region, numbering about 100 nesting pairs.

A complete list of state natural reserves of regional significance operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is given in Appendix No. 2.

2.4. Natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects were registered (as of May 1, 2007), having the status of natural monuments of regional significance with a total area of 19.12 thousand hectares. Let's name a few: Chinzhebsky waterfall - a unique hydrogeological object of scientific, cultural and educational value, located in the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan, in the interfluve of the Shinda and Nyrda rivers; The natural monument “Snyt relict” is located in the river basin. Maly Kebezh, in its lower reaches, was created with the aim of preserving the isolated location of the nemoral flora - the European honeysuckle and is the only place where it grows in natural conditions on the right bank of the Yenisei, this is the easternmost point of the range, isolated at a distance of 300 km; lake Tiberkul is a unique and picturesque mountain lake located on the southern slope of the Eastern Sayan ridge, in the right bank part of the river basin. Kazyr; The pine forest in the river basin has been declared a natural monument. Baikalikha is the northernmost pine forest in Russia. Among the natural monuments of the region there are many picturesque caves (Lysanskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Badzheiskaya, Karaulnaya, Kubinskaya, Mayskaya, etc.).

2.5. Resorts and health-improving areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the region there is one federal resort and 6 resorts and health-improving areas of regional significance (Appendix No. 3).

All objects, except for the Krasnozavodsky sanatorium (Krasnozavodsky Holiday House is located in the Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the left bank of the Chulym River, in a picturesque pine forest, does not have mineral and medicinal waters), have deposits of natural medicinal waters and mud, which are used in for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The problems of health-improving areas are associated with their spontaneous development and undeveloped infrastructure, as well as high recreational loads.

Conclusion

In general, it can be noted that the system of intact natural areas in Russia seems to be quite developed and relatively flexible. Moreover, the density of the network of these territories and the flexibility of the security system have been growing in recent years. Although this system (like the entire country as a whole) is currently experiencing significant economic difficulties, the forecast for its development is generally favorable. The main disadvantage of Russia's network of protected areas is its unevenness and, especially, its low density in the steppe zone, which is the most susceptible to anthropogenic transformation. There are nature reserves in the European steppe, but they are (by Russian standards) microscopic, while in the West Siberian steppe there are no nature reserves or national natural parks.

At the same time, we should not forget that reserves are specially protected areas with the highest environmental status, although they, in turn, are divided into subcategories. In general, tourism here should not affect the main objects of protection and reproduction. However, each reserve determines for itself the scope and directions of environmental education activities, which include ecotourism.

Currently, there are a large number of definitions proposed for ecotourism. The first definition was given by G. Ceballos-Lascurain in 1980. Ecotourism, according to the author, is travel to relatively untouched or unpolluted natural areas with the specific purpose of learning, admiring and enjoying the contemplation of nature, landscapes, plants and wild animals, as well as studying the cultural characteristics of these territories.

The following criteria characterize this type of tourism are distinguished:

1) ecotourism should be based on the use of predominantly natural resources;

2) it must minimize damage to the natural and socio-cultural environment;

3) the orientation of such tourism should place the main emphasis on environmental awareness and education;

4) tourism development must ensure sustainable economic and social development, as well as the cultural and environmental well-being of the local population of the areas where it is carried out.

The presence on our territories of a unique natural heritage with a rich range of biological and natural diversity provides Russia with the prerequisites for the development of ecotourism. At the same time, the growing demand for environmental goods around the world can give a powerful impetus to the development of this particular type of tourism, focusing on the inbound tourism market. The main limiting factors are: the duration of such tours, as well as high tariffs for high-speed transport due to the remoteness of unique tourist resources.

Nevertheless, without targeted government support, this area of tourism, apparently, will not develop.

Bibliography

Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.

Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Benefit / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.

Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and us: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994. - 214 p.

Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004. - 246 p.

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: school course program. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house. center of Krasnoyarsk State University, 2004. - 147 p.

Appendix No. 1

State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Appendix No. 2

State natural reserves of regional significance

Name of the protected area	Year of creation	Area, thousand hectares	Administrative position of protected areas (districts)

			Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky
Birch oak forest			Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky
Berezovsky			Sharypovsky

B-Kassky			Yenisei
B-Kemchugsky			Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky
B-Murtinsky			Bolshemurtinsky
Kandatsky			Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluysky, Birilyussky
Kebezhsky			Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky
			Kazachinsky, Pirovsky
Krasnoturansky forest			Krasnoturansky
Makovsky			Yeniseisky, Birilyussky
Malo-Kemchugsky			Emelyanovsky, B-Murtinsky
Prichulymsky			Achinsky, Bogotolsky
Sisimsky			Kuraginsky
Solgon Ridge			Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky
Taibinsky			Irbeysky
Talsko-Garevsky			Sukhobuzimsky
Turukhansky			Turukhansky
Ubeysko-Salbinsky			Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky
Khabyksky			Idrinsky
Bolshaya Pashkina			Shushensky

Appendix No. 3

Resorts and health-improving areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Name

Object status

Administrative position (district)

Medical and recreational area “Nanzhul deposit” mineral waters»

Emelyanovsky

Therapeutic and recreational area “Antsir mineral water deposit”

Especially protected natural territories and their classification. In... scientific literature name especially protected natural territories (SPNA)[ 11,190] SPNA- these are areas...

Especially protected natural territories as a factor in regional development

Thesis >> Ecology

Member of regional associations especially protected natural territories (SPNA) - Union SPNA Ural and Association SPNA Southern Urals. Reserve...

Especially protected natural territories (2)

Abstract >> Ecology

..., "Black Lands" and Meshchersky National Park. 4. Especially protected natural territories Especially protected natural territories (SPNA) are classified as objects of national heritage and represent...

Introduction

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Bibliography

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. There is no need to prove to anyone how destructive it can be modern man to wildlife. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

A reserve is a form of protected area specific to the USSR/Russia, which has practically no analogues in the world; only in Russia a reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas, according to which (Article 1, 2) “on the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal life) are completely withdrawn from economic use world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna.

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (ownership) to state natural reserves with the rights provided for by federal laws."

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

To protect wild animals, protected areas are created - nature reserves, sanctuaries, and national parks. Here animals are protected by law.

Nature reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact and are areas of land or water where all human activity is prohibited. Everything in the reserve is subject to protection natural objects, starting from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Nature reserves serve as unique standards of wild nature, and also allow us to present its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants in their original form.

Nature reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods of conservation, restoration and rational use valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

State natural reserves are territories that have special meaning to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. By status they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, by profile into;

complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural relations;

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

To save the fauna, in addition to nature reserves and reserves, a national (or natural) park is created, which, unlike a nature reserve, opens part of its territory to tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia has been approved by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor National Park and the Ergaki Natural Park.

In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create 39 more state natural reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes are around picturesque rock formations - syenite outcrops - "pillars" that gave the reserve its name, as well as karsts and caves.

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering the Central Siberian Plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the northeast - the Bazaikha River, in the south and southwest - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the northeast, the territory borders on the suburbs of Krasnoyarsk

A tourist and excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and city guests, for which the regulations on the reserve establish a special regime.

The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern edge of the reserve, steppe vegetation gives way to forest vegetation. At the northern borders of the reserve, in a very small area, several specimens of the Siberian linden, the pride of Stolbov, have been preserved. Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, its regeneration is weak. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but when they fall on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. This cedar's helper turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of the nuts, she knocks down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, husks the seeds and, with a crop filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly cleared of it in the spring. Thus, nutcracker helps the spread of cedar throughout the reserve.

The Stolby Nature Reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the sub-taiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.

22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was established, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became a common inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Red deer and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, lesser and white-backed woodpeckers, white-capped bunting, lentils, and chaffinch. Among the fish in the reserve, whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spikefish, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others live.

In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - their outlines resemble birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Golden Eagle, Musk Deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks forming 80 groups reaches 104 m in some places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be single or form groups. A rock mass always has several named individual peaks.

The rock called “Feathers” consists of 4 majestic forty-meter steep stone slabs adjacent to each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. At a height of 15-20 meters, a horizontal gap formed. When tourists rise into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's Mouth.

Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low rock. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side there are two colossal stone pedestals, covered in space by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to move apart the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was called the Lion Gate. The climb to the top of the Lion Gate is easy. Crevices, ledges and flat slabs can be easily overcome.

Five hundred meters from Feathers, across a ravine, rises the massive cliff “Grandfather” - an amazing work of nature. If you look at the pillar from above, you can see the head of a courageous and stern old man, thinking about something, with an open forehead, over which his cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard hanging down to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of Western Sayan instead of the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal.

In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TPK, which unites the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and a number of factories) and the growth of population, and therefore the number of settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia where human influence has so far had almost no effect, it was decided to create a reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, the reserve, by decision of UNESCO, was included in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of the reserve is 3904 km.

Target. Preservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity of the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the contact zone of the boreal forests of Siberia with the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.

This area is the only one in Russia where it is possible to preserve the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book.

The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye Reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve.

Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the terrain is mountainous (the most high point- 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from lady’s slipper, listed in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve includes more than 1000 species of higher plants alone. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and subalpine zones is represented here. Among the herbaceous plants there are many relict ones: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beautiful flower. Of particular value are Siberian borena, leafless browgrass and Rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, Siberian cedar is of particular value in the protected taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.

The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve includes more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.

The wildlife of the reserve is diverse. So, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also find the extraordinary Altai snowcock, the agile Siberian mountain goat, the agile hamster, the snow leopard, as well as the sable, brown bear, and musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.

The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. Within the region there are two subspecies - black-throated and red-throated. Bluetail and ruby-throated nightingale are also common in the reserve.

The reserve's security service also controls the Sedye Sayany biosphere site with a total area of 218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the Ermakovsky district administration in 2000.

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyr State Nature Reserve was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given biosphere status. It is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. This is one of the largest nature reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northward continental part of the land in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest-tundra.

Table 1 - Reference areas of the Taimyrsky Nature Reserve

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra located on permafrost. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Masa, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, the northernmost larches can be observed. The trees here barely reach the height of a man in several centuries.

We will begin our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Nature Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and ungulates). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter, two middle claws on the front paws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the reserve's fauna is the reindeer. The reindeer population in Taimyr is the largest in the world.

The reserve of the district subordination "Bikada" has the status of a protective zone under the management of the reserve. The area of the reserve is 937,760 hectares; it is a separate cluster that is not in contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North are conducting an international program for the re-acclimatization of the North American musk ox. Musk oxen have been preserved since prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter they continue to thrive to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the USA. Currently, he has “mastered” a very significant territory.

In the reserve, white hares coexist with such common polar predators as the Arctic fox and the wolf. Polar wolves are especially numerous in the Taimyr Nature Reserve. This is due to the fact that the region has the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Among the representatives of mustelids, the ermine and wolverine live in the reserve. Among the marine mammals that live here are beluga whales, ringed seals and walruses. In the Taimyr Nature Reserve there are 116 species of birds belonging to 9 orders. Shorebirds and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in the tundra areas of the earth. Breeding eiders, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, and bean goose nest. Rare bird species include the little swan, red-breasted goose, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, and peregrine falcon.

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The reserve was created in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of 424.9 thousand hectares and the Baykitsky district of the Evenki municipal district on an area of 595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of the protected area is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory that includes the middle reaches of the river. Yenisei between the rivers. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, Yenisei parts West Siberian Plain and the Tunguska-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study the various terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of central taiga Siberia in its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected over a long distance (60 km). Its floodplain is swampy and has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.

The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Among the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are typical: large-flowered slipper, true and bulbous calypso.

Among the representatives of avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of federal significance "Eloguysky" is under the jurisdiction of the State Natural Reserve "Central Siberian". Ethno-ecological research is carried out at the biosphere reserve site, where special attention is paid small people North - Ketam. Turukhansk Kets - the last representatives of the ancients paleo-asian tribes who settled on the banks of tributaries Yenisei. They once lived on south, V Minusinsk Basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. Ket names of rivers and mountains have been preserved there to this day. Then the Kets were gradually pushed north and settled in the southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until Kureika River. The origin of the Kets is not fully understood. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with certain isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques And North American Indians. Some see the Kets as descendants of the ancient Tibetan population from which they descended North American Indians - Athabascans. The Kets are of great interest to science due to their isolated linguistic position and the peculiarities of anthropological data. A large collection of Ket culture items is located in local history museum Yeniseisk.

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky district of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the rivers Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887.3 thousand hectares.

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and open forests. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 of mammals, and 140 of birds on the territory of the reserve.

The plateau is the only habitat of one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - the bighorn sheep. The protection of the lesser white lesser is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of responsibility for the conservation of this type of geese.

In 2003, the Putorana Plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. An excursion boat route along the lake comes directly to the border of the reserve. Lama.

In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the State Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North with the active material support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk MMC, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve built a background monitoring station - the Keta (Lake Keta) and Mikchanda (Lake Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been underway under a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF): “Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining landscape connectivity.”

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

The main type of vegetation in the tundra is lichens. They withstand the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, annual flowering is impossible for a number of higher plants. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and practically no annuals. Among the shrubs, the most striking representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grass, grasses; dryad grass, or partridge grass, plays a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve, different kinds saxifrage, various polar poppies, forget-me-nots.

Table 2 - Cluster sections of the Big Arctic gas processing plant

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve includes 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. Rare species of gulls are found in the reserve: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The pink gull is a rare, little-studied species listed in the Red Book. Only one breeding colony of these birds of 45-50 pairs is known in Eastern Taimyr. The white gull is a rare Arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands of the Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. Among the gulls, the herring gull, glaucous gull and arctic tern are also the most widespread. But one of the main objects of protection is waterfowl. Four species of geese, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Book) and four species of ducks nest here. Among the birds there are also predators: peregrine falcon, ruffed buzzard, gyrfalcon and merlin.

If you go for a walk around the reserve at night, you can hear the calls of the red-throated, black-throated or white-billed loon. Also in the reserve you can find long-tailed, gray and short-tailed skuas, white and short-eared owls, sparrows (the most numerous order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, and white wagtail. And finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly at the beginning, or even in the middle of May.

Among the mammals of the reserve one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulate), arctic fox, woolly buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakova Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seal.

In the water area - habitats polar bear, walrus, bearded seal, ringed seal, beluga whale. On the ocean coast and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of the white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted geese, ducks and waders have been taken under protection.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tolya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.7 Tunguska Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the global cosmic-ecological disaster.

The reserve is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak, Mount Farrington, is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The echo of the Tunguska disaster sounded across the globe. In a vast space limited to the east Yenisei, from the south line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, With west- west coast Atlantic Ocean , the night has disappeared. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights here, reminiscent of white nights in the northern regions of Europe. It was possible to read newspaper text, read a clock or a compass, and the main illumination came from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena- bright “variegated” dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is apparently explained by the dustiness of the atmosphere with the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to think that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite even affected the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed in Antarctica, described by members of Shackleton’s English Antarctic expedition.

The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to this day, which is of exceptional interest to the only area on the globe that provides the opportunity to directly study the environmental consequences of space disasters. Research into the consequences of an explosion of a cosmic body of unknown nature began in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by expeditions by L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by scientists from Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasiliev and Doctor of Biological Sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on Meteorites, and many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-disaster changes is still being carried out. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:

expedition base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Huts";

expedition base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument to the history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

National Park "Shushensky Bor" was formed in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky district, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and mountain system Western Sayan, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. The territory of the national park consists of two separate areas with an area of 4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are owned by the national park.

The organization of a national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection unique nature region, human economic activity and recreational use of natural resources. "Shushensky Bor" was formed in order to preserve unique, essentially unchanged natural ecosystems, representing a wide range of latitudinal zonality - from alpine meadows to the forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational significance.

The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. The forests here are dominated by pine. The southern part of the territory includes mountain-taiga landscapes, where vertical zonality is clearly expressed. In the foothills there is a belt of coniferous and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above is the belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the belt of dark coniferous taiga. The tops of the ridges are occupied by subalpine meadows.

The ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from a conservation point of view, since they are relict communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species in the Shushensky district includes 27 species, including vernal adonis, sibirica brunnera, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, and male shieldweed.

The richness of the park's fauna is associated with the diversity of the natural conditions of the territory and the complex history of the formation of the fauna.

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Ergaki - name natural park, located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers part or all of the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, and Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain node, a ridge in the Western Sayan. Located at the source of the rivers Bolshoy Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Upper Buiba, Srednyaya Buiba and Nizhnyaya Buiba.

Bibliography

1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.

2. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Benefit / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.

3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and us: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994. - 214 p.

4. Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004. - 246 p.

5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: school course program. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house. center of Krasnoyarsk State University, 2004. - 147 p.

Introduction

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Bibliography

Introduction

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

To protect wild animals, protected areas are created - nature reserves, sanctuaries, and national parks. Here animals are protected by law.

Nature reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact and are areas of land or water where all human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Nature reserves serve as unique standards of wild nature, and also allow us to present its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants in their original form.

Nature reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

State nature reserves are territories that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. By status they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, by profile into;

complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor National Park and the Ergaki Natural Park.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

The Krasnoyarsk Pillars State Nature Reserve is located close to the city limits. On three sides the natural boundaries are the right tributaries of the Yenisei. The area of the reserve covers 47.2 thousand hectares. The first data about Pillars date back to the 80s of the 18th century, but only a century later did Krasnoyarsk nature lovers begin to visit these regions not only for hunting, but also for rock climbing. And already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century it was a favorite vacation spot for city residents and travelers who came here. And in 1925, on the initiative of city residents, a reserve was created. Thus, Krasnoyarsk residents sought to preserve the unique and rich natural complexes around the amazing “pillars”, which are volcanic syenite remnants.

There are about a hundred rocks on the territory of the reserve, each of which the people gave apt names, such as “Lion Gate”, “Twins”, “Grandfather”, “Feathers”, “Mittens” and others. The rocks are divided into two categories - the “Pillars” themselves, open to tourists, as well as the “Wild Pillars” - rocks located in remote corners of the reserve, access to which is limited.

Nowadays, just like 150 years ago, residents of Krasnoyarsk enjoy visiting Stolby to relax or practice mountaineering and other sports. Over the many years of the reserve’s existence, a whole social movement “stolbism” has emerged, whose representatives engage in rock climbing and communicate in natural conditions in an informal setting. Without a doubt, having been here at least once, you will remember these places for the rest of your life.

Putorana Nature Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988. Scientists have been exploring the territory of the Putorano Plateau for a long time. They were interested in the diversity of flora and fauna, representatives of which thrive in an area with a large concentration of mountains, canyons, tectonic lakes and waterfalls. These are mainly rare species listed in the Red Book.

Only in the Putorana Nature Reserve can you find the white-billed loon, bighorn sheep, golden eagle, little swan, gyrfalcon and many other endangered animals and birds.

The reserve often hosts excursions and lectures. You cannot get close to the animals; you can only observe them from afar. This is already one of the touches wildlife. To get into the reserve, you need to read the rules of stay, which are on the official website, and also sign up for a tour by phone.

Great Arctic State Nature Reserve- the largest nature reserve in Russia and all of Eurasia. The reserve is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and the islands of the Arctic Ocean in the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia (and the third largest in the world). The main purpose of creating the reserve is to protect the nesting habitats of birds migrating along the North Atlantic route (black goose, many waders and other species).

The Great Arctic Nature Reserve has a total area of 4,169,222 hectares, including 980,934 hectares of marine waters. Thanks to its cluster structure, it covers an area of 1000 km from west to east and 500 km from north to south. The reserve consists of seven sections (they in turn include 34 separate clusters): Dikson-Sibiryakovsky, Kara Sea islands, Pyasinsky, Middendorf Bay, Nordenskiöld archipelago, lower Taimyr, Chelyuskin Peninsula. The reserve is subordinate to the federal reserve "Severozemelsky" with an area of 421,701 hectares and the regional reserve "Brekhovo Islands" with an area of 288,487 hectares.

Of the representatives of the flora of higher plants, 162 species belonging to 28 families were noted in the reserve. According to the number of species, cereals, cabbage, cloves, saxifrage and sedge are distinguished. Among flowering plants, a colorful, brightly blooming species especially stands out - cushion poppy. 15 species of fungi have been identified; lichens are widespread here - 70 species.

A comparison of the flora indicates that between Sibiryakova Island and Medusa Bay there is an important botany-geographical boundary between the western and eastern Siberian flora. This is one of the manifestations of the Yenisei biogeographic boundary - the largest meridional boundary of its kind in the Palearctic.

There are 16 species of mammals in the reserve (wolves, arctic foxes, polar bears, wolverines, musk oxen, reindeer, lemmings, etc.), of which 4 species are marine animals (walruses, beluga whales, etc.).

Waterfowl are one of the main objects of protection in the reserve. Four species of geese, little swan and four species of ducks nest here. The Great Arctic Nature Reserve has taken under protection the nesting and molting sites of 80% of all brant geese of the nominative subspecies wintering in Western Europe. In the lower reaches of the Nizhnyaya Taimyr River there are the largest molting aggregations of the non-breeding part of the population of this subspecies, numbering up to 50,000 birds in the early 1990s. The main nesting concentrations of brant goose are located on the islands of the Kara Sea, where they nest in scattered colonies and single pairs.

State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Sayano-Shushensky" located in the center of the Western Sayan and Altai-Sayan mountainous country, on the territory of the Shushensky and Ermakovsky districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal. The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye Reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve. During the existence of the reserve, its area has increased twice and currently amounts to 390,368 hectares. The reserve has a Museum of Nature.

Putorana State Nature Reserve.
The Putorana Plateau lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula, occupying most of the vast rectangle formed by the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Lower Tunguska rivers and stretching for approximately 650 km from both north to south and west to east. The area of the plateau is more than 250 thousand square meters. km.

The preliminary list of higher plants of the reserve includes 398 species (61% of the plateau flora). Rare plant species are found on the territory of the reserve: Rhodiola rosea, spotted slipper, white-haired poppy, Asian swimmer; Putorana endemics - Sambuca grain, late marigold, variegated poppy and Putorana oleaginum; endemic to the Putorana and Byrranga mountains - eared fescue; endemic to the north of Siberia - long-nosed rush, Taymyr orchard and long-horned dandelion.

In faunal terms, the Putorana mountain system is isolated from the surrounding plains less clearly than in terms of floristic characteristics. Only one subspecies is endemic to this country - the Putorana snow sheep. In general, the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates is characterized by a combination of tundra, taiga and widespread mountain species. The Putorana Plateau is the northern limit of distribution in Central Siberia of the weasel, sable, lynx, elk, northern pika, flying squirrel, squirrel, wood lemming, goshawk, common and rock capercaillie, hazel grouse, common and deaf cuckoo, hawk owl, great gray and long-tailed owls, woodpeckers , many species of waders and passerines. Putorana is the main nesting area for the gyrfalcon and white-tailed eagle in the north of Central Siberia. The little curlew nests in the southeastern part of the plateau; the main part of the Putorana snow sheep population lives in the central part. There are numerous wolves, wolverines, and bears, which play an important role in local biocenoses.

Stolby Nature Reserve.
The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei near the southwestern outskirts of Krasnoyarsk. The reserve was organized to protect the natural complexes of the picturesque rock massif of the Stolby tract. The area of the reserve is 47,154 hectares.

The flora of the reserve includes about 740 vascular plants and 260 species of mosses. The fir taiga, typical of the middle mountains of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, predominates.

290 species of vertebrate animals have been identified on the territory of the reserve. The fauna has a pronounced taiga appearance ( forest voles, sable, musk deer, hazel grouse, etc.) with the inclusion of forest-steppe species (Siberian roe deer, steppe polecat, long-tailed ground squirrel, etc.).

Among the plants listed in the Red Book of Russia are calypso bulbosa, lady's slipper and large-flowered one, May palmate root, cape flower, helmeted orchis, feather feather grass; among birds - osprey, golden eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, etc.

The main attraction of the reserve are the rocks. The common name for all rocks is “Pillars,” although all rocks and even some stones have their own names. A distinction is made between "Pillars" - rocks open to tourists, and "Wild Pillars" - rocks located in the depths of the reserve, access to which is limited.

The places visited by tourists can be divided into three areas.
Funpark "Beaver Log", a chairlift starting in the valley of the Bazaikha River, runs along the ski slope and ends at the top of the ridge, from where a magnificent panorama of the reserve and many rocks opens up. The Takmak rock complex, the largest in the reserve, is located in close proximity.

Rock "Feathers" "Central Pillars" is an area 7 km from the border of the reserve, accessible by public transport, occupying an area of approximately 5 by 10 km. Here are unique rocks of their kind: Grandfather, Feathers, Lion Gate, Pillars I to IV and many others. The most popular passages to the top of the rock have their own names: “Blue Coils”, “Chimney”.

The "Chinese Wall" is located in the valley of the Bazaikhi River, at the foot of Takmak. In addition to the “China Wall” itself, in this area there is the Ermak rock and a group of small rocks “Sparrows” - Tsypa, Zhaba, etc.

In the part of the reserve immediately adjacent to the city, in the Bazaikhi valley, there are several ski slopes. The main ones are Beaver Log and Kashtak.

Taimyr Biosphere Reserve- created on February 23, 1979. One of the largest nature reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula. The Taimyr Nature Reserve has a cluster nature and consists of 4 sections. The area is 1,781,928 hectares, the branch includes 37,018 hectares of the marine area of the Laptev Sea. In 1995, by decision of the UNESCO MAB, the Taimyr Nature Reserve received biosphere status. The entire territory of the reserve is located in a zone of continuous permafrost.

The Taimyr Peninsula, on which the reserve is located, is the most northward continental landmass in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as pre-tundra open forests (forest-tundra). 430 species of higher vascular plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens grow on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the Taimyr Nature Reserve cannot be called rich - it has only 23 species, more than half of which are rarely or sporadically found on the territory of the reserve. However, for these latitudes it is completely typical. 3 species of mammals are classified as specially protected. One of the smallest, but very important animals are lemmings - Siberian and ungulates. A fairly common resident of the reserve is the white hare. The most common predator is the arctic fox. Another predator of the reserve is the wolf. The most common mustelid representative in the reserve is the ermine. Another representative of the mustelids, the wolverine, is extremely rare, and it is still not even clear whether it breeds in the reserve. One of the unique features of the reserve is the most northern forests in the world. There are no specially equipped tourist routes; coordination is necessary in each specific case. Scientific and educational tourism (bird watching and other fauna objects) is possible, but it should be borne in mind that the timing and even places of interesting phenomena - mass migration of birds, migration of deer, musk oxen - may change depending on the natural conditions of the year, so it may be required adjustment of the tour program. Sports tourism is also possible; two routes are described for this purpose. The reserve contains 21 species of mammals (not counting some pinnipeds and cetaceans that swim into the Arctic waters), 110 species of birds, 74 of which have been proven to nest, and over 15 species of fish in rivers and lakes. The fauna of mountain landscapes is quite poor. There are few wintering species: lemmings, snowy owls, and occasionally reindeer, arctic foxes, and musk oxen stay in the mountains in winter. In summer, snow buntings and wheatears are numerous in the mountains, and sandpipers and sandpipers are found only here. The stone beetle is much more common in the mountains than on the plain, where it is recorded only in the tundra adjacent to the mountains. The herring gull in the mountains abruptly changes nesting sites and settles in colonies on inaccessible rock outcrops, mostly limestone ones. From birds of prey Common buzzards and peregrine falcons are common, making nests on hard-to-reach rock ledges. Gyrfalcon seen. There are many hares in the mountains, ermine settles in the stone ruins of the lower zone, and wolverines are found. The number of lemmings in the mountains is lower than on the plain. The hoofed lemming is more common, traces of its vital activity can be found quite high; The Siberian lemming prefers to settle in swamps and meadows of depressions. The number of Arctic foxes in the mountains is much lower than on the plains - this is due to the lack of convenient places for denning. Arctic fox burrows are common only in intermountain basins, especially on sandy loam and gravelly ancient marine terraces. In general, in the basins the fauna is richer than in the mountains themselves; sometimes you come across real oases of life here. Mountain river valleys provide natural migration corridors for wild reindeer; in the eastern part of the reserve ("Bikada") in the intermountain basins in summer time meet large groups muskoxen, and in the west you can find single males. Hares are found everywhere in the depressions, especially along wide valleys of streams with willows and meadows. There is unconfirmed information about entering the river valley. Fadyukuda brown bear.

Tunguska Reserve is located in a part of the Siberian platform called the Tunguska depression, or syneclise. The modern terrain is a low plateau, composed of loose Quaternary sediments on the surface and dissected by deeply incised river valleys into separate, sometimes ridge-like, elongated flat interfluves. The area is very swampy. Individual outcrops of trap bodies rise in the form of cone-shaped hills or table mountains with a relative height of 100-300 m. The highest point of the reserve is located on the spurs of a chain of hills called the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above. u. m. The second highest peak, Mount Farrington, is located near the site of the Tunguska disaster. Its absolute height is 522 m. The chain of hills between the Kimchu and Khushma rivers is cut through by the hanging valley of the Churgim stream, forming a spectacular waterfall 10 m high.

The vegetation cover of the area is formed by forests, swampy shrub communities and woodlands, swamps, meadows, groups of gravelly slopes and kurumniks, and aquatic vegetation. Forests occupy about 70% of the reserve's area. Mixed larch-pine and birch-pine-larch forest stands with a well-defined shrub layer and poorly developed herbaceous cover predominate.

The fauna of the reserve is not particularly diverse and is mainly represented by widespread taiga species, typical of the middle taiga subzone of Central Siberia. Currently, 145 bird species have been recorded for the territory. According to preliminary data, more than 30 species of fish are found in the reserve and the adjacent part of Podkamennaya Tunguska. Among the order of carnivores, the most typical species in the reserve are sable, brown bear, and wolverine. There are few wolves. Foxes are found along the valleys of larger rivers. The ermine is few in number, the weasel is rare. The reserve also contains one record of otter tracks (on the Khushma River in February 1996) and an American mink (at the mouth of the Ukakitkon River in November 1997). Three species of ungulates are found in the reserve: elk is relatively common, wild reindeer of the taiga subspecies more rare, musk deer are very rarely found in the southern part of the reserve.

Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve located on the western edge of the central part of the Central Siberian Plateau and in the valley of the middle reaches of the Yenisei, and also covers a small section of the Podkamennaya Tunguska valley ("Tunguska Pillars"). The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study the very diverse terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of central taiga Siberia from its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. This is the only reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected at a considerable distance (60 km). The area of the reserve is 972,017 hectares.

46 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. Over 500 vascular plants are found on its territory. The fauna of the reserve includes 34 species of freshwater fish.

National Park "Shushensky Bor" located on the territory of the Shushensky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the right bank of the Yenisei. It consists of two sections - flat in the Minusinsk Basin and mountainous on the northern macroslope of the Western Sayan. The purpose of creation is the protection and organization of recreational use of the southern taiga forest and mountain forest ecosystems of the Western Sayan and numerous historical and archaeological monuments. The area of the park is 39,173 hectares.

The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. It is characterized by pine forests on sand dunes, so-called ribbon forests, inter-dune depressions with pine-birch forests, and lake-swamp complexes. The southern part of the park is part of the Western Sayan mountain system and includes mountain-taiga landscapes characteristic of the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the northern part of the Eastern Sayan with a pronounced vertical zonation.

More than 254 species of terrestrial vertebrates have been recorded in the park: 45 species of mammals, more than 200 birds, 5 reptiles, 4 amphibian species. The predominant species of mammals: brown hare, squirrel, bear, fox, sable, red deer, roe deer, musk deer, elk, wild boar. There are also wolves, lynx, wolverine, weasel, ermine, steppe polecat, American mink, and otter.

Natural Park "Ergaki" located in the central part of the Western Sayan in the south of the Ermakovsky district (Krasnoyarsk Territory), 150 km south of Minusinsk. The park was created on April 4, 2005 as a specially protected natural area of regional significance. According to the ecological and recreational value of natural areas, the park is divided into three zones with different protection regimes: a special protection zone (25% of the area, 54,200 hectares) - an area where any type of human activity is prohibited, including hunting and tourism; recreational and tourist zone (73% of the territory, 157,220 hectares) - intended for environmental, sports (mountaineering, winter sports) tourism and the development of traditional types of environmental management; economic zone (2% of the territory, 5580 hectares), which is located in the center of the park and is intended for development of tourism facilities. The main problems of the park are wild uncontrolled tourism, unauthorized construction of tourist facilities on its territory, poaching and illegal forest use.

Each mountain peak in the Ergaki Natural Park has a unique shape and no less interesting names eg: Bird, Camel, Dragon Tooth, Parabola. All this suggests that when visiting the park you can discover a great variety of mountain forms. The highest mountains in the park are the peak in the Aradansky mountain range (2466 m) and the Zvezdny peak (2265 m) in the central part of the Ergaki ridge. Place of pilgrimage for all creative people and connoisseurs of beauty - Artists' Pass. From here you can see a wide panorama of the central part of the Ergaki mountain range, the valley of the Left Taigish River.

The calling card of the Ergaki natural park is “Sleeping Sayan”. This is a chain of mountain peaks that resemble a lying giant with his arms folded on his chest. An unforgettable view of the “Sleeping Sayan” opens from the highway that crosses the natural park. According to one legend, the “Sleeping Sayan” is the eternal guardian of the taiga, protector of the forest and its inhabitants. According to legend, in the old days there lived a simple and fair man named Sayan, who loved and protected the taiga. He understood the language of animals and birds and protected all living things. He was unusually strong and had no equal among people, so when he died, the gods decided to turn his body into stone and allowed him to guard “Ergaki” for the next generations of people. Many years have passed since then, a lot of water has passed under the bridge, but Sayan still protects the taiga. He is the eternal stone guardian.

No less amazing than the “Sleeping Sayan” is the “Hanging Stone”. This is a huge stone weighing 10 tons and a volume of 30 cubic meters, which is located at the top of one of the peaks and hangs menacingly over the abyss.

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Interactive map of nature reserves in the Krasnoyarsk region. Coursework: Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Especially protected natural territories as a factor in regional development

Especially protected natural territories (2)

Introduction

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska Reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Bibliography

Introduction

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Putorana Nature Reserve

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