What international organizations do you know? International organizations and their role in the modern world. World Association of Nuclear Power Operators

Classification of international organizations

International organizations are an organizational and legal form of interstate cooperation. In the system of international organizations, joint bodies and coordination committees are created to coordinate activities.

The classification of international organizations is determined by their big amount, a variety of areas of activity, is carried out according to the following basic criteria.

1. Based on the nature of membership and legal nature, participants are distinguished between interstate (intergovernmental) and non-governmental.

An international intergovernmental organization is an association of states created on the basis of a treaty with the aim of achieving common goals, which is characterized by the membership of states, the presence of a constituent international treaty, permanent bodies, and the implementation of activities in the interests of member states, respecting their sovereignty as a subject of international law.

A non-governmental international organization is created on the basis of an association of natural or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals.

2. The subject of activity is political, economic, credit and financial, military-political, health care, culture, trade, etc.

3. Based on the range of participants, interstate organizations are divided into universal, open to the participation of all states (the UN and its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of the same region.

4. Competence distinguishes between organizations of general and special competence. Organizations of general competence cover all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural (UN, Council of Europe, League of Arab States).

Organizations of special competence establish cooperation in a separate area (Universal Postal Union, International Labor Organization, World Health Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency) and are divided into areas of activity - political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious.

5. By the nature of their powers, international organizations are divided into interstate and supranational (supranational). The first group includes almost all international organizations whose goal is to implement interstate cooperation and decisions are addressed to member states. The main goal of supranational organizations is to implement integration, and their decisions apply directly to individuals and legal entities of the member states. For example, such a supranational organization is the European Union (EU).

6. According to the conditions of participation, international organizations are divided into open, in which any state can become a member, and closed, where admission is held at the invitation of the founders.

7. According to the goals and principles of activity: legal - created in accordance with international law; illegal - created in violation of generally recognized norms of international law with goals that contradict the interests of international peace and international security.

In addition, the characteristics of international organizations that regulate world economic relations, can be supplemented with a classification according to organizational principles and the scope of multilateral regulation.

Classification according to organizational principles provides for participation or non-participation in the UN system, taking into account the profile of the organization and the purpose of the activity. According to this approach, international organizations are divided into the following groups: 1) international organizations of the UN system; 2) international organizations not included in the UN system; 3) regional economic organizations.

The classification of international organizations in the field of multilateral regulation provides for their division into groups depending on the areas and goals of regulation:

Organizations regulating economic and industrial cooperation and areas of the world economy; - Organizations in the system of regulation of world trade; - Regional economic organizations in the system of regulation of the world economy; - International and regional organizations for regulating business activities; - Non-governmental organizations and associations that contribute to the development of international relations.

Goals, functions and main areas of activity of international organizations

On modern stage development of world economic relations, the scientific and technological revolution has turned most national and regional problems into global problems, which determines the increasing role of international organizations, primarily the UN, in regulating world economic relations.

The main goals and functions of international organizations include:

1) study and application of measures to solve the most important problems of international economic relations; 2) ensuring the stabilization of currencies; 3) promoting the elimination of trade barriers and ensuring widespread trade between states; 4) providing funds to supplement private capital to assist technological and economic progress;

5) stimulating improvement of working conditions and labor relations;

How organizational forms cooperation, international intergovernmental organizations are created by states in accordance with the objective necessity and needs of the development of international economic relations.

International regulation is carried out in the following areas:

1) economic and industrial cooperation; 2) cooperation in the field of transport; 3) cooperation in the monetary and financial sphere; 4) cooperation in the field of global trade; 5) cooperation in the field intellectual property; 6) cooperation in the field of standardization and certification of products; 7) cooperation in the field of investment; 8) scientific and technical cooperation; 9) cooperation in the field of international commercial practice.

Cooperation is carried out by international organizations of relevant competence. Organizations of the UN system, as well as regional ones, carry out international economic cooperation through ECOSOC bodies, specialized agencies and autonomous bodies associated with the UN. The purpose of regional economic cooperation is to provide assistance developing countries, ensuring sustainable economic growth and development of the most important sectors of the economy, increasing the level of social development and improving people's lives.

In the context of worldwide globalization, integration of economies, unification of legislation and blurring of borders between countries, it is no longer possible to make decisions individually. It is necessary to coordinate intentions on various issues with other participants in the world community. Along with states, international organizations are important members of world politics. Conflicts between groups of people and countries, terrorist groups, climate change, geopolitics, development of the Arctic shelf, the disappearance of rare species of animals - this is far from full list issues that require their participation. It is only possible to confront the new challenges of our time through joint efforts.

Definition

The international organization is a voluntary union of member states created for cooperation in the fields of economics, politics, culture, ecology, and security. All their activities are based on international treaties. The nature of interaction can be both interstate and non-state, at the level public associations.

Signs

Any international organization is based on at least six main features:

• Any organization must be created and operate in accordance with international legal standards. Typically, when creating such an association, all member states sign an international convention, protocol or agreement that guarantees the fulfillment of all obligations assumed by the participants.
• The activities of international organizations are regulated by their Charter, which outlines the goals, objectives, principles, and structure of the association. The provisions of the Charter must not contradict the norms of international law.

• Availability of rights and responsibilities of all participants. Usually they are equal for any member of the union. Also, they should not abolish the independent rights of participants. The sovereignty of the state cannot be violated. The rights of international organizations determine the status of the association and regulate the issues of their creation and activities.
• Permanent or regular activities, sessions, meetings between members to resolve international issues.
• Decision-making by a simple majority of the organization's participants or through consensus. The final decisions are recorded on paper and signed by all participants.
• Availability of headquarters and management bodies. It is not uncommon for the Chairman of the organization to act as the latter. Participants preside in turns for a limited time period.

Classification

What international organizations exist? All associations are divided depending on several criteria.

Criterion	Subtype of organization
International legal capacity	Intergovernmental. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the governments of the participating countries. Members are states whose interests in the organization are represented by civil servants
	Non-governmental. Relations in these associations are not regulated by government agreements. Any country that agrees with the goals and objectives of the organization can become a member. A striking example is the International Chamber of Commerce
Range of interests	Special: sectoral - these are organizations whose interests do not go beyond a certain area, for example, ecology or economics; professional - these are associations of specialists in the same industry, such organizations include the International Commonwealth of Lawyers or the International Federation of Accountants; problematic - organizations designed to solve common global and regional problems; conflict resolution associations, such as the UN Security Council, etc., most often fall into this category.
	Universal. The range of issues considered by the organization is not limited to one area of ​​life. Participating states have the right to submit any issues for consideration. A striking example is the UN
Territory of coverage	World - global international organizations, which can include any country, regardless of geographical location. Most often, these associations have a large number of participants. Examples: World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization
	Interregional - these are commonwealths of states within several regions, united general idea or a problem. These include the Organization of Islamic Cooperation
	Regional - organizations that include states of one region to resolve internal issues. An example would be the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) or the Council of the Baltic Sea States
	Multilateral - international organizations in which more than two countries interested in cooperation take part. So, the WTO (World trade Organization) includes among its members any country that agrees to adhere to certain trade and economic principles put forward by society. This has nothing to do with location or political system countries
Legal status	Formal are associations in which meetings of participants are formal in nature. That is, each participant is assigned his own role, all meetings are documented, and relationships between members are impersonal. Such organizations have a management apparatus and their own government bodies. An example is OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
	Informal - organizations in which interaction is informal on an ongoing basis. These include such giants as G20 and the Paris Club of Creditor Countries

One organization may meet several criteria at once.

List of key international organizations

According to 2017 data, there are 103 global organizations in the world. Some of them are permanent, others meet for sessions.

African Union

This is an international intergovernmental organization, which includes 55 member states. The main goal of the association is comprehensive cooperation and development of African states and peoples. Areas of interest include economics, trade, security, education, health, conservation wildlife, protection of human rights and much more.

Asia-Pacific Economic Community

An international regional organization whose areas of interest are economics and trade in the Asia-Pacific region. The association initiates the creation of unhindered and free trade between the participating countries.

Andean Community of Nations

International regional association countries South America. Has a socio-economic orientation. Community members advocate for the integration of states Latin America.

In it international community includes eight states. Its goal is to preserve nature in the Arctic region and minimize damage caused to nature during shelf development.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

It is an international organization of states South-East Asia. The range of issues considered by the association is not limited, but the main issue concerns the creation of trade zones. It consists of 10 countries. In 2006, a declaration was signed between Russia and the Association, allowing states to cooperate within the framework of meetings held by the Association.

Bank for International Settlements

This financial institution. Its goal is to strengthen cooperation between Central Banks different countries and simplification of international payments.

World Association of Nuclear Power Operators

An organization whose members are countries operating nuclear power plants. The purpose and mission of the organization is to create conditions for the safe use of nuclear energy and improve the safety of nuclear power plants.

world Trade organisation

A multilateral international organization whose member countries are parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Designed to create conditions for the liberalization of trade among participants. One of the largest organizations, it has 164 members.

International Atomic Energy Agency

An organization whose purpose is to promote the safe use of nuclear energy. The agency also prevents the spread atomic weapons.

UN

The United Nations is an association created after World War II by 50 member countries to maintain peace and security on the planet. At the moment, the UN is the most influential organization in the world. In addition to maintaining peace, the UN now deals with a wide range of global issues. What international organizations are members of the UN? There are 16 institutions in total. The organization includes such specialized international associations:

1. The World Meteorological Organization is a UN body whose competence includes issues of meteorology, global warming and the interaction of the atmosphere with the world's oceans.
2. The World Health Organization is a UN agency designed to solve international problems in the field of health care for the world's population. The organization actively contributes to raising the level medical services, hygiene, vaccination of the world population. The structure includes 194 countries.
3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, better known by its acronym UNESCO. The association deals with issues of education and the elimination of illiteracy, discrimination in education, and the study different cultures and the social sphere of human life. UNESCO is actively involved in the fight against gender inequality and plays a huge role in solving a wide range of problems on the African continent.
4. UNICEF, or the UN International Children's Emergency Fund, provides comprehensive assistance to the institution of motherhood and childhood. Among the main goals of the fund are reducing child mortality, reducing deaths among pregnant women, and promoting primary education among children.
5. The International Labor Organization is a special UN agency responsible for regulating labor relations both within countries and in the international labor market.

Russia's participation in global organizations

Russian Federation takes an active part in the life of the world community and is a permanent member large quantity world organizations, consider the main ones:

• Customs Union- supranational unification of several countries with the aim of creating a single economic space and market, eliminating customs restrictions for goods.
• The United Nations (Security Council) is a permanent UN body dealing with international security issues.
• The Commonwealth of Independent States is a union of states that were formerly part of the USSR. The main goal of the CIS is issues of political, economic and cultural interaction between the participating countries.
• The Collective Security Treaty Organization is a council of several states to maintain peace and order in the territory of the participants.
• The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is an association dedicated to resolving security issues in Europe.
• The Council of Europe is a union of European countries to strengthen democracy, improve human rights legislation and cultural interaction between countries.
• BRICS is a group of five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a regional forum for promoting trade between participants.
• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an association whose goal is to maintain peace and stability. It is not a military bloc.
• Eurasian economic union- a regional organization that advocates integration and rapprochement of the markets of participating countries.
• The International Organization for Standardization is a global association whose main goal is to issue international standards and their implementation in the territories of all participants.
• International Olympic Committee- an organization created for the purpose of reviving and promoting Olympic movement in the world.
• The International Electrotechnical Commission is an association dedicated to the standardization of electrical networks and equipment.
• The World Trade Organization is a trade union designed to ensure equal rights on the international market to all participants.

International organizations are permanent associations of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of international agreements in order to facilitate the solution of those specified in the agreements international problems.

The term “international organizations” is usually used to refer to both international intergovernmental (interstate) organizations and international non-governmental organizations. However, these organizations have different legal natures.

International intergovernmental (interstate) organizations are permanent associations of states created on the basis of an international treaty in order to facilitate the solution of international problems specified in the treaty.

International non-governmental organizations - permanent associations national unions, associations, non-governmental societies to achieve common goals in the field of health, culture, education, science and technology, charity, etc. To recognize an organization as an international non-governmental organization, it must meet the following requirements:

the purpose of the organization is non-profit activity international importance;

the establishment of an organization is carried out in accordance with the internal legislation of the state, and not on the basis international agreement;

The organization's effective activities are carried out in at least two countries.

Classification by number of participants

universal (that is, for all states; e.g. - UN)

regional (whose members may be states of the same region; e.g. - Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States)

interregional

Classification by nature of powers

interstate - not limiting the sovereignty of the state

supranational (supranational) - partially limiting the sovereignty of the state: entering into similar organizations, member states voluntarily transfer part of their powers to an international organization represented by its bodies.

Classification by functions performed

Rulemaking advisory intermediary operational information

Classification by order of admission of new members

open (any state can become a member at its discretion)

closed (reception with the consent of the original founders)

Classification by competence (field of activity)

general competence (eg - UN)

special competence (political, economic, credit and financial, trade, health; e.g. - Universal Postal Union)

Largest international organizations:

UN - (UN, United Nations)

WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization.

IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency.

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Interpol - (Interpol)

Other international regional organizations:

Andean community -

ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEM - Forum "Asia - Europe"

APPF - Asia-Pacific Parliamentary Forum

African Union (formerly OAU) - African Union

European Free Trade Association - EFTA

European Union

CARICOM

LAS - League of Arab States

The League of nations

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO

NAFTA - North American Free Trade Area - NAFTA

INOBI - International Organization for Entrepreneurship and Investment - INOBI

OSCE - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries - OPEC

Organization of Islamic Conference

Northern Council

CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States English. Commonwealth of Independent States

OVD - Warsaw Pact Organization

CMEA - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Comintern - Third Communist International

Union of Orthodox States

The role of international organizations

International organizations are among the most developed and diverse mechanisms for regulating international life. According to data from the Union of International Associations, in 1998. there were 6,020 international organizations; over the past two decades, their total number has more than doubled.

International organizations are usually divided into two main groups.

1. Interstate (intergovernmental) organizations are established on the basis of an international treaty by a group of states; within the framework of these organizations, interaction between member countries takes place, and their functioning is based on bringing the participants’ foreign policy to a certain common denominator on those issues that are the subject of the activities of the relevant organization.

2. International non-governmental organizations arise not on the basis of an agreement between states, but through an association of individuals and/or legal entities whose activities are carried out outside the framework of the official foreign policy of states. International non-governmental organizations do not include structures whose goal is to make profit (transnational corporations).

It is clear that interstate organizations have a much more tangible impact on international political development - to the extent that the main actors on international arena states remain.

The influence of non-governmental organizations on international life is also quite noticeable. They can raise issues that are not addressed by government activities; collect, process and disseminate information about international problems requiring public attention; initiate concrete approaches to address them and encourage governments to enter into appropriate agreements; monitor the activities of governments in certain areas of international life and the fulfillment by states of their obligations.

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INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

International relations have long occupied an important place in the life of any state, society and individual.

The origin of nations, the formation of interstate borders, the formation and change of political regimes, the formation of various social institutions, and the enrichment of cultures are closely related to international relations.

The beginning of the 21st century indicates a significant expansion of cooperation between states in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life of society. Moreover, the role of international organizations and civil society in solving global problems has increased significantly.

We are all included in a complex information environment, and even more so in a variety of cooperation on a local, regional, international, transnational, supranational, global scale.

The purpose of this work is to study the fundamentals in the field of modern international law and political science.

In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the control work:

1. Study the process of institutionalization of international political relations.

2. Consider the main international organizations.

3. Characterize the general democratic principles of international relations.

To achieve the set goal and objectives, scientific and methodological literature on political science and international law by domestic and foreign authors.

1. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RELATIONS

From ancient times to the present day, international relations have occupied an important place in political life society. Today, world order depends on the relationships and interaction of about 200 states at different stages of historical, economic, political and cultural development. In the relations between them, various relationships are established, problems and contradictions arise. They constitute a special sphere of politics - international relations.

International relations are a set of integration ties between states, parties, individuals, creating an environment for the implementation international politics. The main subjects of international relations of the state.

Types of international relations:

Political (diplomatic, organizational, etc.);

Military-strategic (blocs, alliances);

Economic (financial, trade, cooperative);

Scientific and technical;

Cultural (artist tours, exhibitions, etc.);

Social (assistance to refugees, during natural disasters, etc.);

Ideological (agreements, sabotage, psychological warfare);

International legal (regulate all types of international relations).

Thus, all types of international relations can exist in various forms.

Levels of international relations:

Vertical - scale levels:

Global are relations between systems of states, major powers;

Regional (subregional) are relations between states of a certain region;

Situational are relationships that develop in connection with a particular situation. As this situation is resolved, these relationships also disintegrate.

Horizontally:

Group (coalition, inter-coalition - these are relationships between groups of states, international organizations);

Double-sided.

The first stage of international relations began from time immemorial and was characterized by the disunity of peoples and states. The guiding idea then was the belief in the dominance of physical force to ensure peace and tranquility, perhaps only through military power. It was under these conditions that the famous saying was born: “Si Vis pacem - para belluv!” (if you want peace, prepare for war).

The second stage of international relations began after the end of the 30 Years' War in Europe. The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the value of the right to sovereignty, which was recognized even for the small kingdoms of fragmented Germany.

The third stage, which began after the defeat of revolutionary France. The Vienna Congress of the Winners approved the principle of “legitimism”, i.e. legality, but from the point of view of the interests of the monarchs of European countries. National interests monarchical authoritarian regimes became the main “guiding idea” of international relations, which over time migrated to all bourgeois countries of Europe. Powerful alliances are formed: “ Holy Alliance", "Entente", " Triple Alliance", "Anti-Comintern Pact", etc. Wars arise between alliances, including two world wars.

Modern political scientists also identify a fourth stage of international relations, which began to gradually take shape after 1945. It is also called the modern stage of international relations, in which a “guiding idea” in the form of international law and world legislation is intended to dominate.

Modern institutionalization of international life is manifested through two forms of legal relations: through universal organizations and on the basis of the norms and principles of international law.

Institutionalization is the transformation of any political phenomenon into an orderly process with a certain structure of relations, hierarchy of power, rules of behavior, and so on. This is the formation of political institutions, organizations, institutions. A global organization with nearly two hundred member states is the United Nations. Officially, the UN has existed since October 24, 1945. October 24 is celebrated annually as UN Day.

As for our country, at the present stage the Republic of Belarus is pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy and advocates strengthening the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is due to the community of joint interests. Relations with countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States have revealed both the complexities of the integration process and its potential. Approaches to the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus are based on mutual consideration of the interests of society and citizens, social harmony, a socially oriented economy, the rule of law, the suppression of nationalism and extremism, and find their logical continuation in the country’s foreign policy: not confrontation with neighboring states and territorial redistribution, but peacefulness, multi-vector cooperation.

2. MAJOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL)

The idea of ​​creating international organizations appeared in Ancient Greece. In the 4th century BC. The first interstate associations began to appear (for example, the Delphic-Thermopylaean amphictyony), which, without a doubt, brought the Greek states closer together.

The first international organizations appeared in the 19th century as a form of multilateral diplomacy. Since the creation of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine in 1815, international organizations have become fairly autonomous entities with their own powers. In the second half of the 19th century, the first universal international organizations appeared - the Universal Telegraph Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874). Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations in the world, more than 300 of which are intergovernmental in nature.

International organizations were and are being created to solve a wide variety of problems - from solving the lack of fresh water on Earth to introducing peacekeeping contingent on the territory of individual countries, for example, former Yugoslavia, Libya.

In the modern world, there are two main types of international organizations: interstate (intergovernmental) and non-governmental organizations. (Appendix A)

The main feature of non-governmental international organizations is that they were not created on the basis of an international treaty and unite individuals and/or legal entities (for example, the Association of International Law, the League of Red Cross Societies, the World Federation of Scientists, etc.)

An international intergovernmental organization is an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals, having permanent bodies and acting in the common interests of member states while respecting their sovereignty.

The French specialist C. Zorgbib identifies three main features that define international organizations: firstly, the political will to cooperate, recorded in the founding documents; secondly, the presence of a permanent staff that ensures continuity in the development of the organization; thirdly, autonomy of competencies and decisions.

Among the non-state participants in international relations are intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (INGOs), transnational corporations (TNCs) and other social forces and movements operating on the world stage.

IGOs of a directly political nature arose after the First World War (League of Nations, International Labor Organization), as well as during and especially after the Second World War, when the United Nations was formed in San Francisco in 1945, designed to serve as a guarantor of collective security and cooperation between member countries in the political, economic, social and cultural fields.

There are different typologies of IGOs. And although, as many scholars admit, none of them can be considered flawless, they still help to systematize knowledge about this relatively new, influential international author. The most common is the classification of IGOs ​​according to the “geopolitical” criterion and in accordance with the scope and focus of their activities. In the first case, there are such types of intergovernmental organizations as universal (for example, the UN or the League of Nations); interregional (for example, the Organization of the Islamic Conference); regional (for example, the Latin American economic system); subregional (for example, Benelux). In accordance with the second criterion, general purpose (UN) are distinguished; economic (EFTA); military-political (NATO); financial (IMF, The World Bank); scientific (“Eureka”); technical (International Telecommunications Union); or even more highly specialized IGOs ​​(International Bureau of Weights and Measures). At the same time, these criteria are quite conditional.

Unlike intergovernmental organizations, INGOs are, as a rule, non-territorial entities, because their members are not sovereign states. They meet three criteria: international character composition and goals; private nature of the foundation; voluntary nature of the activity.

INGOs vary in size, structure, focus and objectives. However, they all have those common features, which distinguish them both from states and from intergovernmental organizations. Unlike the former, they cannot be presented as authors acting, in the words of G. Morgenthau, in the name of “interest expressed in terms of power.” The main “weapon” of INGOs in the field of international politics is the mobilization of international public opinion, and the method of achieving goals is to put pressure on intergovernmental organizations (primarily the UN) and directly on certain states. This is exactly how, for example, Greenpeace, Amnesty International, International Federation for Human Rights or the World Organization Against Torture. Therefore, INGOs of this kind are often called “ international groups pressure."

Today, international organizations are acquiring great importance both for ensuring and realizing the interests of states. They create favorable conditions for future generations. The functions of organizations are actively developing every day and covering ever wider spectrums of life in the world community.

3. UNITED NATIONS

The formation of the United Nations marked the beginning of modern international law. It is significantly different from the previous one. First of all, modern international law develops to a large extent under the influence of the UN Charter. If the main source of previous international legal systems were customs, then in modern period the role has increased international treaties.

The United Nations (UN) is a universal international organization created to maintain peace and international security and develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 at a conference in San Francisco and came into force on October 24, 1945.

The UN Charter is the only international document whose provisions are binding on all states. Based on the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN arose.

The founding document of the UN (UN Charter) is a universal international treaty and establishes the foundations of the modern international legal order.

To achieve these goals, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of UN members; conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the UN Charter; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence or in any manner inconsistent with the UN Charter; non-interference in the internal affairs of states; providing assistance to the UN in all actions taken under the Charter, ensuring the Organization is in such a position that states that are not members of the UN act in accordance with the principles set forth in the Charter (Article 2), etc.

The United Nations has the following Objectives:

1. To maintain international peace and security and to this end take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace and to carry out by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or resolution of international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace.

2. To develop friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace.

3. To carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

4. Be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.

The original members of the UN are the states that, by participating in the San Francisco Conference to create the UN or by previously signing the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942, signed and ratified the UN Charter.

Now a member of the UN can be any peace-loving state that accepts the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the UN, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations. Admission to UN membership is carried out by resolution of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. There are six main organs of the UN: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly consists of all UN member states. The delegation of each UN member state consists of no more than five representatives and five alternates.

The General Assembly has the authority, within the framework of the UN Charter, to discuss any issues within the Charter, with the exception of those under consideration by the UN Security Council, to make recommendations to UN members or the Security Council on any such issues.

The General Assembly, in particular:

Considers the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security;

Elects non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council;

Jointly with the Security Council, elects members of the International Court of Justice;

Coordinates international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres;

Exercises other powers provided for by the UN Charter.

The Security Council is one of the main organs of the UN and plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council is authorized to investigate any dispute or situation that may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation is likely to threaten international peace and security. At any stage of such dispute or situation, the Council may recommend the appropriate procedure or methods of settlement. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consists of UN members elected by the General Assembly.

ECOSOC is authorized to undertake research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economics, social sphere, culture, education, health and other issues.

The UN Trusteeship Council consists of: states administering trustee territories; permanent members of the UN that do not administer trust territories; such number of other members of the United Nations, elected by the General Assembly, as is necessary to ensure equality between members of the United Nations administering and not administering trust territories. Today the Council consists of representatives of all permanent members of the Security Council. Each member of the Council has one vote.

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. The International Court operates on the basis of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is an integral part of the Charter. States that are not members of the UN can also participate in the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions determined in each individual case by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

The UN Secretariat is responsible for ensuring the normal functioning of other main and subsidiary bodies of the UN, servicing their activities, implementing their decisions, and implementing UN programs and policies. The UN Secretariat ensures the work of UN bodies, publishes and distributes UN materials, stores archives, registers and publishes international treaties of UN member states.

The Secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary-General, who is the chief administrative officer of the UN. The Secretary-General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

In accordance with Art. 57 and art. 63 of the UN Charter, various institutions created by intergovernmental agreements in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health and others are connected with the UN. Specialized agencies are permanent international organizations operating on the basis of constituent documents and agreements with the UN.

UN specialized agencies are intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature that cooperate in special areas and related to the UN. Specialized institutions can be divided into the following groups: organizations of a social nature (ILO, WHO), organizations of a cultural and humanitarian nature (UNESCO, WIPO), economic organizations (UNIDO), financial organizations (IBRD, IMF, IDA, IFC), organizations in the field Agriculture(FAO, IFAD), organizations in the field of transport and communications (ICAO, IMO, UPU, ITU), organization in the field of meteorology (WMO).

All these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. Through the common and increasingly coordinated efforts of these organizations, their multifaceted program of action is being implemented to preserve peace and prosperity on Earth through development international cooperation and ensuring collective security.

international law political democratic

4. GENERAL DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The principles of international law are universal in nature and are criteria for the legality of all other international norms. Actions or agreements that violate the provisions of basic general democratic principles are declared invalid and entail international legal liability. All principles of international law are of paramount importance and must be strictly applied, each one being interpreted in light of the others. The principles are interrelated: violation of one provision entails non-compliance with others. So, for example, a violation of the principle of the territorial integrity of a state is at the same time a violation of the principles of sovereign equality of states, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force and threat of force, etc. Since the basic principles of international law are international legal norms, they exist in the form of certain sources of international law. Initially, these principles appeared in the form of international legal customs, but with the adoption of the UN Charter, the basic principles acquired a contractual legal form.

The principles of international law are generally recognized norms of international law of the most general nature. Basically, they are imperative in nature and contain obligations “erga omnes”, i.e. obligations towards each and every member of the interstate community. They combine the norms of international law at various levels, extending their effect to certain participants in interstate relations, into a single legal system.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the adoption of the UN Charter of 1945, the principles of international law were for the most part codified, that is, enshrined in written form.

International law develops on the same principles for all countries - basic principles. The UN Charter contains seven principles of international law:

1. non-use of force or threat of force;

2. peaceful resolution of international disputes;

3. non-interference in internal affairs;

4. cooperation between states;

5. equality and self-determination of peoples;

6. sovereign equality of states;

7. conscientious execution international obligations.

8. inviolability of state borders;

9. territorial integrity of states;

10. universal respect for human rights.

The principle of non-use of force or threat of force follows from the wording of the UN Charter, which expressed the common intention and solemn commitment of the world community to save future generations from the scourge of war, to adopt a practice in accordance with which armed forces are used only in the common interest.

The principle of peaceful resolution of international disputes requires that each state resolve its international disputes with other states by peaceful means in such a way as not to jeopardize international peace and security.

The principle of non-interference in internal affairs means that no state or group of states has the right to interfere directly or indirectly for any reason in the internal and external affairs of another state.

The principle of cooperation obliges states to cooperate with each other, regardless of the characteristics of their political, economic and social systems, in various fields of international relations with the aim of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international economic stability and progress, the general welfare of peoples.

The principle of equality and self-determination of peoples implies unconditional respect for the right of every people to freely choose the paths and forms of their development.

The principle of sovereign equality of states follows from the provision of the UN Charter that the organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members. Based on this, all states use sovereign equality. They have the same rights and responsibilities and are equal members of the international community.

The principle of faithful fulfillment of international obligations, unlike other principles, contains the source of the legal force of international law. The content of this principle is that each state must faithfully fulfill the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the UN Charter, arising from generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as from valid international treaties.

The principle of the inviolability of state borders means that each state is obliged to refrain from the threat or use of force for the purpose of violating the international borders of another state or as a means of resolving international disputes, including territorial disputes and issues relating to state borders.

The principle of territorial integrity of states assumes that territory is the main historical value and the highest material property of any state. All the material resources of people's lives and the organization of their social life are concentrated within its boundaries.

The principle of universal respect for human rights obliges each state to promote, through joint and independent action, universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the UN Charter.

General democratic principles of international relations express the fundamental ideas, goals, and core provisions of international law. They are manifested in the sustainability of international legal practice and contribute to the maintenance of an internally consistent and effective system of international law.

CONCLUSION

Politics is one of the most important spheres of people's lives. Isolating and studying the political world from the entire set of social institutions and relations is a difficult but very urgent task. In the Republic of Belarus political science gained significant positions and became an organic part of modern scientific knowledge.

The process of creation and development of international organizations considered in this work showed a mutually intersecting system of these organizations, which has its own logic of development and at the same time reflects the inconsistency and interdependence of international relations.

Today, international organizations are acquiring great importance both for ensuring and realizing the interests of states. They create favorable conditions for future generations. The functions of organizations are actively developing every day and covering ever wider spectrums of life in the world community.

However, the existence of a broad system of international organizations reflects the complexity, contradictions and interconnectedness of international relations. The presence of a huge number of international organizations, of course, gives rise to certain difficulties.

To eliminate possible difficulties, it is necessary to fully use the potential of the UN with its systemic vision of global dynamics, reflecting the desire ordinary people and those in power to strategic stability and counteraction to all manifestations of violence that prevent Humanity from living in harmony.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Glebov I.N. International law: textbook / Publisher: Drofa,

2. 2006. - 368 p.

3. Kurkin B.A. International law: Tutorial. - M.: MGIU, 2008. - 192 p.

4. International law: textbook / rep. ed. Vylegzhanin A.N. - M.: Higher Education, Yurait-Izdat, 2009. - 1012 p.

5. International law. Special part: Textbook for universities / Rep. ed. prof. Valeev R.M. and prof. Kurdyukov G.I. - M.: Statute, 2010. - 624 p.

6. Political science. Workshop: textbook. benefits for students of institutions providing higher education. education / Denisyuk N.P. [and etc.]; under general ed. Reshetnikova S.V. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2008. - 256 p.

7. Theory of international relations: Textbook in 2 volumes / Under the general editorship. Kolobova O.A. T.1. Evolution of conceptual approaches. - Nizhny Novgorod: FMO UNN, 2004. - 393 p.

8. Charter of the United Nations.

9. Tsygankov P.A. Theory of international relations: Textbook. allowance. - M.: Gardariki, 2003. - 590 p.

10. Chepurnova N.M. International law: Educational and methodological complex. - M.: Publishing house. EAOI Center, 2008. - 295 p.

11. Shlyantsev D.A. International law: course of lectures. - M.: Justitsinform, 2006. - 256 p.

APPLICATION

Some international organizations

Universal:

The League of nations(1919-1939). American President Woodrow Wilson made a significant, if not decisive, contribution to its founding.

United Nations (UN). Created on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco, where representatives of 50 states gathered.

Other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs):

GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).

WTO(World Trade organisation).

International currency board(IMF). Intergovernmental organization created in 1945

The World Bank. An international lending institution with the goal of improving living standards in underdeveloped countries through financial assistance rich countries.

Regional IGOs:

League of Arab States. An organization created in 1945. The goals are to protect common interests and form a single line of Arab states in the international arena.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Military-political organization, created at the initiative of the United States on April 4, 1949. The main goal is confrontation military threat from the USSR.

Organization of American States (OAS). Created in 1948 by States.

Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO)(1955--1991). Military-political organization created at the proposal of the USSR in response to Paris Agreements dated October 23, 1954

OAU (Organization of African Unity). Formed on May 26, 1963 in Addis Ababa and unites all countries of the African continent.

OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe). This regional organization, which currently includes the main countries of Western, Central and of Eastern Europe, as well as the USA and Canada.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Created on the basis of the Paris Convention establishing the OECD, which aimed to develop economically poor countries and stimulate international trade, and came into force on September 30, 1961.

Council of Europe.

Created in 1949. Founding countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, France, Sweden. The main goal of the organization is to promote the development and practical implementation of the ideals of democracy and political pluralism.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Created on December 8, 1991. With the exception of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, the CIS includes all newly independent states - former republics of the USSR.

OPEC- Organization of oil exporting countries.

Created at the Baghdad Conference in 1960. The main goals of the organization: coordination and unification of the oil policies of the member countries.

Regional integration associations:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations-ASEAN.

APEC-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

European Union (EU). Regional intergovernmental organization, the creation of which is associated with the Paris Treaty of 1951.

MERCOSUR -- Southern Common Market. The main goals of the organization: free exchange of goods, services and factors of production.

North American Free Trade Association. Created on the basis of a treaty between the United States, Canada and Mexico of December 17, 1992. The goal is to liberalize trade and economic exchanges between member countries.

Interregional IGOs:

British Commonwealth. An organization uniting 54 states - former colonies Great Britain. The goal is to maintain priority economic, trade and cultural ties between the former metropolis and its colonies.

Organization of the Islamic Conference. Interregional international organization. Founded in 1969 at the first summit of leaders of Muslim states in Rabat. The main goals of the Organization are economic, political and cultural in nature.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private and informal associations:

Doctors Without Borders. An international organization providing medical assistance to people affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters.

Davos Forum. Swiss non-governmental organization, the most known organization annual meetings in Davos. Leading business leaders, political leaders, prominent thinkers and journalists are invited to attend the meetings.

London club. An informal organization of creditor banks, created to resolve issues of debt of foreign borrowers to members of this club.

International Red Cross (IRC). A humanitarian organization operating throughout the world.

Paris Club. An unofficial intergovernmental organization of developed creditor countries, the creation of which was initiated by France.

"Big Seven" / "G8". An international club uniting Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France and Japan.

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