The picture shows a national park in Estonia. Nature reserves and national parks of Estonia. Estonian Open Air Museum

Historically, it is believed that long dark winters contributed to the formation of Estonians as a nation by sparing their words. But at the same time, it was precisely this internal concentration of the Estonians that contributed to their long, calm reflections and flights of imagination.

Taciturn Estonians love to sing in choirs, and choral music has become a kind of business card Estonia.
The Republic of Estonia borders Russia and Latvia, and its maritime border with Finland lies in the Gulf of Finland. It is also washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga.

State symbols of Estonia

Flag- official state symbol of the Republic of Estonia in 1918-1940. and again since 1990. It is a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontal equal stripes: the top is blue, the middle is black and the bottom is white. The standard size of the flag is 105 × 165 cm.

Coat of arms– exists in two forms: large and small state emblem. On big The state coat of arms in the golden field of the shield is three azure leopards (marching looking really like a lion). The shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed golden oak branches, crossing at the bottom of the shield. Small The coat of arms is represented only by a shield.

The motif of the Estonian state coat of arms dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Denmark. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estonian province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.

Brief description of modern Estonia

Political system- an independent democratic parliamentary republic.
Head of State– President, elected for 5 years.
Head of the government- Prime Minister.
Capital- Tallinn.
Largest cities- Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Jarve.

Administrative division– 15 districts (maakonds), headed by district elders. 33 settlements have the status of cities.
Economy- the share of the service sector in Estonia’s GDP is 69%, industry – 29%, Agriculture– 3%. The main industries are the fuel and energy complex, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, textile industry, pulp and paper and wood processing industries. Main industry Agriculture is livestock farming for meat and dairy and pig farming (especially bacon). Crop farming is mainly engaged in the production of feed for livestock, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops. Fishery is developed.
Territory– 45,226 km².
Population– 1,286,540 people. Estonians make up 68.7% of the population, Russians – 24.8%, Ukrainians – 1.7%, Belarusians – 1%, Finns – 0.6%.
Official language– Estonian. Russian is also widely spoken.
Currency– euro.
Traditional religion- Lutheranism.
Education- divided into basic, vocational and additional education. The educational system is based on a four-level system, including pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education. There is a wide network of schools and educational institutes. The Estonian educational system consists of state, municipal, public and private educational institutions.
Higher academic education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's and doctorate.

Estonian culture

Presumably, the culture of modern Estonians was somewhat influenced by ancient Russian culture. This is evidenced by ancient borrowings in Estonian from Russian, such as raamat book ⁄from “gramota”⁄ and leib ⁄bread⁄. One of the first mentions in the Tale of Bygone Years about the activities of Russian princes on the territory of modern Estonia is the campaign of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich in 1030 to Chud (as Estonia was called in ancient times) and his founding of a city called Yuryev (now Tartu).
German culture also influenced Estonians to a fairly significant extent, because Livonia in XIII century. was captured by the crusaders.
IN 1523 g. The Reformation movement reached Estonia (a mass religious and socio-political movement in Western and Central Europe XVI- started XVII centuries., aimed at reforming Catholic Christianity in accordance with the Bible). Lutheranism, which attached great importance public education, laid the foundation for Estonian literacy and peasant school. IN 1739. The first complete translation has been published Bible into Estonian, translator Anton Tor Helle. Great importance for the cultural development of Estonia was the restoration in 1802 of the Imperial Yuryev University in Dorpat(now Tartu). The university became a conductor of Western European ideas. Such famous scientists as astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, biologist Karl Ernst von Baer, ​​and surgeon Nikolai Pirogov studied and worked in Dorpat. The university became the cradle of the Estonian national awakening, especially after the abolition of serfdom.

One of the most famous cultural figures of this time was Johann Waldemar Jannsen. He began publishing a newspaper in Estonian, advocated the bourgeois development of Estonia, and advocated the purchase of farmsteads into ownership or their lease. I wrote the words to the Estonian anthem Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (Fatherland, my happiness and my joy).

Estonian Song Festival

A nationwide and national singing festival, in which various choirs and brass bands take part. The festival is held every five years on the territory of the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds. The organization of the holiday is carried out by a specially established unit under the Ministry of Culture of Estonia. It is a masterpiece of the oral and intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO.
The first singing festival took place in 1869. to Tartu. In memory of this, a monument was erected in Tartu.

The first seven holidays were held during the time when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire, and before the VI song festival they were held on different occasions. significant dates for the empire. Various Estonian dance and choral societies took charge of organizing the celebration. The first five holidays were held in Tartu, then all holidays began to be held in Tallinn.
Johann Waldemar Jannsen was the initiator of Estonian singing festivals.

20th century Estonian culture

Literature

Works Eduard Wilde laid the foundations of the novel genre and critical realism.
Post-war transformations in society are depicted in stories Hans Leberecht, Rudolf Sirge, Ernie Krusten, essay-journalistic prose Juhana Smuula, Egon Rannet and etc.
They left a certain mark on modern Estonian literature Ene Mihkelson, Nikolay Baturin, Madis Kõiv, Maimu Berg, Yulo Matthäus. Stands out from the youngest generation Tõnu Õnnepalu, Ervin Õunapuu, Peeter Sauter, Tarmo Teder, Andrus Kivirähk, Kaur Kender, Sass Henno.

Architecture and painting

At the beginning of the 20th century. Art Nouveau has become popular in Estonian architecture. An example of this style is the building of the Estonia Theater in Tallinn (1865), the building of the Institute of Zoology and Geology of the University of Tartu, etc.
Famous painters were Ants Laikmaa, Nikolai Triik, Konrad Mägi, Kristjan Raud.

Music

In the music of the 20th century. Two main creative schools have emerged: Arthur Kapp in Tallinn and Heino Ellera to Tartu. During the period 1940-50s. There was an intensive development of choral music. Gustav Ernesaks And Eugen Kapp created choral songs and operas on national historical themes. In the 1950s, the singer gained popularity.

G. Ots performed parts in operettas and operas, worked in various genres with great success. The role brought him particular popularity Mister X in the film "Mr. X" (dir. Yuliy Khmelnitsky) - a film adaptation of Kalman's operetta "The Circus Princess". Ots showed his hero Etienne Verdier as a person of impeccable honor, dignity, courage, an aristocrat of spirit, a man of subtle and romantic spiritual organization. Ots's personal modesty, nobility, elegance and grace were so sincere that not a single one appeared either during his life or after his death. negative review on him.
The most famous contemporary Estonian composer is Arvo Pärt, who emigrated to Germany in 1980, the discoverer of the “bell style”.
Recognized as a world-class conductor Eri Klas. World famous conductor Neeme Jarvi, who actively promoted Estonian music abroad, emigrated to the USA in 1980.

Pop culture

In Estonia, jazz began to revive and rock music began to develop. The orchestra was a success Modern Fox, who performed dance hits from the 1930s to the 1950s; in the field of Estonian pop music in the 1980s, the most popular performers were Anne Veski, Marju Ljanik, Ivo Linna, Gunnar Graps; rock groups “Ruya”, “Rock Hotel”, “Orange”, “Vitamin”, “Radar”.
Contemporary popular artists: Maarja-Liis Ilus (Maarja), Tanel Padar, Ines, Chalice; groups A-rühm, Genialistid, Dagö, J.M.K.E., Kosmikud, Metsatöll, Sun, Smilers, Terminaator, Ultima Thule, Urban Symphony, Vanilla Ninja, Vennaskond.

"Orange"

IN 1955 Estonian Television was created.

Contemporary cinema of Estonia

In the 90s, the main themes of films were the understanding of history, the category of freedom, and the connection between power and the individual. Along with aggravated social themes, tendencies to complicate language and conventions appeared: “On Rahu Street” (Roman Baskin, 1991), “In the Awakening” (Juri Sillart, 1989), “Only for Crazy People” (Arvo Iho, 1990). In the entertainment genre, the film “Firewater” (Hardy Volmer, 1994) was created. Revealing the painful point of the era, the film “Georgica” (Sulev Kaedus) was a success at many festivals. Viewership records were broken by the historical epic “Names on a Marble Board” directed by Elmo Nykänen, based on the novel of the same name Albert Kivikas. The first Estonian film shown at the Cannes Film Festival was the 2007 drama Magnus; in the same year, the film “Class” received a number of international prizes.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Estonia

Historical center of Tallinn (Old Town)

The Old Town of Tallinn is conventionally divided into Lower And Upper town (Vyshgoro d). The Upper Town, located on the hills of Toompea, was originally home to the nobility, while the Lower Town was home to merchants, artisans and other less prosperous segments of the population. Vyshgorod was separated from the Lower Town by a fortress wall, most of which has also been perfectly preserved to this day. The fortress walls of the city have been known since 1248 g., but the oldest surviving walls and towers belong to XIV century. There are 39 towers in total (preserved and not preserved), each of them has its own name and its own history. Let's talk about just a few of them.

Kuldyala Tower (XIV century)

The tower is five-story, has a horseshoe shape, with the inner part facing the city. The upper floors had defensive functions, while the lower floors were used as storage rooms.
The tower is well preserved and is currently used by the Kodulinn youth organization for exhibitions and lectures.

Köismäe Tower (“Rope Mountain Tower”) (14th century)

The horseshoe-shaped tower is located in the western part of the fortress wall. Was built in 1360 g. and has been well preserved to this day. Since November 2003, the tower has hosted performances and exhibitions.
The tower got its name from a rope weaving workshop located nearby.

Fat Margaret (XVI century)

The gun turret, which has 155 loopholes, was built at the beginning XVI century. in front of the Great Sea Gate. It got its name for its impressive dimensions: 25 m in diameter and 20 m in height. The tower received its current name in 1842, and before that it was simply called the New Tower.
Since 1830, the tower began to be used as a prison. The extension was made in 1884-1885. In March 1917, the tower was burned. In 1930, a History Museum was opened in the empty tower. Currently, the tower has been restored, restored, and houses the Estonian Maritime Museum.

Tower of Burden

Four-story horseshoe-shaped tower. The thickness of the outer wall is more than 2 m, the inner wall is 1 m thick. On the third floor there was a fireplace for the guards of the city guard; at the very top there is an open area for patrol or shelling with narrow loopholes in the walls and embrasures.
The second floor can be reached from the city wall via stairs. Before XVII century there was a prison there: an unlit room with small windows for air, with iron rings embedded in the walls. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The tower was used by the city as a gunpowder warehouse, so double locks were installed on the doors.

Upper town

The first wooden fortification on the Toompea hill was presumably built in XI century IN 1219 the settlement of Lindanise was captured by the Danish crusaders under the leadership of Valdemar II, after which the city received the name Revel, and Vyshgorod became the residence of foreign rulers. Toompea is divided into the Great Fort, the Small Fort and surrounding areas. IN 1229 g. The construction of the first stone castle of Toompea was completed in the western part of the Small Settlement. Four towers were built at its corners, including the “Long Hermann”.

After the capture of Revel by the Russians during the Northern War, the castle was rebuilt. Instead of the eastern wall, by order of Catherine the Great, a palace in the Baroque style was built, the fortress moat was filled in, and one of the towers was destroyed. Currently, the Estonian parliament, the Riigikogu, is located in Toompea Castle.
In Vyshgorod there is one of oldest churches Estonia - Dome Cathedral, built in the 13th century. The cathedral acquired its current appearance after numerous reconstructions. Many famous people were buried in the cathedral itself, such as Pontus Delagardie And Ivan Kruzershtern.

The Dome Cathedral

Lutheran Cathedral located in the Old Town of Tallinn. Dedicated to the Holy Virgin Mary. It is one of the oldest churches in Tallinn, but has undergone many reconstructions. Previously there was a wooden church on this site 1219
The cathedral's tower dates back to the Baroque era, and its annex chapels belong to later architectural styles. Inside the temple there are burials of the 13th-18th centuries, as well as various noble coats of arms and epitaphs dedicated to famous people of that time and dating back to the 12th-20th centuries.

Lower city

The center of the Lower Town is Town Hall Square which is surrounded by built in XIII century. city ​​hall in gothic style and other buildings. One of the symbols of Tallinn, weather vane "Old Thomas", decorates the spire of the town hall with 1530

According to legend, every spring in medieval Tallinn a festival was held in front of the Great Sea Gate in the “Parrot Garden”. The city's best shooters competed there in crossbow and bow shooting. Whoever knocked down a colored wooden figurine of a parrot sitting on top of a high pole became the king of shooters. Once at a tournament, when they had just lined up and pulled the bowstring, the parrot suddenly fell down, pierced by someone's arrow. The unknown shooter turned out to be an ordinary Tallinn youth - a poor man named Toomas. The prankster was scolded and forced to put the target back in its original place. The news spread throughout Tallinn, and Toomas’s mother prepared for the worst... But the young man was not punished, but was offered to become a city guard, which at that time was a great honor for a poor man.

Subsequently, Toomas repeatedly showed heroism in battles Livonian War and fully justified the trust placed in him. And in his old age he grew a luxurious mustache and became surprisingly similar to the brave warrior who towered on the tower of the Town Hall. Since then, the weather vane on the Town Hall has been called “Old Toomas”.

Opposite the town hall is Town Hall Pharmacy. The first mention of it dates back to 1422, it is one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe, operating in the same building since the beginning of the 15th century. It is also the oldest commercial establishment and the oldest medical institution in Tallinn.

Struve Arc

The Struve geodetic arc was measured by Struve and the staff of the Dorpat (Tartu) and Pulkovo observatories (of which Struve was the director) for 40 years, from 1816 to 1855, over a distance of 2820 km from Fuglenes, near the North Cape in Norway to the village of Staraya Nekrasovka Odessa region near the Danube, which formed a meridian arc with an amplitude of 25° 20′08″.

Currently, arc points can be found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia (on the island of Gogland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.

Other sights of Estonia

Lahemaa National Park

Founded in 1971. (this is the first national park in the USSR) to protect the unique landscapes of the coast, approximately 50 km from Tallinn. The area of ​​the park is 72.5 thousand hectares (47.4 thousand hectares of land and 25.1 thousand hectares of sea). Many picturesque bays, karst landscapes, areas of old agricultural development. Nõmmeveske waterfall and other interesting objects are located here. Lahemaa is a center of mass tourism and recreation.

Kumu Museum

Art Museum in Tallinn. It is the largest in the Baltic region and one of the largest museums in Northern Europe. This is one of four branches of the Estonian Art Museum.
Kumu features permanent collections and temporary exhibitions. The main collection covers Estonian art from the 18th century, includes works from the Soviet period (1941-1991), and shows both socialist realism and unofficial art. Temporary exhibitions present foreign and Estonian contemporary art.

Tallinn Zoo

Open at 1939. The zoo's collection includes approximately 7,753 individuals of 595 species/subspecies.

Pyukhtitsa Monastery

Orthodox convent Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate.
Founded in 1891. The monastery never closed. Since the 1990s, it has had stauropegial status (a status that makes a monastery, monastery, etc. independent of local diocesan authorities and subordinate directly to the patriarch or synod). Located in the village of Kuremäe (Ida-Viru County, Estonia). Pühtitsa means “holy place” in Estonian.

Soomaa

A national park in Estonia, located in the border western part of Viljandi County. It was created in 1993 to protect wetlands, grasslands and forests. The name of the park means “land of swamps” in Estonian.

Estonian Open Air Museum

This is a life size reconstruction of a rural/fishing village XVIII century., which has a church, an inn, a school, several mills, a fire station, twelve courtyards and sheds for nets. The museum covers an area of ​​72 hectares and includes 72 independent buildings. Located 8 km west of the center of Tallinn. Founded in 1957, represents 68 farmhouses united in twelve farmsteads from the north, south and west of Estonia. Along with individual and group farms, there are old public buildings with the aim of presenting an overview of Estonian national architecture of the last two centuries.

Church of St. Nicholas (Tallinn)

A former Lutheran church, the building of which now houses a museum and concert hall. The church building is located in the Old Town of Tallinn. This temple, named after the patron saint of all sailors - St. Nicholas, was founded by German merchants in XIII century The Niguliste Museum is one of four branches of the Estonian Art Museum.

Estonian History Museum

Was founded by a pharmacist Johann Burchardt VIII(1776-1838), which ran a pharmacy known as the Town Hall Pharmacy (existing until today). In 2011, a major reconstruction was completed at the museum. The historical museum includes Maarjamägi Castle. It was transferred to the museum in 1975 as a branch. The branch's exposition covers the period from early XIX V.

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Tallinn)

Stavropegic Cathedral Orthodox Cathedral Church under the jurisdiction of the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (since May 1945). Located in Tallinn, on the hill of Toompea (Vyshgorod).
Its construction was completed in 1900, the author of the project is architect M. T. Preobrazhensky. Erected in memory of the miraculous salvation of the emperor Alexandra III in a train accident on October 17, 1888.

Kadriorg

Baroque palace and park ensemble in Tallinn. Ekaterinenthal (Katerintal in German means “Katherine Valley”) received its name in honor of spouses of Peter I - Catherine I. Residents of Estonia call this place Kadriorg.
During the Northern War (1700-1721), Estonia was annexed to Russia. Revel capitulated in the fall of 1710, and already in December 1711, Peter I, together with Catherine, visited the city for the first time. The king liked the surroundings of Lasnamägi. From here, from the cliff, there was a view of the city and the harbor under construction. In 1714, Peter bought part of their summer estate from Drenteln's widow into state ownership. The surviving house of this estate was put in order and adapted for the residence of the king. This house is now known as Peter's house. The modest house was convenient for spending the night and viewing the picturesque surroundings, but its modest size and design did not at all correspond to its purpose. The foundation of the new palace and park ensemble began on July 25, 1718 by order of Peter I. A park was laid out near the palace and ponds were dug.

Lake Ülemiste

Lake in the vicinity of Tallinn. It has been the source of drinking water for the city since the 14th century. The lake is home to various species of fish, including eels, which were introduced here in 1986.
According to Estonian legends, Lake Ülemiste arose from the tears of the girl Linda, who, sitting on a boulder, mourned her dead husband Kalev.
The legend about the elder from Ülemist is also widespread. He asks those he meets on his way: “Has Tallinn been completed yet?” If someone answers that they have completed the construction, then, according to legend, Lake Ülemiste will flood the city. For this reason, construction in Tallinn should not stop.

Naissaar Island

An island in the Gulf of Finland northwest of Tallinn. Due to the strategic position of the island on the approach to Tallinn, fortifications were built on it from XVIII century., and in 1911 the island was turned into a “land dreadnought”, covering the Tallinn raid with its guns.
Before the Second World War, a commune of Estonian Swedes lived on the island, and during the period of Soviet rule there was a military base; civilians were not allowed on it. The base on the island has now been disbanded and can be visited to view the remains of military installations and large number shells of sea mines

Tallinn Botanical Garden

It was founded on December 1, 1961 in Kloostrimetsa as an institute of the Academy of Sciences. In 1992 Tallinn Botanical Garden joined the Association of Botanical Gardens of the Baltic Countries and in 1994 International organization nature conservation botanical gardens. The following exhibitions are presented in the garden: “Tropical House”, “Tropics”, “Subtropics”, “Desert”, “Roses”, “Tulips”, “Rhododendrons”, “Alpinarium”, “ Mixed forest", "Coniferous forest".

Monastery of Saint Birgitta

Former Catholic monastery in Tallinn. The church was built in 1436 The building was a typical medieval sacral building in the late Gothic style. The complex was destroyed in 1575 during the Livonian War. Only the western pediment of the monastery church, 35 m high, has survived, as well as fragments of the side walls.
The uniqueness of this convent was that male priests were allowed to live and conduct services in it. The monastic community did not exceed 85 people - 60 sisters and 25 brothers.
Currently, the ancient ruins of the monastery have turned into a unique attraction and a wonderful place to relax. The object is a historical architectural monument. Surrounded by majestic ruins and picturesque nature, open-air concerts are held and Monastery Day is celebrated annually, accompanied by a fair. There are excursions on the territory of the ruins of the complex.

Narva Castle

Medieval castle in the Estonian city of Narva on the banks of the Narva River, founded by the Danes in XIII century. During its history, the castle belonged to Denmark, Livonian Order, Russia, Sweden and Estonia. During World War II it was heavily damaged. Today the castle has been restored and houses the Narva Museum.
Opposite Herman's Castle, on the other bank of the Narova River, is the Russian Ivangorod Fortress.

Jägala Waterfall

This is a waterfall on the river of the same name. The height of the waterfall is about 8 m and the width is about 50 m.

Karula National Park

Created to protect and present the hilly landscapes rich in forests and lakes that are characteristic of Southern Estonia, as well as to protect and present the local culture. It was established in 1979, first as a nature reserve, and in 1993 it was transformed into a national park. In ancient times, during the retreat of the continental glacier, numerous lakes were formed at the foot of the Karula Hills - 38 of them are located in the park. The largest of the local lakes is Jahijärv(176 ha), and the deepest - Savijarv(18 m).

Valaste Waterfall

The highest waterfall in Estonia (height 30.5 m) and the Baltic countries. In 1996, the commission of the Academy of Sciences declared it a natural heritage and national symbol Estonia. The waterfall was created by an artificial channel, organized to drain excess water from the fields. Water falls from a cliff consisting of sandstone and ancient Silurian limestones. In cold winters the waterfall freezes.
Valaste is one of the most popular and most visited waterfalls in Estonia. An observation platform was built for them.

Vilsandi National Park

It includes part of the island of Vilsandi, a number of small islands to the west of the island of Saaremaa, as well as the Harilaid peninsula of the island of Saaremaa.
Was founded in 1910. Its area is 237.6 km². The climate is maritime. Vilsandi is home to 247 species of birds and about 80 species of fish.

Matsalu National Park

Whooper swan

Founded in 1957. on the basis of an ornithological reserve and a hunting educational and experimental farm (initially as a reserve) for the protection of natural complexes and a diverse fauna of birds (about 280 species, including over 160 nesting ones). Ornithological research in the modern territory of the park has been carried out since 1870. The fauna of the park includes 280 species of birds, 49 species of fish, 47 species of mammals and 772 species of vascular plants. One of the most important migration routes for migratory birds passes here. Waterfowl and wading birds are especially numerous in the reserve. Whooper swan, northern ducks and waders are on the fly. Mute swan and gray goose nest in the reeds, and drakes of mallards and red-headed ducks molt. Ducks and many waders make their nests in grassy meadows. Eiders, tufted ducks, shelducks, mergansers, scoters, gulls and terns nest on the islands.

Kassari

Island in western Estonia. There is an Estonian cultural heritage site on the island, Kassari Chapel, created in XVIII century. It is the only functioning chapel made of stone and with a thatched roof. The building was built in the form of a tower, in the Gothic style.

Haapsalu Castle

Episcopal castle with cathedral, located in the center of the city of Haapsalu in western Estonia. Was founded in XIII century as the center of the Ezel-Vik bishopric. By existing legend, during the August full moon, the image of the White Lady appears on the inner wall of the chapel.

Lake Pyhajärv (Holy Lake)

It is considered one of the most beautiful lakes in Estonia.

Tourism in Estonia

In addition to visiting the country's attractions, you can enjoy active recreation in Estonia: on foot and cycling, skydiving, windsurfing, rafting, sailing, geocaching, go-karting, golf, bowling, paintball, visit attractions, and in winter ride skiing And snowboarding, on sleigh And skating.

History of Estonia

Ancient Estonia

Life on the territory of modern Estonia became possible after the glacier retreated around 12 thousand years back. In the 1st millennium BC. e. The population of what is now Estonia switches to a sedentary lifestyle and builds the first fortified settlements. This period (1st – beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) is known in archeology as the culture of stone burial grounds.

In the picture: Bronze Age stone burial grounds in northern Estonia

Middle Ages

The first mentions of the cities of Tartu (Yuryev, Dorpat) and Tallinn (Kolyvan, Lidna, Lindanise, Reval) appeared in XI And XII century IN 1116 g. Novgorodians took the city of Bear's Head (modern Otepya). At first XII century. The Livonian Crusade began, which spread to the lands of Chud (Estonia): in 1202 g. Its conquest by the crusaders began. Only in 1211 g. Chud defeated the crusaders on the Yumera River. IN 1212 According to the Novgorod Chronicle, Prince Mstislav made two successful campaigns against Chud, capturing a large number of cattle in the first, and in the second he conquered the city of Bear's Head without an assault.

Danish Estonia. Warband

IN 1219-1220 As a result of the Danish Crusade, modern northern Estonia was captured by the Danes, but as a result of the uprising of 1223, it was liberated from the crusaders and Danes. An alliance was concluded with the Novgorodians and Pskovians. By 1227, the German knighthood managed to take possession of the entire territory of modern Estonia. In the XIV century. Estonia belonged to the Teutonic Order. At the beginning of the 16th century. Serfdom was finally established in Estonia. It was divided between Denmark, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Sweden as a result of the Livonian War (1558-1583 ).

Swedish Estonia

IN 1570 on the lands of the Livonian Confederation the king Ivan IV the Terrible created Livonian Kingdom led by the Danish prince, Duke Magnus, a vassal of the Russian kingdom. During the Livonian War, Russian troops approached the walls of Revel twice: in 1570 and 1577, but both times the siege ended in nothing. At first XVII century the struggle for the Baltic states between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth continued, and under the terms of the Altmark Truce that ended it 1629 The entire Duchy of Livonia (including modern southern Estonia and northern Latvia) went to Sweden. After defeat in the war of 1643-1645. Denmark ceded control of Ösel, and Sweden took possession of the entire modern territory of Estonia. To end XVII century Sweden retained its position in Estland.

Estonia as part of the Russian Empire (1721-1918)

At first XVIII century the interests of the Russian Empire in the Baltic region collided with the interests of Sweden. The Northern War (1700-1721) ended with the capitulation of Sweden and the annexation of Estland and Livonia (Latvia) to the Russian Empire in 1710, which was officially consolidated Treaty of Nystadt 1721 On the territory of modern northern Estonia, the Revel Governorate was formed (since 1783, the Estonian Governorate), and modern southern Estonia, together with modern northern Latvia, formed Livland province. After the annexation of the Estonian lands to the Russian Empire, Peter I restored the rights of the German aristocracy that it had lost under Swedish rule. By the end XVIII century more than half of the Estonian population of the province could read. In 1802, the University of Dorpat, founded in 1632, was reopened, closed during the Northern War. In the same year, a reform was carried out that softened serfdom, ensured the property rights of peasants to movable property and created courts to resolve peasant issues. The abolition of serfdom in 1816 was an important step towards the liberation of Estonian peasants from German dependence, but several more decades passed before they received the right to acquire land ownership.
IN 1914 140 career officers of Estonian nationality served in the ranks of the Russian army; about one hundred thousand Estonians took part in the battles of the First World War, and 2 thousand of them received officer ranks.

Estonia under German occupation

25 February 1918 German troops entered Revel, and by March 4, all Estonian lands were completely occupied by the Germans and included in the Region High Command all German armed forces in the East.
By Peace to Brest The RSFSR renounced its rights to the German-occupied Baltic regions. The German occupation authorities did not recognize the independence of Estonia and established a military occupation regime in the region, under which officers of the German army or Baltic Germans were appointed to key administrative positions. A military governorate was established in the occupied territory.

War for independence

Estonian War of Independence during 1918-1920. Estonian and Western historians also call it the “War of Liberation”. The defeat of Germany in the First World War put on the agenda the issue of evacuating German troops from the occupied eastern lands. In 1918, units of the Soviet 7th Army, including the Red Estonian regiments, occupied Narva, where on the same day the Estonian Labor Commune was proclaimed. The Soviet offensive also developed from the southeast, from Pskov. In the territory occupied by the Red Army, decrees of the Soviet government began to apply. But January 7 1919. Estonian troops, reinforced by Russian White Guards and Finnish volunteers, and with the active support of the English squadron, went on the offensive in the Narva direction, and a little later - in the Pskov direction. Units of the Red Army and detachments of the Estonian Labor Commune were driven out of Estonia.
February 2 1920 between the RSFSR and the Republic of Estonia was concluded Yuriev Peace Treaty, which both sides officially recognized each other. The border between the two countries was delimited. As a result, Estonia became part of a fairly vast territory with a predominance of the Russian population. These were mainly the areas of the Pechora region, the Chud region and the territory east of the Narva River. According to the current official position of Estonia, the Tartu Peace Treaty did not lose legal force in 1940 with the cessation of the existence of the Republic of Estonia as an independent state, since Estonia’s entry into the USSR in modern Estonia is officially interpreted as occupation. But the RSFSR became the first state to legally recognize the Republic of Estonia. And here's what he wrote former minister Provisional Government of Russia Guchkov Churchill: “Massive evictions of Russian citizens are being carried out from Estonia without explanation and even without warning... Russian people in these provinces are powerless, defenseless and helpless. The peoples and governments of the young Baltic states are completely intoxicated with wine national independence and political freedom."
Political life from 1920 to 1934 was characterized in Estonia by a multi-party system, an extravaganza of party struggle in parliament and rapidly changing governments (23 governments were replaced in 14 years).

1934 coup d'etat

March 12 1934.K. Päts together with J. Laidoner, who again led the Estonian army, carried out a coup d'etat. As a result of the military coup it was established authoritarian rule and a state of emergency was declared. A period called "the era of silence". In accordance with the new constitution, the head of state became the president, elected for 6 years (K. Päts). In 1938, “idler camps” were created - forced labor camps for the unemployed. There was a prison regime, a 12-hour working day and punishment with canings. All those “staggering without work or means of subsistence” were imprisoned in “camps for idlers” for a period of 6 months to 3 years.

Accession of Estonia to the USSR

In March 1939. The USSR negotiated with England and France, understanding the real danger of the impending war. The USSR proposed measures to jointly prevent Italian-German aggression against European countries and put forward the following provisions on April 17, 1939, obliging (USSR, England and France): to provide all kinds of assistance, including military, to the Eastern European countries located between the Baltic and Black Sea seas and bordering the Soviet Union; conclude for a period of 5-10 years an agreement on mutual assistance, including military assistance, in the event of aggression in Europe against any of the contracting states (USSR, England and France. After the Soviet leadership recognized the failure of negotiations with England and France, the USSR began negotiations with Germany.

August 23 1939 A non-aggression pact was concluded between Germany and the Soviet Union ( Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). According to the secret additional protocol on the delimitation of spheres of mutual interests in Eastern Europe in the event of “territorial and political reorganization,” it was envisaged that Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Eastern Poland and Bessarabia would be included in the sphere of interests of the USSR.

The Second World War

A significant part of Estonians perceived the arrival of the German army as liberation from the Soviet yoke and enthusiastically supported the occupation authorities. A collaborationist organization was created "Omakaitse"(“Self-Defense”), which collaborated with the German occupation regime. Members of Omakaitse, the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, as well as police battalions participated in battles with partisans, executions of civilians, robberies, the destruction of entire villages in Belarus and the mass deportation of civilians to Germany. Soviet troops liberated Estonia in 1944., and power in Tallinn passed into the hands of the government of the Estonian SSR, which returned from evacuation.

Estonia within the USSR

September 29 1960 The Council of Europe adopted a resolution condemning the military occupation of the Baltic countries by the USSR. From that time on, anti-Soviet demonstrations began, including youth ones. During Gorbachev's perestroika, protests against the system became open and frequent. November 16 1988. The Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR declared the sovereignty of Estonia.

Independence of Estonia

January 12 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin made a visit to Tallinn, during which he signed with the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia Arnold Ruutel Agreement on the fundamentals of interstate relations between the RSFSR and the Republic of Estonia. In Article I of the Treaty, the parties recognized each other as independent states. 6 September 1991. The State Council of the USSR officially recognized the independence of Estonia.

Estonia is a maritime country in northern Europe. Its territory is almost half occupied by forests, and the total number of islands is more than two thousand. Tourism is well developed in Estonia. This is facilitated not only by the amazing nature, but also by the unique cultural heritage.

There are many national parks, where visitors have the opportunity to independently observe the animal world. Most reserves are ready to provide their guests with various types of recreation, depending on their preferences. For family vacation Comfortable hotels are better suited, while lovers of adventure will enjoy tent camping.

History and architecture lovers will love the beautiful winding streets, castles and palaces of the Old Town. In particular, such as Glen Castle, Maarjamägi and Toompea castles, as well as Tallinn Town Hall. Traditionally, handmade linen and knitted items, colored glass items, as well as Kalev chocolate and the famous Old Tallinn liqueur are brought from Estonia as souvenirs.

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What to see in Estonia?

The most interesting and beautiful places, photographs and brief descriptions.

Tallinn's Old Town is the real heart of the capital. Thanks to its perfectly preserved medieval buildings, the historical center is included in the UNESCO list. Particularly noteworthy are the Town Hall Square and the Kiek in de Kök tower, which has now been turned into a museum.

Lahemaa Park is located on the northern coast of Estonia, an hour's drive from Tallinn. The park with a total area of ​​72.5 thousand hectares offers its visitors exciting walking or cycling trips. And those who like to camp with tents will find several equipped tent sites in Lahemaa Park.

Jägala Waterfall is located near the Gulf of Finland. The height of the waterfall is approximately 8 meters and the width is about 50 meters. The waterfall is especially beautiful during strong winter frosts, when water freezes to form a huge wall of ice.

Narva Castle was built at the end of the 8th century and served as the residence of the viceroy of the King of Denmark. Today, the Narva Fortress is one of the best examples of defensive structures in Estonia at that time. There is a museum and various craft workshops here.

The first nature reserve created in Estonia is Vilsandi Park. It is made up of islands and reefs and is popular primarily for its numerous bird populations. The park's tourist center is located in an old barn, and the former landowner's house has been converted into a hotel, which adds historical flavor to the place.

Since 1999, the underground galleries, which were formed as a result of the development of sandy deposits of the Piusa River, have become a nature reserve. This attraction can only be seen with a guide. The Piusa Caves are the largest wintering site for bats in Eastern Europe.

Very nice and equipped sand beach is just a 15-minute walk from the center of Pärnu, the summer capital of Estonia. The beach is surrounded by parks that perfectly protect vacationers from cold winds. There is also free parking, shops, hotels and various attractions for children.

One of the oldest operating lighthouses in Estonia is located on the island of Hiiumaa. This majestic structure is not located on the shore itself, but on a hill in the nearby forest. At the Kõpu lighthouse there is Observation deck, which offers beautiful views of the sea and coastal landscape.

Located in western Estonia, Matsalu National Park is one of Europe's best birdwatching destinations. A sightseeing tour of the reserve can be done by bicycle, boat or on foot. There is also a hotel for visitors.

One of the most popular man-made parks in Estonia is Kadriorg. It was founded by Nicolo Michetti back in 1719. The Swan Pond is one of the most popular attractions in the park, and the former palace buildings now occupy the restoration rooms of the Estonian Art Museum.

The island of Saaremaa is famous for its meteorite field. The largest crater caused by a meteorite is 110 meters in diameter and is in eighth place in the ranking of meteorite craters on the planet. Best time to visit these places - July or August.

The island of Kihnu is one of the most memorable places in Estonia. This small island with an area of ​​16.4 km² is inhabited by the descendants of seal hunters, whose distinctive culture is protected by UNESCO. The best time to visit the island of Kihnu is on Midsummer's Day, Christmas or St. Valentine's Day. Catherine.

This park, located in southwestern Estonia, was created in 1993 to protect rivers, forested swamps and water meadows. Thanks to the unique microclimate, there is a so-called “fifth season” - the period of spring floods. Particularly popular hiking trails are Riisa, Kuuraniidu, Ingatsi, and the Beaver Trail.

Not far from Kopli Bay, a 15-minute drive from Tallinn, is the Estonian Open Air Museum Rocca al Mare. 14 museum households will tell and show visitors how Estonian families of different incomes lived in the 18th-20th centuries. Some items made by local artisans are available for purchase.

The resort town of Narva-Jõesuu, the easternmost settlement in Estonia, is famous for its Hermann Fortress, a perfectly preserved castle with beautiful views from its walls. Two kilometers from Narva-Jõesuu there is the only official nudist beach.

The only functioning Orthodox convent in Estonia is located in the village of Kuremäe. It was founded in 1891 and has not stopped its activities since then. This beautiful place is famous for its healing water. Here you can also stay for several days in monastic cells and take part in the daily life of the monastery.

A very beautiful building built over 100 years ago, Taagepera Castle is one of the most popular places for wedding ceremonies. There is a hotel and restaurant here, and the quiet location is conducive to leisurely relaxation.

The coastal cliff of Väike-Taevaskoda and the cliff of Suur-Taevaskoda are located in the valley of the Ahja River in southern Estonia and are a very visited place in this country. Hiking trails and equipped picnic sites will make a walk along the river simply unforgettable.

Valaste Waterfall is considered a natural heritage and national symbol of Estonia. This is the highest Estonian waterfall, which locals nicknamed the Red Tail for the special shade that the water takes on in spring. There is a convenient observation deck here.

A wonderful view awaits visitors to Suur Munamägi, the highest Baltic peak. The observation tower offers a truly beautiful view of the hills and forests of Estonia. After reconstruction in 2005, the Suur-Munamägi observation tower was equipped with an elevator for greater comfort for visitors.

The town of Kuressaare is famous for its perfectly preserved medieval castle. Since the 14th century, the castle was the residence of the Bishop of Saare-Läänema, for which it received its name. This impressive structure houses an art gallery, a museum and several workshops, and the castle's water moat is surrounded by green space.

27.08.2010 09:32

National flag of Estonia

The state flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. The top stripe is blue, the middle stripe is black and the bottom stripe is white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, standard size flag - 105 by 165 centimeters.

The blue-black-white flag was first consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In subsequent decades, the blue-black-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first resolution on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the provisional government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.

Estonian national colors reappeared openly in 1987-1988, when the movement for the liberation and restoration of Estonian independence began. The tricolor was again raised over the Long Herman Tower on February 24, 1989, and by law adopted in August 1990, it was decided to begin using the blue-black-white flag again as the state flag. The Estonian Flag Law was proclaimed on April 5, 2005.

National emblem of Estonia

The state coat of arms of Estonia exists in two formats: the large state coat of arms (shown in the illustration) and the small state coat of arms. The large state coat of arms on a golden shield depicts three blue lions walking with their gaze fixed on the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, intersecting at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but it lacks oak branches.

The motif of the Estonian state coat of arms dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estonian province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.

The Riigikogu approved the Estonian state coat of arms on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the previous coat of arms was prohibited. The historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again adopted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was proclaimed on July 3, 2001.

National anthem of Estonia

National Anthem of Estonia, MP3 (3.2 MB; 256kbps)
Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (“Fatherland, my happiness and my joy”) music – Fredrik Paciuslova – Johann Voldemar Jannsen

1.Fatherland, my happiness and joy,
How beautiful you are!
I'll never find
all over the world,
what would be nicer than you,
my homeland!

2.You gave me life,
and raised me!
I will forever be grateful to you
and faithful until the hour of death!
You are the dearest to me
my dear fatherland!

3. May the Lord bless you,
my dear fatherland!
May he be your protector
and bless you
in all your deeds,
my dear fatherland!

The national anthem of the Republic of Estonia is the chorale “Fatherland, my happiness and my joy”, created in 1848 by the Finnish composer of German origin Fredrik Pacius. The Estonian text was written by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. The work was first performed at the first Song Festival in 1869. The popularity of the melody grew along with the growth of the national movement and national consciousness. In Finland it was initially a well-known student song, but it soon began to be performed in wider circles. When Estonia and Finland gained independence after the First World War, this melody became the national anthem in both countries, but sung at different tempos and with different lyrics.

During the Soviet occupation of Estonia, this melody was strictly prohibited. The performance of the anthem entailed severe repression, but the melody was not forgotten. Along with the restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991, the Estonian national anthem was also revived.

The Baltic Sea is a sea that is located in northern Europe and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Its largest bays are the Bothnian, Finnish, Curonian and Riga bays. The average water temperature of the Baltic Sea in summer is fifteen to seventeen degrees Celsius. The sea washes the shores of large European countries, including Poland, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Estonia.

Large Estonian cities and ports are located near the sea. They supply seafood and fish to other Estonian localities. This area is inhabited by herring, roach, perch, silver bream, ide, bream, dace, pike, pike perch, and eel. Most of the local population works in enterprises related to the fishing industry. The total area of ​​the Baltic Sea is estimated at three hundred eighty-six thousand square kilometers. Its depth varies from forty to one hundred meters. The sea has the Landsort depression, the depth of which is four hundred and fifty-nine meters. The period of complete renewal of sea waters is approximately thirty years.

Toompea Castle

Toompea Castle is the personification of the ruling power in Estonia; now the Parliament is located here, and one of the towers is crowned with the country's national flag. The place was built in the Middle Ages on the slope of the Toompea hill, at an altitude of about 50 meters above sea level. The walls of the fortress are decorated with majestic towers, the most important of which is an observation tower 48 meters high - called Lange Hermann or " Long Warrior". Several centuries ago it was customary to call the most powerful towers of any fortress this way. It was the “Long Warrior” that received the honor of “carrying” the Estonian flag.

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Latin Quarter

Tallinn's Latin Quarter is located between Vene Street and the defensive medieval wall. It was here in 1246 that the monks of the Dominican order founded their monastery. In the majestic Church of St. Catherine, they held services in Latin, and subsequently opened the first school in the Lower City. Catholic monks enjoyed the respect of the townspeople, but were expelled from Tallinn with the advent of the Reformation.

Today, only the walls remain of the Dominican monastery, and most Its territory is occupied by Katarina kä ik street (St. Catherine's Lane), which is also called the Street of Masters. Hatters, tailors, jewelers and other craftsmen work here. They make ceramics and stained glass paintings, sew leather bags, blowing colorful glass. They immediately sell all this to tourists.

In addition, on Vene Street there is the only Catholic church in the city, the St. Nicholas Orthodox Church, the Gothic Bremen Tower and residential buildings of different eras - from the 14th to the 20th centuries.

The Dome Cathedral or Church of the Virgin Mary was founded at the beginning of the thirteenth century and consecrated in 1240 as Cathedral. Today it is one of the oldest churches in Tallinn. The cathedral has undergone several reconstructions. The first took place in the thirteenth century, then renovations were carried out in the fourteenth century and then several times later. In 1878, a modern organ was installed in the church.

As a result of all construction manipulations, the cathedral combines different architectural styles. For example, its tower belongs to the Baroque, and the chapels added later belong to more modern styles.

The cathedral houses the relics of famous people of bygone times. In addition, various noble coats of arms and epitaphs written in different centuries are kept here.

Today in the Dome Cathedral you can listen to organ music and enjoy the stunning acoustics of the room.

Tallinn Airport

Tallinn Lennart Meri Airport is the main international airport in Estonia. It is the main base of the national airline Estonian Air, as well as an additional building of the Latvian airline Airbaltic. The airport is located 5 kilometers from the city center. Its runway, which includes eight gates and four taxiways, is 3,070 meters long and 45 meters wide.

Tallinn Airport serves mainly small aircraft such as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737, but is also capable of handling fairly bulky aircraft such as the Boeing 747. The largest aircraft that landed at this airport in April 2009 was the An-124. According to statistics for 2011, the airport served 1,913,172 passengers. From 2007 to 2008, a large-scale reconstruction of the passenger terminal was carried out here, which significantly increased the airport's capacity.

Now Tallinn Airport is managed by the Estonian joint stock company Tallinn Lenujam.

On the occasion of the 80th birthday of Estonian President Lennart Meri, in March 2009, Tallinn Airport was named after him.

Tallinn Zoo

The Tallinn Zoo was founded in 1939. Today the collection includes more than 350 species of animals living on 89 hectares.

The zoo's exhibits include: Alpine, Central Asian, South American, Arctic. Separate exhibitions include large groups of animals: elephants, kangaroos, lions, seals, leopards, as well as pheasants, waterfowl and birds of prey.

The zoo is especially proud of the rare northern latitudes collection “Tropical House”: the inhabitants were settled here tropical jungle. The so-called children's zoo is located separately - an area where the young local inhabitants live.

St. Olaf's Church

The spire of St. Olav's Church is visible from afar and is considered one of the symbols of the Estonian capital. In medieval times, the building was considered the tallest in the world and its height reached 159 meters.

However, fires and lightning did not spare the church. Now it is 123.7 meters high. The church received its name in honor of King Olav II Haraldsson of Norway, however local residents I prefer the other version. According to legend, when it was decided to build a temple, there was one architect in the city, he agreed to do all the work for free if people guessed his name. No one knew the mysterious architect, and the cunning townspeople sent a “spy” to his house, who overheard the name of the master. As he climbed the spire and set up the cross, someone from below called out to him by the name of “Olaf.” The architect turned around, could not resist and fell down. In Estonian style, the name of the church is pronounced Oleviste.

St. Olaf's Church is a Baptist church, the first mention of which dates back to the mid-thirteenth century.

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Tallinn Town Hall

The Gothic town hall building is the only one of its kind preserved in Northern Europe. The first mention of it dates back to 1322, when it was a one-story high limestone structure.

The Town Hall changed its original appearance and became a more substantial building in the fifteenth century, when Reval (the old name of Tallinn) experienced its heyday. At this time, the town hall was expanded, it had a second floor with halls for ceremonies, as well as a tower. In this form, it has survived to this day, demonstrating the talent of the stone craftsmen of that time and the refined taste of foreign architects.

Later, a weather vane appeared at the town hall, which was popularly nicknamed “Old Thomas”. And in the middle of the seventeenth century, the building was decorated with drainage systems made in the shape of dragon heads.

In 2004, one of Tallinn's main attractions celebrated its 600th birthday.

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There are not many European countries that are comfortable to travel to by car, and even from a large part of our vast country. The concept of “comfortable” for me in this case does not exceed 1000 km. Of course, you can drive two or three thousand, and we even practiced this, but such runs already entail a certain discomfort and fatigue for the driver and passengers.

So Estonia for children is just that country, the journey to which from the central part of Russia will be about 1000 km, and from the western part even less. I'm not even talking about residents of Pskov or the Leningrad region who go to Estonia on weekends as if they were going to their dacha.

If you are lucky enough to come to this now European country by car, then you need to use this advantage to the fullest. And if you have children with you, then go straight to South Estonia, because the Pocks live there!

1. Pokumaa, or Poki Country

This place was created based on the books of Edgar Walter, children's writer and illustrator. Many people remember his illustrations for Eno Raud’s book “Sipsik” - the image of a boy doll in a striped overalls, with a smile from ear to ear, still remains the most successful. Pocky is the literary embodiment of the fantasies of Edgar Walter. That’s what he called the revived swamp hummocks, who lived quietly and peacefully in the swamp, not bothering anyone, but the swamp was drained, and the Poks had to hit the road in search of a new home. So they met the kind old man Peck with the dog Ega and began to live together. The author also drew illustrations for Poka himself.

Pokumaa is very nice in the summer. In the main house, you can immediately change into Pokov and walk everywhere, pretending to be a swamp. There will always be interesting things in the house, there is even a secret staircase there, and it leads to the playroom. In the large hall you can attend a master class and make your own little Poku. There is also an exhibition of paintings by Edgar Walter. A very fabulous place, for now!

Pokumaa is not limited to just Pokudom, there are plenty of places to go for a walk. In a small hut they bake pancakes and serve Estonian national milk drinks such as muesli and yogurt. There is a bathhouse nearby. We were not offered to take a steam bath in it, but we could go inside and see how everything worked there. There are also nature trails that Estonians love. And many, many strawberries!

Website: http://www.lennundusmuuseum.ee/index.php?lang=3
Address: Lange, Haaslava vald 62115 Tartumaa. 58°17’16.5”, 26°45’51.01”.
Ticket price: adult - 7 euros; children - 3 euros (from 7 to 17 years old)

4. Agricultural Museum

This doesn’t sound particularly exciting, of course, but the place is really interesting. It looks more like a farm, consisting of a complex of buildings - cowsheds, barns of all kinds. Everything is very well-groomed, even licked, in general, as is customary among Estonians. Each pavilion is dedicated to a particular topic - beekeeping, plant growing, poultry farming, growing and using flax, cattle breeding... Peasant household items are also there. There is a farm with sheep, cows and pigs. There is also a stable. And an exhibition of agricultural machinery on the street. Everything can be touched, twisted, turned. You can also show your child how wheat is grown and what needs to be done with it to make bread. How fabric is made from flax, and what egg scales look like. Overall, we liked it. At the same time, we enlightened the children on some issues. Now they know that bread doesn't grow on trees.

Website: http://www.epm.ee/ru/
Address: Pargi 4, Ülenurme, Tartumaa
Ticket price: adult - 4 euros; children - 2 euros; family - 8 euros

5. Elistvere Forest Zoo.

This zoo was created as a nursery for nursing sick forest animals. It is located right in the forest, on the site of the Elistvere manor park. You won’t find anything exotic here, but you will definitely be able to see bears, lynx, deer and moose in their usual habitat. The place is very conducive to leisurely walks, admiring nature and quaint wooden and stone benches scattered here and there. I love Elistvere very much, especially in autumn.

Website: http://www.rmk.ee/temq/otdqhajushemu-na-prirode/lesnoi-zoopark-elistvere
Address: Elistvere, Tabivere parish, Jõgeva county 49103
Ticket prices: adult - 3.20 euros; children (7-17 years old) - 1.60 euros; children (3-7 years) - 1.00 euros; family – 6.40 euros

6. Alatskivi Castle

A picturesque castle in the neo-Gothic style, which began to be built in the 16th century, but was later rebuilt. The castle houses an exhibition dedicated to the life and work of Edward Tubina, a famous Estonian composer, according to the guidebook. The place is beautiful, the nature is beautiful, there is also an exhibition of wax figures in the basement. Information for romantics - one wing of the castle is used as a hotel and restaurant, and visitors are always welcome there.

Website: http://www.alatskiviloss.ee/rus/
Address: Alatskivi parish, 60201, Tartu county
Ticket price: adult - 5 euros; children - 3 euros; family - 10 euros

7. Ice Age Center

An excellent museum, designed in a modern interactive format. There is a very unique little room downstairs. With a rock painting board and a large sandbox for archaeological excavations. Very original and therefore interesting. In the museum itself you will be greeted by a mammoth and Saber-toothed tiger, very impressive. Next is a series of educational and entertaining exhibitions and the attraction that we liked the most - Kalevipoeg, the Estonian mythical hero, throws stones as far as possible, this is how he fights evil spirits. The museum itself is interesting, but it is also located in a very picturesque place - on the shore of Lake Saadjärv, there is even a National Geographic frame nearby. In the summer, those interested can take a raft ride on Lake Saadjärv, accompanied by museum guides.