The main parts of ak 47 and their purpose. All Kalashnikov assault rifles and their performance characteristics. Bolt carrier with gas piston
Home hallmark The appearance of "AN-94" is the widespread use of plastics (glass-filled, reinforced polyamide). The stock in the classical sense is replaced here with a carriage-type casing, inside which a firing unit moves along metal guides, consisting of a barrel connected to the receiver. Inside the box are a bolt carrier with an unusually short bolt and a trigger. The trigger mechanism is integrated with the pistol grip and, if necessary, can be easily disconnected from the general operating mechanism. What at first glance seems to be a gas tube with an unusual placement under the barrel, in fact, is a guide lever that supports the barrel when it rolls back according to the principle artillery piece. A regular 40-mm GP-25 grenade launcher is also mounted here with an adapter. It is also noteworthy that the bayonet-knife is not attached in the lower position, like in AK, but on the right side. This is done for reasons of ensuring the simultaneous attachment of both a grenade launcher and a bayonet-knife. In other designs, before installing a grenade launcher, you must make sure that the bayonet is removed. Seconds that are precious to a fighter’s life can be spent on this in battle. In addition, the horizontal position provides greater, compared with the vertical, penetrating power into the intercostal space. In this position, a bayonet-knife can be used not only for stabbing, but also for lateral cutting blows. As for the gas tube, it, as well as the entire firing unit, together with the box, are placed inside the casing. When firing in the casing of the machine, two main movements occur:
- rollback of the barrel connected to the box and
- reciprocating movement of the bolt group.
At the same time, the shutter does not “overrun” the store, as happens in all types of automatic weapons. The design of the machine allows you to supply ammunition in two steps - preliminary removal from the magazine when the frame moves back and chambering into the chamber when it rolls forward after locking the chamber by turning the sliding bolt. In this case, the stroke length of the frame with the shutter barely exceeds the length of the used cartridge. This is another significant difference from the known shooting systems, where the rollback of the bolt group is limited by almost the length of the receiver. In addition, there is a shock absorber and a buffer inside the casing, which not only effectively dampen the impact of the rolling firing unit against the rear wall of the box, but also set an additional accelerating impulse to return it to its original position. All this is calculated to ensure a high rate of fire.
And here we come to the main advantage of Nikonov's sample! The machine has three modes of fire: single, short burst with a cut-off of two shots and automatic. But this is not the main thing. And the main thing is that the machine in the short burst mode of two shots and the first two shots of fully automatic fire gives 1800 (!) Rounds per minute at a high rate. When firing with automatic fire, the weapon independently, without additional manipulations, goes into a normal rate of 600 rounds per minute, i.e. the rate of fire of the Kalashnikov assault rifle. And such a cycle is repeated each time the next time the shutter is pressed. Considering that during operation the firing unit rolls back, during the rollback time the machine has time to make two cycles at a high rate and only after both bullets have left the barrel, it reaches its extreme rear point, hits the buffer and the shooter feels the summed recoil momentum of the first shots . The offset of the recoil momentum significantly increases the accuracy of shooting and the probability of hitting the target.
I often have to shoot from different types of new automatic weapons, and when I first took the Abakan into my hands, Nikonov warned me not to “prop up” the weapon with my shoulder, which is sometimes used to compensate for recoil. He said that from such compensation, although the shots were heaped, they fell below the target. And he was right. Surprisingly, Nikonov practically does not feel the recoil momentum! Shooters are well aware of the effect of "bullying" the barrel when firing in long bursts. Here, however, such a phenomenon is practically non-existent. And the point is not only that the design uses an unusually successful two-chamber muzzle brake, which received the name “snail” among Izhmashevsky designers. As we noted above, in all firing modes, the bolt does not run over the magazine. This prevents the firing unit from hitting the rear wall at a normal pace (600 rounds per minute). As a result, the Nikonov surpasses the Kalashnikov by one and a half times in terms of accuracy, and the American M16A2 automatic rifle by 0.5 times. And this despite the fact that, according to objective data, the 5.56 x 45 mm HATO cartridge itself has better accuracy in terms of accuracy than our 5.45 x 39. Thus, Nikonov created such a weapon that, with already existing model cartridge, solely due to its more advanced design, has achieved a sharp improvement in the quality of shooting.
If in 1974 the state made expenses on the development and implementation of the whole “cartridge + weapon” complex, now these expenses have been at least halved. This is the economic contribution of Gennady Nikonov to the treasury of the Fatherland.
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Tactical and technical characteristics |
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Introduction
The 5.45-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle is an individual weapon and is designed to destroy enemy manpower. To defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat, a bayonet-knife is attached to the machine gun. For shooting and observation in conditions of natural night illumination, the AK-74N, AKS-74N assault rifles are equipped with a universal night shooting sight (NSPU).
An additional letter at the abbreviated name of the machine means: "H" - with a night sight; "C" - with a folding butt.
For firing from a machine gun, cartridges with ordinary (with a steel core) and tracer bullets are used.
Automatic or single fire is carried out from the machine gun. Automatic fire is the main type of fire: it is short (up to 5 shots) and long - up to 10 shots, in bursts and continuously. The supply of cartridges during firing is made from a box magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds.
Question number 1. The performance characteristics of the AK-74 assault rifle
Ballistic and structural data of the 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK-74 and AKS-74) and the 5.45 mm cartridge for it are shown in Table 1.
Beginning of table 1
Tactical and technical characteristics of the AK-74 assault rifle
End of table 1
| No. p / p | Name of data | Data value |
| Range to which the lethal effect of the bullet is maintained, m | ||
| Sighting range bullet flight, m | ||
| Machine weight, kg: - with empty plastic magazine - with equipped plastic magazine | 3,3 3,6 | |
| Magazine capacity, cartridges | ||
| Plastic magazine weight, kg | 0,23 | |
| Caliber, mm | 5,45 | |
| The length of the machine, mm: - with attached bayonet-knife and folded butt - without bayonet-knife and folded butt - with folded butt | ||
| Barrel length, mm | ||
| The length of the rifled part of the barrel, mm | ||
| Number of grooves, pcs. | ||
| Sighting line length, mm | ||
| Cartridge weight, g | 10,2 | |
| Bullet weight with steel core, g | 3,4 | |
| Powder charge weight, g | 1,45 |
Conclusion: in this issue, the ballistic and design data of the 5.45-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle were considered.
Question number 2. The device and purpose of the main elements of the AK-74 assault rifle
The device of the Kalashnikov assault rifle AK-74
The main parts and mechanisms of the machine and its accessories are shown in fig. one.
Rice. 1. The main parts and mechanisms of the machine and its accessories
The machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
receiver covers;
shutter;
return mechanism;
Shop.
In addition, the machine has a muzzle brake-compensator and a bayonet-knife. The machine kit also includes:
Affiliation;
Shopping bag.
The rifle with a folding butt also includes a case for the rifle with a pocket for the magazine, and the rifle with a night sight also includes a universal night sight.
The purpose of the main elements of the AK-74
2.2.1. Trunk(Fig. 2) serves to direct the flight of the bullet. Inside the barrel has a channel with four rifling, winding from left to right. The rifling serves to give the bullet rotary motion. The gaps between the grooves are called fields. The distance between two opposite fields (in diameter) is called the caliber of the bore. In the machine it is equal to 5.45 mm. In the breech, the channel is smooth and made in the shape of a cartridge case. This part of the channel serves to place the cartridge and is called the chamber. The transition from the chamber to the rifled part of the bore is called the bullet entry.
Rice. 2. Barrel:
a- external view; b- breech section; c - section of the trunk;
1 - threaded part; 2 - pool entrance; 3 - chamber; 4 - carving;
5 - the base of the front sight; 6 - gas chamber; 7 - coupling;
8 - sight block; 9 - notch for the barrel stud
Outside the trunk has:
Thread on the muzzle;
Fly base;
Gas outlet;
gas chamber;
Coupling;
Sight block;
Cutout for the ejector hook on the breech section.
The base of the front sight, the gas chamber and the block of the sight are fixed to the barrel with pins.
The thread (left) on the muzzle serves to screw on the compensator and bushing when firing with blank cartridges. To protect the thread from damage, it is screwed onto the barrel barrel sleeve.
Muzzle brake compensator serves to increase the accuracy of combat when firing bursts from unstable positions (on the move, standing, kneeling). It has a cylindrical part for screwing the compensator onto the barrel. At the back of the cylindrical part there is a groove into which the latch enters, holding the compensator on the barrel in a predetermined position. A groove is made inside the protrusion, forming a compensation chamber and a collar. After the bullet leaves the bore, the powder gases, entering the compensation chamber, create excess pressure, which deflects the muzzle of the machine towards the protrusion (left - down). Outside, the ledge has a T-slot for holding the canister cover while cleaning the barrel.
Front sight base(Fig. 3) has:
Emphasis for the ramrod and the handle of the bayonet-knife;
Hole for the front sight;
Front sight safety;
Spring retainer.
Rice. 3. Front sight base with barrel sleeve:
1 - emphasis for a ramrod and a bayonet-knife;
2 - polozok with a front sight; 3 - fuse fuse; 4 - retainer;
5 - barrel sleeve
The latch keeps the sleeve for firing blank cartridges, the compensator and the barrel sleeve, as well as the canister cover from turning when cleaning the barrel bore, from screwing off the barrel.
Gas chamber serves to direct powder gases from the barrel to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
She has:
Branch pipe with a channel for a gas piston and holes for the exit of powder gases;
Inclined gas outlet;
Emphasis for the handle of a bayonet-knife.
A ramrod is placed in the lug of the stop.
Coupling serves to attach the forearm to the machine. She has:
Forend lock;
Antab for a belt;
Hole for a ramrod.
The barrel is connected to the receiver by means of a pin and is not separated from it.
2.2.2. Receiver(fig. 4) serves for:
Connections of parts and mechanisms of the machine;
Ensuring the closing of the bore with a shutter;
Shutter lock.
Rice. 4. Receiver:
1 - cutouts; 2 - reflective ledge; 3 - bends; 4 - guide ledge;
5 - jumper; 6 - longitudinal groove; 7 - transverse groove; 8 - store latch;
9 - trigger guard; 10 - pistol grip; 11 - butt
A trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver. From above it is closed with a lid.
The receiver has:
1. Inside:
Cutouts for locking the shutter, the rear walls of which are lugs;
Bends and guides for guiding the movement of the bolt carrier and bolt;
- reflective protrusion to reflect the sleeves;Jumper for fastening the side walls;
Protrusion for the hook of the store;
One oval ledge on the side walls to guide the store.
2. Back top:
Longitudinal groove - for the heel of the guide rod of the return mechanism;
Transverse groove - for the cover of the receiver;
Tail with a hole for mounting the butt in the receiver.
3. In the side walls - four holes, three of them for axles trigger mechanism, and the fourth for the pins of the translator.
4. On the right wall - two fixing recesses for setting the translator on automatic (AB) and single (OD) fire. The machine with a folding buttstock also has holes for the connecting sleeve and holes for the protrusions of the butt locks.
5. Below - a window for the store and a window for the trigger.
Attached to the receiver is a buttstock, a pistol grip and a trigger guard with a magazine latch.
2.2.3. sighting device serves to aim the machine gun when firing at targets at various distances. It consists of a sight and a front sight.
Aim(Fig. 5) includes:
Sight block;
leaf spring;
aiming bar;
Clamp.
Sight block It has:
Two sectors to give the aiming bar a certain height;
Eyelets for attaching the aiming bar;
Holes for the pin and the gas pipe contactor;
Inside - a socket for a leaf spring and a cavity for the bolt carrier;
On the back wall there is a semicircular cutout for the receiver cover.
The sight block is put on the barrel and secured with a pin.
leaf spring is placed in the socket of the sight block and holds the aiming bar in the given position.
Rice. 5. Sight:
1 - chapel block; 2 – sector; 3 - aiming bar; 4 - clamp;
5 - mane of the aiming bar; 6 - clamp latch
The aiming bar has:
Mane with a slot for aiming;
Cut-outs to hold the collar in the installed position by means of a latch with a spring.
On the aiming bar there is a scale with divisions from 1 to 10 and the letter "P". The scale numbers indicate firing ranges in hundreds of meters; "P" - permanent setting of the sight, corresponding to sight 3.
Clamp put on the aiming bar and held in position by a latch. The latch has a tooth, which, under the action of a spring, jumps into the cutout of the aiming bar.
front sight screwed into the runner, which is fixed at the base of the front sight. On the track and on the base of the front sight there are risks that determine the position of the front sight.
The latest releases of assault rifles are equipped with devices for shooting at night (self-luminous nozzles). Each device consists of a folding rear sight with a wide slot, mounted on the mane of the aiming bar, and a wide front sight, put on the front sight of the weapon from above. Luminous dots are applied on the rear sight and front sight of the device.
Devices for shooting at night are installed on machine guns when they enter the troops and are not separated from them during operation.
2.2.4. receiver cover(Fig. 6) protects parts and mechanisms placed in the receiver from contamination.
Rice. 6. Receiver cover:
1 – stepped cut; 2 - hole; 3 - stiffening rib
On the right side, it has a stepped cutout for the passage of ejected shells and for the movement of the bolt carrier handle. Behind - a hole for the protrusion of the guide rod of the return mechanism.
The cover is held on the receiver using a semicircular cutout on the sight block, the transverse groove of the receiver and the protrusion of the guide rod of the return mechanism.
2.2.5. Stock and pistol grip(Fig. 7) serve for the convenience of automatic operation.
Rice. 7. Stock and pistol grip:
a- permanent butt; b- folding butt;
1 - swivel for a belt; 2 - socket for accessories; 3 - butt plate;
4 - lid; 5 – a spring for pushing out a case with accessories;
6 - pistol grip;
2.2.6. Bolt carrier with gas piston serves to actuate the shutter and trigger mechanism (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Bolt carrier with gas piston:
1 – shutter channel; 2 - safety ledge; 3 - lowering protrusion
self-timer lever; 4 - a groove for bending the receiver; 5 - handle;
6 - figured cut; 7 - a groove for a reflective protrusion; 8 - gas piston.
The shutter frame has:
Inside - channels for the return mechanism and for the shutter;
Behind - a safety ledge;
On the sides - grooves for the movement of the bolt frame along the limbs of the receiver;
On the right side - a ledge for lowering (turning) the self-timer lever and a handle for reloading the machine gun;
Below - a figured cutout for placing the leading protrusion of the shutter in it and a groove for the passage of the reflective protrusion of the receiver;
In the front is a gas piston.
2.2.7. Gate(fig. 9) serves for:
Sending a cartridge into the chamber;
Closing the bore;
Breaking the capsule;
Extraction from the chamber of the sleeve (cartridge).
The shutter consists of a core, a drummer, an ejector with a spring and an axis, and a stud.
shutter frame It has:
1. On the front cut:
Two cylindrical cutouts for the bottom of the sleeve and for the ejector;
Two lugs that, when the bolt is locked, go into the cutouts of the receiver.
2. Above - a leading ledge for turning the shutter when locking and unlocking.
3. On the left side - a longitudinal groove for the passage of the reflective protrusion of the receiver (the manhole at the end is expanded to ensure the rotation of the bolt when locking).
4. In the thickened part of the shutter frame there are holes for the ejector axis and studs.
5. Inside the channel for placing the drummer.
Rice. 9. Shutter:
a- shutter frame; b- ejector;
1 - cutout for the sleeve; 2 – cutout for the ejector; 3 - leading speech;
4 – an opening for an ejector axis; 5 - combat ledge; 6 - longitudinal groove
for a reflective protrusion; 7 – ejector spring;
8 - the axis of the ejector; 9 - hairpin
Drummer has a striker and a ledge for a hairpin.
Spring ejector serves to extract the sleeve from the chamber and hold it until it meets the reflective ledge of the receiver. The ejector has a hook for gripping the sleeve, a socket for the spring and a cutout for the axle.
Hairpin serves to secure the drummer and the ejector axis.
2.2.8. Return mechanism(Fig. 10) serves to return the bolt carrier with the bolt to the forward position.
Rice. 10. Return mechanism:
1 – return spring; 2 - guide rod;
3 - movable rod; 4 – clutch
It consists of a return spring, a guide rod, a movable rod and a clutch.
guide rod has a spring stop at the rear end, a heel with protrusions for connection with the receiver and a protrusion for holding the receiver cover.
Movable rod at the front end has bends for putting on the clutch.
2.2.9. Gas tube with handguard(Fig. 11) consists of a gas tube, front and rear couplings, a handguard and a metal half ring.
Rice. 11. Gas tube with handguard:
1 - gas pipe; 2 - guide ribs for the gas piston;
3 – front coupling; 4 - barrel pad;
5 – back coupling; 6 - protrusion
gas tube serves to guide the movement of the gas piston. It has guide ribs. The front end of the gas tube is put on the branch pipe of the gas chamber.
barrel pad serves to protect the submachine gunner's hands from burns when firing. It has a groove in which a metal half-ring is fixed, which presses the handguard from the gas tube (this eliminates the appearance of the rocking of the lining when the wood dries out).
barrel pad mounted on the gas pipe by means of front and rear couplings; the rear coupling has a protrusion against which it abuts against the gas pipe contactor.
2.2.10. trigger mechanism(fig. 12) serves for:
Release the trigger from the combat cocking or self-timer cocking;
Striking a striker;
Ensuring automatic or single fire;
Cessation of shooting;
To prevent shots when the shutter is unlocked;
To put the machine on the fuse.
trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver, where it is attached with three interchangeable axles, and consists of:
Hammer with mainspring;
trigger retarder with spring;
Trigger;
Whispered single fire with a spring;
Self-timer with spring;
translator.
Hammer with mainspring serves to strike a striker. The trigger has a combat cocking, self-timer cocking, trunnions and a hole for the axis. The mainspring is put on the trunnions of the trigger and acts on the trigger with its loop, and with its ends - on the rectangular ledges of the trigger.
Rice. 12. Parts of the firing mechanism:
a- trigger; b- mainspring; in- trigger; G- whisper of a single fire;
d- self-timer; e- self-timer spring; and- axes; h- the spring whispered a single fire;
and- trigger retarder; to- trigger retarder spring;
1 - combat platoon; 2 - self-timer platoon; 3 - curved ends 4 - the loop;
5 - figured protrusion; 6 - rectangular ledges; 7 - tail; 8 - cutout;
9 - whispered; 10 - lever arm; 11 - latch; 12 - front protrusion
trigger retarder serves to slow down the movement of the trigger forward in order to improve the accuracy of the battle during automatic fire.
He has:
Front and rear protrusions;
Axle hole;
spring;
A latch attached to the rear ledge with a stud.
Trigger serves to hold the trigger on the cocking and
to pull the trigger. He has:
Figured ledge;
Axle hole;
Rectangular ledges;
A tail that holds the trigger on the cocking with a curly ledge.
Single Fire Whisper serves to hold the trigger after a shot in the rearmost position, if the trigger was not released during single fire. It is on the same axis as the trigger.
The sear of a single fire has:
spring;
Axle hole;
The cutout, which includes the sector of the translator when conducting automatic fire and stops the sear.
In addition, the notch limits the sector to rotate forward when the translator is on the safety lock.
Self-timer with spring serves to automatically release the trigger from the self-timer cocking when firing in bursts, as well as to prevent the trigger from being released when the bore is not closed and the bolt is not locked.
He has:
Sear for holding the trigger on the self-timer cocking;
A lever for turning the self-timer with a projection of the bolt carrier when it approaches the forward position;
spring.
On the same axis with the self-timer is its spring. Its short end is connected to the self-timer, and its long end runs along the left wall of the receiver and enters the annular grooves on the axes of the self-timer, trigger and trigger, keeping the axes from falling out.
Interpreter serves to install the machine:
On automatic fire;
On a single fire;
To the fuse.
It has a sector with trunnions, which are placed in the holes in the walls of the receiver. The lower position of the translator corresponds to setting it to a single fire (OD), the middle position to automatic fire (AB) and the upper position to the fuse.
2.2.11. handguard(Fig. 13) serves for ease of operation and to protect the submachine gunner's hands from burns. It is attached to the barrel from below with a coupling and to the receiver by means of a protrusion that enters the socket of the receiver. In the forearm groove there is a metal gasket to support the barrel, and on the sides there are finger rests. The cutouts on the handguard and handguard form windows for cooling the barrel and gas tube when firing.
Rice. 13. Handguard:
1 - finger rests; 2 - ledge; 3 – cutouts
2.2.12. Score(Fig. 14) serves to place cartridges and feed them into receiver.
Rice. 14. Shop:
1 - frame; 2 - lid; 3 - locking bar; 4 - spring;
5 - feeder; 6 - support ledge; 7 - hook
Shop includes:
retaining bar;
spring;
Feeder.
The store case connects all parts of the store. Its side walls have bends to keep the cartridges from falling out and ledges that limit the rise of the feeder. There is a hook on the front wall, and a support ledge on the back, through which the magazine is attached to the receiver. On the back wall of the case at the bottom there is a control hole for determining the completeness of the magazine's equipment with cartridges. The body walls are ribbed for strength. From below the case is closed by a cover. The cover has a hole for the protrusion of the locking bar. A feeder and a spring with a locking bar are placed inside the housing. The feeder is held at the upper end of the spring by means of an internal fold on the right wall of the feeder. The feeder has a protrusion that provides a staggered arrangement of cartridges in the magazine. The locking bar is permanently attached to the lower end of the spring and, with its protrusion, keeps the magazine cover from moving. Some machines have plastic magazines that do not differ from metal ones in terms of design.
2.2.13. Bayonet knife(Fig. 15) is attached to the machine before the attack and serves to defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. The rest of the time it is used as a knife, saw (for cutting metal) and scissors (for cutting wire). The wires of the lighting network must be cut one at a time, after removing the belt from the bayonet-knife and the pendant from the sheath. When cutting the wire, make sure that your hands do not touch the metal surface of the bayonet-knife and scabbard. Making passages in electrified wire fences with a bayonet-knife is not allowed.
Rice. 15. Bayonet:
1 - blade; 2 - handle; 3 - latch; 4 - ring; 5 - saw; 6 - hole;
7 - cutting edge; 8 - belt; 9 - hook; 10 - safety ledge;
11 – tip screw; 12 - longitudinal grooves
The bayonet-knife consists of a blade and a handle.
The blade has:
cutting edge;
A cutting edge that, in combination with a sheath, is used as scissors;
The hole into which the protrusion is inserted is the axis of the scabbard.
The handle serves for the convenience of action when the bayonet-knife is attached to the machine. The handle has:
1. Front:
Ring for putting on a compensator or barrel sleeve;
The protrusion with which the bayonet-knife enters the corresponding groove on the stop of the front sight base;
Belt hook.
Longitudinal grooves with which the bayonet-knife is put on the corresponding protrusions on the stop of the gas chamber;
Latch;
Safety ledge;
Belt hole;
plastic cheeks;
Belt for easy handling of the bayonet.
2.2.14. Sheath(Fig. 16) are used to carry a bayonet-knife on the waist belt. In addition, they are used together with a bayonet-knife for cutting wire.
Rice. 16. Scabbard:
1 - pendant with carabiners; 2 – plastic case;
3 - protrusion-axis; 4 - emphasis
The scabbard has:
Pendant with two carabiners and clasp;
Ledge-axle;
An emphasis to limit the rotation of the bayonet-knife when it acts like scissors;
Rubber tip for electrical insulation;
Inside the scabbard there is a leaf spring to keep the bayonet-knife from falling out.
Currently, plastic scabbards are made without rubber tips, since plastic is an electrical insulator. In addition, the suspension has been changed, in which the upper carabiner has been replaced with a loop for putting on a waist belt.
Belonging to the machine
Accessory (Fig. 17) is used for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the machine.
Rice. 17. Affiliation:
1 - ramrod; 2 - rubbing; 3 - brush; 4 - screwdriver; 5 - punch; 6 - hairpin;
7 - pencil case; 8 - lid; 9 - oiler
Accessories include:
Rubbing;
Screwdriver;
punch;
Hairpin;
Butter dish.
Ramrod used for cleaning and lubricating the bore, channels and cavities of other parts of the machine.
The ramrod has a head with a hole for a punch, a thread for screwing a wipe or a brush, and a slot for rags or tow.
The ramrod is attached to the machine under the barrel.
Wiping is used to clean and lubricate the bore, as well as the channels and cavities of other parts of the machine.
The brush is used to clean the bore with a special cleaning and lubricating solution.
Screwdriver, drift and hairpin used for disassembly and assembly of the machine. The cutout at the end of the screwdriver is designed for screwing in and unscrewing the front sight, and the side cutout is for fixing the wipe on the ramrod. For ease of use, a screwdriver is inserted into the side holes of the case. When cleaning the bore, a screwdriver is inserted into the case over the head of the ramrod. The pin is used in the assembly of the firing mechanism. It holds the single-fire sear and the trigger retarder with a spring on the trigger.
Pencil case serves to store a wipe, a brush, a screwdriver, a punch and a hairpin. It is closed with a lid.
The case is used as a ramrod clutch for cleaning and lubricating the barrel bore, as a screwdriver handle for screwing in and unscrewing the front sight and for turning the gas tube lock.
The pencil case has:
Through holes into which the ramrod is inserted when cleaning the machine;
Oval holes for a screwdriver;
Rectangular hole for turning the gas tube connector when disassembling and assembling the machine.
The cap is used as a muzzle pad when cleaning the bore. It has a hole to guide the movement of the ramrod, internal protrusions and cutouts for mounting on the compensator or on the barrel sleeve. The side holes on the canister cover are designed for a punch used to remove the canister cover from the barrel or from the canister.
butter dish serves to store lubricant and is carried in the pocket of a shopping bag.
Conclusion: the machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
Barrel with receiver, sighting device, stock and pistol grip;
receiver covers;
Bolt frame with gas piston;
shutter;
return mechanism;
Gas tube with handguard;
trigger mechanism;
Shop.
In addition, the machine has a muzzle brake-compensator and a bayonet-knife. The machine kit also includes: accessories; belt; shopping bag.
Conclusion
The lesson examined ballistic and structural data, the composition and purpose of the main parts and mechanisms of the AK-74 assault rifle.
Questions for self-control
1. List the main performance characteristics AK-74 Kalashnikov assault rifle.
2. List the main parts and mechanisms of the machine.
3. Appointment of the barrel with the receiver and sighting device.
4. Purpose of the receiver cover.
5. The purpose of the bolt carrier with a gas piston and the bolt.
6. The purpose of the return mechanism and the gas tube with the handguard.
7. Appointment of the trigger mechanism.
8. Appointment of the forearm, magazine and accessories.
Literature
1. Manual on shooting. M .: Military Publishing House, USSR Ministry of Defense, 1984. - 344 p.
2. Stepanov I.S. Fire training. Tutorial. M.: "Armpress", 2002. - 80 p.
3. Silnikov M.V., Salnikov V.P. Small arms and ammunition. Tutorial. St. Petersburg: University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001. - 535 p.
4. Timofeev F.D., Benda V.N. Fire Training: Textbook. S.-Pb.: GUAP, 2004. - 86 p.
5. Fire training - Ed. V.N. Mironchenko - M .: Military Publishing House, 2009 - 416 p.: ill.
6. Posters for fire training. M.: Military Publishing House, 1992
Head of the cycle - senior lecturer
military training center
lieutenant colonel A. Leontiev
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK-47, produced in 1947-1949, in the documents of those years had the designation "AK-47", later replaced by "AK"
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK, 1949-1954
Kalashnikov assault rifle AK, 1954-1959
Kalashnikov assault rifles AKS (assault rifle with folding butt)
Kalashnikov assault rifle AKS, 1954-1959
Before moving on to the history of the creation of the Kalashnikov assault rifle and a description of its design, one should decide on some points of terminology. With regard to AK, the most technically correct term would be "automatic carbine", that is, an automatic rifle with reduced weight and dimensions. Or the term "assault rifle" (German Sturmgewehr or English Assault rifle), introduced by Adolf Hitler as the name of the Henel automatic carbine designed by Hugo Schmeisser, which was subsequently given the designation Stg.44. The term "assault rifle" had a propaganda meaning, however, it has become widespread throughout the world in relation to all individual small arms automatic weapons chambered for an intermediate cartridge. The term "automatic", introduced in the USSR and used to refer to the Fedorov automatic rifle and even the PPSh-41 submachine gun, is in circulation only in the Russian Federation and in the so-called "post-Soviet space". At the same time, along with the designation of weapons, in colloquial speech this term applies to such electronic-mechanical devices as a coffee machine and a gaming machine, while the term "automatic carbine" is much more accurate and describes a specific class of automatic weapons.
Development and production (official version)
decision to start design work on the creation of a new weapon-cartridge complex, the result of which was the adoption of the Kalashnikov automatic carbine into service by the USSR, was adopted on July 15, 1943 at a meeting of the Technical Council under the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, based on the results of studying the captured German automatic carbine MKb.42 (H), which was the prototype future Stg.44, under the world's first mass intermediate cartridge 7.92x33 and the American self-loading carbine M1 Carbine under 7.62x33.
The new model was supposed to conduct effective fire at ranges of the order of 400 meters and shoot an intermediate, between rifle and pistol cartridge in terms of power, which exceeded the corresponding indicator of submachine guns and was not much inferior to weapons for excessively heavy, powerful and expensive rifle and machine gun ammunition. This allowed him to successfully replace the entire arsenal of individual small arms who used pistol and rifle cartridges and included Shpagin and Sudayev submachine guns, a Mosin magazine non-automatic rifle and several models of magazine carbines based on it, a Tokarev self-loading rifle, as well as machine guns of various systems.
The first samples of the new cartridge were created by OKB-44 already one month after the meeting, and its pilot production began in March 1944. It is noteworthy that neither domestic nor Western researchers found any real confirmation of the version that had been in circulation at one time, which said, that this cartridge was completely or partially copied from earlier German experimental developments (in particular, they called the Geco cartridge of 7.62 × 38.5 mm caliber).
In November 1943, drawings and specifications for a new 7.62 mm intermediate cartridge designed by N.M. Elizarova and B.V. Semin were sent to all organizations involved in the development of a new weapon complex. At this stage, it had a caliber of 7.62x41 mm, but was subsequently redesigned, and quite significantly, during which the caliber was changed to 7.62x39 mm.
A new set of weapons under a single intermediate cartridge was supposed to include a machine gun (automatic carbine), as well as self-loading (non-automatic) magazine carbines and a light machine gun. Subsequently, the development of a magazine carbine was discontinued due to the obvious obsolescence of the concept. However, the SKS self-loading carbine was not produced for long (until the beginning of the 1950s) due to the relatively low manufacturability with lower combat qualities than the machine gun, and the Degtyarev RPD machine gun was subsequently (1961) replaced by a different model, widely unified with a machine gun - RPK.
As for the development of the automatic carbine itself, it went through several stages and included a number of competitions in which a large number of systems of various designers. In 1944, according to the test results, the AC-44 designed by A.I. was selected for further development. Sudayev. It was finalized and released in a small series, military tests of which were carried out in the spring and summer of next year at the GSVG, as well as in a number of units on the territory of the USSR. Despite positive reviews, the army leadership demanded a reduction in the mass of weapons.
The sudden death of Sudaev interrupted the further progress of work on this model, so in 1946 another round of tests was carried out, which, among others, included Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov, who by that time had already created several rather interesting weapon designs, in particular, two pistols - machine gun, one of which had a very original semi-free shutter braking system, a light machine gun and a self-loading carbine powered by cartridge packs, which lost the Simonov carbine in the competition. In November of the same year, his project was approved for the manufacture of a prototype, and a month later, the first version of the Kalashnikov experimental automatic carbine, now sometimes conventionally referred to as the AK-46, was made at an arms factory in the city of Kovrov, along with the samples of Bulkin and Dementiev, was submitted for testing. .
It is curious that this model, developed in 1946, did not have many of the features of the future Kalashnikov assault rifle, which are often criticized in our time. His cocking handle was located on the left, not on the right, instead of the fuse-translator located on the right, there were separate flag fuses and a translator of types of fire, and the body of the firing mechanism was made folding down and forward on a hairpin. However, the military from the selection committee demanded that the cocking handle be placed on the right, since it (the cocking handle of the AK), located on the left, with some methods of carrying weapons or moving around the battlefield, crawled against the body of the shooter, and also to combine the fuse with the translator of types of fire into a single knot and place it on the right to completely rid the left side of the receiver of any perceptible protrusions.
According to the results of the second round of the competition, the first Kalashnikov automatic carbine was declared unsuitable for further development. However, Kalashnikov managed to challenge this decision, obtaining permission to further refine the AK-46, in which he was helped by acquaintance with a number of commission members with whom he had served together since 1943, and received permission to refine the machine gun. For this purpose, he returned to Kovrov, where, together with the designer of the Kovrov Plant No. 2, A. Zaitsev, as soon as possible actually developed new machine carbine, and according to a number of features, it can be concluded that elements (including the arrangement of key nodes) borrowed from other samples submitted for the competition or simply pre-existing samples were widely used in its design.
So, the design of the bolt frame with a rigidly attached gas piston, the general layout of the receiver and the placement of the return spring with the guide, the protrusion of which was used to lock the receiver cover, were copied from Bulkin's experimental machine gun that also participated in the competition; USM (with minor improvements), judging by the design, could be “peeped” on the Holek rifle (according to another version, it goes back to the development of John Browning, which was also used in the M1 Garand rifle; these versions, however, are not mutually exclusive), the fuse-mode selector lever fire, which also acts as a dust cover for the shutter window, was very reminiscent of that of the Remington 8 rifle, and a similar “hanging out” of the bolt group inside the receiver with minimal friction areas and large gaps was typical for the Sudaev assault rifle.
Although formally the conditions of the competition did not allow the authors of the systems to familiarize themselves with the designs of competitors participating in it and make significant changes to the design of the submitted samples (that is, theoretically, the commission could not allow the new prototype of the Kalashnikov assault rifle to further participate in the competition), it still cannot be considered something something that goes beyond the norms - firstly, when creating new weapon systems, “quotes” from other samples are not at all uncommon, and secondly, such borrowings in the USSR at that time were not only generally not forbidden, but even encouraged , which is explained not only by the presence of specific ("socialist") patent legislation, but also by quite pragmatic considerations of adopting the best model in conditions of constant lack of time with a very real military threat.
There is even an opinion that most of the changes and design decisions made by the Kalashnikov assault rifle were almost directly due to the TTT (tactical and technical requirements) put forward by the commission based on the results of earlier stages of the TTT competition (tactical and technical requirements) for new weapons, that is, in fact - imposed as the most acceptable with their military point of view, which partly confirms the fact that the systems of Kalashnikov's competitors in their final versions used very similar design solutions.
It is also worth noting that, in itself, borrowing successful solutions cannot guarantee the success of the design as a whole, however, Kalashnikov and Zaitsev managed to create such a design, and in the shortest possible time, which in principle cannot be achieved by any compilation of ready-made units and design solutions. Moreover, there is an opinion that copying successful and well-proven technical solutions is one of the conditions for creating any successful weapon model, in particular, allowing the designer not to “reinvent the wheel”.
According to some sources, V.F. Lyuty, who later became the head of the field tests in 1947.
One way or another, in the winter of 1946-1947, for the next round of the competition, along with also quite significantly improved, but not undergoing such radical changes, the samples of Dementiev (KBP-520) and Bulkin (TKB-415) Kalashnikov presented an actually new design (KBP-580 ), which had little in common with the previous version.
As a result of the tests, it was found that not a single sample meets the tactical and technical requirements in full: the Kalashnikov assault rifle turned out to be the most reliable, but at the same time it had unsatisfactory accuracy of fire, and the TKB-415, on the contrary, met the requirements for accuracy, but had problems with reliability. Ultimately, the choice of the commission was made in favor of the Kalashnikov sample, and it was decided to postpone bringing its accuracy to the required values for the future. Given the current situation in the world at that time, such a decision looks quite justified, since it allowed the army to rearm modern and reliable, although not the most accurate, weapons in real time, which was preferable to a reliable and accurate model, but when is not known. At the end of 1947, Mikhail Timofeevich was seconded to Izhevsk, where it was decided to begin production of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle.
According to the results of military tests of the first batches, released in the middle of 1948, in the middle of 1949, two versions of the Kalashnikov design were put into service under the designations "7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle" and "7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle with a folding butt" (abbreviated designations - AK-47 and AKS-47, respectively). Thus, the year of manufacture of the AK-47 can be considered 1948. AKS (GRAU Index - 56-A-212M) - a version of the Kalashnikov assault rifle with a folding metal butt, intended for airborne troops. It was originally produced with a stamped receiver, and since 1951 - milled due to the high percentage of marriage during stamping.
One of the main problems faced by the developers during the deployment of mass production of the Kalashnikov assault rifle was the stamping technology used to manufacture the receiver. The first releases of the AK-47 had a receiver made of quite a large number sheet forgings and parts milled from forgings.
In 1953, a high rejection rate forced a switch to milling technology. At the same time, a number of measures made it possible not only to prevent an increase in the mass of weapons, but also to reduce it relative to samples with a stamped receiver, so the new AK-47 model was designated as "Lightweight 7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)". In addition to the modified design of the receiver, it was also distinguished by the presence of stiffening ribs on the magazines (early magazines had smooth walls), the possibility of adjoining a bayonet (an early version of the weapon was adopted without a bayonet) and a number of other, smaller details.
In subsequent years, the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle was also continuously improved. The development team noted "low reliability, weapon failures when used in extreme climatic and extreme conditions, low accuracy of fire, insufficiently high operational characteristics "of serial samples of early models.
The appearance in the early 1950s of the TKB-517 submachine gun designed by German Korobov, which had a lower mass, better accuracy, and also cheaper, led to the development of tactical and technical requirements for a new machine gun (automatic carbine) and a machine gun as unified as possible with it. The corresponding competitive tests, for which Mikhail Timofeevich presented a modernized model of an automatic carbine and a machine gun based on it, took place in 1957-1958. As a result, the commission gave its preference to the Kalashnikov models, as they had greater reliability, and were also sufficiently familiar to the arms industry and the troops, and in 1959 the “7.62-mm Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle” (abbreviated as AKM) was put into service.
AKM (Kalashnikov Modernized, Index GRAU - 6P1) - modernization of the AK-47, adopted in 1959. In AKM, the aiming range has been increased to 1000 m, changes have been made to improve reliability and ease of use.
The AKM receiver is made of stamped, due to which the weight of the weapon is reduced. The butt is raised up to bring the point of emphasis of the machine to the line of fire. Changes have been made to the trigger mechanism - a trigger retarder has been added, thanks to which the trigger is released a few milliseconds later during automatic firing. This delay has practically no effect on the rate of fire, it only allows the bolt carrier to stabilize in the extreme forward position before the next shot. The improvements had a positive effect on accuracy, especially (almost by a third) the vertical dispersion decreased compared to the AK-47 assault rifle.
The muzzle of the AKM barrel has a thread on which a removable muzzle compensator in the form of a petal (the so-called “tray compensator”) is installed, designed to compensate for the “withdrawal” of the aiming point up and to the right when firing bursts due to the use of pressure from the powder gases escaping from the barrel to the lower compensator protrusion. Silencers PBS or PBS-1 can be installed on the same thread instead of a compensator, for the use of which it is necessary to use 7.62US cartridges with a subsonic muzzle velocity. Also on the AKM, it became possible to install the GP-25 “Koster” underbarrel grenade launcher.
AKMS (Index GRAU - 6P4) - AKM variant with a folding stock. The butt mounting system was changed relative to the AKS (it folded down and forward, under the receiver). The modification is designed specifically for paratroopers. AKMN (6P1N) - variant with night sight. AKMSN (6P4N) - modification of AKMN with a folding metal butt.
In the 1970s, following the NATO countries, the USSR followed the path of transferring small arms to low-pulse cartridges with reduced-caliber bullets to facilitate portable ammunition (for 8 magazines, a 5.45 mm caliber cartridge saves 1.4 kg in weight) and reduce , as it was believed, "excessive" power of the 7.62-mm cartridge. In 1974, a weapon complex chambered for 5.45 × 39 mm was adopted, consisting of an AK-74 and an RPK-74 light machine gun, and later (1979) supplemented by a small-sized AKS-74U, created for use in a niche, which in Western armies were occupied by submachine guns, and in last years- the so-called PDW. The production of AKM in the USSR was curtailed, but this model remains in service to this day.
First combat use of the AK-47
The first case of mass combat use the Kalashnikov assault rifle on the world stage took place on November 1, 1956, during the suppression of the uprising in Hungary. Until that moment, the AK-47 assault rifle was hidden from prying eyes in every possible way: the soldiers wore it in special covers that concealed the outlines, and after firing, all the shells were carefully collected. AK-47 has proven itself well in urban combat.
The design and principle of operation of the AK-47
AK-47 consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: barrel with receiver, sights and stock; detachable receiver cover; bolt carrier with gas piston; gate; return mechanism; gas tube with handguard; trigger mechanism; handguard; score; bayonet. There are approximately 95 parts in the AK.
The principle of operation of the AK-47 automation is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged through the upper hole in the barrel wall, with a long stroke of the gas piston. The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt around the longitudinal axis clockwise by two radial lugs included in the special cutouts of the receiver, which achieves the locking of the bore before firing. The rotation of the shutter is ensured by the interaction of the protrusion on its body with a curly groove on the inner surface of the shutter frame.
Barrel and receiver
The AK-47 barrel bore has 4 grooves, winding from left-up-right, the barrel was made of gun-grade steel.
In the wall of the barrel, closer to its muzzle, there is a gas outlet. Near the muzzle, the base of the front sight is fixed on the barrel, and on the side of the breech it has a chamber with smooth walls, designed to accommodate the cartridge when fired. The muzzle of the barrel has a left-hand thread for screwing the sleeve when firing blanks.
The barrel is attached to the receiver motionlessly, without the possibility of a quick change in the field.
The receiver is used to connect the parts and mechanisms of the AK-47 into a single structure, to place the bolt group and set the nature of its movement, to ensure that the barrel is closed by the bolt and the bolt is locked; also inside it is placed the trigger mechanism.
The receiver consists of two parts: the receiver itself and a detachable cover located on top, which protects the mechanism from damage and contamination.
Inside the receiver has four guides that set the movement of the bolt group - two upper and two lower. The lower left guide also carries a reflective protrusion.
In front of the receiver there are cutouts for which the bolt is locked, the rear walls of which are, therefore, lugs. The right combat stop also serves to guide the movement of the cartridge fed from the right row of the AK-47 magazine. On the left is a part similar in purpose, which is not a combat stop.
The first batches of AK-47s had, in accordance with the assignment, a stamped receiver with a forged barrel liner. However, the available technology did not allow then to achieve the required rigidity, and the rejection rate was unacceptably high. As a result, in serial production AK-47 cold stamping was initially replaced by milling a box from a solid forging, which caused an increase in the cost of production of weapons. Subsequently, during the transition to AKM, technological issues were resolved, and the receiver again acquired a mixed design.
The massive all-steel receiver gives the weapon high (especially in the early milled version) strength and reliability, especially in comparison with the fragile light-alloy receivers of weapons of the type american rifle M16, but at the same time makes it heavier, making it difficult to upgrade.
bolt group
It consists mainly of a bolt carrier with a gas piston, the bolt itself, an ejector and a striker.
The AK-47 bolt group is located in the receiver "hung", moving along the guides in its upper part as if on rails. Such a “hung” position of moving parts in the receiver with relatively large gaps ensures reliable operation of the system even with heavy contamination.
The bolt frame serves to actuate the bolt and trigger mechanism. It is fixedly connected to the gas piston rod, which is directly affected by the pressure of the powder gases removed from the barrel, which ensures the operation of the weapon's automation. The reloading handle of the weapon is located on the right and is made as a single unit with the bolt carrier.
The shutter has a close to cylindrical shape and two massive lugs, which, when the shutter is turned, enter into special cutouts in the receiver, which locks the barrel bore for firing. In addition, the shutter, with its longitudinal movement, feeds the next cartridge from the magazine before firing, for which there is a protrusion of the rammer in its lower part.
Also, an ejector mechanism is attached to the shutter, designed to be removed from the chamber spent cartridge case or cartridge in case of a misfire. It consists of an ejector, its axis, a spring and a limiter pin.
To return the bolt group to the extreme forward position, a return mechanism is used, consisting of a return spring and a guide, which in turn consists of a guide tube, a guide rod included in it and a coupling. The rear stop of the guide rod of the return spring enters the groove of the receiver and serves as a latch for the stamped receiver cover.
The mass of moving parts of the AK-47 is about 520 grams. Thanks to a powerful gas engine, they come to an extremely rearward position with high speed about 3.5-4 m / s, which in many respects ensures high reliability of the weapon, but reduces the accuracy of the battle due to the strong shaking of the weapon and powerful impacts of moving parts in extreme positions. The moving parts of the AK-74 are lighter - the bolt carrier and bolt assembly weighs 477 grams, of which 405 grams are for the bolt carrier and 72 grams for the bolt. The lightest moving parts in the AK family are in the shortened AKS-74U: its bolt carrier weighs about 370 grams (due to the shortening of the gas piston), and their combined mass with the bolt is about 440 grams.
trigger mechanism
Hammer type, with a hammer rotating on the axis and a U-shaped mainspring made of triple twisted wire.
The trigger mechanism of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle allows continuous and single fire. A single rotary part performs the functions of a fire mode switch (translator) and a double-acting safety lever: in the safety position, it locks the trigger, the sear of single and continuous fire and prevents the bolt frame from moving backwards, partially blocking the longitudinal groove between the receiver and its cover. In this case, the moving parts can be pulled back to check the chamber, but their movement is not enough to send the next cartridge into the chamber.
All parts of the automation and trigger mechanism are compactly assembled inside the receiver, thus playing the role of both the receiver and the trigger housing.
The "classic" USM AK-shaped weapon has three axes - for the self-timer, for the trigger and for the trigger. Civilian variants that do not fire bursts usually do not have a self-timer axis.
Score
Shop AK - box-shaped, sector type, two-row, 30 rounds. It consists of a body, a locking plate, a cover, a spring and a feeder.
The AK-47 and AKM had magazines with stamped steel cases. There were also plastic ones. Large taper of the 7.62 mm cartridge case mod. 1943 led to their unusually large bend, which became feature weapon shape. For the AK-74 family, a plastic magazine was introduced (originally polycarbonate, then glass-filled polyamide), only the folds ("sponges") in its upper part remained metal.
Shops of Kalashnikov assault rifles are distinguished by high reliability of feeding cartridges, even when they are filled to the maximum. Thick metal "sponges" at the top of even plastic magazines provide reliable feeding and are very tenacious with rough handling - a design subsequently copied by a number of foreign firms for their products.
In addition to the regular 30-round magazines for an assault rifle, there are also machine-gun magazines, which, if necessary, can also be used for firing from a machine gun: for 40 (sector) or 75 (drum-type) rounds of 7.62 mm caliber and for 45 rounds of 5.45 caliber mm. If we also take into account foreign-made stores created for various variants of the Kalashnikov system (including for the market civilian weapons), then the number of different options will be at least several dozen, with a capacity of 10 to 100 rounds.
The magazine attachment point is characterized by the absence of a developed neck - the magazine is simply inserted into the receiver window, catching on the protrusion on its front edge, and fixed with a latch.
sighting device
The AK-47 sighting device consists of a sight and a front sight. Sight - sector type, with the location of the aiming block in the middle of the weapon. The sight is calibrated up to 800 m (starting with AKM - up to 1000 m) in increments of 100 m, in addition, it has a division marked with the letter "P", indicating a direct shot and corresponding to a range of 350 m. The rear sight is located on the neck of the sight and has a rectangular slot forms.
The front sight is located at the muzzle of the barrel, on a massive triangular base, with the “wings” of which it is covered from the sides. While bringing the machine to normal combat the front sight can be screwed in/out to raise/lower the mid-point of impact, as well as moved left/right to deviate the mid-point of impact horizontally.
On some modifications of Kalashnikov assault rifles, if necessary, it is possible to install an optical or night sight on the side bracket.
Bayonet knife
The bayonet-knife is designed to defeat the enemy in close combat, for which it can be attached to the AK-47 assault rifle, or used as a knife. The bayonet-knife is put on with a ring on the barrel sleeve, fastened with protrusions on the gas chamber, and with a latch it engages with the ramrod stop. Being unlocked from the weapon, the bayonet-knife is worn in a sheath on a waist belt.
Initially, a relatively long (200 mm blade) detachable blade-type bayonet-knife with two blades and a fuller was adopted for the AK-47.
When the AKM was adopted, a short (150 mm blade) detachable bayonet-knife (type 1) was introduced, which had expanded functionality in terms of household use. Instead of a second blade, he received a saw, and in combination with a scabbard, he could be used to cut barbed wire obstacles, including those under tension. Also top part handles are made of metal. The bayonet can be inserted into the sheath and used as a hammer. There are two variants of this bayonet that differ mainly in the device.
A late version of the same bayonet (type 2) is also used on weapons of the AK-74 family. The quality of the metal used in the bayonet is somewhat inferior to foreign analogues of such well-known American companies as SOG, Cold Steel, Gerber.
Of the foreign variants, the Chinese clone of the AK-47, the Type 56, is notable for the use of a non-removable folding needle bayonet.
Belonging to AK-47
Designed for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the machine. Consists of a ramrod, wiping, a brush, a screwdriver with a punch, a storage case and an oil can. The body and cover of the case are used as auxiliary tools for cleaning and lubricating the weapon. It is stored in a special cavity inside the butt, with the exception of models with a folding frame shoulder rest, in which it is worn in a bag for magazines.
The accuracy of the battle and the effectiveness of fire
The accuracy of the battle was not originally strong point AK-47. Already during the military tests of its prototypes, it was noted that with the greatest of the reliability systems submitted for the competition, required by the conditions of accuracy, the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle did not provide (like all the designs presented to one degree or another). Thus, according to this parameter, even by the standards of the mid-1940s, the AK-47 was clearly not an outstanding model. Nevertheless, reliability (in general, reliability here is a set of operational characteristics: reliability, shot until failures, guaranteed resource, actual resource, resource of individual parts and assemblies, persistence, mechanical strength, etc., according to which the AK-47 assault rifle, to word, the best even now) was recognized at that time as paramount, and it was decided to postpone the fine-tuning of accuracy to the required parameters for the future.
Further weapon upgrades, such as the introduction of various muzzle compensators and the transition to a low-impulse cartridge, really had a positive effect on the accuracy (and accuracy) of firing from a machine gun. So, for AKM, the total median deviation at a distance of 800 m is already 64 cm (vertical) and 90 cm (in width), and for AK74 - 48 cm (vertical) and 64 cm (in width). The range of a direct shot at the chest figure is 350 m.
AK-47 allows you to hit the following targets with one bullet (for the best shooters, lying down with a stop, single fire):
head figure - 100 m;
waist figure and running figure - 300 m;
To hit a target of the “running figure” type at a distance of 800 m under the same conditions, 4 rounds are required when firing with a single fire, and 9 rounds when firing in short bursts.
Naturally, these results were obtained during firing at the range, under conditions very different from real combat (however, the test methodology was created by professional military people, which implies confidence in their conclusions).
Assembly and disassembly
Partial disassembly of the AK-47 Kalashnikov assault rifle is carried out for cleaning, lubrication and inspection in the following order:
- magazine separation and checking the absence of a cartridge in the chamber;
- removal of a pencil case with accessories (for AK-47 - from the butt, for AKS - from the pocket of a shopping bag);
- ramrod compartment;
- separation of the receiver cover;
- extraction of the return mechanism;
- separation of the shutter frame with the shutter;
- separation of the bolt from the bolt carrier;
- branch of the gas tube with a handguard.
Assembly after incomplete disassembly done in reverse order.
Patent Status
Izhmash calls all AK-like models produced outside of Russia counterfeit, however, there is no evidence that Kalashnikov registered copyright certificates for his machine gun: some certificates are exhibited at the M. T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms (Izhevsk) issued to him in different years with the wording "for an invention in the field military equipment" without any accompanying documents to establish the presence or absence of their connection with the AK-47. Even if the author's certificate for the AK-47 assault rifle was issued to Kalashnikov, it is worth noting that the terms of patent protection for the original design developed in the forties have long expired.
Some of the improvements introduced in the AK-74 and AK "hundredth series" are protected by a Eurasian patent from 1997, owned by the company"Izhmash".
Differences from the basic AK described in the patent include:
- folding butt with locks for combat and traveling position;
- a gas piston rod mounted in a hole in the bolt carrier with a threaded clearance;
- a pocket for a pencil case with accessories, formed by stiffening ribs inside the butt and closed with a spring-loaded swivel lid;
- a gas tube spring-loaded relative to the sight block in the direction of the muzzle;
- changed geometry of the transition from the field to the bottom of the rifling in the rifled part of the barrel.
Production and use of the AK-47 outside of Russia
The government of the USSR willingly supplied machine guns to everyone who, at least in words, declared their commitment to the "cause of socialism." As a result, in some Third World countries, the AK-47 is cheaper than live chicken. It can be seen in reports from almost any hot spot in the world. The AK-47 is in service with the regular armies of more than fifty countries of the world, as well as many informal groups, including terrorist ones. In addition, "fraternal countries" received licenses for the production of AK-47 free of charge, for example, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, China, Poland, North Korea and Yugoslavia.
In the 1950s, licenses for the production of AK-47s were transferred by the USSR to 18 countries (mainly the Warsaw Pact allies). At the same time, twelve more states launched the production of Kalashnikov assault rifles without a license. The number of countries in which the AK-47 was produced without a license in small batches, and even more so handicraft, cannot be counted. To date, according to Rosoboronexport, the licenses of all states that previously received them have already expired, however, production continues. Particularly active in producing clones of the Kalashnikov assault rifle are the Polish company Bumar and the Bulgarian company Arsenal, which has now opened a branch in the United States and launched the production of assault rifles there. The production of AK-47 clones is deployed in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. According to very rough estimates, there are from 70 to 105 million copies of various modifications of Kalashnikov assault rifles in the world. They are adopted by the armies of 55 countries of the world.
In some of the states that had previously received licenses for the production of the AK-47, it was manufactured in a slightly modified form. So, in the modification of the AK, produced in Yugoslavia, Romania and some other countries, there was an additional pistol-type grip under the forearm to hold the weapon. Other minor changes were also made - the bayonet mounts, the materials of the forearm and butt, and the finish were changed. There are cases when two machine guns were connected on a special home-made mount, and an installation similar to double-barreled air defense machine guns was obtained. In the GDR, a training modification of the AK chambered for .22LR was produced. In addition, many models of military weapons have been created on the basis of the AK-47 - from carbines to sniper rifles. Some of these designs are factory conversions of the original AK-47s.
Many of the AK-47 copies are in turn also copied (licensed or not) with some modifications by other manufacturers, resulting in quite different systems from the original sample, for example, the Vektor CR-21 - a South African automatic carbine with a bullpup layout, created on the basis of the Vektor R4, which is a copy of the Israeli Galil - a licensed copy of the Finnish Valmet Rk 62, which in turn is a licensed version of the AK-47.
In countries with liberal gun laws (first of all, in the USA), various versions of the Kalashnikov system are very popular as civilian weapons.
In the United States, all AK-like weapons are collectively known as "AK-47" ("hey-kei-foti-sevn"). The first copies of the Kalashnikov assault rifle came to the United States along with soldiers returning from Vietnam. Since in those years the possession of automatic (firing bursts) weapons in the United States was allowed to civilians, subsequently many of them were officially registered with all the necessary formalities.
The Gun Control Act, passed in 1968, prohibited the import of civilian automatic weapons, but thanks to a number of loopholes in the legislation, the sale of automatic weapons assembled in the United States remained possible. In addition, the import of self-loading variants based on AK was not limited to anything.
In 1986, an amendment to the same decree (the so-called Firearm Owners Protection Act) banned not only the import, but also the sale of automatic weapons to civilians, as well as their production for the purpose of such sale; this regulation, however, does not apply to weapons registered before 1986, which can be legally acquired with an appropriate license, and with an appropriate level dealer license (Class III Dealer) - and sold. Thus, in the United States, there are still a certain number of military-style Kalashnikov assault rifles in the hands of civilians, capable of firing in bursts.
Subsequently, a number of regulations were also adopted (1989 Semi-Automatic Rifle Import Ban, 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban), which specifically prohibited the import of any AK-like weapon, with the exception of specifically modified options, such as the Russian "Saiga" of some modifications, with a rifle butt instead of a pistol handles and other design changes. These additional restrictions have now been lifted due to the expiration of these regulations.
In other countries, in the vast majority of cases, civilian possession of automatic weapons, if allowed by law, is only as an exception by special permission, or for the purpose of collecting.
AK-47 at the moment
As the weapon became obsolete, its shortcomings began to appear more and more, both characteristic of it initially and identified over time due to changes in the requirements for small arms and the nature of hostilities. At the present time, even the latest modifications of the AK-47 are generally outdated weapons, with virtually no reserves for significant modernization. The general obsolescence of weapons also determines many of its specific significant shortcomings.
First of all, there is a significant mass of weapons by modern standards, due to the widespread use of steel parts in its design. At the same time, the Kalashnikov assault rifle itself cannot be called unnecessarily heavy, however, any attempts to significantly modernize it - for example, lengthening and weighting the barrel to increase shooting accuracy, not to mention the installation of additional sights - inevitably take its mass beyond the limits acceptable for army weapons , which is well shown by the experience of creating and operating the Saiga and Vepr hunting carbines, as well as RPK machine guns. Attempts to lighten the weapon while maintaining an all-steel structure (that is, the existing production technology) also lead to an unacceptable decrease in its service life, which partly proves the negative experience of operating early batches of AK-74, the rigidity of the receivers of which turned out to be insufficient and required strengthening of the structure - that is , here the limit has already been reached and there are no reserves for modernization. In addition, in the AK-47, the shutter is locked through the cutouts of the receiver liner, and not the barrel process, as in more modern models, which does not allow the receiver to be made of lighter and more technologically advanced, although less durable materials. Two lugs are also a simple, but not optimal solution - even the SVD rifle bolt has three lugs, which provide more uniform locking and a smaller angle of rotation of the bolt, not to mention modern Western models, for which we are usually talking about at least six bolt lugs.
A significant disadvantage in modern conditions is a collapsible receiver with a detachable lid. This design makes it impossible to mount modern types of sights (collimator, optical, night) using Weaver or Picatinny rails: placing a heavy sight on a removable receiver cover is useless due to its significant structural backlash. As a result, AK-like weapons for the most part allow the installation of only a limited number of models of sights that use a dovetail-type side bracket, which also shifts the center of gravity of the weapon to the left and does not allow the stock to be folded on those models where this is provided for by the design. The only exceptions are rare variants such as the Polish Beryl assault rifle, which has a separate pedestal for the aiming bar, which is fixedly attached to the bottom of the receiver, or the South African bullpup assault rifle Vektor CR21, in which the red dot sight is located on a bar attached to the regular base of the sight for the AK-47 - with this arrangement, it ends up right in the area of the shooter's eyes. The first solution is rather palliative, significantly complicates the assembly and disassembly of weapons, and also increases their bulkiness and weight; the second is only suitable for weapons made according to the bullpup scheme. On the other hand, it is precisely due to the presence of a removable receiver cover that the assembly and disassembly of the AK is carried out quickly and conveniently, and this also provides excellent access to the details of the weapon when cleaning it.
At present, there are other, more successful solutions to this problem. So, on the AK-12, as well as on the Saiga hunting carbines, the receiver cover is hinged up and down, which allows the installation of modern sighting bars (on the AK-12 and "tactical" versions of the Saiga, this solution is already applied) without compromising access to weapon mechanisms.
All parts of the trigger mechanism are compactly assembled inside the receiver, thus playing the role of both the bolt box and the body of the trigger mechanism (trigger box). By modern standards, this is a lack of weapons, since more modern systems(and even for the relatively old Soviet SVD and the American M16) USM is usually made in the form of a separate easily removable unit that can be quickly replaced to obtain various modifications (self-loading, with the ability to fire in bursts of a fixed length, and so on), and in the case of the M16 platform - and modernization of weapons by installing a new receiver unit on the existing USM unit (for example, to switch to new caliber ammunition), which is a very economical solution.
To speak of a deeper degree of modularity characteristic of many modern small arms systems - for example, the use of quick-change barrels of various lengths - in relation to the AK-47, including even its most recent modifications, all the more so.
The high reliability of the family of Kalashnikov assault rifles, or rather, the methods used in its design to achieve it, is at the same time the cause of its significant drawbacks. The increased momentum of the gas exhaust mechanism, coupled with a gas piston fixed to the bolt frame and large gaps between all parts, on the one hand, leads to the fact that the automatic weapon works flawlessly even with heavy pollution (contamination is literally “blown out” of the receiver when fired), - on the other hand, large gaps during the movement of the bolt group lead to the appearance of multidirectional lateral impulses that displace the weapon from the aiming line, while the bolt frame, which comes to the extreme rear position at a speed of the order of 5 m / s (for comparison, for systems with more " soft "work of automation, even at the initial stage of the shutter retraction, this speed usually does not exceed 4 m / s), guarantees a strong shaking of the weapon during firing, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of automatic fire. According to some of the available estimates, the weapons of the AK family are generally not suitable for effective aimed fire in bursts. This is also the reason for the relatively large shutter runout, and therefore - greater length receiver, to the detriment of the length of the barrel while maintaining the overall dimensions of the weapon. On the other hand, the AK bolt runout occurs completely inside the receiver, without using the butt cavity, which allows the latter to be folded, reducing the dimensions of the weapon when carried.
Other shortcomings are less radical, and can be characterized more as individual features of the sample.
As one of the shortcomings of the AK-47 associated with the design of its trigger, the inconvenient location of the translator-fuse is often called (on the right side of the receiver, under the cutout for the cocking handle) and a clear click when the weapon is removed from the protection, unmasking the shooter before opening fire. On many foreign variants ("Tantalum", "Valmet", "Galil") and on the AEK-971 machine gun, an additional translator-fuse has been introduced, conveniently located on the left, which can significantly improve the ergonomics of the weapon. The AK release is considered to be quite tight, but it is noted that this is completely corrected by a simple skill.
The cocking handle located on the right is often attributed to the shortcomings of the AK family. Such an arrangement of it was at one time adopted on the basis of quite practical considerations: the handle located on the left, when carrying the weapon “on the chest” and crawling, would rest against the body of the shooter, giving him significant discomfort. This was just typical, for example, for the German MP.40 submachine gun. Experienced machine The Kalashnikov of 1946 also had a handle located on the left, but the military commission considered it necessary to move it, like the fuse-translator of types of fire, to the right. For example, on the foreign version of "Galil", for the convenience of cocking with the left hand, the handle is bent up.
The AK-47 magazine receiver without a developed neck was also often criticized as not ergonomic - sometimes there are claims that it increases the magazine change time by almost 2-3 times compared to a system with a neck.
Ergonomics of all variants of Kalashnikov assault rifles has often been criticized. The stock of the AK-47 is considered to be too short, and the fore-end is considered to be too "elegant". However, this weapon was created for the relatively undersized military personnel of the 1940s, as well as taking into account its use in winter clothes and gloves. The situation could be partially corrected by a removable rubber butt pad, variants of which are widely offered on the civilian market. AT Russian divisions special purpose and in the civilian market, use on various AKs is very common serial variants stocks, pistol grips, and so on, which increases the usability of weapons, although it does not solve the problem in itself and leads to a significant increase in its cost.
The factory sights of the AK from a modern point of view should be recognized as rather rough, and the short aiming line (the distance between the front sight and the slot of the rear sight) does not contribute to high accuracy. Most of the significantly reworked foreign variants based on the AK-47 first of all received just more advanced sights, and in most cases - with an entirely diopter-type shooter located close to the eye. On the other hand, compared to the diopter, which has real advantages only when firing at medium-long ranges, the “open” AK sight provides a faster transfer of fire from one target to another and is more convenient when conducting automatic fire, as it covers the target less. It is worth noting that the first versions of the Kalashnikov assault rifle did not have rails for mounting optical sights. The ability to install a bar for mounting optical sights appeared only on the AK-74M modification.
The accuracy of the weapon's fire was not its strong point from the very moment it was put into service, and, despite the constant increase in this characteristic during upgrades, remained at a lower level than that of similar foreign models. Nevertheless, in general and in general, it can be considered acceptable for military weapons chambered for such a cartridge. For example, according to data obtained abroad, AKs with a milled receiver (that is, an early modification of 7.62 mm) with single shots regularly showed groups of hits with a diameter of 2-3-3.5 inches (~ 5-9 cm) at 100 yards ( 90 m). The effective range in the hands of an experienced shooter at the same time was up to 400 yards (about 350 m), and at this distance the dispersion diameter was about 7 inches (about 18 cm), that is, a value quite acceptable for hitting a single person. Weapons for low-impulse cartridges have even better characteristics.
In general and in general, although AK certainly has numerous positive traits and will be suitable for weapons for a long time armed forces countries in which they are accustomed to it, there is an obvious need to replace it with more modern models, moreover, having radical differences in design, which would allow not to repeat the fundamental shortcomings of the outdated system described above.
Specifications AK-47
- Caliber: 7.62x39
- Weapon length: 870 mm
- Barrel length: 414 mm
- Weight without cartridges: 3.8 kg.
- Rate of fire: 600 rds / min
- Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
- Main characteristics of AKS
- Caliber: 7.62x39
- Weapon length: 880/645 mm
- Barrel length: 414 mm
- Weight without cartridges: 3.8 kg.
- Rate of fire: 600 rds / min
- Magazine capacity: 30 rounds
The Kalashnikov assault rifle is the main type of automatic small arms. It was created by the outstanding Soviet designer M. T. Kalashnikov. The machine has received wide recognition. It is simple in design and has high combat and operational qualities. On the basis of this machine created and put into service Soviet army light machine gun Kalashnikov (RPK) and other models of small arms with the most effective combat properties.
The honor of superiority in the creation of automatic weapons belongs to our Motherland. The world's first automatic pistol - the prototype of an automatic weapon - was designed by the outstanding Russian gunsmith V. G. Fedorov. Huge contribution V. A. Degtyarev and G. S. Shpagin contributed to the development of automatic weapons.
Purpose, combat properties, general device of the machine
The upgraded Kalashnikov assault rifle (Fig. 25) is an individual weapon and is designed to destroy enemy manpower. In hand-to-hand combat, a bayonet-knife is attached to the machine gun.
From the machine is automatic (AB) or single (OD) fire (shooting with single shots). Automatic fire is the main type of fire.
General view of the Kalashnikov assault rifle: a - with a wooden butt (AKM);
b - with a folding butt (AKMS)
The combat properties of the machine are characterized by the data given in the table
Purpose, arrangement of parts and mechanisms of the machine
The machine gun consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: 1-barrel with a receiver, sighting device and butt; 2 receiver covers; 3 bayonet-knives; 4-return mechanism; 5 bolt carrier with gas piston; 6-gas tube with handguard; 7-shutter; 8 forearm; 9 store; 10-shock-trigger mechanism. The machine kit includes accessories, a belt and a bag for magazines. The automatic action of the machine is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
Trunk serves to direct the flight of the Bullet. Inside the barrel has a channel with four rifling, winding from left to right. The rifling serves to give the bullet a rotational motion. The gaps between the rifling are called fields, the distance between two opposite fields is called the caliber of the barrel.
In the breech, the bore is smooth, has the shape of a sleeve, this part of the bore is called the chamber. The transition from the chamber to the rifled part of the bore is called the bullet entry.
The communication of the gas chamber with the bore is made through the gas outlet.
Barrel: a - general form; b - breech section; c - section of the trunk; 1 - sight block; 2 - coupling; 3 - gas chamber; 4 - gas outlet; 5 - front sight base; 6 - thread; 7 - chamber; 8 - recess for the barrel stud; 9 - pool entrance; 10 - threaded part; 11 - field; 12 - rifling
Receiverserves to connect the parts and mechanisms of the machine, to ensure the closing of the bore by the shutter and the locking of the shutter. A trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver.
Receiver: 1 - transverse groove; 2 - longitudinal groove; 3 - limbs; 4 - guide ledge; 5 - jumper, 6 - reflective protrusion; 7 - cutouts; 8 - store latch
receiver coverprotects parts and mechanisms of the machine placed in the receiver from contamination.
Receiver cover: 1 - hole; 2 - stiffeners; 3 - stepped cutouts
sighting device serves to aim the machine gun when firing at targets at various distances and consists of a sight and a front sight.
The aiming bar has a mane with a slot for aiming and cutouts for holding the yoke in the installed position using a spring latch. On the aiming bar there is a scale with divisions from 1 to 10 and the letter "P". The numbers on the scale indicate the corresponding firing range in hundreds of meters, the letter "P" - the constant setting of the sight, which corresponds to sight 3.
Sighting device: a - sight; b - the base of the front sight; 1 - sight block; 2 - leaf spring; 3 - aiming bar; 4 - clamp; 5 - polozok with a front sight; 6 - fuse fuse
Bolt carrier with gas piston designed to actuate the shutter and trigger mechanism.
Bolt frame with gas piston: 1 - channel for the shutter; 2 - safety ledge; 3 - protrusion for lowering the self-timer lever; 4 - groove for bending the receiver; 5 - handle; 6 - groove for a reflective protrusion; 7 - curly cut; 8 - gas piston
Gateserves to send a cartridge into the chamber, close the bore, break the primer and remove the cartridge case (cartridge) from the chamber.
Shutter: a - shutter frame; b - drummer; in - ejector. 1 - leading ledge; 2 - hole for the ejector axis; 3 - cutout for the ejector; 4 - cutout for the bottom of the sleeve; 5 - combat ledge; 6 - longitudinal groove for a reflective protrusion; 7 - ejector spring; 8 - axis of the ejector; 9 - hairpin
Return mechanismdesigned to return the bolt carrier with the bolt to the forward position
return mechanism. 1 - return spring; 2 - guide rod. 3 - movable rod; 4 - clutch
Gas tube with handguard serves to direct the movement of the gas piston and protect hands from burns when firing.
Gas tube with handguard: 1 - gas tube; 2 - guide ribs for the gas piston; 3 - front coupling; 4 - handguard; 5 - rear coupling; 6 - ledge
Stock and pistol gripprovide the convenience of shooting from a machine gun.
trigger mechanism designed to release the trigger from the combat cocking or from the self-timer cocking, striking the firing pin, ensuring automatic or single fire, stopping firing, preventing shots when the bolt is unlocked and for setting the machine gun to safety.
The trigger mechanism consists of a trigger with a mainspring, a trigger retarder with a spring, a trigger, a single-fire sear with a spring, a self-timer with a spring and a translator.
The trigger with a mainspring is designed to strike the drummer. The trigger has a combat cocking, self-timer cocking, trunnions and a hole for the axis. The mainspring is put on the trigger trunnions and with its loop acts on the trigger, and with its ends - on the rectangular ledges of the trigger. The trigger retarder is used to slow down the movement of the trigger forward in order to improve the accuracy of combat during automatic fire. The trigger is designed to keep the trigger cocked and to pull the trigger; single fire whisper - to hold the trigger after firing in the rearmost position, if the trigger was not released during single fire. The purpose of the self-timer with a spring is to automatically release the trigger from the self-timer cocking when firing in bursts, as well as to prevent the trigger from being released when the bore is not closed and the bolt is not locked. The translator serves to set the machine to automatic and single fire or to the fuse.
Bayonet: 1 - blade; 2 - cutting edge; 3 - hole; 4 - saw; 5 - hook; 6 - belt; 7 - latch; 8 - safety ledge; 9 - longitudinal groove; 10 - tip screw; 11 - handle; 12 - ring
A scabbard is used to carry a bayonet-knife on a belt. If necessary, they are used together with a bayonet-knife for cutting wire.
Sheath: 1 - pendant with carabiners; 2 - plastic housing; 3 - emphasis; 4 - protrusion-axis
For firing from the AK-74 assault rifle, 5.45 mm 7n6 and 7n10 cartridges are used with ordinary (with a steel core), tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets.
Automatic or single fire is carried out from the machine gun. Automatic fire is the main type of automatic fire. It is conducted in short (up to 5 shots), long (up to 10 shots) bursts and continuously. The supply of cartridges during firing is made from a box magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds.
The most effective fire from the AK-74 assault rifle is carried out at a distance of up to 500 m.
Tactical and technical characteristics of akm and ak-74
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Characteristic | ||
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Caliber, mm | ||
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Cartridge, mm | ||
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Muzzle velocity, m/s | ||
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Sighting range, m | ||
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Magazine capacity, pcs. Patr. | ||
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Rate of fire, rds / min. | ||
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Combat rate of fire, rds / min. | ||
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when firing single shots | ||
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when shooting bursts | ||
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Machine length, mm | ||
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without bayonet | ||
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with attached bayonet | ||
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Barrel length, mm | ||
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Machine weight without bayonet-knife, kg | ||
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with empty magazine | ||
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with equipped magazine | ||
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Bayonet-knife weight with scabbard, kg | ||
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The range up to which the slaughter is preserved - | ||
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bullet action, m | ||
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Direct shot range | ||
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chest figure (height 50 cm), m | ||
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on a running figure (height 150 cm), m | ||
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Number of rifling in the bore, mm |
The machine consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
return mechanism;
gas tube with handguard;
trigger mechanism;
shop.
a barrel with a receiver, with an aiming device, butt and pistol grip;
receiver covers;
bolt carrier with gas piston;
The main parts and mechanisms of the machine
AT machine kit includes:
shopping bag.
accessories (ramrod and pencil case with accessories)
Affiliation
Belt and shopping bag
The automatic action of the AK-74 is based on the use of the energy of powder gases discharged from the bore to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
Interaction of parts and mechanisms of the automaton.
When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the hole in the upper part of the barrel into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston and bolt carrier with the bolt into the rear position. When moving back, the bolt turns, unlocks and opens the bore, removes the sleeve from the chamber and throws it out, and the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the trigger (puts it on the self-timer cocking).
The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine to the chamber and, turning, closes and locks the bore, and the bolt frame removes the protrusion (sear) of the self-timer from under the cocking of the self-timer trigger. The shutter is locked by turning it to the left and entering the lugs of the shutter into the cutouts of the receiver.
Appointment and arrangement of parts and mechanisms of the machine.
Trunk serves to direct the flight of the bullet. Inside the barrel has a channel with four rifling, winding from left to right.
Muzzle brake compensator serves to increase the accuracy of the battle when firing bursts from unstable positions (on the move, standing, kneeling), as well as to reduce the recoil energy.
Front sight base has an emphasis for a ramrod and a bayonet-knife handle, a hole for a front sight slider, a front sight guard and a latch with a spring.
Gas chamber serves to direct powder gases from the barrel to the gas piston of the bolt carrier.
sighting device serves to aim the machine when firing at targets at various distances. It consists of a sight and a front sight.
Stock and pistol grip serve for the convenience of automatic operation.
Coupling serves to attach the forearm to the machine. It has a forearm lock, a swivel for a belt and a hole for a ramrod.
Receiver serves to connect the parts and mechanisms of the machine, to ensure the closing of the bore with a bolt and locking the bolt; a trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver. From above it is closed with a lid.
receiver cover protects parts and mechanisms placed in the receiver from contamination.
Bolt carrier with gas piston serves to actuate the shutter and trigger mechanism.
Gate serves to send a cartridge into the chamber, close and lock the bore, break the primer and remove the cartridge case (cartridge) from the chamber. The shutter consists of a core, a drummer, an ejector with a spring and an axis, and a stud.
trigger mechanism serves to release the trigger from the combat cocking or cocking the self-timer, strike the striker, ensure automatic or single fire, stop firing, prevent shots when the shutter is unlocked and for setting the machine to safety.
trigger mechanism is placed in the receiver, where it is attached with three interchangeable axles, and consists of a trigger with a mainspring, a trigger retarder with a spring, a trigger, a single-fire sear with a spring, a self-timer with a spring and a translator.
Hammer with mainspring serve to strike a striker. The trigger is used to keep the trigger cocked and to release the trigger. The single-fire sear serves to hold the trigger in the rearmost position after firing, if the trigger was not released during single-fire firing.
Self-timer with spring serves to automatically release the trigger from the self-timer cocking when firing in bursts, as well as to prevent the trigger from being released when the bore and bolt are not closed. The translator is used to set the machine to automatic or single fire, as well as to set the fuse.
Return mechanism serves to return the bolt carrier with the bolt to the forward position. It consists of a return spring, a guide rod, a movable rod and a clutch.
Gas tube with handguard consists of a gas tube, front and rear couplings, a handguard and a metal half ring. The gas tube serves to guide the movement of the gas piston. The barrel pad serves to protect the submachine gunner's hands from burns when firing.
Score serves to place cartridges and feed them into the receiver. It consists of a body, a cover, a locking plate, a spring and a feeder.
Bayonet knife attaches to the machine gun before an attack and serves to defeat the enemy in hand-to-hand combat.
Sheath used to carry a bayonet-knife on the waist belt. In addition, they are used together with a bayonet-knife for cutting wire.
Affiliation serves for disassembly, assembly, cleaning and lubrication of the machine. Accessories include: a ramrod, a wipe, a brush, a screwdriver, a punch, a hairpin, a pencil case and an oiler.
Purpose, combat properties and general device of the PM.
The 9mm Makarov pistol is a personal offensive and defensive weapon designed to engage the enemy at short distances.
