Composition of the beech complex. Buk anti-aircraft missile system. The purpose of the military installation

The worst thing in war is an enemy air strike. And the best place to launch a preemptive strike is considered to be the defeat of army columns on the march. Enemy reconnaissance detects the target and directs an attack aviation group consisting of various types of aircraft. And the units moving to the front are left with pitiful, demoralized remnants. Troops on the front line do not receive proper support, planned military operations are disrupted, and the front line of defense is collapsing.

Air cover for columns is not always able to provide protection to ground troops. The way out of this situation was the introduction into the tank and rifle units of the Buk mobile anti-aircraft missile system (SAM), which provides reliable cover for its columns throughout the march.

History of creation

To fully ensure safe movement along the roads of military columns and improve air defense main shock units and units of the Soviet Army, the USSR government decided to create a new mobile anti-aircraft complex.

The 9K37 Buk air defense system became such a complex. The main task for the developed complex was to fight, under enemy electronic countermeasures, against high-speed (Vmax = 830 m/s) aerodynamic objects capable of maneuvering with maximum overloads of up to 12g.

The Buk was created to replace the well-served Kub complex. All tasks for the design and creation of a new machine were entrusted to the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making. Work started at the beginning of 1972. At the same time, development of an anti-aircraft complex for the fleet began. It received the designation "Hurricane". Both new complexes included a single anti-aircraft ammunition.

The developers of the air defense system were given strict deadlines for the work.

The complex was supposed to enter service with the troops within three years. Therefore, all work on the development and adoption of the full complex for service was divided into two stages:

1. Partial introduction of self-propelled firing systems with a new guided anti-aircraft missile (SAM) into the existing 2K12 anti-aircraft systems.
2. Putting into service the full 9K37 complex.

At the first stage, a new 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missile and a new 9A38 self-propelled firing system were created at an accelerated pace. This installation was mounted on the chassis of a tracked vehicle from the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant. It ensured the use of both new missiles and the 3M9M3 missiles included in the Kub complex.

Part anti-aircraft missile batteries The Kub complex was introduced with one new installation from the BUK complex, which were armed with new 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. Such an extraordinary move significantly increased the combat capabilities of existing units:

1. The number of simultaneously processed target channels doubled.
2. The target engagement range has increased from 22 to 24 kilometers.
3. Significantly decreased minimum height the use of missiles from 100 to 30 meters.
4. It became possible to destroy faster targets. The flight speed of the warhead increased by 100 m/s.
5. The number of combat-ready personnel has increased anti-aircraft missiles from 60 to 75.

Such a combined unit entered field testing already in 1974. The tests were successful. Four years later, the 2K12-M4 combined anti-aircraft complex was adopted for service. Simultaneously with the modernization of existing units, work was carried out to create a unified Buk complex.

At the end of the summer of 1975, a complete set of the 9K37 complex was presented for field testing. It included:

1. Command post vehicle 9S470.
2. Target detection and guidance station 9S18.
3. Self-propelled firing system 9A310.
4. Start-loading machine 9A39.
5. 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile.

Tests were carried out until 1979. The commission of the military-industrial complex and the Ministry of Defense appreciated the qualities of the new complex.

It was put into service under the Buk-1 nomenclature. NATO designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Design of the 9K37 complex

Anti-aircraft missile system"Buk" has a combined method of targeting the target. At the initial stage of entering the flight path, inertial guidance was carried out. The correction was carried out using radio signals from launcher or command post. At the final branch of the trajectory, the missile's automatic homing was connected; such a system operates in a semi-active mode.

The entire complex was placed on a tracked chassis high cross-country ability GM-569. All chassis are equipped with:

1. Communication means that provide an uninterrupted channel for receiving and transmitting data.
2. Orientation and navigation devices that allow you to reference the terrain in as soon as possible.
3. Individual power supply units that operate autonomously.
4. Life support and crew protection systems that ensure combat operations in conditions of the enemy’s use of nuclear and chemical attack weapons.

All this provides greater autonomy and high maneuverability when conducting combat operations on rough terrain.

The point is designed for automated control of air defense systems by transmitting encoded signals via wired or radio communication channels. The complex's command post operates simultaneously with six firing installations and one target detection station. At the same time, he can maintain stable communication with a higher command post.

The equipment of the command post vehicle allows you to solve the following tasks:

• Automatic selection of firing mode;
• Automatic tracking of the most dangerous objects up to 15 pieces;
• Ability to process up to 75 radar marks;
• Independent distribution of targets and targeting them;
• Ensuring uninterrupted operation in conditions of strong radio interference or in the event of failure of the radar of one of the op-amps;
• Preservation of information about the combat operation of the complex;
• Monitoring the state of combat installations;
• Conducting comprehensive training with simulated air conditions.

Designed to detect an object. Determination of nationality of aircraft. Processing and transmitting information about the air situation in the combat duty area to the command post vehicle or other command posts of the air defense forces. SOC is nothing more than a three-dimensional radar in the centimeter range.

Its indicated detection range is up to 160 kilometers.

The space is viewed in two modes:

1. Regular. Inspection of air territory is carried out in anti-aircraft defense mode.
2. Sector. The survey is carried out in the anti-missile defense mode.

The machine operates using a single antenna and two transmitters of pulsed and continuous radiation.

One of the transmitters detects and identifies the target, and also carries out its automatic tracking.

The second transmitter highlights the selected target and the guided missile launched from the OS. The error in determining the target speed is no more than 20 m/s. The maximum range error is less than 175 meters. The error in determining the angular coordinates can be no more than half the division of the protractor.

The Kupol SOC is protected from various radar interference used by the enemy. The detection and tracking station blocking system, when accompanied by its own aircraft, blocks the starting system. Thus, preventing the shot from being fired.

Such a vehicle can operate either as part of a unit controlled by a command post or independently. It is designed for the following tasks:

• detection and tracking of an airborne object;
• target acquisition and determination of its coordinates;
• determining the flight mission for the rocket;
• launching missile defense systems;
• generation and transmission of commands to correct the flight path to the target;
• transmission of information about the state of the airspace, detected and tracked objects at the command post, as well as about the process of combat work;
• destruction of enemy aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles;
• ensuring training launches;

During combat work as part of a unit, it can be used as a launcher with third-party guidance on the target. It can also take part in a group determination of the location of a particular target.

Transfer to combat status was carried out in less than 5 minutes, when changing OP no more than 20 seconds. Reloading with four missiles takes less than 12 minutes from a ROM, and 16 minutes from a transport vehicle.

Start-loading machine 9A39

The vehicle is designed for: transportation and storage of missiles (one ammunition load on the launcher ready for launch, the second ammunition load is located on transport supports), loading the firing installation, control technical condition rockets, pre-launch preparation, carrying out alternate rocket launches. To solve these problems, the machine includes:

• transport-launching device;
• transport supports for transporting missiles;
• Calculating machine;
• lifting unit.

The missile is designed to destroy enemy targets in the duty zone of the air defense complex.

Rocket composition:

• head part;
• transition frame;
• propulsion system;
• tail section

The layout of the missile's components and assemblies is designed to ensure clear movement along the trajectory to the target. It has a special guidance system with a semi-active operating principle.

The propulsion system is single-stage with mixed solid fuel. The main destructive element is a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kilograms. The detonation is carried out at a distance of no more than 17 meters from the target. Damage is caused by fragments and exposure to a blast wave. The total mass of the rocket is 685 kilograms.

Complex modifications

The enemy's aviation technology is constantly being improved. New technologies are being introduced to counter anti-aircraft missile weapons. Therefore, the modernization of anti-aircraft systems is underway. The potential inherent in the basic complex allows for work to improve the system.

After the basic complex was put into service, work began immediately on its modernization. In 1982 they ended with successful launches. The complex entered service and was named 9K37M1 with the 9M38M1 missile. Compared to the primary version of the complex, the area of ​​complete damage has increased significantly.

The Buk-M1 complex has the ability to detect various types of aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, ballistic missiles. Improved counteraction to enemy missile defenses. This complex was exported under the name “Ganges”.

SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk"-M1-2

The development of this complex was completed by 1997. This complex received a new 9M317 guided missile. Almost all facilities of the complex have been improved.

Totality new rocket and modernization of control and guidance units made it possible to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles.

It also became possible to destroy surface targets at ranges of up to 25 km, as well as front-line and army command and control posts. The combat radius of hitting targets has been increased in range to 45 km and in altitude to 25 km. The efficiency of destroying air targets of various types has been increased.

SAM 9K317 "Buk"-M2

This system was the result of a deep modernization of the base complex. The target engagement area has increased significantly. The probability of hitting rotary-wing aircraft and missiles has increased to 80%. Because of the collapse Soviet Union The Buk-M2 complex did not go into production. The difficult financial situation of the state had an impact. After 15 years, the design documentation was updated to a modern base. In 2008, he entered the active units of the Russian Army.

SAM 9K317M "Buk"-M3

The complex was created in 2007 and entered service with the air defense units of the Russian Army in 2016. Each installation already carries six missiles. They are located in transport and launch containers. All natural elements are subject to him. Targets can be hit in the air, on land and on water. The complex works on the principle of launching and forgetting. The missile itself will reach the target. The new guidance and illumination radar implements all the capabilities of the complex.

According to experts, the probability of destroying targets is almost 100%. One millionth of a miss doesn't count. The combat mode of the complex is based on the principle of complete autonomy.

SAM 9K317E "Buk"-M2E

This system is a Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system. But the wheelbase chosen for it was the Minsky chassis automobile plant MZKT-69221. This modification is exported to other countries.

SAM 9K37MB "Buk"-MB

Basic complex was created by the Soviet military-industrial complex. Therefore, it is the property of all CIS republics. Engineers of the Republic of Belarus carried out independent modernization of this system. It was presented to the general public in 2005 in Minsk under the abbreviation 9K37MB “Buk” -MB.

The complex was modernized at SNPO Agat. The updated system received new radio-electronic equipment. Noise immunity has been improved. A new data exchange complex with the control panel has been installed. The ergonomics of crew workstations have been improved.

Performance characteristics

Data	9K37	9K37M1	9K37M1-2	9K317	9K317M	9K317E
Damage zone by range, km
aircraft	3-25	3-32	3-45	3-50	2-70	3-40
BR "Lance"			Less than 20	Up to 20	2-70	Up to 20
Anti-missile			Less than 20	Up to 20	2-70	Up to 20
Cruise missile	Up to 25	Up to 25	Up to 26	Up to 26	2-70	Up to 26
Ship			Up to 25	Up to 25	2-70	Up to 25
Damage zone in height, m
aircraft	15-25000	15-22000	15-25000	100-25000	15-35000	100-25000
BR "Lance"			2000-16000	2000-16000	15-35000	2000-16000
Anti-missile			100-15000	100-15000	15-35000	100-15000
Probability of hitting one missile
Airplane	0,8-0,9	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95	0,9-0,95	0,9999	0,9-0,95
Helicopter	0,3-0,6	0,3-0,6	0,3-0,6	0,7-0,8		0,7-0,8
Cruise missile	0,3-0,5	0,4-0,6	0,5-0,7	0,7-0,8		0,7-0,8
Targets fired at simultaneously, pcs.	18	18	22	24	36	24
Target speed max, m/s	800	800	1100	1100	3000	1100

All modifications of the complex are fully capable and can withstand any enemy.

Combat use and results

The Buk air defense systems were successfully used during the first Chechen campaign, when the small aviation force of the rebellious republic was crushed. In the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was shot down by an air defense missile system. IN South Ossetia The Russian Air Force lost four aircraft. They were destroyed by Buk fire. Even the destruction of a Boeing 777 aircraft in Ukrainian airspace is attributed to this complex.

The air defense system is one of the main components of the operational capability of not only army units, but also civilian facilities.

Anti-aircraft systems of the Soviet and Russian times are also used in modern reality.

In places of concentration and on the march, columns of armored vehicles can feel confident under the cover of these complexes. Not a single rocket, not a single bomb should fall on the location. Moreover, this is not a bad contribution to the state budget, since the complex is in demand on the arms market.

Video

DATA FOR 2017 (in progress)
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - the complex as a whole ( chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . research institute measuring instruments(NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

Simultaneously with the creation of an air defense system for ground forces with the 9M38 missile, it was planned to create a naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba training ground from August 1975 to October 1976, consisting of self-propelled gun reconnaissance and guidance (SURN) 1S91M3, self-propelled firing unit (SOU) 9A38, self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25M3, with missiles 3M9M3 and 9M38, with a vehicle Maintenance(MTO) 9V881. Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production new air defense system entered the army.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Mass production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.

9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.

Composition of the complex(divisional set):

	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft)
Command post (CP)		1 unit - 9S470	1 unit - 9С470М1	1 unit - 9S470M1-2
	1 unit SURN 1S91M3	1 unit - 9S18 "Dome"	1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1"	1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2)
	4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each)	6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries
Start-charging units (ROM)		3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries	3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries	up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries
Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM)	15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317
Technical means of the complex	maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for current repairs and technical maintenance of control gear, control system and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM.

Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:

	TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system	9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC)		Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes above 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) More low performance mode were explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3
Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode		Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: 21-35 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m)
Range (fighter class aircraft)	up to 30 km	3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results)	3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD)	-	-	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM")	in perspective	-	-	-	up to 20 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (ground targets)			-	-	25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics)
Exchange rate parameter			18 km (based on test results)
Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft)		30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics)	25 - 18000 m (according to test results)	15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics)	15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement height (Lance type OTR)			-	-	2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles)			-	-	100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics)
Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex			6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems)	18	22
Maximum target speed	830 m/s		800 m/s (based on test results)	800 m/s	1100-1200 m/s
Overload target	up to 10-12G
Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft)		0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data)	0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results)	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95
Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter)			0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics)	0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results)	0,3-0,6
Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile)			0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics)	0.4-0.6 (according to test results)	0,5-0,7

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between automatic control system and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Recording and display of information on combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, on the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and on their operation on targets is maintained.

Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.

	9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM	9S18M1 "Dome-M1"
SAM	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification		New radar and equipment, new design solution
Chassis	"object 124" of the SU-100P family	GM-567M
Calculation	3 people
Length		9.59 m
Width		3.25 m
Height		3.25 m (8.02 m in working position)
Weight of SOC	28.5 t	35 t
Radar type	Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth	Radar with flat elevation phased array
Sector of review	Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees
Target detection range	110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference)
Review speed	4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees)
Information transfer rate	75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec)
Radar accuracy	Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range
Radar resolution	Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees.
Anti-interference	To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode.
Probability of tracking targets	at least 0.5 against the background local items and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	5 minutes
	20 s

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SOU ensures the search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles on the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).

The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out a fire mission to hit a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.

	9A38	9A310	9A310M1
SAM	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4"	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification			Ensured target acquisition for auto tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6
Chassis	GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant Engine - multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C	GM-569
Calculation	4 people	4 people
Length		9.3 m
Width		3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area)
Height		3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position)
Installation weight	34 t	32.4 t
Mated SPU / ROM	SPU 2P25M3	ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs)
Rockets	3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides	4 x 9M38
Air target detection equipment	Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder	Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36	Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72
Number of target channels	1 target, 2 missiles	1 target, 2 missiles
avionics	BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
	Life supporting system
Operating time (from target detection to missile launch)	24-27 s
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s	no more than 20 s
	9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles)	12 min (with ROM) 16 min (s transport vehicle)

Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

	9A39
SAM	9K37 "Buk"
Chassis	GM-577
Calculation	3 people
Length	9.96 m
Width	3.316 m
Height	3.8 m
Installation weight	35.5 t
Mated SDA	9A310
Rockets	4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers
Number of target channels	1 (provided by SOU)
avionics	BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
Energy and other equipment	Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s
Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun	26 min (from a transport vehicle)

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. 9M38 and 9M317 missiles, in addition to the Buk air defense system, are also used in naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

	9M38	9M317 / 9M317E (export version)
Development	The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev	The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov
Design	The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail section The rocket has no parts that separate during flight	The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord.
Propulsion system	Dual-mode (start, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s	Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct
Control system	Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed.	Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors.
TTX rockets:
Length	5500 mm	5550 mm
Aerodynamic rudder span	860 mm	860 mm
Case diameter	- front compartment - 330 mm	- front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter- 400 mm
Rocket mass	685 kg	715 kg
Warhead mass	70 kg
Range	3.5 - 25-30 km
Target engagement height	25 - 18000-20000 m
Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system	0.7-0.93 (according to tests)
Maximum rocket speed	1000 m/s
Maximum overload when maneuvering	up to 19 G	up to 24 G
Warranty period of storage	10 years
Warhead		with semi-finished submunitions
Auxiliary equipment	transport container 9Я266

Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.

Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- CP/point combat control anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (

In the seventies, the Buk family of air defense systems were recognized as one of the most effective air defense systems. Today, the Russian army has several modifications of similar military equipment in service. The article contains information about the tactical and technical characteristics and structure of the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to begin design work to create new promising anti-aircraft systems"Beech". Soviet gunsmiths were given the task of creating a new military complex to replace the already used 2K12 “Cube”. In 1979, after successful tests, this air defense system (GRAU index -9K37) was adopted by the Soviet army. Started right away design work for its modernization. The result of such activities was the creation in 1982 of a new military complex - Buk-M1. Unlike the basic version, it had an increased affected area. In addition, the upgraded complex could recognize three classes of targets: airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. This military system became the first air defense system supplied to foreign customers. Finland received several units of such equipment. The air defense system entered service with the Soviet army in 1983. From 1993 to 1996, intensive modifications were carried out on the 9K37 project. The designers created a transitional modification of the Buk-M1-2.

Work to increase the range and height of hitting targets did not stop there. It was planned to create a system that would have improved characteristics. As a result of the modernization, a new military complex was designed, known as the Buk-M2 (a photo of the installation is presented in the article). In the USA, this air defense system is classified as “Grizzly-17”.

Getting to know the system

"Buk-M2" is a self-propelled, highly mobile and multifunctional anti-aircraft missile system designed for medium-range destruction. The air defense missile system was designed under the leadership of the famous designer of the Instrument Engineering Research Institute E. Pigin. Unlike the previous modification, a new universal missile 9M317 was developed for the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.

The purpose of the military installation

The mission of the Buk-M2 air defense system is as follows:

• Protect ground facilities and troops from enemy air strikes, including cruise missiles.
• Strike at air targets located at low and medium altitudes (from 30 to 18 thousand meters).

Design, characteristics

According to military experts, the most formidable air defense missile system, the 9M317 missile, was developed for the Buk-M2. It is designed for a range of up to 50 thousand meters. Length - 5.5 m. The mass of the rocket is 715 kg. Movement speed - 1230 m/s. The wingspan is 86 cm. During the explosion of an anti-aircraft guided missile, objects within a radius of 17 m are damaged. The 9M317 is equipped with an inertial-corrected control system, for which a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420 was created. The equipment is equipped with a rod warhead weighing 70 kg and a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine.

Judging by the reviews of military experts, the missile, upon completion of complete assembly, is provided with high level reliability. Its operational life is at least ten years. During this time, missiles are not checked.

Storage and transportation of the installation to its place combat use produced in special fiberglass containers. 9M317 are effective at any time of the year. The rocket is not susceptible to precipitation, humidity and temperature.

What targets do 9M317 missiles hit?

The Buk-M2 complexes, equipped with 9M317, hit the following enemy aviation targets:

• Modern and advanced maneuvering aircraft. Chance of defeat: 95%.
• Helicopters providing fire support. Probability of destroying hovering helicopters: up to 40%.
• Hovering, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles. Optimal altitude: 20 km. The probability of destroying tactical missiles is 70%, and cruise missiles: 80%.
• An anti-aircraft guided missile destroys aircraft bombs at an altitude of up to 20 km.
• Enemy surface and ground radio-contrast targets.

The designers managed to expand the combat capabilities of the 9M317 by creating a new operating mode for it. If it is necessary to destroy any surface or ground targets in the missiles, the remote fuses are switched off.

About combat installations 9A317

In addition to anti-aircraft guided missiles, the Buk-M2 is equipped with self-propelled and towed firing systems. For self-propelled guns (SOU) 9A317, tracked chassis GM-569 are provided. These settings are used for detection, identification, auto-tracking and target type recognition. In addition, with the help of the SOU, the flight mission is practiced, radio-correcting commands are transmitted to the missile, and the firing result is evaluated. 9A317 can attack an object both as part of an air defense system and independently.

The SDA is a phased array antenna with electronic beam scanning. The target detection range is 20 km. The firing installation is capable of detecting up to 10 objects and firing simultaneously at 4 of them. An optical-electronic system and CCD-matrix television channels have been developed for the SOU. The installation is reliably protected from radio frequency interference and operates around the clock, which has a positive effect on the “survivability” of the air defense system. The SOU weighs 35 tons. Comes with four missiles. The crew consists of 4 people.

About the launch-loading installation 9A316

The Buk-M2 ROM is used as a transport-loading vehicle and launcher. 9A316 carries out pre-launch preparation and launch of anti-aircraft guided missiles.

This ROM is installed on the GM-577 tracked chassis. Wheeled semi-trailers with tractors are provided for towing. The launch supports are equipped with four missiles. Transport supports also have the same number of missiles. ROMs are charged within 13 minutes. The installation weighs 38 tons. Combat crew of 4 people.

About the controls

The anti-aircraft missile system is equipped with:

• Command post 9S510. Transported using a tracked chassis or a wheeled semi-trailer using a tractor. The reaction time takes no more than 2 seconds. Weighs up to 30 tons. There are 6 people in the crew.
• Radar station (radar) 9С36, which detects targets and guides missiles in wooded areas. The station is equipped with an antenna that rises to a height of up to 22 meters. The antenna is a phased array that provides electronic scanning. The station is installed on tracked chassis or on wheeled semi-trailers with tractors. The radar detects a target at a distance of up to 120 km. The station is capable of simultaneously detecting up to 10 targets, identifying four priority ones. On tracked chassis the station weighs up to 36 tons, on wheeled ones - 30 tons. The crew has four people.

• Radar station 9S18M1-3, performing target detection. It is a phased waveguide-slot array. The station operates in several stages. First, the airspace is scanned by a beam in the vertical plane. Then the received data is transmitted to the command post using telecode lines. Detection range - 160 km. The review lasts for 6 seconds. Specifically for automatic anti-interference active character The station provides instantaneous pulse tuning and range interval blocking. The station weighs up to 30 tons. To transfer it from a combat position to a traveling position and vice versa, five minutes is enough. The crew includes three people.

Characteristics of Buk-M2

• The combat vehicle weighs 35.5 tons.
• Engine power is 710 hp. With.
• Cross-country speed - 45 km/h.
• The time to deploy the Buk-M2 is up to five minutes.
• Shooting is carried out at a speed of 4 seconds.
• Reaction time - up to 10 seconds.
• Crew - three people.
• Fire from the Buk-M2 complexes is carried out under the control of operators and autonomously.
• The air defense system is capable of simultaneously firing at 24 enemy aircraft targets.
• Anti-aircraft rocket launcher It hits approaching targets at a speed of 1100 m/s, and moving away targets at 400 m/s.
• The complex has an operational life of up to 20 years.

Production

Due to its high performance, this air defense system was immediately approved by the expert commission and adopted by the Soviet army. However, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a difficult economic situation in the country mass release complexes was suspended. They began equipping the Russian air defense system with air defense missile systems only in 2008. In service Russian army Today there are 300 Buk-M2 units. Their location was the Alkino and Kapustin Yar military training grounds. The production of Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems is carried out at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. A number of complex works were carried out at the enterprise to reorganize technological processes and retool equipment. The plant was replenished with a workshop where antenna systems are manufactured. In addition, the training and retraining centers opened at the enterprise provide training for Russian and foreign specialists. A large number of SAM data is produced for export. In 2011, 19 Buk-M2 units were delivered to the Syrian army. Two Russian complexes owned by Venezuela. The exact number of air defense systems in Iraq and Azerbaijan is unknown.

Finally

Today, in any military conflict, enemy aircraft attack primarily air defense systems. This can be successfully countered by being armed with the most modern anti-aircraft missile systems.

"Buk-M2", despite all the undeniable advantages of the installation, continues to be intensively refined and improved. The Buk family already includes modernized models M2E, M3 and M4.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system is a multi-purpose system that simultaneously fires at six targets flying at different azimuths and altitudes. High firepower, created by the 6 firing channels of the complex, allows you to effectively hit tracked targets. The complex is armed with modern 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles, which have high technical characteristics, ensuring the destruction of air and surface targets, as well as carrying out combat work against ground targets. Missiles are launched from self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 and launch-loading systems 9A39M1-2.

SAM Buk-M1-2 - video

One of significant differences The Buk-M1-2 air defense system from the Buk-M1 complex is equipped with a laser range finder as part of the SOU 9A310M1-2, which makes it possible to successfully carry out combat work against surface and ground targets with microwave radiation turned off, which significantly improves the characteristics of noise immunity, stealth and survivability of the complex.

The “coordinate support” mode implemented in the Buk-M1-2 complex allows you to successfully solve combat missions with intense exposure to a complex of active interference.

The complex ensures the destruction of aerodynamic targets with maximum approach speeds of 1100-1200 m/s and removal speeds of 300 m/s in an altitude zone from 15 m to 25 km, and a range from 3 to 42 km. Ensures the destruction of cruise missiles (CM) at ranges of up to 26 km, tactical ballistic missiles (TBM) - at ranges of up to 20 km. The affected area of ​​the complex when firing at surface targets is up to 25 km. The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.9, the operating time is 20 s. The deployment time of the complex from traveling to combat position is up to 5 minutes. The complex's combat assets are mounted on highly cross-country self-propelled tracked chassis, ensuring movement both on highways and along dirt road and off-road with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The fuel range is 500 km, maintaining a reserve for two hours of combat work.

The complex ensures operation at temperatures environment from -50°С to +50°С and altitudes above sea level up to 3000 m, as well as in conditions of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons.

The facilities of the complex are equipped with autonomous power supply systems, and at the same time the ability to operate from external power sources is provided. The continuous operation time of the complex is 24 hours.

The complex includes combat weapons:

Command post 9S470M1-2, designed to control the combat operations of the complex (one);

Target detection station 9S18M1, providing detection of air targets, identification of their nationality and transmission of information about the air situation to the command post (one);

Self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2, providing combat operation both as part of a complex in a given sector of responsibility, and in autonomous mode and performing target detection, acquisition, identification
its nationality and shelling of an escorted target (six);

Launch-loading installation 9A39M1-2, designed for launching, transporting and storing 9M317 missiles, as well as performing loading and unloading operations with them (three, attached to two SOU 9A310M1-2);

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile is designed to destroy air, surface and ground targets in conditions of intense enemy radio countermeasures.

High combat readiness The 9K37M1-2 complex is supported using attached technical means.
All technical equipment, except PES-100 and UKS-400V, are mounted on the chassis of Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 vehicles.
Currently, in parallel with the serial development of the Buk-M1-2 complex, work is underway to significantly modernize the complex, aimed at significantly improving its tactical and technical characteristics.

Directions for modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system:

The complex includes a mobile station for automatic detection of radio emission sources "Orion", which provides information support and increases the efficiency of the complex in conditions massive application organized jamming and anti-radar missiles;

SOU 9A310M1-2 and PZU 9A39M1-2 are equipped with objective control systems (SOK), which provides operational documented control of the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing system (SOU) and launch-loading unit (PZU) with information output to a special electronic computer.
SOC can be used to monitor the actions of the crew of the firing installation during its training.

Performance characteristics of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system

Radar with phased array("Buk-M2")

Target detection range of at least 100 km with digital signal processing.
- Simultaneous detection of 24 targets
- Firing 6 targets base value, from 97th 10-12, upgrade limit 22
- Reaction time 15 s

Main characteristics of the 9M317 missile:

For the first time, the ability to intercept Lance-type missiles has been provided
- Weight: 715 kg
- Maximum speed of targets hit: 1200 m/s
- Maximum available overload of missiles: 24 g
- Weight of warhead: 50-70 kg

The maximum range of destruction of F-15 aircraft is 42 km
- Probability of hitting a non-maneuvering aircraft 0.7-0.9
- Probability of hitting a maneuvering aircraft (7-8g) 0.5-0.7

The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. At the shooting tests held at the Kapustin Yar training ground in September 2010, the Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) demonstrated 100 percent effectiveness. They hit five targets with five shots. This was announced by the press secretary of the commander of the North Caucasian Military District, Lieutenant Colonel Andrei Bobrun. The firing was carried out by the anti-aircraft missile brigade, which was the first to receive the Buk-M2E air defense system into service in the Russian army.

The shooting once again confirmed the unique combat characteristics of the Buk-M2E air defense system. This is a multifunctional, mobile, multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system. The main developer is the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov, the main manufacturer is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (UMZ).

SAM "Buk-M2E" (in NATO classification - SA-17 "Grizzly") - a multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system designed to destroy any aerodynamic targets, including maneuvering tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, including hovering ones, a wide range of missile targets: tactical ballistic, anti-radar, cruise. The air defense system is also capable of attacking surface targets (destroyer and missile boat class). The Buk-M2E air defense system provides fire at ground-based radio-contrast targets both in a noise-free environment and in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

According to specified requirements The Buk-M2E air defense system was modernized in the following areas:
— modern specialized digital computers (DSVMs) have been introduced into the complex’s combat assets, which, thanks to their high performance and memory capacity, provide not only the solution of combat missions, but also the functioning of training modes and training for crews of the complex’s assets;

— the teleoptical sighting device (TOV) has been replaced by a tele-thermal imaging system that provides detection, acquisition and automatic tracking of targets in passive mode both at night and in difficult conditions weather conditions;

— the system for documenting the operation of the complex was replaced with an integrated (built-in) objective control system (ISOC) based on modern computer technologies;

— signal processing and display equipment, previously made on the element base of the 70s...80s, to increase the reliability of operation, was transferred to processor processing with information output to liquid crystal monitors;

— communication means have been replaced with modern digital radio stations, providing reception and transmission of both speech information and encoded target designation and target distribution data;

— operator workstations with indicators based on cathode ray tubes (CRT) have been replaced with automated workstations.

The basis of the Buk-M2E air defense system is the launch-loading installation(PZU 9A39), the main purpose of which is to transport, store and launch anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM). The 9A39 vehicle is capable of launching 4 missiles located on the launcher, as well as loading it from fixed cradle on which 4 more missiles are placed.

In addition, the ROM is capable of charging and discharging a self-propelled firing system (SFA). The 9A39 launch-loading installation combines the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a launcher. Charging ROMs with anti-aircraft guided missiles can be carried out from a transport vehicle. A full reload cycle with 8 missiles takes 26 minutes.

The PZU 9A39 launch-loading installation includes the following components:
- Starting device;
— Power supply units;
— Power servo drive;
— Telecode communication system;
— Topographical reference and orientation equipment;
— Digital computer;
- Tap.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

Combat weight - 35.5 t
Crew - 3 people.
Armor type – bulletproof
Complex reaction time: 10-12 sec.
Probability of hitting a target with one missile: 0.9-0.95.

Mobility:
Engine power - 710 hp.
Highway speed - 65 km/h
Speed ​​over rough terrain - 35..45 km/h
Cruising range on the highway - 500 km
The climbability is 35 degrees.
Ditch to overcome - 1.5 m
Fordability – 1 m

The affected area of ​​the complex is:
— in range — from 3 to 45 km;
— in height — from 15 m to 25 km.

IN anti-aircraft complex modern phased array antennas are used with an effective command method of phase control, allowing you to simultaneously track and hit up to 24 targets with a minimum time interval. The presence of an OLTC illumination and guidance radar in the air defense system with an antenna post rising to a height of 21 m ensures the destruction of targets flying at low and extremely low altitudes, in wooded and rough terrain.

Placing combat assets on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis makes it possible to deploy and collapse air defense systems in no more than 5 minutes. It only takes 20 seconds to change positions with the equipment turned on. All this indicates the high mobility of the complex.

Modern hardware and software implementation of noise protection channels ensures reliable operation of the complex’s combat weapons in conditions of intense noise barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz.

Possibility of 24/7 operation of the main weapon complex - SOU in the mode of an optical-electronic system, implemented on the basis of sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system.

High efficiency complex has been repeatedly confirmed by repeated successful firing tests at firing ranges Russian Federation and foreign customers in conditions as close as possible to combat. The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. It is in increasing demand on the global arms market.

/Based on materials oborona.ru And www.confpubs.ru /