Protection against chemical weapons presentation. Presentation on life safety on the topic "chemical weapons". New types of weapons
As A. Fries says: “The first attempt to defeat the enemy by releasing poisonous and asphyxiating gases, it seems, was made during the war between the Athenians and the Spartans (BC), when, during the siege of the cities of Plataea and Belium, the Spartans impregnated wood with resin and sulfur and burned it under the walls of these cities, in order to suffocate the inhabitants and facilitate the siege. A similar use of poisonous gases is mentioned in the history of the Middle Ages. Their action was similar to the action of modern asphyxiating shells, they were thrown out with syringes or in bottles, like hand grenades. Legends say that Preter John (about the 11th century) filled copper figures with explosive and flammable substances, the smoke of which escaped from the mouth and nostrils of these phantoms and caused great havoc in the ranks of the enemy."
The idea of fighting the enemy by using a gas attack was outlined in 1855 during the Crimean campaign by the English admiral Lord Dandonald. In his memorandum dated August 7, 1855, he proposed to the English government a project for the capture of Sevastopol using sulfur vapor: “When inspecting the sulfur furnaces in July 1811, I noticed that the smoke that is released during the crude process of smelting sulfur, at first, due to heat, rises upward, but soon falls down, destroying all vegetation and being destructive over a large area to every living creature. It turned out that there is an order forbidding people to sleep within 3 miles of the furnaces during smelting."
Nastrodamus on the first use of chemical weapons. “The smell of lemon became poison and smoke, And the wind drove the smoke towards the detachments of soldiers, Choking from the poison is unbearable for the enemy, And the siege will be lifted from the city.” “He tears this strange army to pieces, Heavenly fire transformed into an explosion, The smell from Lausanne was suffocating, persistent, And people do not know its source.
April 14, 1915 near the village of Langemarck French units captured German soldier. During the search, they found a small gauze bag filled with identical scraps of cotton fabric and a bottle with a colorless liquid. It was so similar to a dressing bag that they initially did not pay attention to it. Apparently, its purpose would have remained unclear if the prisoner had not stated during interrogation that the handbag was a special means of protection against the new “devastating” weapon that the German command plans to use on this sector of the front. When asked about the nature of this weapon, the prisoner readily replied that he had no idea about it, but it seemed that these weapons were hidden in metal cylinders that were dug in no man's land between the lines of trenches. To protect against this weapon, you need to wet a piece of paper from your bag with the liquid from the bottle and apply it to your mouth and nose.
The French officers considered the prisoner's story to be the ravings of a soldier gone crazy and did not attach any importance to it. But soon prisoners captured on neighboring sectors of the front reported about the mysterious cylinders. On April 18, the British knocked out the Germans from Height 60 and at the same time captured a German non-commissioned officer. The prisoner also spoke about an unknown weapon and noticed that the cylinders with it were dug at this very height - ten meters from the trenches. Out of curiosity, the English sergeant went with two soldiers on reconnaissance and specified location really found heavy cylinders unusual looking and unknown purpose. He reported this to the command, but to no avail. In those days, British radio intelligence, which deciphered fragments of German radiograms, also brought riddles to the Allied command. Imagine the surprise of the codebreakers when they discovered that the German headquarters were extremely interested in the state of the weather!
The point chosen for the attack was in the north-eastern part of the Ypres Salient, at the point where the French and English fronts converged, heading south, and from where the trenches departed from the canal near Besinge. All eyewitnesses, describing the events of that terrible day on April 22, 1915, begin with the words: “It was a wonderful, clear spring day. A light breeze was blowing from the northeast... Nothing foreshadowed the imminent tragedy, the likes of which humanity had never known before . The section of the front closest to the Germans was defended by soldiers who had arrived from the Algerian colonies. Having emerged from their shelters, they basked in the sun, talking loudly to each other. Around five o'clock in the afternoon, a large greenish cloud appeared in front of the German trenches. It smoked and swirled, behaving like " heaps of black gas" from "War of the Worlds" and at the same time slowly moved towards the French trenches, obeying the will of the north-east breeze. As witnesses say, many French watched with interest the approaching front of this bizarre "yellow fog", but did not attach any importance to it. Suddenly they they felt a pungent smell. Everyone's nose stung, their eyes stung, as if from acrid smoke. The “yellow fog” choked, blinded, burned their chests with fire, turned them inside out. Without remembering themselves, the Africans rushed out of the trenches. Those who hesitated fell, suffocated. People ran screaming through the trenches; colliding with each other, they fell and struggled in convulsions, catching air with their distorted mouths. And the “yellow fog” rolled further and further into the rear of the French positions, sowing death and panic along the way. Behind the fog, German chains with rifles at the ready and bandages on their faces marched in orderly rows. But they had no one to attack. Thousands of Algerians and French lay dead in trenches and artillery positions."
Other substances used In June 1915, another asphyxiant was used - bromine, used in mortar shells; The first tear substance also appeared: benzyl bromide combined with xylylene bromide. This gas was filled artillery shells. The first time the use of gases in artillery shells, which subsequently became so widespread, was clearly observed on June 20 in the Argonne forests. Phosgene became widespread during the First World War. It was first used by the Germans in December 1915 on the Italian front. The most common gases used in combat were: chlorine, phosgene and diphosgene. Among the gases used in the war, it is worth noting gases with a blister effect, against which the gas masks adopted by the troops were ineffective. These substances, penetrating through shoes and clothing, caused burns on the body similar to kerosene burns.
The area shelled and saturated with these gases did not lose its burning properties for whole weeks, and woe to the person who found himself in such a place: he came out of there stricken with burns, and his clothes were so saturated with this terrible gas that just touching it amazed the person who touched it. particles of released gas and caused the same burns. The so-called mustard gas (mustard gas), which has such properties, was nicknamed by the Germans “the king of gases.” During the war years, more than a million people were affected by various gases. Gauze bandages, so easy to find a place in soldiers' backpacks, became almost useless. Radically new means of protection against toxic substances were needed.
Classification Gas warfare uses all kinds of actions performed on human body various kinds of chemical compounds. Depending on the nature of the physiological phenomena, these substances can be divided into several categories. Moreover, some of them can simultaneously be classified as different categories, combining various properties. Thus, according to the effect they produce, gases are divided into: - suffocating, causing coughing, irritating the respiratory system and can cause death from suffocation; - poisonous, penetrating into the body, affecting one or another important organ and, as a result, causing general damage to any area, for example, some of them affect nervous system, others - red blood cells, etc.; - lachrymators, causing by their action profuse lacrimation and blinding a person for a more or less long time; - purulent, causing by its reaction either itching, or deeper cutaneous ulcerations (for example, watery blisters), spreading to the mucous membranes (especially respiratory organs) and causing serious harm; - sneezing, acting on the nasal mucosa and causing increased sneezing, accompanied by such physiological phenomena as irritation of the throat, tearing, suffering of the nose and jaws. In the forties, nerve agent agents appeared in the West: sarin, soman, tabun, and later the “family” of VX (VX) gases. The effectiveness of chemical agents is growing, and methods of their use are being improved.
Physiological effects. Nerve agents cause damage to the central nervous system. According to the views of the US Army command, it is advisable to use such agents to defeat unprotected enemy personnel or for a surprise attack on personnel equipped with gas masks. In the latter case it is meant that personnel will not have time to use gas masks in a timely manner. The main purpose of using nerve agents is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with possible a large number deaths. Psychochemical agents appeared in the arsenal of a number of foreign countries relatively recently. They are capable of incapacitating enemy personnel for some time. These toxic substances, affecting the central nervous system, disrupt normal mental activity a person or cause such mental disabilities as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, limitation of motor functions of various organs. A distinctive feature of these substances is that to cause lethal damage they require doses 1000 times greater than to incapacitate.
Asphyxiating agents primarily affect the lungs. Generally toxic agents affect through the respiratory system, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body. Blistering agents cause damage mainly through the skin, and when used in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system.
Sarin - colorless or yellow color the liquid is almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect external signs. It is classified as a nerve agent. It is intended primarily for contaminating the air with vapors and fog, that is, as an unstable agent. In some cases, however, it can be used in droplet-liquid form to infect the area and military equipment located on it; in this case, the persistence of sarin can be: in summer - several hours, in winter - several days. Sarin causes damage through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal intestinal tract; acts through the skin in droplet-liquid and vapor states, without causing local damage. The degree of damage caused by sarin depends on its concentration in the air and the time spent in the contaminated atmosphere. When exposed to sarin, the victim experiences drooling, profuse sweating, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result of severe poisoning, death.
Soman is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. Belongs to the class of nerve agents. In many properties it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is slightly higher than that of sarin; its effect on the human body is approximately 10 times stronger. V-gases are low-volatile liquids with very high temperature boiling, so their durability is many times greater. Refers to nerve agents. Are different high efficiency when acting through the skin, especially in a droplet-liquid state: contact with human skin of small drops of V-gases, as a rule, causes death.
Mustard gas is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor reminiscent of garlic or mustard. Refers to skin blister agents. Mustard gas slowly evaporates from contaminated areas; Its durability on the ground is: days in summer, a month or more in winter. It has a multifaceted effect on the body: in the droplet-liquid state it affects the skin and eyes, in the vapor form it affects the respiratory tract and lungs, and when ingested with food and water it affects the digestive organs. The effect of mustard gas does not appear immediately, but after some time, called the period of latent action. When contacted with the skin, drops of mustard gas are quickly absorbed into it without causing pain. After hours, the skin becomes red and itchy. By the end of the first and beginning of the second day, small bubbles form, but then they merge into single large bubbles filled with an amber-yellow liquid, which becomes cloudy over time. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever. After a day, the blisters break through and reveal ulcers underneath that do not heal for a long time. If an infection gets into the ulcer, suppuration occurs and the healing time increases to months.
Phosgene is a colorless, highly volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples. It acts on the body in a vapor state. Belongs to the class of suffocating agents. Has a period of hidden clock action; its duration depends on the concentration of phosgene in the air, the time spent in the contaminated atmosphere, the condition of the person, and the cooling of the body. When inhaling phosgene, a person feels a sweetish bad taste in the mouth, then coughing, dizziness and general weakness appear. Upon leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly pass, and a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins. But after hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in their condition: a bluish discoloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, a painful cough with the release of liquid, foamy, pinkish sputum indicate the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning reaches its climax within 24 hours. If the course of the disease is favorable, the affected person will gradually begin to improve state of health, and in severe cases of damage, death occurs. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program has now been extended. Chemical weapons in Russia
Currently, there are seven chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which has a corresponding destruction facility: Pos. Gorny (Saratov region) (Put into operation) Kambarka ( Udmurt republic) (First stage commissioned) G. Kizner (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) G. Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (Under construction) Settlement. Maradykovo ( Kirov region) (First stage introduced) Pos. Leonidovka ( Penza region) (Under construction) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)
Chemical weapons (CW) are one of the types of weapons mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTC).
BTXVs include toxic substances (CAS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human body and animals, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used for military purposes to damage various types vegetation
Based on their effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into: nerve agents; blisters; suffocating; generally poisonous; irritant and psychochemical.
Chemical weapons have a wide range of effects both in the nature and extent of damage, and in the duration of its action (infection from several minutes to several days and weeks).
Damaging factors chemical weapons: Ü Ü Ü pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi); microbial toxins (botulic toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, rickettsia, fungi); vapors of toxic chemical substances (BTHV): aerosol of BTHV, drops of BTHV.
A type of chemical weapon is binary chemical munitions and military equipment. The term "binary" means that the chemical munitions load consists of two components. Binary munitions are based on the principle of refusing to use a finished toxic product (OM) and transferring the final stage technological process receiving chemical agents into the ammunition itself.
The combat properties of agents are understood as their toxicity, characterized by combat concentrations and toxic doses, the density and persistence of infection, and the depth of distribution of the cloud of contaminated air.
Toxicity (Greek Toxikon - poison) is the most important characteristic Agents and other poisons, which determines their ability to cause pathological changes in the body that lead a person to loss of combat capability (performance) or death. The toxicity of an agent is quantified by dose. Combat concentration is the concentration of agents in the air necessary to achieve a certain combat effect. Determined by the amount of OM per unit volume of air.
The infection density is quantitative characteristics the degree of contamination of various surfaces, including unprotected skin, which is understood as the mass of pollutants per unit area of the contaminated surface. The persistence of chemical agents, on the one hand, is understood as the duration of their presence on the ground or in the atmosphere as real material substances, on the other hand, the time they maintain their pronounced effect. The distance from the leeward edge of the application area (contamination area) to the outer boundary of the contaminated cloud, where the combat concentration of the agent remains, is called the depth of distribution of the contaminated air cloud.
Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, missiles, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (aircraft pour-out devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Chemical weapons are classified according to the following characteristics: the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body the tactical purpose the tactical purpose the speed of the oncoming effect the speed of the onset of the effect the durability of the agent used means and methods of application the durability of the agent used means and methods of application
Based on the nature of their physiological effects on the human body, there are six main types of toxic substances: Nerve-paralytic agents that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of using nerve agents is to quickly and massively incapacitate personnel with as many deaths as possible. Toxic substances in this group include sarin, soman, and tabun. Poisonous substances with blister action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when used in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas and lewisite. Generally poisonous substances. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. These are one of the fastest acting agents. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
Asphyxiating agents primarily affect the lungs. The main agents are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating enemy manpower for some time. These toxic substances, affecting the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental disabilities as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limited motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OM from this group are inuclidyl-3-benzylate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.
Toxic substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant, irritating substance). Irritating substances are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect is usually short-lived, since after leaving the contaminated area, signs of poisoning disappear within 1-10 minutes. Irritating agents include tear substances that cause excessive lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (they can also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. Sneeze agents DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchloroarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).
There are agents that combine tear and sneeze effects. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and are therefore classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of application, etc. chemical compounds that do not aim to directly defeat enemy personnel. Yes, in Vietnam War The USA used defoliants (so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees
Tactical classification subdivides agents into groups according to combat purpose. Lethal (in American terminology, lethal agents) substances intended to destroy manpower, which include nerve agents, vesicants, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents. Substances that temporarily incapacitate manpower (in American terminology, harmful agents), making it possible to solve tactical problems of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).
Based on the speed of exposure, fast-acting and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The effect of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their use.
During the First World War chemical weapon very widely used in combat. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, wind direction and strength, suitable conditions for massive application In some cases we had to wait for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the enemy’s losses did not exceed losses from traditional artillery fire during the artillery preparation of the offensive.
In 1940, a large plant owned by IG Farben was launched in Oberbayern (Bavaria) for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years, about 17 new technological installations for the production of chemical agents were built in Germany, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Duchernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland) there was one of largest productions OV. By 1945, Germany had in reserve 12 thousand tons of herd, the production of which was not available anywhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during the Second World War are still not clear; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use chemical weapons during the war because he believed that the USSR large quantity chemical weapons.
In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. Currently the program is designed until 2012 Russia Russia 1997
Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which has a corresponding destruction facility: s. Pokrovka Chapaevsky district Samara region(Chapayevsk-11), the destruction plant was installed by military builders one of the first, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny village (Saratov region) (Put into operation) Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (Put into operation first stage) Kizner village (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye city (Kurgan region) (First stage commissioned) Maradykovo village (Maradykovsky object) (Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) (Kirov region) (First stage commissioned turn) Leonidovka village (Penza region) (Put into operation) (Put into operation) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)
Wars using chemical weapons On the 1st peace conference In The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted prohibiting the use of toxic substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the USA and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War(; both sides) Rif War (; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (; Japan) Vietnam War (; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government forces during Operation Anfal) Iraq War (since 2003; rebels, USA) Despite the precautions of the international community, there is danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has a strategic reserve of it. And therefore this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world. Despite the precautions taken by the world community, there is a danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has a strategic reserve of it. And therefore this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.
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Presentation on the topic: Chemical weapon
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Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, missiles, mines, aircraft bombs, VAPs (aircraft discharge devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, missiles, mines, aircraft bombs, VAPs (aircraft discharge devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it is classified as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD).
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Chemical weapons are distinguished by the following characteristics: Chemical weapons are distinguished by the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset of the effect - the persistence of the agent used - means and methods of use
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Based on the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, there are six main types of toxic substances: Based on the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, there are six main types of toxic substances: Nerve agents that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of using nerve agents is to quickly and massively incapacitate personnel with as many deaths as possible. Toxic substances in this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances with blister action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when used in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas and lewisite. Generally poisonous substances. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. These are one of the fastest acting agents. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
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Asphyxiating agents primarily affect the lungs. The main agents are phosgene and diphosgene. Asphyxiating agents primarily affect the lungs. The main agents are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating enemy manpower for some time. These toxic substances, affecting the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental disabilities as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limited motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OM from this group are inuclidyl-3-benzylate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.
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Toxic substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - irritating substance). Irritating substances are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect is usually short-lived, since after leaving the contaminated area, signs of poisoning disappear within 1 to 10 minutes. Irritating agents include tear substances that cause excessive lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (they can also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. Sneeze agents - DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchloroarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). Toxic substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - irritating substance). Irritating substances are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect is usually short-lived, since after leaving the contaminated area, signs of poisoning disappear within 1 to 10 minutes. Irritating agents include tear substances that cause excessive lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (they can also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. Sneeze agents - DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchloroarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).
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There are agents that combine tear and sneeze effects. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and are therefore classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are agents that combine tear and sneeze effects. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and are therefore classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that are not aimed at directly defeating enemy personnel. Thus, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called “Agent Orange” containing toxic dioxin), which caused leaves to fall from trees
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The tactical classification divides explosive agents into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal agents (according to American terminology, lethal agents) are substances intended to destroy manpower, which include nerve agents, vesicants, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (in American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that allow solving tactical problems of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants). The tactical classification divides explosive agents into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal agents (according to American terminology, lethal agents) are substances intended to destroy manpower, which include nerve agents, vesicants, general poisonous and asphyxiating agents. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (in American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that allow solving tactical problems of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).
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Based on the speed of exposure, fast-acting and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Based on the speed of exposure, fast-acting and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The effect of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their use.
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During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of use was extremely dependent on the weather, direction and strength of the wind; in some cases, suitable conditions for massive use had to wait for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the enemy’s losses did not exceed losses from traditional artillery fire during the artillery preparation of the offensive. In subsequent wars of massive combat use chemical weapons were no longer observed. During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of use was extremely dependent on the weather, direction and strength of the wind; in some cases, suitable conditions for massive use had to wait for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the enemy’s losses did not exceed losses from traditional artillery fire during the artillery preparation of the offensive. In subsequent wars, the massive combat use of chemical weapons was no longer observed.
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Wars with the use of chemical weapons Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st Peace Conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted prohibiting the use of toxic substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the USA and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957 -1975; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government forces during Operation Anfal) Iraq War (from 2003; rebels, USA)
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In 1940, a large plant owned by IG Farben was launched in Oberbayern (Bavaria) for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years, about 17 new technological installations for the production of chemical agents were built in Germany, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Duchernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland) there was one of the largest chemical agents production facilities. By 1945, Germany had in reserve 12 thousand tons of herd, the production of which was not available anywhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during the Second World War are still not clear; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use chemical weapons during the war because he believed that the USSR had a larger number of chemical weapons. In 1940, a large plant owned by IG Farben was launched in Oberbayern (Bavaria) for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years, about 17 new technological installations for the production of chemical agents were built in Germany, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Duchernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland) there was one of the largest chemical agents production facilities. By 1945, Germany had in reserve 12 thousand tons of herd, the production of which was not available anywhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during the Second World War are still not clear; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use chemical weapons during the war because he believed that the USSR had a larger number of chemical weapons.
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In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. Currently the program runs until 2012. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. Currently the program runs until 2012.
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Currently in Russia there are eight storage facilities for chemical weapons, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: Currently in Russia there are eight storage facilities for chemical weapons, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: p. Pokrovka of the Chapaevsky district of the Samara region (Chapayevsk-11), the destruction plant was installed by military builders one of the first, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny village (Saratov region) (Put into operation) Kambarka ( Udmurt Republic) (The first stage was commissioned) Kizner village (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (The first stage was commissioned 02/25/2009) Maradykovo village (Maradykovsky object) (Kirov region) (The first stage was introduced ) Leonidovka village (Penza region) (Put into operation) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)
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Chemical weapons Lesson on civil defense for school staff and students Life Safety Teacher GOU Secondary School No. 15 of St. Petersburg Obukhov Alexander Mikhailovich
Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances, and the means of their use: shells, missiles, mines, aircraft bombs, VAPs (aircraft discharge devices).
The main means of using chemical weapons are chemical warheads of missiles; - rocket launchers; chemical rockets and artillery shells and mines; - chemical aviation bombs and cassettes; - chemical landmines; - grenades; - toxic smoke bombs and aerosol generators.
Tactical classification of toxic substances: Based on the elasticity of saturated vapors (volatility) they are classified into: - unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid); - persistent (mustard gas, lewisite, VX); - poisonous fumes (adamsite, chloroacetophenone). By the nature of the impact on manpower: - lethal: (sarin, mustard gas); - temporarily incapacitating personnel: (chloroacetophenone, quinuclidyl-3-benzilate); - irritants: (adamsite, Cs, Cr, chloroacetophenone); - educational: (chloropicrin). According to the speed of onset of the damaging effect: - fast-acting - do not have a period of latent action (sarin, - soman, VX, AC, Ch, Cs, CR); - slow-acting – have a period of latent action (mustard gas, Phosgene, BZ, lewisite, Adamsite).
Physiological classification - nerve agents: (organophosphorus compounds): GB (sarin), CD (soman), tabun, VX; - general toxic agents: AG (hydrocyanic acid); CK(cyanchloride); - blister agents: mustard gas, nitrogen mustard, lewisite; - irritating agents: CS, CR, DM(adamsite), CN(chloroacetophenone), diphenylchloroarsine, ifenylcyanarsine, chloropicrin, dibenzoxazepine, o-chlorobenzalmalondinitrile, bromobenzyl cyanide; - asphyxiating agents: CG (phosgene), diphosgene; - psychochemical agents: quinuclidyl-3-benzilate, BZ.
Once in the body, 0B has a nerve-paralytic effect and affects the nervous system. Characteristic feature The lesion is constriction of the pupils of the eyes (miosis). With mild inhalation damage, blurred vision, constriction of the pupils of the eyes (miosis), difficulty breathing, a feeling of heaviness in the chest (retrosternal effect), and increased secretion of saliva and mucus from the nose are observed. These phenomena are accompanied by severe headaches and can last from 2 to 3 days. When the body is exposed to lethal concentrations of 0B, severe miosis, suffocation, profuse salivation and sweating occur, a feeling of fear, vomiting and diarrhea, convulsions that can last several hours, and loss of consciousness appear. Death occurs from respiratory and cardiac paralysis. When exposed through the skin, the pattern of damage is basically similar to that caused by inhalation. The difference is that symptoms take time to appear. Nerve agents
Generally toxic agents, when entering the body, disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. These are one of the fastest acting agents. When affected by hydrocyanic acid, an unpleasant metallic taste and burning sensation in the mouth, numbness in the tip of the tongue, tingling in the eye area, scratching in the throat, anxiety, weakness and dizziness appear. Then a feeling of fear appears, the pupils dilate, the pulse becomes rare, and breathing becomes uneven. The victim loses consciousness and an attack of convulsions begins, followed by paralysis. Death occurs from respiratory arrest. When exposed to very high concentrations, the so-called fulminant form of damage occurs: the affected person immediately loses consciousness, breathing is rapid and shallow, convulsions, paralysis and death. When affected by hydrocyanic acid, a pink coloration of the face and mucous membranes is observed. Generally poisonous substances
Mustard gas has a damaging effect through any route of entry into the body. Areas affected by mustard gas are prone to infection. Skin damage begins with redness, which appears 2-6 hours after exposure to mustard gas. After a day, small blisters filled with a yellow transparent liquid form at the site of redness. Subsequently, the bubbles merge. After 2-3 days, the blisters burst and a non-healing lesion forms for 20-30 days. ulcer. Contact with droplets of liquid mustard gas in the eyes can lead to blindness. When inhaling mustard gas vapors or aerosols, the first signs of damage appear after a few hours in the form of dryness and burning in the nasopharynx, then severe swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa occurs, accompanied by purulent discharge. In severe cases, pneumonia develops, death occurs on the 3-4th day from suffocation. Poisonous substances with blister action
CS in low concentrations has an irritating effect on the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and in high concentrations it causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases - respiratory and cardiac paralysis and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. When leaving a contaminated atmosphere or after putting on a gas mask, the symptoms continue to increase for 15-20 minutes, and then gradually subside over 1-3 hours. Irritating toxic substances
Phosgene affects the body only when its vapor is inhaled, and mild irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, lacrimation, an unpleasant sweetish taste in the mouth, slight dizziness, general weakness, cough, tightness in the chest, nausea (vomiting) are felt. After leaving the contaminated atmosphere, these phenomena disappear, and within 4-5 hours the affected person is in a stage of imaginary well-being. Then, due to pulmonary edema, a sharp deterioration in the condition occurs: breathing becomes more frequent, a severe cough appears with copious discharge foamy sputum, headache, shortness of breath, blue lips, eyelids, nose, increased heart rate, pain in the heart, weakness and suffocation. Body temperature rises to 38-39°C. Pulmonary edema lasts several days and is usually fatal. Asphyxiating agents
BZ affects the body by inhaling contaminated air and ingesting contaminated food and water. The effect of BZ begins to manifest itself after 0.5-3 hours. When exposed to low concentrations, drowsiness and decreased combat effectiveness occur. When exposed to high concentrations initial stage Within a few hours, rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and decreased fighting ability are observed. Over the next 8 hours, numbness and speech inhibition occur. This is followed by a period of excitement, lasting up to 4 days. In 2-3 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal state. Toxic substances of psychochemical action
Germany used chemical weapons for the first time in the First World War of 1914-18. History of the use of chemical weapons
First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Tambov uprising (1920-1921; Red Army against peasants, according to order 0016 of June 12) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941 ; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1037-1945; Japan) Great – Patriotic War(1941-1945; Germany) Vietnam War (1957-1975; both sides) North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government forces during Operation Anfal) Iraq War (2003-2010; insurgents, USA) History of the use of chemical weapons
Consequences of the use of chemical weapons
The Hague Convention of 1899, article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition whose sole purpose was to cause poisoning of enemy personnel. Geneva Protocol of 1925. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction of 1993. The use of chemical weapons has been prohibited several times by various international agreements:
literature Gusak P.A., Rogachev A.M. Initial military training, M. Education, 1981. Latchuk V.N., Markov V.V., Mironov S.K., Vangorodsky S.N. Fundamentals of life safety. Textbook, M. Bustard, 2006. Materials from the site www. himvoiska.narod.ru