The meaning of the word Cossack in the Dal dictionary. Toponymic dictionary of the Amur region what is a Cossack, what does it mean and how to spell it correctly

AT Russian history Cossacks are a unique phenomenon. This is a society that has become one of the reasons that allowed the Russian Empire to grow to such a huge size, and most importantly, to secure new lands, turning them into full-fledged components of one great country.

There are so many hypotheses about the term "Cossacks" that it becomes clear that its origin is unknown, and it is useless to argue about it without new data. Another dispute that researchers of the Cossacks are conducting is a separate ethnic group or part of the Russian people? Speculation on this topic is beneficial to the enemies of Russia, who dream of dividing it into many small states, and therefore are constantly fed from outside.

The history of the emergence and spread of the Cossacks

In the post-perestroika years, the country was flooded with translations of foreign children's literature, and in American children's books on geography, Russians were surprised to find that on the maps of Russia there is a huge area - Cossackia. There lived a "special people" - the Cossacks.

The vast majority of them themselves consider themselves the most “correct” Russians and the most ardent defenders of Orthodoxy, and the history of Russia is the best confirmation of this.

For the first time they were mentioned in the annals of the XIV century. It is reported that in Sugdey, the current Sudak, a certain Almalchu died, stabbed to death by the Cossacks. Then Sudak was the center of the slave trade in the Northern Black Sea region, and if it were not for the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, then much more captive Slavs, Circassians, and Greeks would get there.

Also in the annals of 1444 "The Tale of Mustafa Tsarevich" Ryazan Cossacks are mentioned, who fought with Ryazanians and Muscovites against this Tatar prince. In this case, they are positioned as guards or the city of Ryazan, or the borders of the Ryazan principality, and came to the aid of the princely squad.

That is, the first sources show the duality of the Cossacks. This term was called, firstly, the free peoples who settled on the outskirts of Russian lands, and secondly, service people, both city guards and border troops.

Free Cossacks led by atamans

Who mastered the southern outskirts of Russia? These are hunters and runaway peasants, people who were looking for a better life and fleeing hunger, as well as those who were in trouble with the law. They were joined by all foreigners, who also could not sit in one place, and possibly the remnants that inhabited this territory - the Khazars, Scythians, Huns.

Having formed squads and choosing chieftains, they fought, now for, then against those with whom they neighbored. Gradually, the Zaporozhian Sich was formed. Its entire history is participation in all the wars of the region, incessant uprisings, the conclusion of agreements with neighbors and their violation. The faith of the Cossacks of this region was a strange mixture of Christianity and paganism. They were Orthodox and, at the same time, extremely superstitious - they believed in sorcerers (who were highly respected), signs, the evil eye, etc.

The heavy hand of the Russian Empire calmed them down (and even then not immediately), which already in the 19th century formed the Azov Cossack army from the Cossacks, which mainly guarded the Caucasian coast, and managed to show itself in Crimean War, where scouts - scouts of their troops showed amazing dexterity and prowess.

Few people now remember the plastuns, but the comfortable and sharp plastun knives are still popular and can be purchased today at Ali Askerov's store - kavkazsuvenir.ru.

In 1860, the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban began, where, after joining with other Cossack regiments, the Kuban Cossack army was created from them. Approximately also formed another free army - the Don. For the first time it is mentioned in a complaint sent to Tsar Ivan the Terrible by the Nogai prince Yusuf, outraged that the people of the Don and the “cities have done it” and that his people are “guarded, taken away, beaten to death.”

People, by different reasons those who fled to the outskirts of the country, huddled in gangs, chose atamans and lived as best they could - by hunting, robbery, raids and serving neighbors when another war happened. This brought them closer to the Cossacks - they went on campaigns together, even on sea trips.

But the participation of the Cossacks in popular uprisings forced the Russian tsars to restore order in their territories. Peter I included this region in the Russian Empire, obliged its inhabitants to serve in the tsarist army, and ordered to build a number of fortresses on the Don.

Engagement in public service

Apparently, almost simultaneously with the free Cossacks, Cossacks appeared in Russia and in the Commonwealth, as a branch of the army. Often these were the same free Cossacks, who at first simply fought as mercenaries, guarding borders and embassies for a fee. Gradually, they turned into a separate estate that performed the same functions.

The history of the Russian Cossacks is rich in events and extremely confusing, but in short - first Russia, then the Russian Empire expanded its borders almost throughout its history. Sometimes for the sake of land and hunting grounds, sometimes for self-defense, as in the case of the Crimea and, but there were always Cossacks among the elite troops and they also settled on the conquered lands. Or at first they settled on free lands, and then the king brought them into obedience.

They built villages, cultivated the land, defended territories from neighbors who did not want to live peacefully, or natives who were dissatisfied with joining. They lived peacefully with civilians, partially adopting their customs, clothes, language, cuisine and music. This led to the fact that the clothes of the Cossacks different regions Russia is seriously different, the dialect, customs and songs are also different.

The most striking example of this is the Cossacks of the Kuban and the Terek, who rather quickly adopted from the peoples of the Caucasus such elements of highlander clothing as the Circassian. Their music and songs also acquired Caucasian motifs, for example, Cossack, very similar to mountain music. Thus, a unique cultural phenomenon arose, which anyone can get acquainted with by going to a concert of the Kuban Cossack Choir.

The largest Cossack troops of Russia

By the end of the 17th century, the Cossacks in Russia gradually began to transform into those associations that made the whole world consider them the elite of the Russian army. The process ended in the 19th century, and the Great October Revolution and the Civil War that followed it put an end to the entire system.

During that period there were:

• Don Cossacks.

How they appeared is described above, and their sovereign service began in 1671, after the oath to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. But only Peter the Great transformed them completely, forbade the choice of chieftains, introduced his own hierarchy.

As a result, the Russian Empire received, although at first not very disciplined, but on the other hand, a brave and experienced army, which was mainly used to protect the southern and eastern borders of the country.

• Khopersky.

These inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Don were mentioned back in the days of the Golden Horde, and were immediately positioned as "Kozatsi". Unlike the free people who lived down the Don, they were excellent business executives - they had well-functioning self-government, built fortresses, shipyards, raised cattle, plowed the land.

Joining the Russian Empire was quite painful - the Khopers managed to take part in the uprisings. They were subjected to repression and reorganization, to be part of the Don and Astrakhan troops. In the spring of 1786, they strengthened the Caucasian line, forcibly relocating to the Caucasus. Then they were replenished with baptized Persians and Kalmyks, of whom 145 families were assigned to them. But this is the history of the Kuban Cossacks.

Interestingly, more than once they were joined by representatives of other nationalities. After the Patriotic War of 1812, the Orenburg Cossack army was assigned thousands who had accepted Russian citizenship, the French - former prisoners of war. And the Poles from Napoleon's army became Siberian Cossacks, which only the Polish surnames of their descendants now remind of.

• Khlynovsky.

Founded by Novgorodians in the 10th century, the city of Khlynov on the Vyatka River gradually became developed center big edge. Remoteness from the capital allowed the Vyatichi people to create their own self-government, and by the 15th century they began to seriously annoy all their neighbors. Ivan III stopped this freemen, defeating them and annexing these lands to Russia.

The leaders were executed, the nobility settled in towns near Moscow, the rest were identified as slaves. A considerable part of them with their families managed to leave on ships - to the Northern Dvina, to the Volga, to the Upper Kama and Chusovaya. Later, the merchants Stroganovs hired their detachments to protect their estates near the Urals, as well as to conquer Siberian lands.

• Meshchersky.

These are the only Cossacks who were not originally of Slavic origin. Their lands - Meshcherskaya Ukraine, located between the Oka, Meshchera and Tsna, were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, mixed with the Turks - Polovtsians and Berendeys. Their main activity is cattle breeding and robberies (Cossacks) - neighbors and merchants.

In the XIV century, they already served the Russian tsars - the protection of embassies sent to the Crimea, Turkey and Siberia. At the end of the 15th century, they are mentioned as a military estate that participated in campaigns against Azov and Kazan, guarding the borders of Russia from Nagais and Kalmyks. For supporting the impostors in the Time of Troubles, the Meshcheryaks were expelled from the country. Part chose Lithuania, the other settled in the Kostroma Territory and then participated in the formation of the Orenburg and Bashkir-Meshcheryak Cossack troops.

• Seversky.

These are the descendants of the northerners - one of the East Slavic tribes. In the XIV-XV centuries they had self-government of the Zaporizhzhya type and were often subjected to raids by their restless neighbors - the Horde. The sevryuks, hardened in battles, were gladly taken into service by the Moscow and Lithuanian princes.

The Time of Troubles also marked the beginning of their end - for participation in the uprising of Bolotnikov. The lands of the Seversky Cossacks were colonized by Moscow, and in 1619 they were generally divided between it and the Commonwealth. Most of the sevryuks passed into the position of the peasantry, some moved to the Zaporozhye or Don lands.

• Volga.

These are the same Khlynovites who, having settled in the Zhiguli mountains, robbed on the Volga. The Moscow tsars failed to calm them down, which, however, did not prevent them from using their services. Yermak, a native of these places, with his army in the 16th century conquered Siberia for Russia, in the 17th century the entire Volga army defended it from the Kalmyk Horde.

They helped the Don and Cossacks to fight the Turks, then served in the Caucasus, preventing the Circassians, Kabardians, Turks and Persians from raiding Russian territories. During the reign of Peter I, they participated in all his campaigns. He is in early XVII I century he ordered to rewrite them, and make them into one army - the Volga.

• Kuban.

After Russian-Turkish war there was a need to populate new lands and, at the same time, find a use for the Cossacks - violent and poorly controlled subjects of the Russian Empire. They were granted Taman with its surroundings, and they themselves received the name - the Black Sea Cossack Host.

Then, after long negotiations, the Kuban was also given to them. It was an impressive resettlement of the Cossacks - about 25 thousand people moved to a new homeland, started creating a defensive line and managing the new lands.

Now this is reminiscent of the monument to the Cossacks - the founders of the Kuban land, installed in Krasnodar Territory. Reorganization under common standards, changing uniforms to the clothes of mountaineers, as well as replenishment with Cossack regiments from other regions of the country and simply peasants and retired soldiers led to the creation of a completely new community.

Role and place in the history of the country

From the above, historically established communities, the following Cossack troops were formed by the beginning of the 20th century:

1. Amur.
2. Astrakhan.
3. Don.
4. Transbaikal.
5. Kuban.
6. Orenburg.
7. Semirechenskoye.
8. Siberian.
9. Ural.
10. Ussuri.

By that time there were almost 3 million of them (with their families), which is a little more than 2% of the country's population. At the same time, they participated in all more or less important events countries - in the protection of borders and important persons, military campaigns and accompaniment of scientific expeditions, in the pacification of popular unrest and national pogroms.

They proved themselves to be real heroes during the First World War and, according to some historians, stained themselves with the Lena massacre. After the revolution, some of them joined the White Guard movement, some enthusiastically accepted the power of the Bolsheviks.

Probably, not a single historical document can so accurately and poignantly retell what was happening then among the Cossacks, as the writer Mikhail Sholokhov was able to do in his works.

Unfortunately, the troubles of this estate did not stop there - the new government began to consistently pursue a policy of decossackization, taking away their privileges and repressing those who dared to object. The unification into collective farms also could not be called smooth.

In the Great Patriotic War the Cossack cavalry and plastun divisions, which were returned to their traditional form, showed good training, military ingenuity, courage and real heroism. Seven cavalry corps and 17 cavalry divisions were given guard ranks. Many people from the Cossack estate served in other parts, including volunteers. In just four years of the war, 262 cavalrymen were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Cossacks are the heroes of the Second World War, these are General D. Karbyshev, Admiral A. Golovko, General M. Popov, tank ace D. Lavrinenko, weapons designer F. Tokarev, and others known throughout the country.

A considerable part of those who had previously fought against Soviet power, having seen what kind of trouble threatens their homeland, leaving political views aside, took part in World War II on the side of the USSR. However, there were those who sided with the Nazis in the hope that they would overthrow the Communists and return Russia to its former path.

Mentality, culture and traditions

The Cossacks are a warlike, wayward and proud people (often unnecessarily), which is why they always had friction with neighbors and fellow countrymen who did not belong to their class. But these qualities are needed in battle, and therefore were welcomed within the communities. Women also had a strong character, on whom the whole economy rested, since most of the time the men were busy with the war.

The language of the Cossacks, based on Russian, acquired its own characteristics associated both with the history of the Cossack troops and with borrowings from. For example, the Kuban balachka (dialect) is similar to the southeastern Ukrainian surzhik, the Don balachka is closer to the southern Russian dialects.

The main weapon of the Cossacks was considered to be checkers and sabers, although this is not entirely true. Yes, the Kuban wore, especially the Circassians, but the Black Sea preferred firearms. In addition to the main means of protection, everyone carried a knife or dagger.

Some uniformity in armament appeared only in the second half of the 19th century. Before that, everyone chose for himself and, judging by the surviving descriptions, the weapons looked very picturesque. It was the honor of the Cossack, so it was always in perfect condition, in excellent scabbard, often richly decorated.

The rites of the Cossacks, in general, coincide with the all-Russian ones, but they also have their own specifics, caused by the way of life. For example, at the funeral, behind the coffin of the deceased, his war horse was led, and relatives were already following. In the widow's house, under the images, lay the husband's hat.

Special rituals were accompanied by the seeing off of men to the war and their meeting, their observance was taken very seriously. But the most magnificent, complex and joyful event was the wedding of the Cossacks. The action was multi-way - the bride, matchmaking, celebration in the bride's house, wedding, celebration in the groom's house.

And all this with special songs and in the best outfits. A man's costume necessarily included weapons, women in bright clothes and, which was unacceptable for peasant women, with bare heads. The handkerchief only covered the knot of hair at the back of the head.

Now the Cossacks live in many regions of Russia, unite in various communities, actively participate in the life of the country, in the places of their compact residence, children are optionally taught the history of the Cossacks. Textbooks, photos and videos acquaint young people with customs, remind that their ancestors from generation to generation gave their lives for the glory of the Tsar and the Fatherland.

The Cossacks are one of the brightest and most glorious pages of Russian history. It is not surprising that over time, the image of the Cossack became the property of folk art, acquiring all sorts of speculations that turned into persistent delusions.

Cossacks - a stronghold of democracy

Writers and historians of the 19th century idealized the Cossacks. Shevchenko, Drahomanov, Chernyshevsky, Kostomarov saw in the Zaporizhian freemen a simple people who, having freed themselves from the lord's captivity, tried to build a democratic society. This mythology continues to this day.

Zaporizhzhya Sich really was a champion of the idea of ​​emancipating the peasantry from serfdom, but life in Cossack society was far from democratic principles. The peasants who got into the Sich felt like strangers there: the Cossacks did not like the plowmen and kept apart from them.
When registered Cossacks appeared, they began to actively seize land and turn into landlords, and some sought to achieve noble rights. Later, noble gentry also actively reached out to the Cossacks. By the middle of the 17th century, the Cossack aristocracy was not much inferior to the small and middle nobility in terms of prosperity.

Cossacks - the first Cossacks

There is a strong opinion that the Cossacks originate from the Zaporizhzhya Sich. Partly it is. After the dissolution of the Zaporozhian Sich, many Cossacks became part of the newly created Black Sea, Azov and Kuban Cossacks.
However, in parallel with the emergence of the Cossack freemen in the Dnieper region in the middle of the 16th century, Cossack communities began to appear on the Don. It is known that in the army of Ivan the Terrible, who besieged Kazan, there were 10,000 Cossacks. The first mention in the annals of the word "Cossack" dates back to 1444.
Literally from the very beginning of the existence of the Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks, close ties have been established between them. History has preserved for us information about numerous campaigns in which Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks fought side by side.

Entry into the regular army

The role of the Cossacks who defended the southern borders of the Russian state can hardly be overestimated. Even when the danger of raids subsided, the Cossack formations were willingly involved by the Russian government in military service.

However, as historian Boris Frolov notes, the Cossacks “were not part of the regular army and as the main tactical force have not been used." It was a separate military structure.
The Cossack troops most often consisted of regiments of light cavalry, which had the status of "irregular". Until the last days of autocracy, the reward for service was the inviolability of the lands where the Cossacks lived, as well as various benefits, for example, for trade or fishing.

The Cossack went to work with his own weapons

This statement is not entirely true. Indeed, the Cossacks mostly bought weapons with their own money, but only a wealthy person could afford to buy a good firearm. An ordinary Cossack could count on captured or old weapons received “on lease”, sometimes with a redemption period of up to 30 years.
But there are documents that confirm that the Cossack formations were supplied with weapons. So, in 1788, Grigory Potemkin wrote to the Black Sea chieftain Sidor Bely: “Use every effort to increase the Cossacks and accept them, supply them with weapons. In the case when all the weapons will be in distribution, imagine to me why I will order you to release it again. ”
However, there were not enough weapons, and what was available was often outdated. It is known that until the 1870s, the Cossack cavalry fired flintlock pistols.

Khazar origin of the Cossacks

This myth arose during the time of the Hetmanate and was popular among the anti-Russian part of the Cossack elite, primarily those around Ivan Mazepa. According to the “constitution of Orlik” (general clerk Mazepa), the “Cossack people” used to be called “Khazar” and adopted Orthodoxy from Constantinople long before the baptism of Russia.
According to the historian Tatyana Tairova-Yakovleva, although this concept has an obscure origin, it pursues a completely transparent goal: not to leave even a hint of the commonality of the Russian and Ukrainian people, as well as to secularize the genealogy of the Cossacks and break the religious ties between the Hetmanate and Moscow.

Letter from the Cossacks to the Turkish Sultan

The insulting response of the Zaporozhye Cossacks to the request Turkish Sultan Mehmed IV to lay down arms still raises questions among researchers. The controversy of the situation is given by the fact that the original letter has not been preserved, and therefore most historians question the authenticity of this document.

The first researcher of the correspondence, A.N. Popov, called the letter "a false letter, fictitious by our scribes." And the American Daniel Woh established that the letter that has survived to this day was subjected to textual alteration over time and became part of the anti-Turkish pamphlets. According to Wo, this forgery is connected with the process of formation of the national self-consciousness of Ukrainians.

Cossacks are a separate people

This point of view has existed for a long time and is actively discussed in modern media. Defending their identity, the Cossacks often opposed themselves to neighboring peoples.

Let us recall at least the words of General Pyotr Krasnov, spoken in the summer of 1944 in Potsdam: “Cossacks! Remember, you are not Russians, you are Cossacks, an independent people. Russians are hostile to you. Moscow has always been an enemy of the Cossacks, crushed and exploited them. Now the hour has come when we, the Cossacks, can create our own life independent of Moscow.”

Anthropological studies of the Cossacks, conducted by V. F. Kashibadze and O. G. Nasonov, showed that the history of the Don Cossacks implies migration processes from the southeastern regions Central Russia, as well as a slight inclusion of southern and eastern elements. The example of the Don Cossacks shows us a motley ethnic picture, which includes representatives of several dozen nationalities, among which there are quite unexpected ones - Moldavians, Turks, Estonians, Tajiks.

Devotion of the Cossacks to the Russian Crown

The Cossacks did not always show loyal feelings towards the Russian monarchy. Often the interests of the Cossacks went against the established order in the empire. So it was during the largest popular riots - uprisings led by the Don Cossacks Kondraty Bulavin, Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev.
Often, the Cossacks defiantly defended their position even during difficult foreign policy situations in the country. During the Time of Troubles, the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks were noted for their active support of impostors, and all the same Cossacks many times violated their obligations given to the Russian Tsar, entering into alliances with Poland, Turkey or Sweden.

Mass transition of the Cossacks to the side of the Wehrmacht

It has been established that Hitler's Germany, skillfully using propaganda, managed to lure up to 40 thousand Cossacks to its side. First of all, these were residents of the villages who had personal scores with the Soviet authorities - they suffered during the decossackization and collectivization.
However, considering total number Soviet citizens who fought on the side of the Wehrmacht - according to various sources, from 800 thousand to 1 million 500 thousand people - this figure is not surprising. Much more Cossacks fought in the ranks of the Red Army. If historians count no more than 2 Cossack corps in the Wehrmacht, then there were 17 of them in the Soviet army.

What is "KAZAK"? What is the correct spelling of this word. Concept and interpretation.

COSSACK A descendant of the Cossacks, a native of those places where the Cossack troops were located. The word Cossack was borrowed by Russian from the Turkic languages, where it meant ‘free, independent person, vagabond’. In the XIV-XV centuries. so they began to call peasants (see peasant) and urban (posad) people who fled from the central regions of Russia and Ukraine to the southern and southeastern outskirts of the state, where they created communities of free people. The Cossacks settled in the lower reaches of the rivers Dnieper, Don, Volga, in the Urals. The basis of their life was originally crafts - hunting, fishing, later - cattle breeding and agriculture. Gradually, the Cossacks formed their own army, and the booty that they took during their campaigns, fighting on the borders of Russia with the nomads, also became an important source of livelihood for the Cossacks. Starting from the XVI century. the tsarist government sought to use the Cossacks to protect the borders, develop new lands in the Urals and Siberia. Therefore, the royal salary, weapons, bread were sent to the Cossacks. Gradually, the Cossacks turned into a special privileged military class. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the Cossacks enjoyed autonomy in the field of court, administration and external relations. The Cossacks wrote glorious pages in the history of the country: led by Yermak, S.I. Dezhnev, E.P. Khabarov and others actively participated in the development of Russian Siberia and Far East, played a big role in protecting and expanding the state borders of Russia. The tsarist government, seeking to subjugate the Cossacks, from the XVIII century. gradually began to limit the autonomy of the Cossack regions. This was one of the reasons for the active participation of the Cossacks in uprisings and peasant wars in the 17th–18th centuries. (see Stepan Razin, E.I. Pugachev). At the beginning of the XVIII century. Cossack communities were transformed into Cossack troops, and in the second half of the XVIII century. they were completely subordinate to the government. At the same time, the Cossacks enjoyed significant privileges: they retained personal freedom - they were not serfs (see serfs), they were exempted from paying state taxes; the land occupied by the Cossack troops was transferred to them for "perpetual use". Cossack villages - villages - lived according to their own laws, their inhabitants - villagers - were warriors and farmers. The Cossack community combined social, economic and military functions. All the most important matters were discussed by the general meeting (or circle, gathering) of the Cossacks. He was chosen from among the most authoritative Cossacks, and from the 19th century. was appointed, foreman - chieftain. In the XVIII - early XX centuries. the entire adult male Cossack population from the age of 18 was obliged to bear military service(in the 18th century - 25–35 years, in the 19th century - 20 years). The Cossack came to the service with his uniform (clothes), edged weapons and a riding horse. The Cossacks were distinguished by high combat skills, desperate courage, loyalty to military duty and fearlessness. Cossack units played a prominent role in the wars Russia XVIII- the beginning of the XX century. The tsarist government made extensive use of the Cossacks for protection, police service and suppression of the national liberation and revolutionary movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there were 11 Cossack troops, named after the territories in which they were located: Donskoy, Kuban, Terek, Orenburg, Ural, Siberian, Amur, etc. During the Civil War, the Cossacks acted mainly on the side of the counter-revolutionary forces; a significant part of the Cossacks ended up in the ranks of the White Guard. The poorest sections of the Cossacks supported the Soviet government and fought in the Red Army. The commanders of the Cossack formations of the Red Army became famous: S.M. Budyonny, L.M. Dovator, I.A. Pliev and others. In 1920, the Cossacks, like other estates, were abolished. At the end of the 20-30s. thousands of Cossacks who fought on the side of the whites or sympathized with them were subjected to repression. Since the second half of the 80s. 20th century in Russia there is a process of revival of the Cossacks. On the lands where the Cossack troops were traditionally located, public organizations, the purpose of which is to restore the Cossack self-government, military and cultural traditions. The Cossacks created their own original culture, which is a branch of Slavic culture (Russian and Ukrainian). Cossack songs are especially famous. The most famous of them: “A young Cossack walks along the Don”, “What you were, you remained so ....” (from the film “Kuban Cossacks” by I.A. Pyryev). The life of the Cossacks is described in many works of Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. The most famous are the story of L.N. Tolstoy "Cossacks", epic novel "Quiet Don" and "Don stories" M.A. Sholokhov. The adjectives Cossack and Cossack are formed from the noun Cossack. The word Cossack is used in combinations that mean ‘related to the Cossacks’, as well as to the Cossack troops (Cossack village, Cossack officer, Cossack regiment). The word Cossack is used in combination with the meaning 'like a Cossack' - a Cossack hat, a Cossack saddle. The word Cossack in our time retains and figurative meaning- ‘free, free, independent person’, which is manifested in the stable phrase free Cossack. Horse Cossack. Engraving of the middle of the 19th century: Cossack village: Modern Don Cossacks: Cossack choir:

COSSACK- Cossack m. or Cossack (probably from the Central Asian kazmak, to wander, wander like a hayduk, haydamak ...

Origin of the Cossacks- the main scientific and near-scientific versions of the origin of the ethnonym "Cossacks" and posing the question of their ethnicity.

Etymology

According to a number of sources, the word "Cossack" is of Turkic origin.

According to some versions, the ancient Turkic meaning is "separated, set aside from one's kind."

So, according to the linguist-turkologist R. G. Akhmetyanov, the word "Cossack" comes from the form "kazgak" in original meaning“a horse fighting off a herd during a tebenevka”, the verb is the root "kazoo"- dig, from which also comes "kazynu" in the meanings of "dig, linger, lag behind."

According to other versions, however, close to the first group in fact, Cossack- "free man" "free, independent person, adventurer, vagabond."

So, back in 1074, Mahmud Kashgari in the dictionary of Turkic languages ​​\u200b\u200b“Divan lugat at-turk” fixes an expression derived from the root "kaz" - "kazitgan", translating the Turkic expression "kasitgan er" as "a man who obeys no one". "Kaz itgan" in this case is the verb form of the perfect form, and the word "Cossack" will be a verbal noun.[ source unspecified 1284 days]

One of the Polovtsian khans, who became a character in The Tale of Igor's Campaign, appears in the literary monument under the name Gzak, which probably corresponds to the word "Cossack" and to some extent reflects the pronunciation of the word, characteristic of the Turkic language. qazaq: with reduction of the first unstressed vowel and plosive back lingual “K” in the first position.[ source unspecified 378 days]

Word "Cossack", is recorded in the dictionary of the Polovtsian (Kypchak) language of the 13th century, known as the "Code Cumanicus", including in the expression "hasal kosak"- guards (p. 118 Kuun edition). In this case, the presence of (d-dialect) correspondences is of interest:

• in Khakass "kadag"- protection, guards, guards, as well as grazing, looking after livestock,
• in Chulym-Turkic "cadakla"- guard,
• Tuvan "kadar"- graze, guard, guard, wait.

The author of many poems and prose works about the Cossacks, Zahireddin Babur, recalled in his famous "Notes" how he "during his Cossacks" decided to make a trip alone from the mountainous country of Matcha to Sultan Mahmud Khan. A daring fellow, in the words of Babur, “tirelessly, with courage stealing the herds of the enemy,” is also a Cossack. According to the notions of the time, as Babur's cousin Mirza Mohammed Haidar, the author of Tarikh-i Rashidi, reports, it was considered laudable that men, endangering themselves, spent some time in solitude in their youth: in the desert, in the mountains or forests, at a distance of one or more two months' journey from inhabited places, eating game meat and dressing in the skins of animals killed by them. (The Cossacks told Rigelman the same about the first Cossacks from goats who killed goats and wore goat skins). Any person could become a Cossack, not only a Turk, a Baloch, a Pashtun, but also a Persian, a Slav, an ordinary nomad cattle breeder or a prince of the blood in the tenth generation. For some time, the Cossacks were, for example, the eldest son of Tokhtamysh Jalal ad-Din-khan, the founder of the state of "nomadic Uzbeks" Sheibanid Abu-l-Khair-khan, his grandson Muhammad Sheibani, Chagataids Vays and Sultan-Said-khan. Sultan Husayn, who wielded a saber like no other of the Timurids, spent more than one month in the “Cossacks”. It is important to note that a person who became a Cossack could return to his society, as happened with all the above-mentioned Cossacks from high society that time. Sultan Husain and Sultan Said Khan later became sovereigns each in their own country; Muhammad Sheibani and Zahireddin Babur founded new states. Babur also widely used the term "in a Cossack way", that is, modestly. At the same time, the Cossacks often formed their own communities - jamaats, they could have comrades like djurs - Cossackdashi.

In the dictionary of V. I. Dahl it is noted that this term "probably" comes from the Central Asian "kazmak" meaning "to roam, to roam". He understood the Cossack “a military man in the street, a settled warrior, belongs. to a special class of Cossacks", in Novgorod and northern dialects "farm laborer, yearly hired worker, not day laborer", sometimes "maid". That is, middle, modest, but not sedentary layers - a meaning noticed by Babur.

At the same time, there was a constant mixture of Turkic Cossacks and Slavic (familiar with the Cossacks from the time of the Khazars - largely Slavs - and Polovtsy). In Beijing, it was the Russians, and not Turkic or Mongolian warriors. There is an opinion that by 1330 the Yuan Russian guards numbered 10,000 people, displacing the guards of other origins. It is known that, in addition to the continuous replenishment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks with Christian Tatars, the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars as a whole actively cooperated in 1624-1629, as well as in 1636-1637, then the Crimean Khan was an ally of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. This, in particular, manifested itself in long stay large Tatar detachments in Zaporozhye. Some of them may have settled here. For example, the Lviv Chronicle under 1637 recorded such an event: twelve thousand Tatars passed under the arm of the “King of Poland”, and they were instructed to settle “beyond the Dnieper among the Cossacks”.

According to the Military Encyclopedia of 1911-1915, the word "Cossack" or "Cossack" has several probable versions of origin and a number of meanings:

♦ from slanting ( "one of the Caucasian peoples"), or from Kasakhiya [Comm 1]; ♦ from Turkish-Tatar "kaz"- goose; ♦ from word "goats"; ♦ from Mongolian, where "to"- armor, protection; "zah"- the border; thus, "Cossack"- defender of the border. ♦ from Turkish-Tatar [Comm 2] - a free tramp who does not have a stake or a yard (robber); ♦ the name (self-name) of the Kirghiz [Comm 3]; ♦ in the Turkestan region - the "nickname" of nomadic tribes; ♦ in Polovtsian (Turkic) - "guardian"; ♦ Tatars have it “Familyless and homeless lonely warriors who served as the vanguard during the campaigns and movements of the Tatars. horde", who carried mainly intelligence and guard services.

AT " Etymological Dictionary Tuvan language" Tatarintsev regarding the root stem of the word Kazanak- "shed, kennel" an opinion is expressed about the existence of the archetype *kas, meaning "to block", and the Mongolian "porridge"- "to block, block, protect" is a borrowing from the Turkic[ clarify] (against the opinion of Sevortyan [ clarify])[source not specified 377 days].

According to M. Vasmer, the word "Cossack" came to Polish language from Ukrainian and goes back to the old Russian "kozak", which meant "civilian worker, farm laborer".

In the plural, the accent in the form of Cossacks arose as a result of the influence of the Polish-Ukrainian plural form kozacy(Cossacks), at the same time, the Orenburg Cossacks use the accent Cossacks.

According to Vasmer, the word "Kazakhs" is related to the Cossacks, but the ethnonym Kasog is not related (although, according to the same Fasmer, such versions still exist).

The first mention of the Cossacks

The first alleged fixation of the name "Cossack" (in the meaning of "guard") is in the dictionary of the Polovtsian language "Codex Cumanicus" of the early XIV century. (1303).

In the “Sugdey Synaxar” of the Crimean city of Sugdeya, under May 17, 1308, it is noted: “ On the same day, the servant of God Almalchu, the son of Samak, died, alas, a young man stabbed to death by the Cossacks».

The nickname from the stem “Cossack” is first recorded in all three Pskov chronicles, where under 1406 the posadnik Yuri Kozachkovich is mentioned: in the 1st and 3rd chronicles “Gyurgi posadnik Pskov son Filipov Kozachkovich”, in 2 “Yuri posadnik Kozachkovich.” [Comm 4]

From the 40s of the XV century. the Cossacks are regularly mentioned in the sources (at Samarkandi, in the Nikon and Yermolin chronicles and other sources).

According to S. M. Solovyov, the first mention of the Cossacks occurs at the end of the first half of the 15th century, when the Ryazan Cossacks are mentioned in the chronicle “The Tale of Mustafa Tsarevich”, “who came to the aid of the Ryazanians and Muscovites against the Tatar prince Mustafa” at the end of 1444.

The first Polish memories of the Cossacks date back to 1489. During the campaign of the Polish king Jan-Albrecht against the Tatars, Christian Cossacks showed the way to his army in Podolia. In the same year, detachments of chieftains Vasily Zhyla, Bogdan and Golubets attacked the Tavan crossing in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and, dispersing the Tatar guards, robbed the merchants.

The inscription on one of the old Ukrainian paintings with the Cossack Mamai: “I do not envy anyone - neither panamas, nor the king. I thank my holy God for everything! Although the tilom is not glorious, but I lead a merry life, My dilah is in good order, I will not be lost.

Another of the first mentions of the Cossacks in Polish chronicles dates back to 1493, when a descendant of Mamai, the Cherkasy governor Bogdan Fedorovich Glinsky, nicknamed "Mamai", having formed border Cossack detachments in Cherkassy, ​​captured the Turkish fortress Ochakov. "Cossack Mamai" has since become a hero of folklore and popular prints of Ukraine and symbolized the Cossacks.

Subsequently, the Khan's complaints about Cossack attacks became regular. According to Litvin, given how familiar this designation is used in the documents of that time, we can assume that the Cossacks-Rusichi have been known for decades, at least since the middle of the 15th century. Given that evidence of the phenomenon of the Cossacks was localized on the territory of the so-called "Wild Field", it is possible that the Ukrainian Cossacks borrowed from their neighbors from the Turkic-speaking (mainly Tatar) environment not only the name, but also many other words, take on appearances, organizations and tactics, mentality.[ check the link]

Hypothesis of Slavic colonists

According to the hypothesis of S. M. Solovyov, which he constantly mentions on the pages of his work “History of the Russian State”, the Cossacks in Russia from the XIV-XV centuries. they called people free, not bound by any obligations, ready for work for hire and freely moving from place to place, regardless of their language, faith and origin. In the XIV-XVI centuries. it is from among such people that princes, boyars and wealthy merchants begin to equip industrial expeditions to remote, sparsely populated regions of Russia in order to explore new lands, routes, trade, hunting (in particular, “fur hunting”), fishing, etc.: “The princes sent crowds of their industrialists, bands, to the White Sea and the Northern Ocean, to the country of Terek and Pechersk for fish, beasts and birds: from the letter of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich we learn that already then three bands of grand dukes went to the sea with their vatamman (vatagaman , ataman)". It was from these people that the first Cossack squads arose:

A similar opinion about the origin of the Cossack estate was held by V. O. Klyuchevsky, mentioning that “in the Cossacks”, that is, temporarily engaged in steppe crafts (hunting, fishing), including landowners.

Over time, as the Russian society was organized and its well-being improved, the number of such people decreased due to the Zemstvo people (nobles, merchants, philistines and peasants):

According to the Soviet historian of the second half of the XX century. A. L. Stanislavsky:

Cossacks - Turks

Word "Cossack" in different dialect forms and meanings since ancient times exists in the language and culture of different Turkic peoples of the Great Steppe.

For the relatively numerous Turkic people, the Kazakhs is a self-name in units. hours - kaz. "Kazakh", which goes back and is related to the Turkic meaning "free independent nomad".

After seeing off a relative on a long journey and parting, Siberian Tatars traditionally drink tea, called "kasgak-tsai", and the Nogai Tatars have a song genre - “songs of the Cossacks”, in which the main characters are young unmarried men.

In the written and oral texts of the Turkic peoples that have come down to us, dating back to the events of the Middle Ages, the departure of the hero in "Cossacks"- a common plot move.[ source not specified 552 days]

On the departure of Genghis Khan "Cossacks"- the period of hermitage and exile - it is said in the "Chyngyz daftar-name" that was in circulation among the Tatars, the handwritten lists of which have been known since the 17th century, and in the 19th century the work was translated into Russian (Life of Jingiz-Khan. Translated from Tatar V. Lugansky .)[ check the link]

In the epic "Idegei", dedicated to the events of the late XIV century in the Golden Horde, the intentions of the heroes of the epic Idegei and his son Nuradyn, under different circumstances, to leave for "Cossacks"- leave the khan's court and politics and lead an independent lifestyle.

Dean of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University S.P. Karpov, working in the archives of Venice and Genoa, found there references to the Cossacks with Turkic and Armenian names who guarded Tanu and other Italian colonies in the Northern Black Sea region from raids. source not specified 552 days]

After the split of the Golden Horde, the Cossacks remaining on its territory found themselves in complete independence both from the fragments of the former empire (the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate), and from the Moscow state that appeared in Russia, but at the same time retained their military organization.

The historian M. Khudyakov, who was repressed in 1936, in his “Essays on the History of the Kazan Khanate” noted that in the structure of the military class of the Kazan Khanate “The permanent staff of the army was made up of people who were called Cossacks and were subordinate to oglans and murzas ... By this feature - the military nature of their professional service - the Cossacks differed from the mass of “simple Tatars” and, due to their importance for the state, received, at times, access to participation in kurultai together with oglans, for example. in January 1546 and in July 1551. In some cases, the term"Cossacks" details: the Cossacks "yard" and "backyard" are distinguished, that is, those who served at the court, in the capital, and outside the court, in uluses, in villages. Tatar terms corresponding to the Russian translation "yard" and "backyard" - "eyes" (internal) and "isniki" (external)".

Similar structure military organization can be traced in other khanates that arose as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. source unspecified 1198 days]

Prof. V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov in his “Study on the Kasimov Tsars and Tsareviches” explains the term "Cossack", found in documents of the corresponding time, as a "simple Tatar": “Ordinary Tatars who came to Russia along with their princes, as well as ordinary Kazan, Crimean Tatars, etc., were usually called Cossacks by Russians, and they themselves called themselves Cossacks”.

The Meshchersky (Gorodets) Cossacks have been mentioned in documents since 1491. Their main forces were at the border with the Nogai Tatars, including the land of Ryazan, the upper reaches of the Don. So, in 1493, the Meshcherians came to fight the Turks [ clarify] to Azov. Gradually, immigrants from the Ryazan land, Kasimov Tatars and Meshcheryak Tatars began to settle on the banks of the Don and Volga. These people, called Cossacks, lived in fortified towns built by them along the banks of rivers and on islands. Historians suggest that in 1549 the founder of the Cossack towns (villages) on the Don was a native of Meshchera Sary-Azman.

The ancient Russian historian V. Tatishchev, in his report on the origin of the Don Cossacks, notes that “the beginning of these Cossacks from two places: some lived in Meschera in towns, and their main city was Donskoy (most likely Dankov), 16 miles below Tulucheeva, where the Donskoy Monastery is now, and when Tsar John IV transferred the Nogai Tatars to Meschera, then all these Cossacks from Meshchera were transferred to the Don ".[check the link] The well-known historian of the Don Cossacks V. B. Bronevsky also reports that “Tsar John Vasilyevich of the Meshchora Cossacks, who lived in different cities, transferred to the Don. According to this, these Meshchora Cossacks should be considered the ancestors of the Don Cossacks "[check the link]. Peter I, also resettled at the very beginning of the XVIII century. part of the Cossacks from Meshchera to the lower reaches of the Don. source unspecified 1198 days]

After the collapse of the Ulus of Jochi, several independent principalities were formed on the lands of the Mishars (the Temnikov principality, the Narovchat principality, Kadom, Saryklych, etc.), which did not become part of the Kazan Khanate, but from the end of the 15th century began to pass into Russian citizenship.

The researcher Mukhamedova R. G. cites historical facts of the purposeful resettlement of the Mishars Tatars by the Moscow government along the border guard lines of the Moscow State created in the 16th-17th centuries, as evidenced by the localization settlements Mishars Tatars[ check the link]:

• In 1578, a serif line was founded along the river. Alatyr, the guard service Alatyr-Arzamas-Temnikov is also organized on it. Along the line, the government begins to distribute estates to the Mishars. But at present, there are almost no Tatar-Mishar settlements on the territory of the former Arzamas district, the reason for which was the growing intensification in the 18th century. Christianization, when the Mishars, having abandoned their estates, began to move to the east (in particular, to the Alatyr district).
• At the beginning of the XVII century. during the construction of the Karsunskaya notch, the Mishari Tatars received land in the Simbirsk province.
• In the middle of the XVII century. Mishars are resettling in a southerly direction. So the Mishars settled on the banks of the rivers Upper Lomov, Lower Lomov and Insar. To the south-east of the serif lines was the "Wild Field", to control which the Penza prison (later the city) was built and populated by Mishars. Later, land along the river. The sura were given to the Mishars.
• In the 80s of the XVII century. the government distributes the lands of the Saratov Territory on a local right to the Mishars. The earliest are the villages on the river. Uza (Iskeyevo, Ust-Uza, etc.). The distribution of land in this region continues until the end of the 18th century.
• In 1652-1657, the Zakamskaya fortified line was built along the line of Eryklinsk - Tiinsk - Bilyarsk - Novosheshminsk - Kichuevsky prison - Zainsk - Menzilinsk. In the 18th century, a second line was drawn south of this line: Alekseevsk - Krasnoyarskaya - Sergievsk - Kondurchinskaya - Cheremshanskaya - Kichuyskaya. In the limits of Zakamye, which turned out to be by the end of the XIV-XV centuries. sparsely populated due to devastating wars and raids, along with other peoples, the Mishars also moved from various areas of their habitat.
• The settlement of the Urals took place from the beginning of the 16th century and was associated both with free colonization and with the transfer of some part of the serving Tatars.
• At the beginning of the XVIII century. Mishars receive estates along the river. Tereshka

However, the resettlement of the Mishars is also associated with the free colonization of lands after the accession of the Middle Volga region to the Moscow state. Thus, the southern interfluve of the Volga and Sura, as well as the Saratov Territory, were settled. There was an intensive migration to the east. Already in the 16th-17th centuries, the Wild Field was inhabited by Tatars-Mishars and the lines were built on the basis of existing villages (for example, the villages of Laki, Laush, Chiush, etc.), while the local population was introduced into the service class.[ clarify][check the link]

The historian A. M. Orlov also claims that, in addition to the Don, the Meshchera Cossacks were settled on the Middle Volga. As service people, the Arzamas Cossacks were first mentioned in 1572 as participants in the so-called "German campaign". Arzamas Cossacks until the Razin uprising remained a reliable part of the local army. Subsequently, they made up the bulk of the Nizhny Novgorod Tatars (Mishars), and some of them became Russified. In addition to serving Meshchera Cossacks (Tatars), Cossacks engaged in robbery appear here. The Meshcheryaks went down the Volga [ clarify]. Ermak's associate, the Cossack chieftain Matvey Meshcheryak, is well known. The tsarist authorities repeatedly took measures to combat robbery in the Volga region, attracted the Volga Cossacks to their side. At the same time, methods of forcible transfer to the former lands were often used. V. Tatishchev writes about one such fact, that in 1554 the Meshchera Cossacks from the Volga, who robbed these places, were transferred. The Arzamas governors and stolniki were actively involved in recruiting the Volga chieftains and Cossacks, who consisted mainly of Tatars. In this case, the Arzamas governors I. V. Izmailov, Buturlin [ clarify], V. Ya. Kuzmin, G. Rodionov. It is known that in 1587 IV Izmailov visited the Volga Cossacks and atamans. They were also engaged in the resettlement of the tidied up people around the county. In particular, Izmailov, together with Buturlin, traveled around the county in search of wastelands in the Zalesny camp of the county. The Tatar origin of the Volga Cossacks is evidenced by the fact that the tsarist governors officially addressed them in the Tatar language. Diploma of Prince Odoevsky clarify] to the Volga Tatars in 1614 was written in a Tatar letter and sent with the interpreter Safon Ogarkov. She was addressed "To the great Russian state and the Moscow region to the protectors of the Volga and Terek and Yaik atamans and well done to the entire great army".

The German historian G. Steckl points out that:

As follows from the work of Yakov Grishin[ source not specified 1504 days] "Polish-Lithuanian Tatars (heirs of the Golden Horde)", Tatars who massively moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the XIV and XV centuries, had a social division into noble Tatars, equated in rights with the gentry, and Tatar Cossacks, equated in rights with service boyars. Tatar-Cossacks served in tribal banners: Bargyn, Dzhalair, Khushin, Kongrat, Naiman, Ulan (a supra-tribal banner headed by Genghisides).

mixed version

Karamzin also wrote about the Cossacks:

According to L. Gumilyov, the Cossacks arose through the merger of Kasogs and wanderers after the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The Kasogs (Kasakhs, Kasaks, Ka-azats) are an ancient Circassian people who inhabited the territory of the lower Kuban in the 10th-14th centuries, and the Brodniks are a mixed people of Turkic-Slavic origin, who absorbed the remnants of the Bulgars, Slavs, and also, possibly, the steppe Oghuz.

After the conquest by the Mongols, the Kasogs fled to the north and mixed with the Podon wanderers, who inherited their name - the Cossack. At the same time, it is known that the wanderers themselves took the side of the Mongols, fought against Russia in the Battle of the Kalka. And so the first cell of the Cossacks was formed, initially in the service of the Horde

Historian V.N. Tatishchev in "Russian History from the Most Ancient Times" believed that:

According to a legend dating back to Stefan Yavorsky (1692), in 1380 the Cossacks presented Dmitry Donskoy with the icon of Our Lady of the Don and participated in the battle against Mamai on the Kulikovo field.

According to S. M. Solovyov, the oldest annalistic news about the Cossacks (in The Tale of Mustafa Tsarevich) speaks of the Ryazan Cossacks, who in 1444 took part in the battle against the Tatars, brought by Tsarevich Mustafa. According to some information[ what?], the Ryazan Cossacks were of Tatar origin.

According to Georgy Vladimirovich Vernadsky, the Cossacks are a community of "free people", known by that name in the steppes of Europe at least since the time of the Horde kingdom (XIII-XIV centuries). In Mongols and Russia, Vernadsky writes:

The same Vernadsky draws attention to the existence in the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan (which later became one of the sources of oral Cossack law) of provisions that equalize the rights and freedoms of all his free subjects:

largely confirm the theory of mixed ethnogenesis and modern methods genetic research, including population genetics, the results of which allow us to reliably state that:

Cossacks - the descendants of the autochthonous Proto-Slavic population of the Wild Field

Considering the issue of the Cossacks in his work “The History of Russia and the Russian Word”, V.V. Kozhinov writes the following[ non-authoritative source?] :

Many modern historians agree with this:

Even further after Academician I. E. Zabelin is E. P. Saveliev. According to Zabelin and Savelyev, the Cossacks are the descendants of the autochthonous Slavic and even Proto-Slavic population (including the Khazars, the Goths (N.V. Gogol also drew attention to this), Sarmatians, Getae, Bastarns, Scythians, Massagets, etc. .), over thousands of years from ancient times to the beginning of the second millennium AD. e. inhabiting the valleys of the current Cossack rivers in the territories stretching from the northern Caspian to the northern Black Sea region (including the "Wild Field"), which subsequently, having actually made a circular migration over the course of several centuries through the territory of ancient Russia, returned in the 15th century. within the boundaries of its historical area of ​​settlement. In particular, Savelyev, including on the material of archaeological research obtained after the death of I. E. Zabelin, defends his version of the origin of the Don Cossacks from the Tanaites. Recognizing, following Zabelin, the mixed origin of the Tanaitians, he at the same time classifies their culture as Sarmatian.

According to Savelyev, the descendants of the Slavic-Cossack population who left the Wild Field in the 9th-12th centuries moved to the Novgorod land (the so-called gofei / goth / cossacks), from where, being engaged in ushkuinism, they moved to Vyatka, making up the population of the veche republic of Vyatka (Khlynov) ushkuiniki, which existed in the XII-XV centuries.

At the end of the 15th century, the free Vyatka land with elected governors, atamans and clergymen was taken under the control of Moscow during several military campaigns (in 1459 and 1489), after which part of the population of the former Vyatka veche republic was settled on the southern border of Russia, and part fled in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don and, possibly, the Dnieper and Yaik, quite likely, becoming the basis of the Cossacks in these regions.

Saveliev traces a significant continuity in the lexical composition of the language, church architecture and customs among the Don Cossacks and Novgorodians (although he does not deny that this may also be due to the influence of the Roman Republic, which became a model for Novgorod - not only due to the influence of the Orthodox Church, which conserved the ideals of the Roman Republic, but due to the assimilation by the Tanaitians of both Hellenes and Romans).

One can also see the similarity of the symbols of the Cossacks of the Don and the Dnieper with the Vyatka coat of arms (stretched bow-crossbow and an equilateral cross).

Saveliev connects another wave of forced migrants to the above-mentioned traditional Cossack regions with the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Ryazan to Moscow in 1520 and the increased resettlement of Ryazan Cossacks, descendants of the autochthonous population of the Don, to the Don.

According to E.P. Savelyev, these migrations, among other things, completed the centuries-old “cycle” of a part of the indigenous Cossack population of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Don, who left their ancestral territories in the 13th century and moved to the Novgorod and Vyatka lands.

The meaning of the word KAZAK in the Dahl Dictionary

COSSACK

husband. or a Cossack (probably from the Central Asian kazmak, to wander, wander like a haiduk, haidamaka, from a guide; jump from run away, run; a tramp from wander, etc. The Kyrgyz themselves call themselves a Cossack), a military man in the street, a settled warrior, belongs. to a special class of Cossacks, a light cavalry army, obliged to serve on call on their horses, in their clothes and weapons. There are also foot Cossacks, among which the Black Sea scouts are better known. In general, a Cossack is considered a minor from 17 to 20 years old; employees or employees up to 50 or 55; then another 5 years homebodies, and then retired. The Little Russian Cossacks are the same peasants and recruit on their own terms. According to the occupied lands, the unity of management, the Cossacks of each denomination form separate army, under the command of the chieftain: Don Cossack army, Ural, Orenburg, Terek, Kuban, etc. Cossacks are the eyes and ears of the army, Suvorov. The Cossacks were all naked (without exception) chieftains. Be patient, Cossack, you will be chieftain. Not all Cossacks should be atamans. God is not without mercy, the Cossack is not without happiness. A Cossack does not cry even in trouble. Without a horse, a Cossack is an orphan all around (at least cry an orphan). The Cossack is hungry, and his horse is full. The Cossack's horse is dearer to himself. The Cossack himself is starving, and the horse is full. Not a Cossack without a horse. A Cossack without a horse is like a soldier without a gun. Cossacks custom dogs. Cossack big-eyed dog. Our Cossacks have the following custom: where it is spacious (where you crawl through), go to bed here. Our Cossacks (well done) have the following custom: he kissed his godfather, and his lips in a bag. If a Cossack, so with the Don. The Cossack of the Don is like a lake crucian: ikryan (and spicy) and salty. Cossacks are like children: they will eat a lot, and they will eat a little. A Cossack will get drunk from a handful, dine in the palm of his hand. The seagull is kigi, and the Cossack is hihi! the lapwing warns with a cry from danger. For good luck, a Cossack mounts a horse, for good luck, a Cossack beats a horse. The Cossack will grab the mane, with a lance, to hit harder. The Cossacks came from the Don, but drove the Poles to (to) the house.

| Cossack insect, Dytiscum marginalis.

| Rusten. Cossack, dig.

| In perm. (from Permyak) Cossack, boar, laid boar.

| Cossack, trakilok, Sib. bird Plectorhanes lapponicus.

| Cossacks ver. game of burners, burners, errands, runs. Cossack female. woman or girl of the Cossack class.

| Rogal, the handle of the plow, for which the plowman holds the plow.

| Cossack Cossack, unquilted beshmet.

| Cossack husband. female Cossack , sowing , Novg. laborer, annual hired worker, not day laborer. Do not rely on the priest, priest, keep your Cossack.

| Cossacks, Cossacks, are sometimes called young courtyard people dressed like Cossacks, also messengers, horse messengers, etc.

| Cossack and Cossack woman, Arkhan. male and female walrus.

| Old, seasoned white whale, yellow (male?) arch. Cossack, Cossack, - nights will belittle. ; Cossack caress. e, the Cossack is humiliating, the Cossack took away.

| Kazachek, a servant boy, dressed in a Circassian coat and under a Cossack haircut.

Dal. Dictionary Dahl. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is KAZAK in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• COSSACK in the Dictionary of thieves' jargon:
  - 1) a crescent, 2) a recidivist thief escaping from ...
• COSSACK in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
  Seeing a Cossack in a dream means humiliation, a stain on your reputation due to frivolous entertainment and dissolute ...
• COSSACK in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Kasack) Hermann (1896-1966) German writer. In the mystical-symbolic novel "The City Beyond the River" (1947) - criticism from the positions of existentialism of leveling the personality in ...
• COSSACK in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  travel, wide cloak, sometimes made with sleeves, a cape and ...
• COSSACK in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, mm. -i, -ov and -i, -ov, m. 1. In the old days in Ukraine and Russia: a member of the military-agricultural community of the free ...
• COSSACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ЌAZAK (Kasack) Herman (1896-1966), German. writer. After 1949 he lived in Germany. Expressionistic lyricism (drama "Tragic Mission", 1917, ed. 1920; coll. ...
• COSSACK in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
  ? travel, wide cloak, sometimes made with sleeves, a cape and ...
• COSSACK
  kaza "to, Cossacks", Cossack", Cossack "in, Cossack", Cossack "m, Cossack", Cossack "in, Cossack" m, Cossack "mi, Cossack", ...
• COSSACK in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  kaza "k, kaza" ki, cossack", kaza" kov, kazaku", kaza "kam, kazaka", kaza "kov, kazako" m, kaza "kami, kazaka", ...
• COSSACK in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
  || free…
• COSSACK in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  white Cossack, Donets, Cossack, Cossacks, Cossack, Cossack, Kuban, plastun, grunt, Serdyuk, serviceman, stanitsa, ...
• COSSACK in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  1. m. 1) A member of the military-agricultural community of free settlers from serfs, serfs and ...
• COSSACK in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
  
• COSSACK in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Cossack, -a and -a, / pl. -i, -ov and -i, ...
• COSSACK in the Spelling Dictionary:
  kaz`ak, -`a and -`a, pl. -`i, -`ov and -i, ...
• COSSACK in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
  a peasant, a descendant of such settlers (on the Don, in the Kuban, on the Terek and in some other areas), as well as a soldier in a military unit, ...
• COSSACK in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  (Kasack) Herman (1896-1966), German writer. In the mystical-symbolic novel "The City Beyond the River" (1947) - criticism from the positions of existentialism of the leveling of personality ...
• COSSACK in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
  (Cossack is outdated), Cossack, pl. Cossacks and (obsolete) Cossacks, m. (Turk. kazak - bean). 1. A representative of a taxable or taxable estate who evaded ...
• COSSACK in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  Cossack 1. m. 1) A member of the military-agricultural community of free settlers from serfs, serfs who fled to the outskirts of the state (Don, Yaik, Zaporozhye) ...
• COSSACK in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
  I m. 1. A member of the military-agricultural community of free settlers from serfs, serfs and ...
• COSSACK in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I m. 1. A member of the military-agricultural community of free settlers from serfs who fled to the outskirts of the state (Don, Yaik, Zaporozhye), ...