A madman on a rubber boat proved that human will is stronger than the elements of the sea. Voluntary human autonomy in the natural environment Doctor Bombar

| Voluntary human autonomy natural environment

Basics of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 18
Voluntary human autonomy in the natural environment

Voluntary autonomy is a planned and prepared exit into natural conditions by a person or group of people for a specific purpose. Goals can be different: leisure in nature, exploration of human possibilities for independent stay in nature, sports achivments and etc.

Voluntary human autonomy in nature is always preceded by serious, comprehensive preparation taking into account the goal: studying the features of the natural environment, selecting and preparing the necessary equipment and, most importantly, physical and psychological preparation to the difficulties ahead.

The most accessible and widespread type of voluntary autonomy is active tourism.

Active tourism is characterized by the fact that tourists move along the route using their own physical efforts and carry all their cargo with them, including food and equipment. The main goal of active tourism is active recreation in natural conditions, restoration and promotion of health.

Tourist routes Hiking, mountain, water and ski trips are divided into six categories of difficulty, which differ from each other in duration, length and technical complexity. This provides ample opportunities for people with different levels of experience to participate in hikes.

For example, a walking route of the first category of difficulty is characterized by the following indicators: the duration of the hike is at least 6 days, the length of the route is 130 km. Walking route The sixth category of complexity lasts at least 20 days, and its length is at least 300 km.

Voluntary autonomous existence in natural conditions may have other, more challenging goals: educational, research and sports.

In October 1911, two expeditions - Norwegian and British - rushed to the South Pole almost simultaneously. The purpose of the expeditions is to achieve for the first time South Pole.

The Norwegian expedition was led by Roald Amundsen, polar explorer and explorer. The British expedition was led by Robert Scott - Marine officer, captain of the first rank, who had experience as a wintering leader on the Arctic coast.

Roald Amundsen He organized the expedition exceptionally skillfully and chose the route to the South Pole. Correct calculation allowed Amundsen's squad to avoid on their way severe frosts and prolonged snowstorms. The Norwegians reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911 and returned back. The trip was completed in a short time, in accordance with the movement schedule determined by Amundsen, within the Antarctic summer.

Robert Scott Expedition reached the South Pole more than a month later - on January 17, 1912. The route to the pole chosen by Robert Scott was longer than that of the Norwegian expedition, and weather along the route - more difficult. On the way to the Pole and back, the detachment had to experience forty-degree frosts and get caught in a prolonged snowstorm. Robert Scott's main group that reached the South Pole consisted of five people. All of them died on the way back during a snowstorm, not reaching the auxiliary warehouse about 20 km.

So the victory of some tragic death others commemorate man's conquest of the South Pole. The perseverance and courage of people moving towards their intended goal will forever remain an example to follow.

Frenchman Alain Bombard, being a practicing doctor in a seaside hospital, was shocked by the fact that tens of thousands of people die at sea every year. Moreover, a significant part of them died not due to drowning, cold or hunger, but from fear, from the fact that they believed in the inevitability of their death.

Alain Bombard was sure that there was a lot of food in the sea and you just needed to know how to get it. He reasoned like this: all life-saving equipment on ships (boats, rafts) have a set of fishing lines and other tools for fishing. Fish contains almost everything the human body needs, even fresh water. Drinkable water can be obtained from raw, fresh fish by chewing it or simply squeezing out the lymphatic fluid from it. Sea water, consumed in small quantities, can help a person save the body from dehydration.

To prove the correctness of his conclusions, he alone on an inflatable boat equipped with a sail spent 60 days in the Atlantic Ocean (from August 24 to October 23, 1952), living only from what he mined at sea.

This was complete voluntary human autonomy in the ocean, carried out for research purposes. Alain Bombard proved by his example that a person can survive in the sea, using what it can give, that a person can endure a lot if he does not lose willpower, that he must fight for his life to the last hope.

A striking example of voluntary human autonomy in the natural environment for sporting purposes is the record set by Fyodor Konyukhov in 2002: he crossed Atlantic Ocean on a single rowing boat in 46 days. and 4 min. The previous world record for crossing the Atlantic, held by the French athlete Emmanuel Coindoux, was improved by more than 11 days.

Fedor Konyukhov started the rowing marathon on October 16 from the island of La Gomera, part of the Canary Islands, and on December 1 finished on the island of Barbados, part of the Lesser Antilles.

Fedor Konyukhov prepared for this voyage for a very long time., gaining experience in extreme travel. (He has over forty land, sea and ocean expeditions and voyages and 1000 days of solo sailing. He managed to conquer the North and South geographic poles, Everest - the pole of heights, Cape Horn - the pole of sailing yachtsmen.) The journey of Fedor Konyukhov is the first in the history of Russia, a successful rowing marathon on the Atlantic Ocean.

Any voluntary autonomy of a person in nature helps him develop spiritual and physical qualities, cultivates the will to achieve set goals, increases his ability to endure various life adversities.

Test yourself

What was Alain Bombard's goal after spending 60 days autonomously in the ocean? In your opinion, did he achieve desired results? (When answering, you can use the book French writer J. Blon “The Great Hour of the Oceans” or the book by A. Bombard himself “Overboard”)

After lessons

Read (for example, in the books by J. Blond “The Great Hour of the Oceans” or “Geography. Encyclopedia for Children”) a description of the expeditions of Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott to the South Pole. Answer the question: why was Amundsen’s expedition successful, but Scott’s ended tragically? Record your answer as a message in your safety diary.

Use the Internet (for example, on Fedor Konyukhov’s website) or in the library to find materials about one of Fedor Konyukhov’s latest records and answer the question: what qualities of Fedor Konyukhov do you consider the most attractive? Prepare small message about this theme.

It is not the harsh elements of the sea that kill shipwrecked people, but their own fears and weaknesses. To prove this, French doctor Alain Bombard crossed the Atlantic in an inflatable boat, without food or water.

In May 1951, the French trawler Notre-Dame de Peyrags set sail from the port of Equiem. At night, the ship lost its course and was thrown onto the ledge of the Carnot Pier by the waves. The ship sank, but almost the entire crew managed to put on vests and leave the ship. The sailors had to swim a short distance to get to the stairs on the wall of the pier. Imagine the surprise of the port doctor Alain Bombard when in the morning rescuers pulled 43 corpses ashore! People who found themselves in the water simply saw no point in fighting the elements and drowned while remaining afloat.

Stock of knowledge

The doctor who witnessed the tragedy could not boast of much experience. He was only twenty-six years old. While still studying at the university, Alain was interested in the possibilities human body V extreme conditions. He collected a lot of documented facts when daredevils remained alive on rafts and boats, in cold and heat, with a flask of water and a can of canned food on the fifth, tenth and even thirtieth day after the crash. And then he put forward the version that it is not the sea that kills people, but their own fear and despair.

The sea wolves only laughed at the arguments of yesterday’s student. “Boy, you’ve only seen the sea from the pier, and yet you’re interfering with serious issues,” the ship’s doctors arrogantly declared. And then Bombar decided to experimentally prove that he was right. He conceived a voyage as close as possible to the conditions of a sea disaster.

Before trying his hand, Alain decided to stock up on knowledge. The Frenchman spent six months, from October 1951 to March 1952, in the laboratories of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.

Alain Bombard with a hand press, which he used to squeeze the juice out of fish

He studied the chemical composition of sea water, types of plankton, and the structure of marine fish. The Frenchman found out that sea ​​fish more than half consists of fresh water. And fish meat contains less salt than beef. This means, Bombar decided, you can quench your thirst with juice squeezed out of fish. He also found out that sea water is also suitable for drinking. True, in small doses. And the plankton that whales feed on is quite edible.

One on one with the ocean

Bombar attracted two more people with his adventurous idea. But due to the size of the rubber vessel (4.65 by 1.9 m), I took only one of them with me.

Rubber boat “Heretic” - on it Alain Bombard went to conquer the elements

The boat itself was a tightly inflated rubber horseshoe, the ends of which were connected by a wooden stern. The bottom, on which the light wooden flooring (elani) lay, was also made of rubber. There were four inflatable floats on the sides. The boat was supposed to be accelerated by a quadrangular sail with an area of ​​three square meters. The name of the ship was a match for the navigator himself - “Heretic”.
Bombard later wrote that the reason for choosing the name was that most people considered his idea “heresy”, not believing in the possibility of surviving by eating only seafood and salt water.

However, Bombar did take some things into the boat: a compass, a sextant, navigation books and photographic equipment. On board there was also a first aid kit, a box with water and food, which were sealed to prevent temptation. They were intended for the most extreme cases.

Alain's partner was to be the English yachtsman Jack Palmer. Together with him, Bombard made a test voyage on the Heretic from Monaco to the island of Minorca lasting seventeen days. The experimenters recalled that already on that voyage they experienced a deep sense of fear and helplessness in front of the elements. But everyone assessed the result of the campaign in their own way. Bombard was inspired by the victory of his will over the sea, and Palmer decided that he would not tempt fate twice. At the appointed time of departure, Palmer simply did not show up at the port, and Bomb Bar had to go to the Atlantic alone.

On October 19, 1952, a motor yacht towed the Heretic from the port of Puerto de la Luz to Canary Islands into the ocean expanse and unhooked the cable. The northeast trade wind blew into the small sail, and the Heretic set off towards the unknown.

It is worth noting that Bombard made the experiment more difficult by choosing voyages from Europe to America. In the middle of the 20th century, ocean routes lay hundreds of miles from Bombard’s path, and he simply did not have a chance to feed himself at the expense of good sailors.

Against nature

On one of the first nights of the voyage, Bombar was caught in a terrible storm. The boat filled with water, and only the floats kept it on the surface. The Frenchman tried to scoop out the water, but he did not have a ladle, and there was no point in doing it with his palms. I had to adapt my hat. By morning the sea had calmed down, and the traveler perked up.

A week later, the wind tore the sail that was moving the boat. Bombar installed a new one, but half an hour later the wind blew it away into the waves. Alen had to repair the old one, and he floated under it for two months.

The traveler obtained food as he had planned. He tied a knife to a stick and with this “harpoon” killed his first prey - a sea bream fish. He made fishhooks from her bones. IN open ocean the fish was unafraid and grabbed everything that fell into the water. The flying fish even flew into the boat itself, killing itself when it hit the sail. By morning, the Frenchman found up to fifteen dead fish in the boat.

Bombar's other "delicacy" was plankton, which tasted like krill paste but was unsightly. Occasionally birds were caught on the hook. The traveler ate them raw, throwing only feathers and bones overboard.

During the voyage, Alen drank for seven days sea ​​water, and the rest of the time he squeezed the “juice” out of the fish. It was also possible to collect the dew that settled on the sail in the morning. After almost a month of sailing, a gift from heaven awaited him - a downpour that gave fifteen liters of fresh water.

The extreme hike was difficult for him. The sun, salt and rough food led to the fact that the whole body (even under the nails) was covered with small ulcers. Bombar opened the abscesses, but they were in no hurry to heal. The skin on my legs also peeled off in shreds, and the nails on four of my fingers fell out. Being a doctor, Alain monitored his health and recorded everything in the ship's log.

When it rained for five days in a row, Bombar began to suffer greatly from excess humidity. Then, when there was no wind and heat, the Frenchman decided that these were his last hours and wrote his will. And when he was about to give his soul to God, the shore appeared on the horizon.

Having lost twenty-five kilograms of weight in sixty-five days of sailing, on December 22, 1952, Alain Bombard reached the island of Barbados. In addition to proving his theory of survival at sea, the Frenchman became the first person to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a rubber boat.

After the heroic voyage, the whole world recognized the name of Alain Bombard. But he himself considered the main result of this journey not to be the glory that fell. And the fact that throughout his life he received more than ten thousand letters, the authors of which thanked him with the words: “If it weren’t for your example, we would have died in the harsh waves of the sea.”

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Let us remember What should be understood by the autonomous existence of man in the natural environment? What types of autonomy are there and what is their difference? Name the personal qualities of a person that are necessary for successful survival in the natural environment offline.

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Voluntary autonomy is a planned and prepared exit into natural conditions by a person or group of people for a specific purpose. Goals can be different: active recreation in nature, exploration of human possibilities for independent stay in nature, sports achievements, etc. Voluntary autonomy

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Voluntary human autonomy in nature is always preceded by serious, comprehensive preparation taking into account the set goal: studying the features of the natural environment, selecting and preparing the necessary equipment and, most importantly, physical and psychological preparation for the upcoming difficulties. The main thing is preparation!

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The most accessible and widespread type of voluntary autonomy is active tourism. Active tourism

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Active tourism is characterized by the fact that tourists move along the route using their own physical efforts and carry all their cargo with them, including food and equipment. The main goal of active tourism is active recreation in natural conditions, restoration and promotion of health. Tourism

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Tourist routes of hiking, mountain, water and ski trips are divided into six categories of difficulty, which differ from each other in duration, length and their technical complexity. This provides ample opportunities for people with different levels of experience to participate in hikes. For example, a walking route of the first category of difficulty is characterized by the following indicators: the duration of the hike is at least 6 days, the length of the route is 130 km. A pedestrian route of the sixth category of difficulty lasts at least 20 days, and its length is at least 300 km. Difficulty categories

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Voluntary autonomous existence in natural conditions can have other, more complex goals: cognitive, research and sports. Define your goals

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In October 1911, two expeditions - Norwegian and British - rushed to the South Pole almost simultaneously. The goal of the expeditions is to reach the South Pole for the first time. Famous journeys Amundsen's Route (Norway) Scott's Route (England)

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The Norwegian expedition was led by Roald Amundsen, polar explorer and explorer. Roald Amundsen Roald Amundsen extremely skillfully organized the expedition and chose the route to the South Pole. Correct calculation allowed Amundsen's detachment to avoid severe frosts and prolonged snowstorms on their way. The trip was completed in a short time, in accordance with the movement schedule determined by Amundsen, within the Antarctic summer.

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On October 19, 1911, five people led by Amundsen set off to the South Pole on four dog sleds. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole, having traveled 1,500 km, and hoisted the flag of Norway. The entire trek covers a distance of 3000 km under extreme conditions (ascent and descent to a plateau 3000 m high with constant temperature over −40° and strong winds) took 99 days. At the South Pole Conquest of the Pole

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The British expedition was headed by Robert Scott, a naval officer, captain of the first rank, who had experience as a wintering leader on the Arctic coast. Robert Scott From the very beginning, Scott's expedition had to endure many difficulties, partly due to the mistakes of the leader, partly due to a combination of circumstances. The snowmobiles failed, and the Manchurian ponies, which Scott preferred to dogs, had to be shot: they could not withstand the cold and overload. People dragged heavy sleds through the cracks in the ice glaciers.

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Robert Scott's expedition reached the South Pole more than a month later - on January 17, 1912. The route to the pole chosen by Robert Scott was longer than that of the Norwegian expedition, and the weather conditions along the route were more difficult. On the way to the Pole and back, the detachment had to experience forty-degree frosts and get caught in a prolonged snowstorm. Robert Scott's main group that reached the South Pole consisted of five people. All of them died on the way back during a snowstorm, not reaching the auxiliary warehouse about 20 km. Victory and tragedy

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Thus, the victory of some and the tragic death of others perpetuated the conquest of the South Pole by man. The perseverance and courage of people moving towards their intended goal will forever remain an example to follow. In memory of Scott and his comrades in Antarctica, there is a cross on one of the peaks of Cape Hut. On it is written a line from the poems of the famous English poet Tennyson: “Fight and seek, find and not give up” Fight and seek, find and not give up

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Alain Bombard, as a practicing doctor at a maritime hospital, was shocked by the fact that tens of thousands of people die at sea every year. Moreover, a significant part of them died not from drowning, cold or hunger, but from fear, from the fact that they believed in the inevitability of their death. Alain Bombard “Victims of legendary shipwrecks who died prematurely, I know: it was not the sea that killed you, it was not hunger that killed you, it was not thirst that killed you! Rocking on the waves to the plaintive cries of the seagulls, you died of fear.”

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Alain Bombard was sure that there was a lot of food in the sea and you just needed to know how to get it. He reasoned like this: all life-saving equipment on ships (boats, rafts) have a set of fishing lines and other tools for fishing. Fish contains almost everything the human body needs, even fresh water. Drinkable water can be obtained from raw, fresh fish by chewing it or simply squeezing out the lymphatic fluid from it. Sea water, consumed in small quantities, can help a person save the body from dehydration. You can survive

Slide 17

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To prove the correctness of his conclusions, he alone in an inflatable boat equipped with a sail spent 60 days in the Atlantic Ocean (from August 24 to October 23, 1952), living only from what he got from the sea. On an inflatable boat

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This was complete voluntary human autonomy in the ocean, carried out for research purposes. Alain Bombard proved by his example that a person can survive in the sea, using what it can give, that a person can endure a lot if he does not lose willpower, that he must fight for his life to the last opportunity. Don't lose willpower

But history also knows those who are ready to sacrifice their lives in the raging waves of a restless ocean for the benefit of humanity, for the sake of science. This is exactly what Alain Bombard was - a doctor, traveler, biologist and public figure. His circumnavigation of the world on an inflatable rubber boat showed that man, castaway, can survive without food or water in the open ocean, and Bombar's willpower, demonstrated on the way to his goal, amazed the whole world.

French doctor's theories

Alain Bombard was born on October 27, 1924 in Paris. While still a very young medical student, Alain often thought about why the statistics of shipwreck victims was so high. Already when he, having completed his studies, went to work in one of the seaside hospitals, he happened to encounter a terrible picture of a shipwreck: 43 bodies of unfortunate people who had become victims of the water element were brought to the hospital. This was imprinted in Bombard’s memory for the rest of his life; the young doctor was amazed why people die in the first days of a shipwreck, when there is a sufficient supply of water and food.

Alain Bombard delved into the problem of mortality due to maritime disasters and he managed to establish a terrible pattern - people who, by the will of fate, found themselves on the open sea on a lifeboat, died of despair, from fear of the inevitability. The doctor realized that the main reason for the numerous deaths was the lack of desire to fight for one’s life and the loss of faith in possible salvation. After studying the problem, Bombard developed survival techniques for those who were victims of a shipwreck.

Experiment idea

IN scientific world Alain Bombard's theories were received with skepticism, and in 1952 he conceived the idea of ​​proving by example that a person can survive on an inflatable boat in the open ocean by eating raw fish and drinking salty sea water from time to time. This desire caused general disapproval, and the desperate French doctor was considered crazy, because such an experiment was a real suicide.

Alain Bombard believed in himself and knew that the human body has enormous internal resources and, subject to certain rules, will be able to endure a long journey in difficult conditions. Filled with this faith, the young doctor begins preparations for trip around the world. He begins theoretical preparation: he studies the types of fish that can be found in the ocean and determines that the fish’s body consists of 80% water, containing fats, salts and trace elements. Bombard admits that the juice squeezed out of fish can be used as a source of fresh water.

Alain Bombard planned to travel in the company of a companion. He advertised in the newspaper, and people began to respond to his offer. But among the large number of people who wanted to, there was no suitable candidate: those who responded, as a rule, were crazy people and suicides, people offering to eat them during, and those who tried to send them to dangerous journey relatives they dislike. A companion was finally found, he was the yachtsman Jack Palmer, who made a test trip with Alain from the island. Menorca, during which travelers ate what they caught raw fish and drank juice from it. But on the day of departure, the would-be yachtsman was frightened by the hardships of a trip around the world and disappeared without a trace.

Dangerous journey

On October 19, 1952, despite the birth of his daughter, Alain Bombard set off on a long journey. His boat, four and a half meters long, was named “Heretic” as a challenge to a society that did not believe in his success. Throughout the voyage, Bombar ate only raw fish and caught birds, drank sea water and fish juice. Despite the fact that there was a supply of food and water on board the boat, the traveler never touched it even in the most difficult moments of the ordeal - Bombard was ready to do anything to prove his theories.

The journey was difficult, as expected. Bombar more than once found himself on the brink of death, but thanks to his determination, thirst for life and superhuman efforts, the newcomer to sea voyages managed to do what many experienced yachtsmen feared - he crossed Earth, proved the correctness of his theories and remained alive despite all the dangers of the path. Alain Bombard spent several hours in a row bailing water out of the boat; during storms, falling from fatigue, he did not give up and fought, dispersed and big fish, trying to damage the boat and did not accept any offer from passing ships to take him on board. The idea for the French was more important than comfort, plentiful food and...

Tragedy mars triumph

Returning to France after 65 days of wandering across the waters, Bombard became a celebrity: they took him into account, revered him and tried to inherit him. Since that time, he has held honorary positions, taken part in scientific and social work, writes the best-selling book “Overboard at Will.”

In 1958, Alain took part in the design of a raft with which it was planned to equip all ships. But the test of the raft ended tragically: nine crew and rescuers died, only Bombar managed to escape. This led to Alain's reputation being damaged, and it was he who was blamed by many for the tragedy.

Alain Bombard survived severe depression, but despite this, in 1975 he began his political career. He held high positions in various French parties and government agencies, and in 1981 became a member of the European Parliament. At the age of 80 great traveler and the public figure died in Toulon. His activities and life principles became an example for traveler-followers, and the motto “Be stubborner than the sea, and you will win!” helped many people who were victims of difficult circumstances.

(1924 - 2005)

Born on October 27, 1924 in Paris.
Doctor, biologist.
Researcher at the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco (1952).
Voluntarily crossed the Mediterranean Sea (1951) and the Atlantic Ocean (1952) on the Heretic inflatable boat to prove the possibility of survival for shipwrecked people.
Secretary of State to the Minister environment(1981).
IN last years Dr. Bombard continues to write travel books; he presides over various research competitions and heads the humanitarian organization “Justes d'Or” (something like “fair gold”).
At the Fifth Jules Verne Festival, held in Paris in November 1996, A. Bombard headed the competition jury documentaries about research.
Released in 1997 A new book A. Bombard “Les Grands Navigateurs” (“The Great Navigators”).
On International festival adventure films in Dijon (2002) A. Bombard was an honorary delegate.
On March 8, 2003, Dr. Bombard, as the head of the above-mentioned humanitarian organization, awarded another similar organization “Voiles Sans Frontières” (something like “porous borders”) for “humanitarian and social services.” ...
Dr. Bombar died on July 19, 2005.