Number and trend of its change. Brandt's bat • Red Book of the Ryazan region Belonging to the objects of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation

Brandt's bat - Myotis brandtii Eversmann, 1845

Order Chiroptera - Chiroptera

Family Smooth-nosed bats - Vespertilionidae

Category, status. 4 - uncertain status, not numerous species. Included in the Red Books Leningrad region, Republic of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia. It is protected by the Berne Convention (Annex II). Guarded in Western Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic republics under the 1991 Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats (EUROBATS).

Short description. Small bat. Body length 38-55 mm. Forearm length 33-39 mm, wingspan 19-24 cm. The color of the back is dark, brownish-brown. The underparts are grayish tones. The fur is thick and long. The ears and membranes are dark brown, almost black. The epibleme is not developed. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. By external signs difficult to distinguish from the mustachioed bat.

Area and distribution. Distributed in Europe, in the south of Siberia to the Okhotsk coast, in Primorye, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin. Inhabits mainly mixed and widely deciduous forests, along river floodplains it penetrates into the taiga and steppe (1).

In the Pskov region it is known for most districts (2, 3, 4).

Habitats and ecological features. Associated with forest areas. It settles in tree hollows, behind loose bark, and in human buildings. Departure late, active all night. It occurs singly or forms small colonies of 10-15 individuals. It feeds over forest roads, park alleys, over ponds, clearings, and on the edges of forests. The flight is uneven and maneuverable. Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. At the end of June - beginning of July, the female gives birth to one cub. A sedentary species that does not migrate long distances. It overwinters, like other bats, in various underground shelters, where the temperature does not fall below 0 °C and high relative humidity is maintained.

Species abundance and limiting factors. There are no long-term observations of the distribution and condition of the population. In the neighboring Leningrad region, a decrease in numbers in wintering grounds is observed. Limiting factors include: low reproductive capacity, deforestation, disturbance in the areas where brood colonies are located and wintering areas.

Security measures. Organization of specially protected natural areas in areas where brood colonies are located and in wintering areas. Preservation of old hollow trees. Explaining to the population the need to protect the species.

Information sources:

1. Pavlinov et al., 2002; 2. Chistyakov, 2000; 3. Chistyakov, 2002; 4. Chistyakov et al., 2010; author's data.

Compiled by: D. V. Chistyakov.

Brandt's bat (lat. Myotis brandtii) is a small bat of the genus of bats. Their body weight is usually 5.5-10 g, body length 38-55 mm, tail length 31-45 mm, forearm length 33-39 mm, wingspan 19-24 cm. Named after the German zoologist Johann Brandt. Ear middle length, tapering towards the end, with a notch at the rear edge. The muzzle, ears and membranes are quite dark, usually darker than the base color of the coat. At the same time, the bases of the auricles and the bases of the tragus are light and uncolored. The foot with claws is approximately half the size of the lower leg. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The epibleme is undeveloped. The fur is thick, long, slightly disheveled. The hair has dark bases, the color of the back is from reddish to dark brown, the belly is from grayish to pale-whitish. Characteristic sign, distinguishing it from similar mustachioed bat- the presence of a pointed protrusion on the large upper premolar tooth, on the anterior-inner edge of the crown. This protrusion, as a rule, is clearly visible behind the second minor premolar even in living animals (especially if you use a magnifying glass). The small premolar teeth themselves are approximately the same size.

Brandt's bat (lat. Myotis brandtii)

Lives in mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates the steppe along floodplains, prefers old-growth mixed and deciduous forests with hollow trees located near water bodies. It establishes nests and shelters in tree hollows, hollows, rock crevices, and less often in buildings; solitary animals can spend the day simply behind a loose piece of bark. It winters in various underground shelters, in old adits, basements and cracks in limestone cliffs. In the spring, Brandt's bat is one of the first to leave winter shelters, and before the arrival of pipistrelle bats from the south, it can be found in a variety of biotopes.

At first glance, Brandt's bat is similar in flight to pipistrelle bats, from which, when examined in the hands, it is easily distinguished by the absence of an epiblema, a pointed tragus, and the presence of two small premolar teeth in the upper jaw. This bat hunts in the air for small flying insects, but usually at close range. woody vegetation. Flies out to hunt after dusk. Hunts flying insects in the forest over clearings and clearings at the level of crowns or between trunks, in parks, and also low above the surface of reservoirs. It feeds on a variety of small flying insects and lives in places with high concentrations of them. The flight is smooth, unhurried, and maneuverable. Echolocation signals are low intensity in the range of 80-35 kHz, with a maximum amplitude of about 45-50 kHz.

Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. Breeds in early to mid summer. There is one cub in the litter, lactation is about 1.5 months. Brood colonies of up to several dozen females; males usually stay apart.

Data on abundance are fragmentary. One of the most common and widespread types bats in the zone mixed forests on the border with the forest-steppe, Brandt's bat is spread sporadically and is not numerous.

Limiting factors. Shortage of shelters due to cutting down of mature trees, disruption of food supply as a result economic activity humans (use of insecticides). Direct disturbance and destruction of brood colonies in human buildings.

Lifespan is up to 20 years.

Brandt's bat

Order: Chiroptera (Chiroptera)

Family: Smooth-nosed The bats(Vespertilionidae)

Type: Brandt nightstand

Myotis Brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)

Brandt's boss

Description

The sizes are small. Body length 39-50 mm, tail 32-44 mm, ear 12.5-17 mm, forearm 33-38 mm, wingspan 220-260 mm, weight 5-11 g. Color from dark chestnut to black. The tragus is long, rising above the bay of the ear. The wing membrane grows to the base of the toes. Spur without epiblemoform fold. The ear is translucent.

A transpalearctic species inhabiting predominantly boreal forest landscapes. The range is vast and very unique. Lives in central, northwestern, northern and northeastern parts Europe. The eastern border from the mouth of the Danube stretches north through the Carpathians, further along eastern Poland and (probably within the Belarusian Lake District) bends sharply to the east. To the east of the territory of Belarus, the studied area is represented by separate, scattered islands. According to modern assumptions, the eastern border of the continuous range of this species runs through the western part of Belarus. Until recently, it was not detected in Ukraine and Moldova. In the extreme east of Poland it is extremely rare.

In July 2003, an adult male and female were captured in national park"Bryansk Forest" near the border with Belarus. At the end of the 1970s, A. Ruprecht discovered Brandt's bat in the collection materials of A.I. Kurskov, collected in the Belarusian part of Belovezhskaya Pushcha. In June 2001, we captured a sexually mature male and female in the villages of Chersk and the villages of Kharsy, Brest region. Targeted searches different methods in other regions of Belarus did not bring results. Not found in wintering grounds in Belarus.

Habitat

The outskirts of human settlements near large coniferous tracts and river floodplains.

Very rare view bats. Summer shelters are found in the outer parts of wooden buildings. IN neighboring countries winters in the basements of buildings. It feeds on small insects, a significant part of the diet being butterflies. Foraging areas are associated with trees and shrubs, canals, and streams. Individual areas are distinct; the feeding territory of one colony can reach an impressive size of up to 100 km2. Live up to 38 years (maximum known age Palearctic bats). In Europe, situations of antagonism towards Brandt's bat from other species of bats are known.

Number and trend of its change

Single finds in the extreme southwest of Belarus. After the 1970s the number decreased by famous places her habitat in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

The biological instability of small groups on the borders of a kind of gap among the vast range of the species is obvious. Possible feeding and other forms of competitive pressure from bats and other bat species. Potentially high vulnerability on highways.

Security measures

According to the Regulations on Hunting, it is included in the category of useful animals, for the illegal destruction of which a fine of 1 basic unit per individual is provided. It is necessary, as for other small species of bats, to ensure complete immunity, to establish a high conservation status identified maternity biotopes, creation optimal conditions wintering (temperature 2-6° C, relative humidity air 80-100%, complete darkness, minimal noise, vibration) in places where hibernating individuals are detected.

The species is distributed from England and Eastern Spain to Far East, Japan and Korea. In Russia - in the middle and northern zone of the European part, in the Urals, in the southern and middle zone of Siberia and the Far East. There is an isolated habitat in the Caucasus (1, 2). The first record of the species in the former Ranneburg region (now Lipetsk region.) dates back to 1916 (col. S. Turov) and is stored in the ZM of Moscow State University (2). It is likely that the report about the discovery of 9 individuals of the mustached bat, caught in the Zapolsky forestry of the Korablinsky district in May-June 1967, also refers to Brandt’s bat (3). In October 1973, a male of the species (4) was caught at the administration of the Oksky Nature Reserve. There is no data on the number.

Habitats and biology

Brandt's bat lives in forest landscapes, preferring plains rich in water bodies (5). IN Central Russia appears in summer shelters by mid-April. Shelters are located in tree hollows and human buildings. Feeding mass species Diptera, stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, small species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera (6). Females give birth to one cub. Possibly winters in the region.

Limiting factors and threats

The limiting factors may be the lack of natural shelters and human intolerance to animal settlements in his buildings.

Security measures taken and required

IN Ryazan region Brandt's bat has been protected since 1977 (7). The habitats of the species are protected on the territory of the Oksky Nature Reserve. Konobeevskaya Cave has been declared a natural monument of regional significance. It is necessary to organize special studies of the wintering of bats in a cave near the village. Polnoe Konobeevo (Shatsky district), as well as conduct special thorough research to identify the habitats of the species in the region and their protection.

Brandt's boss

Registration locations:

Brest region - Brest district

Gomel region - Zhitkovichi, Narovlya, Petrikovsky, Khoiniki districts

Grodno region - Svisloch district

Family Vespertilionidae.

The range of Brandt's bat is very unique and not well studied. It lives in the countries of the Central, North-West (UK) and in all countries Northern Europe. The eastern border of the range runs along the eastern part of Poland and somewhere within the Belarusian Lake District bends sharply to the east, following almost in a strictly latitudinal direction up to and including Japan. Moreover, to the east of Belarus the distribution of the species is represented not by a continuous range, but by separate islands. It is precisely this distribution pattern that has been established for the mustachioed and Brandt's bats in northeastern Poland.

According to previous ideas, the eastern border of the range of this species runs through the west of Belarus. The bats of Belarus were included in the list based on an analysis of collections made in 1955-1980. in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. It has not been previously reported in other regions of Belarus. Throughout history, only 1-3 specimens of this species have been reliably identified in Belarus.

However, new data has clarified the geographic distribution of Brandt's bat in Belarus. As research activity increased, finds began to appear in other regions. Thus, in July 2003, an adult male Brandt’s bat was caught in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. In August 2012, 5 adult individuals (4 females and one male) of Brandt's bat were captured in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. on the territory of the Pripyatsky National Park. Finally, in June-July 2015-2016. In the Zhitkovichi district, on the territory of the “Old Zhaden” reserve, 12 adult Brandt’s bats were caught, of which 8 were lactating and pregnant females, which confirmed the reproduction of this species in the Pripyat Polesie region.

At the moment, the discovery of Brandt's bat in the PGREZ is the easternmost registration point known in Belarus. Based on the data obtained, it can be stated that the species lives throughout the entire territory Belarusian Polesie from its western to eastern borders. Further east, in the Bryansk region of Russia, Brandt's bat has also been repeatedly recorded by researchers. South of Belarusian Polesie it is observed extremely rarely. Thus, in the Ukrainian part of the resettlement zone Chernobyl nuclear power plant Only 1 specimen of Brandt's bat was caught in the process of very intensive long-term work on inventorying the bat fauna.

It is a rare breeding species in the PGREZ. It is distributed very locally in the reserve, but in its habitats it is one of the dominant species according to detection results. It was noted only in 2 localities, confined to old-growth oak forests, alternating with swampy relief depressions in the Khoiniki and Narovlyansky districts. A lactating female was caught in Khoiniki district on June 25, 2016, and a pregnant female and an adult male were caught in the same place on June 14, 2017. The morphometric characteristics, structure of the dental system and coloration of these individuals fully corresponded to the species-specific characteristics of Brandt's bat. Maternal colonies of this species were found located in cracks and behind the loose bark of old oak trees.

Rare, sedentary - a little-studied species of bats. This species has not been found in Moldova and Ukraine. In Lithuania, this species is considered rare, but winters in the west and center of this country. Further north, Brandt's bat becomes a more common species.

The search for Brandt's bat on the territory of Belarus can most likely be crowned with success, first of all, in the territory of the Belarusian Lake District.

For a long time, the status of this species in the domestic literature was controversial. Until 1980, Brandt's bat was considered a subspecies or synonym of the baleen bat. Currently, the complete independence of these two species has been proven.

One of the smallest bats in Europe. The dimensions of Brandt's nightstand are as follows (from literary sources according to Central European populations): wingspan 22-22.5 cm; body length 3.9-5.0 cm; tail 3.2-4.4 cm; ear 1.3-1.7 cm; forearms 3.3-3.8 cm; weight 5-10.5 g. Color from dark chestnut to black. The wing membrane grows to the base of the fingers ( important difference from the water bat).

It differs from a closely related species, the moustachioed bat, in several ways. The dimensions of Brandt's nightstand are somewhat larger, especially the forearm. The hair is from dark chestnut to black. The tragus is blunt-apexed with a convex posterior edge. The ear is relatively thin, translucent; pressed to the head, protrudes beyond the tip of the nose by 1-3 mm. The emblem on the spur is missing.

Caught animals in the hands are relatively calm and silent.

Ultrasonic signals of both types coincide in peak frequency - 45 kHz.

The habitat habitats of the Brandt's bat and the baleen bat are similar. In the western part of its range, the Brandt's bat is more drawn to forest habitats, in contrast to the baleen bat, which prefers open ones. It flies out to feed in the thick twilight and returns before dawn. It feeds on small flying insects: mosquitoes, midges, flies, small butterflies. Often snatches prey (such as spiders) from tree leaves. In summer you can find them behind the platbands of wooden buildings (in Belovezhskaya Pushcha). Photo © Radik Kutushev / iNaturalist.org CC BY-NC 4.0

Literature

1. Demyanchik V. T., Demyanchik M. G. “Chiropterans of Belarus: a reference guide.” Brest, 2000. -216s.

2. Kurskov A. N., Demyanchik V. T., Demyanchik M. G. “Brand’s Night Bat” / Animals: Popular encyclopedic reference book ( Animal world Belarus). Minsk, 2003. P.229-230

3. Savitsky B.P. Kuchmel S.V., Burko L.D. “Mammals of Belarus”. Minsk, 2005. -319 p.

4. Dombrovsky V. Ch. “Results of censuses of bats (Chiroptera) in the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve in 2016-2017” / Current problems of zoological science in Belarus: Collection of articles of the XI Zoological International scientific-practical conference, dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the founding of the State Research and Production Association “Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Bioresources”, Belarus, Minsk. T. 1, 2017. pp. 105-112