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Functional speech styles. The concept of a style dominant and the systemic organization around it of the main parameters of style

When was the science of stylistics formed?

2. What was the prerequisite for the formation of stylistics as a science?.
Stylistics belongs to ancient rhetoric, but it is relatively young.
Recorded in the 20th century.
The origins of stylistics were poetics and rhetoric.
Rhetoric - the study of verbal expression of thought, provided for the selection of words, their combinations and the study of figures of speech
The significant role of Lomonosov's works. These works lay the foundations of stylistics as a doctrine of expressive means ah language.
Lomonosov’s theory of 3 calms caused controversy; on the basis of this theory, 2 directions in the study of languages arose (innovator Karamzin, archaist Khimikov)
High calm - high, solemn, majestic. Genres: ode, heroic poems, tragedies, oratory.
Middle calm - elegies, dramas, satires, eclogues, friendly essays.

Object and subject of stylistics

The subject of stylistics is the subject of stylistics expressive capabilities and means different levels the language of the system, their stylistic meanings and coloring, as well as the pattern. Usage Yaz in different areas and communication situations
Object of stylistics - The object of study of stylistics is the units of the language system of all levels in their totality (sounds, words, their forms, phrases, sentences), i.e. a language is studied “across the entire spectrum of its structure at once” (G.O. Vinokur). Low calm - comedies, letters, songs, fables.

4. Definition of style.
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics whose main subject is style in all linguistic meanings of this term, as an individual manner of performing speech acts
Stylistics explores the evolution of styles, the language of art. Lit. In its development, universal techniques
Stylistic objects Studying expressive means of language. Figures of speech and tropes that are not associated with any particular style
Stylistics of phenomena A connecting discipline between linguistics and literary criticism
Unlike sciences that have units, stylistics does not have units and the carriers of meaning are phonetic, lexical, etc. units
The main task of stylistics is the study and description of functional styles. A certain stylistic norm, a description of the stylistic properties and characteristics of linguistic units, i.e. stylistic coloring

6. Functional style of speech.
Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety literary language(its subsystem) functioning in a certain area human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of use in this area linguistic means and their specific organization.

The internal structure of a style is determined by the main style-forming factor - this is the circumstance that influences the principles of organization in a particular functional variety, which influences the actualization of certain categories of vocabulary grammatical categories in this functional variety.

7. There are the following reasons for identifying functional styles of speech:

Sphere of human activity ( the science, right, policy, art, everyday life);

The specific role of the text addressee (student, institution, newspaper or magazine reader, adult, child, etc.);

Style goal ( education, establishment legal relations, impact, etc.);

Preferential use of a certain type of speech (narration, description, reasoning);

Predominant use of one or another form of speech (written, oral);

Type of speech ( monologue, dialogue, polylogue);

Type of communication (public or private)

Kit genres(for scientific style - abstract, textbook etc., for official business - law, reference and so on.);

Characteristic features of the style.

Substyles Functional style.

Speech styles have varieties; in other words, these styles are called substyles: popular science, religious, technical.

The main features of each style (dominants).

The main features of the scientific style: 1) the main form of speech is written, 2) the main goal is the communication of objective information.

The main features of the official business style: 1) high terminology, existing mainly in written form.

The main features of the journalistic style: 1) used in newspapers, television shows, socio-political magazines, documentaries, 2) the main function is message and impact, 2) this style is intended for a mass audience. Mass audience is a collection of people different professions and cultures that interact poorly with each other.

The main features of the colloquial style of speech: 1) communication in its original form, 2) used in a wide area of informal, non-official relations, 3) used in all spheres of life.

10. Book styles of speech 4 book styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic.

Conversational style
Purpose of speech: Direct everyday communication
Speech setting: Sphere of everyday relationships, informal setting
Speech genres: Friendly conversation, private conversation, private letters
Language means: Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary
Stylistic features of speech: Emotionality, imagery, concreteness, simplicity.

Book styles

SCIENTIFIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Reporting scientific information, explaining facts
Speech setting: Formal setting
Speech genres: Research Article, report, educational literature, dissertation
Language means: Terminology and professionalism
Stylistic features of speech: rigor, logic, objectivity, accuracy, abstraction and generalization.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE
Purpose of speech: Message, informing
Setting of speech: Sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal
Speech genres: Laws, orders, decrees, resolutions, protocols, certificates, instructions, etc.
Language means: Official business vocabulary, standardized figures of speech
Stylistic features of speech: Precision, not allowing for other interpretation

JOURNALISTIC STYLE
Purpose of speech: Function of influence through the media
Speech setting: Speeches in newspapers, magazines, radio, television, at rallies and meetings
Speech genres: Article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, oratory
Language means: Socio-political vocabulary
Stylistic features of speech: Logic and at the same time imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal.

ART STYLE
Purpose of speech: Language fiction
Speech setting: Direct impact on the reader, his feelings, emotions
Speech genres: Epic, lyrical, dramatic
Language means: Using all the riches of vocabulary
Stylistic features of speech: Imagery, emotionality, the ability to use different styles.

11. Oral and written speech Oral speech– this is spoken speech, it uses a system of phonetic and prosodic means of expression; it is created in the process of speaking; it is characterized by verbal improvisation and some linguistic features (freedom in choosing vocabulary, use simple sentences, use of incentives, interrogatives, exclamation sentences various kinds, repetitions, incompleteness of expression of thoughts). Oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. The speaker and the listener not only hear, but also see each other. Therefore, spoken language often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the listeners' remarks, their smiles, laughter - all this can affect the nature of speech, change it depending on this reaction. A speaking person creates, creates his speech immediately. He simultaneously works on content and form. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are needed. Therefore, oral speech must be constructed and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners. The oral form of the literary language is presented in two varieties: colloquial speech and codified speech.

Colloquial speech serves such a language sphere as communication, which is characterized by ease of communication; informality of relations between talking people; unprepared speech; direct participation of speakers in the act of communication; widespread use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Codified speech used primarily in official areas of communication (symposia, congresses, conferences, meetings, meetings). Most often, it is prepared in advance (a presentation with a lecture, report, message, information, report). It is characterized by moderate use of nonverbal means of communication.

Written speech - This is speech, graphically fixed. It can be thought out and corrected in advance. It is characterized by some linguistic features (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to language norms, absence of extra-linguistic elements, etc.). Usually addressed to those who are absent. The one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him. Written language is not affected by the reactions of those who read it. Written speech is designed for visual perception. While reading, you always have the opportunity to re-read an incomprehensible passage several times, make notes, clarify the meaning of words, and check the correct understanding of the terms in dictionaries.

12. Oral public speech Variety oral form literary language, used in various kinds of public speeches in public significant topics. Together with colloquial speech constitutes the oral form of the literary language, which is realized in two varieties - spoken and public - and is contrasted with its written form. Some researchers call the oral form of the literary language its oral-colloquial variety. Based on the selection of colloquial and public speech There are differences in the communicative function, in the topic and situation of speech. To U. p.r. the speaker resorts to primarily the functions of communication and influence in the presence of an intellectualized topic and in a situation of public communication in the industrial and socio-cultural spheres.

13. How were speech styles formed? The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos - a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick was shaped like a spatula - it was used to level the wax, erasing what was written). The ancients said: “Turn the stylus!”, which literally meant ‘erase what is written’, and figuratively - work on the syllable, think about it

written." With the development of the science of language, scientists' ideas about what style is have changed. Conflicting opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere verbal communication and types of human activity, understanding style as a historically developed and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.

1. Colloquial style of speech - the main function is communication.

2.Official business style of speech.

3. Scientific style of speech. (17-18th century)

4. Artistic style of speech (11th century)

5.Publicistic (18th century)

SCIENTIFIC SPEECH STYLE:
14.Formation.15. Characteristics.16. Features of the development of scientific speech in Russia.

The origin of the scientific style is associated with the diversity of spheres of human activity; at first, the scientific style was close to the artistic; later, scientific terminology was supplemented by Latin, which became an international scientific language. In Russia, scientific. the style developed in the 18th century, when the authors scientific books began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, thanks to Lomonosov, a scientific terminology was created. terminology. He replaced foreign terms with domestic ones, in other cases introduced well-known Russian expressions to denote scientific concepts, gave foreign language terms forms close to the norms of domestic grammar. The scientific style was finally formed in the 19th century.

The form of speech is written, the main goal is to communicate objective information. The content side makes its demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Primordial form existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form records information for a long time (and this is exactly what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest information inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report, which takes 40 minutes orally, can be perceived in written form by an addressee well prepared in this field in 5 minutes (reading “diagonally”). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work. Of course, And oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transmitting scientific information, and then reproduced in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech. In Russia, scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with scientific activities the greatest scientists of this time.

Text 6

(In) view of the department head’s imminent departure on a business trip, a meeting was held. At the meeting, Pyotr Petrovich said that in the absence of... management, he granted Alekseev an extraordinary leave according to his personal... statement... (as a result... of which the workload on each employee increases. Then he summed up the preliminary results of the internship in the department by two graduate students:

“Intern...r Andreev is an intellectual...l...gent...a conscientious...taxpayer. As a responsible person, he will achieve a lot. This is a future professional (s, ss)ional, as... . He deals with issues of (personnel) management work in (industrial) developed countries and has already prepared a dis(s, ss)ertation on the topic “Go(s, ss) service as social institution" During his internship, he proved himself to be excellent. By the way, yesterday he was summoned to court as a witness in the case of co(r,rr)option.

(B) distinguish... from him, the intern...r Fedorov is a prudent man...a prudent, a...uninitiative worker who works (at) half his strength, and besides, he’s not very (k,kk)uratious. Look at his work desk, pieces of smoked...sausage, carbon stove...and grapefruit...you have a silver...n...medal...n. As they say, ko(m,mm)entaries are unnecessary. He did everything contrary to our... demands... and wishes.... After communicating with him, the head of the department was in a pre... heart attack state... (for) for... a month. As you know (half) of the summer he was in the hospital, but (during) the continuation... of winter (n...) he was not sick once. (In) connection with the current situation (c) the consequences... it is advisable to discuss candidates for interns in advance. We are interested in (professionally) trained personnel. Upon arrival... the head of the department in Moscow, we will once again return to the issue of (professional (s, s)ional) business qualifications of employees.”

(B) conclusion... Pyotr Petrovich emphasized that (despite) some shortcomings (c) general department coped with a difficult task.

TEST TRAINING

1. Which statement is not true?

a) Functional style is a type of common language.

b) Functional style is a type of literary language.

c) Functional styles are historically established and socially conscious systems speech means used in a particular area of communication.

d) Functional language styles are related to the communication situation.

2. Mark the erroneous statement:

The following book styles are distinguished:

a) official business

d) journalistic

3. Which of the following styles does not belong to book styles?

a) official business

b) scientific

c) conversational

d) journalistic

4. What style of speech is characterized by such stylistic features as informality, ease and expressiveness of verbal communication?

a) official business

b) scientific

c) conversational

d) journalistic

5. What vocabulary is not typical for the conversational style?

a) scientific terminology

b) spoken words

c) common words

d) colloquial words

6. In what style of speech is clericalism not a disadvantage?

a) scientific style

b) formal business style

V) journalistic style

d) artistic

7. In what style of speech is terminological vocabulary based?

a) scientific style

b) formal business style

c) journalistic style

d) artistic style

8. What vocabulary do the words belong to? big guy, pussy, hard worker, runt?

a) neologisms

b) evaluative vocabulary

c) archaisms

d) historicisms

9. Social evaluation is the dominant… style?

a) scientific

b) official business

c) journalistic

d) artistic

10. For which style is conceptual precision and abstraction dominant?

a) official business

b) scientific

c) conversational

d) journalistic

11. What is the dominant feature of the journalistic style?

a) abstractness and precision

b) imagery and aesthetic significance

c) standard

d) evaluativeness and appeal

a) 1st person singular

b) 1st person plural

c) 2nd person plural

d) 3rd person singular

13. Vocabulary is not typical for the scientific style of speech:

a) commonly used

b) general scientific

c) vernacular

d) terminological

The selection of linguistic means within each style and the principles of speech construction are determined by the stylistic dominant. The dominant is the main feature of a functional style, determining its linguistic features. The dominant feature of the scientific style is conceptual precision, which determines the use of systematically organized terminology and emphasized logic of speech.

Thus, in scientific texts, special logical connectives are widely represented; it follows, this leads to, therefore, in this way. Accuracy in the scientific style is abstract, generalized. The dominant feature of the official business style is accuracy, which does not allow for double interpretation. Hence the syntactic cumbersomeness, the prohibition of pronominal substitutions, long sentences with a lot of clarifying phrases, digital markup of the text, standardized construction of speech, exclusively written form of speech. The dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested in newspaper “labels”: fascist, democrat, partocrat, in words with an evaluative meaning: leader - ringleader, initiator - instigator, congress - gathering. The assessment attitude determines the selection of facts, the use of phraseological units and expressive syntax. The dominant artistic style is the imagery and aesthetic significance of each element of the text. Hence the desire for freshness of image, uncluttered expressions, and the use of expressive means of speech, rhythm, and rhyme. The dominant feature of the conversational style is minimal concern for the form of expression of thoughts. This explains the phonetic imprecision, syntactic sloppiness, and widespread use of pronouns. Almost all styles are used both in written and oral form, but the dominant business style contradicts disabilities oral form: it is impossible to achieve the necessary accuracy if preliminary thinking through the phrase is impossible. The differences between styles are most clearly revealed at the level of vocabulary, since there are words assigned to a certain functional style: terms in a scientific style, clericalism (following, named, etc.) in official business, evaluative vocabulary (aspirations, accomplishments, consolidation, etc. .p.) in newspaper and journalistic. And yet, the basis of each style is inter-style, uncolored vocabulary.

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