Ready-made presentation on the topic why it is cold in winter. Why is it so much warmer in summer than in winter? How the seasons change in different zones of the Earth
Ecology of consumption. Estate: Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And the main thing is to build quickly and inexpensively. Standard frame houses meet all these requirements. They are warm in winter and cool in summer.
Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And the main thing is to build quickly and inexpensively. Standard frame houses meet all these requirements. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, such housing construction in Japan reaches 45-50%, in the USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden - 75-80%, in Germany, Finland and other countries Western Europe– 50% and in Scandinavian countries – 80%.
What is a frame building?
This is a structure that consists of a frame installed on a foundation - vertically installed wooden beams. The gaps between them are filled with insulation. From external and inside These walls are sheathed with OSB, OSB, and sandwich panels. Appearance the structure depends on the finishing. For decorative cladding, siding or clinker tiles, thermal panels, stones or timber are used.
For the manufacture of frames, coniferous wood and wooden beams are most often used. Metal frames are rarely used, as they increase the cost of construction by 55-75 percent.
The installation of the structure of one building, depending on the chosen technology, takes from one to three to four months. To do this, you need to have drawings of frame houses, which experts consider the most labor-intensive and painstaking process.
Having appeared almost simultaneously in different countries, frame house building developed in its own ways. The most common are Canadian technologies, German technologies of half-timbered houses and pre-fabricated panel houses. They have the same construction principle. And they differ in the materials used and their combinations, the level of industrialization of the production of house kits, and the method of installation and fastening of some structural elements.
To keep the house warm
It is impossible to build a warm frame house without using good insulation, so special attention is paid to its selection.
To insulate an eco-house, straw, hemp bonfire, cellulose and other eco-insulation materials are used. After the cells of the frame are filled with insulation, a vapor barrier must be installed on the inside, and water and wind protection on the outside.
If you do not plan to live in the house all year round, then it is more profitable to install a stove for solid fuel, increasing the thickness of the insulation to 25 cm during construction. After all, the air in a frame house heats up quickly due to the use of frame technologies and insulation.
Experts have calculated that heat consumption per 1 square meter The area of a frame house is almost two times less than in brick houses.
When deciding to build a frame house, you must first select a project, calculate the amount of materials and their types not only for the foundation and main structure, but also for the roof, attic, basement, and decorative finishing. Of course, you can build it yourself, but specialists can do it faster and better. published
Everyone knows from school that our planet rotates both around the Sun and around its own axis - an imaginary line connecting two poles - north and south. This arrangement of things affects the changing seasons and time of day.
If you ask the question why it is cold in winter, the most common answer will be: the Sun has moved away from the Earth to the maximum possible distance. There is some truth in this statement, but only partially, because other factors also influence the change of seasons.
Causes of cold weather in winter
Distance
In the process of rotation, our planet actually approaches the star and then moves away. The maximum distance at which two celestial objects are located (at aphelion, if we speak in scientific terms) is 152.1 million km, the minimum (in scientific terms it will be “at perehelion”) is 147.1. For formation this opinion influenced by the fact that the Earth has a spherical shape and moves in orbit in the form of an oval. When the surfaces of the planet and star move away, the sun's rays stop delivering their heat and therefore the temperature drops. The Northern Hemisphere experiences this situation between December and February.
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Short day
But the arrival of cold weather is influenced not only by the distance between the Sun and Earth. The axis of our planet is tilted relative to the orbit, the angle of which is 23.5 degrees. The North Pole is always directed towards a star called Polaris, which causes the Earth to tilt towards the Sun for 6 months and the same period of time for the deviation of the planet from the star. Thus, the angle of inclination removes the surface, making the day shorter. The sun's rays simply do not have enough time to warm the Earth.
Change in the atmosphere
In addition, the Sun rises less high in the sky. The combination of two facts results in a decrease in temperature, which leads to a decrease in evaporation. The concentration of water vapor is the main criterion for heat retention at the surface; its decrease leads to the escape of heated air into space. A decrease in temperature causes better dissolution in the atmosphere of carbonic acid, which can absorb infrared radiation. When its proportion decreases, thermal radiation occurs faster.
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Winter and summer in different parts of the planet
In the northern hemisphere it is winter, in the southern hemisphere it is summer. And vice versa. This happens because for one half of the year the northern hemisphere of the Earth tilts towards the Sun, and for the second half it deviates. That's why some celebrate the New Year and Christmas holidays when it's cold, while others celebrate it when it's hot.
But there is also such a thing as geographical zones. And the climate varies depending on the distance separating it from the equator - the conventional line dividing the planet into the northern and southern hemispheres. The equator is perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation, so the angle of inclination is not decisive. The temperature in the regions passing along this conditional line is approximately the same throughout the year and is equal to 24-28 degrees with a “+” sign. This part of the land receives more heat, light and solar radiation, because the rays fall at right angles.
The change of seasons is a common occurrence for us. On cold winter days we freeze from severe frosts, and with the onset of summer we suffer from unbearable heat. At the same time, few of us think about the reasons for such processes.
Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? What influences the change of seasons? And why are winter and summer in different corners our planet is advancing in different time?
Why is it cold in winter?
Everyone knows that the Earth rotates around the Sun and around its axis. At the same time, in the process of its movement, it either approaches the Sun or moves away from it to the maximum distance. While at perihelion (at minimum distance), it is 147.1 million km away from the star, and when approaching (at aphelion) it is 152.1 million km away.
Many people believe that when the Earth is at its furthest distance from the Sun, winter comes. In fact, everything is not so simple, since the onset of cold weather is influenced by another factor - the planet’s tilt axis.
Axis of rotation globe deviates from the plane of its orbit around the Sun by 23.5 degrees. It passes through the southern and North Pole, while the latter is always directed towards the North Star. Thus, when rotating around the Sun, for one half of the year the northern hemisphere of the planet tilts towards the star, and for the other half of the year it deviates from it. 
At a time when the angle of inclination moves the northern hemisphere away from the Sun, the day shortens, the sun's rays do not warm the earth's surface so well, resulting in winter.
Why is it hot in summer?
In summer, everything happens exactly the opposite. When the northern hemisphere is closest to the Sun, it receives much more sun rays, the day lengthens, the air temperature warms up, and eventually it becomes hot.
In addition, in the summer they fall to the Earth almost perpendicularly, so the energy is earth's surface becomes concentrated and heats the soil much faster. In winter, on the contrary, the rays pass through, as a result of which the soil and water in the oceans do not have time to warm up quickly, remaining cold.
In other words, in summer the density solar energy falling on the earth's surface is higher, in winter - lower, and temperature indicators depend on this. Moreover, in summer there are longer daylight hours, the Sun shines much longer above the horizon, and therefore has much more time to warm up the soil and water surfaces.
How do the seasons change in different zones of the Earth?
When summer begins in the northern hemisphere, winter comes in the southern hemisphere because it is further away from the sun at that time. The same way occurs in the second half of the year: when approaching southern hemisphere towards our star it becomes hot, and in the northern hemisphere, accordingly, it becomes cold. 
At the same time, in different belts various planets are observed climatic conditions, since they are at unequal distances from the equator. The closer regions are to the equator, the hotter the climate, and vice versa - regions further away from the equator experience colder temperatures.
The weather can also be influenced by the location of certain regions in relation to sea level. As altitude increases, it decreases, and the Earth gives off less heat, so in mountainous areas it is always colder even in summer season.
Why is there no winter and summer at the equator?
Why does the degree of heat and cold depend on location to the equator? The fact is that this imaginary line crossing the center of the Earth, regardless of the planet’s tilt axis, is always closest to the Sun.
For this reason, regions located on the equator constantly experience a large influx of solar radiation, and the air temperature on their territory remains unchanged within +24...+28 °C. 
In addition, the sun's rays fall on the equator at right angles, due to which this part sushi receives light and heat more than others.
Simple questions. A book similar to an encyclopedia Antonets Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Why is it cold in winter?
Why is it cold in winter?
I found the correct and strict answer in the second volume of the “Physical Encyclopedia” in the article “Earth”: “Rotation around an axis causes the change of day and night, the tilt of the axis and revolution around the Sun causes the change of seasons.”
Indeed, since school days we have known that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a flat, almost circular orbit with a radius of approximately 150 million kilometers. It also rotates around its axis passing through the Northern and South pole and inclined relative to the orbital plane at an angle of just under 67 degrees. If the Earth's rotation axis is inclined relative to the orbit, then it turns out that the angle of incidence of the rays on the Earth's surface changes as they move along the orbit. It gets closer to vertical, then further away. If the rays fall obliquely, it turns out that the same radiation is distributed over a large area. To put it more bluntly, this is not happening. Therefore, simply the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface is greater in summer and less in winter.
You've probably noticed that it's very hot on the roof in the summer. This is because the roof has an angle that is added to the latitude angle, and therefore in Russian latitudes the roof is often almost perpendicular to the direction of the sun's rays. That's why it's insanely hot there.
Thus, it turns out that cold and heat overtake us only because the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes. If you want to use such rays to heat water in your country house, you must place your tank at an angle so that more sun gets in. Moreover, if you make a hill on which to plant, for example, strawberries, they will ripen better. You yourself know that berries always taste better on a sunny slope.
There are two parallels on Earth where the Sun is directly overhead once a year. They are called the Northern and Southern Tropics - this is approximately a latitude of 23 degrees, and since the inclination of the axis of rotation relative to the orbital plane is 67 degrees, the total is 90 degrees. That is why at these latitudes there is a moment when the Sun is directly overhead and objects do not cast shadows. These are very hot places.
Decrease in temperature - objective reason cold. But sometimes we feel cold in the summer too - when a person says that he is cold, but in fact he feels the heat exchange taking place. If a lot of heat is given off - no matter for what reasons: for example, a person is wet and the wind is blowing on him - then we feel cold.
As a result, it turns out that the rotation of the Earth around the Sun with an inclined axis leads to a change in temperature, but we perceive cold and heat according to the degree of heat exchange. So it's cold in winter because it really sets low temperature, which we feel due to the increase in heat transfer.
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(short correct answer: because the earth's axis is tilted, and therefore much more light falls on one of the hemispheres than on the other, and they smoothly change places after six months)
I was once asked this question during an interview (for a programmer).
Despite the fact that I studied at the physics department of Moscow State University, I did not know the answer.
So he said: “mmm... I don’t know.” Everyone was still surprised, like no one had answered like that before.
It seems they didn’t take me there, or didn’t write to me later, I don’t know, that was a long time ago.
I came home, started googling, researching, and discovered the answer to this seemingly simple, but in fact simply wonderful and brilliant in its simplicity question.
It turned out that they can have fun testing people: watching how a person will behave when you ask him this question, and in public, so that others can hear, but not be able to interfere.
It has long been known that logic does not work for a person: everyone only adjusts and shuffles the facts so that at the end they can concoct those answers, decisions and conclusions that best suit him and will not cause him cognitive dissonance that he is not is right, that he is bad, that he is weak, that he made a mistake, that he was deceived, that he was mistaken, and the like.
And those around them perceive the persuasiveness of a speech almost entirely on emotions, and not on facts: it doesn’t matter what kind of nonsense the speaker will utter, if at the same time he looks adequate and “respectable,” preferably with a bunch of dignities like “Academician of Such-and-such Academy” or “ Honored Minister of So-and-So,” and if he seems “confident in his words,” and speaks in the style of “I have brought you the truth, believe,” if he speaks assertively, and overshadows his opponents with his charisma, neutralizing their counterarguments with all known rhetorical techniques and tricks such as allegory, hyperbolization, translation of the topic, personalization, and the like - thousands of them.
So, you ask a person this question: “Vasily, what do you think, why is there summer and winter?”
At first, a person is usually completely sure that he knows the answer to this question, and begins to answer: “Well, how?! What does why mean?! Everyone knows this: of course, because the Earth’s axis is tilted!”
In principle, this answer already contains the whole point - the words “everyone knows this.”
The classic school training system works here: Masha “knows” the answer to the question, Masha gets an “A”. In fact, a school is the same religious zombie institution as any parish theological seminary in the Middle Ages.
The person simply does not perceive the question that way.
Instead of “Do you know why Something like this?” he hears “But you don’t know, as they usually tell us, why Something Such and Such?”
That is, a person accepts that as the real state of affairs virtual reality, which society imposed on him, and at the same time he sacredly believes in it, and any doubt in it is automatically (society has developed this reflex) considered heresy.
It looks very funny from the outside, for example, when a person’s head is full of misconceptions that he does not question and firmly believes in, and when you try to explain to him something that goes beyond the framework, or something that challenges his beliefs, then a person, in especially advanced cases, immediately begins to demand “facts” and does not want to listen, much less believe. It is not without reason that they say that the best slave is the one who is completely sure that he is not a slave. And if a person comes across a low level of development (there are such people, just look at today’s crazy fascist Ukraine), then he will even begin to attack you, put pressure on you, aggressively and zealously defending his own virtual reality from destruction. For an analogy, imagine a slave who is confident that he is free, and at the same time zealously protects his master-enslaver.
This, of course, is not the person’s fault: people are designed this way, it is their nature, and there is nothing shameful in this. And no one is immune from this.
Returning to the question you asked, the real fun begins when you answer your interlocutor that he cannot build a normal logical chain from the mantra from the “tilted axis” to the answer to asked question, and that he therefore does not know the answer to this question.
Based on the reaction, one can make judgments about the person himself: will he behave aggressively in response, will he go into deep defense, inaccessible to logic, etc. In especially difficult and rare cases, after you reveal the correct answer, the person is so afraid of being wrong that he commits self-deception, and assures both you and himself that he said so from the very beginning.
Fear of error is programmed into human nature as a defense necessary in the early stages of the development of consciousness, but at the same time it is also one of the main factors hindering human development after passing initial stage development.
Regarding the answer to the question itself...
By intuition, of course, one can assume (and take on faith the noodles that are being hung on everyone’s ears somewhere) that because one pole, due to the tilt of the Earth, is always further from the Sun than the other, and therefore it is summer in one hemisphere , and in the other - winter.
And some people are sure that this distance is the reason for winter and summer. In fact, such a small distance of one pole compared to the other is not capable of providing a temperature difference (and if suddenly there is such a difference, then it is negligibly small).
The whole point is that the hemisphere that is tilted outward receives the same light, only at more slippery angles to the surface, and the hemisphere that is tilted inward receives light at angles that are steeper to the surface of the Earth.
Therefore, per unit area of the earth's surface in the cold hemisphere there is less incident sunlight than per the same unit area of the earth's surface in the hot hemisphere: for example, in the picture below you can clearly see that the “blue” part of the light, which falls on the cold hemisphere, almost half the size of the “yellow” part of the world, which falls in the hot hemisphere - that is why (and no other reason) it is hot in the hot hemisphere at this time of year, and cold in the cold hemisphere at this time of year.
If you are familiar with the concept of a “solid angle” (the same geometric two-dimensional angle, only expanded to the concept of three-dimensional space - you get something like a cone)
, then I will tell you this: the same unit of area of the earth's surface receives a smaller share of light (and, therefore, less heat) in the cold hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be smaller; and vice versa, the same unit of earth's surface area receives a larger share of light (and, therefore, more heat) in the hot hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be greater.
If there are astronomers among you who need mathematical formulas, then you can find them on this page: in the “intensity” section, a formula is immediately given that relates the radiation intensity and the solid angle to the site. Here is a formula for making my speech pompous and official, and for increasing the “persuasiveness” of my reasoning
Since the intensity sunlight is the same at any point in space (this is, by definition, a property of the radiation intensity of a star in astronomy), then the energy transferred sunlight to the surface of the Earth, depends only on the solid angle from the Sun to a unit area of the Earth's surface: the larger the solid angle, the more energy it contains.
To refute the misconception that there is winter and summer because one hemisphere, due to the tilt, turns out to be a little further than the other, you can come up with some visual and obvious refutations in the style of “paradoxes”.
For example, what is the Earth's orbit around the Sun? Your interlocutor, of course, will answer that, naturally, it is ellipsoidal. And he will draw an ellipse on paper, so elongated. Where is the Sun located inside this ellipse? Your interlocutor will probably say that it’s in the center (an intuitive answer, that’s how we were all drawn in children’s books). Ask again if it is exactly there. If he is sure, then notice that, in fact, not in the center, but in one of the foci of the ellipse. If the ellipse is drawn very elongated, then the Sun will be strongly shifted to one side. Ok, if the Earth's orbit is a drawn elongated ellipse, and a small difference in the distances to each hemisphere due to the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation would affect the temperature so much, then why, when we pass those two points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, Doesn't all life on Earth burn?
In fact, technically your interlocutor dropped the right phrase: technically this is approximately an ellipse. Although in fact I would say that you are unlikely to distinguish it from a circle, because the eccentricity of this ellipse is 0.0167, and its largest diameter is 149.60 million kilometers, and the smallest is 149.58 million kilometers, that is, the difference in diameters - only about 20 thousand kilometers, that is, a little more than one tenth of a percent.
The sun is located at one of the focuses of this ellipse, and therefore is slightly shifted to one side.
(in the picture below, the ellipse, apparently for dramatic reasons, is unnaturally elongated in width - do not forget that in fact the Earth’s orbit is indistinguishable from a circle by eye)
If we now return to the question you asked your interlocutor about why everything did not burn up at the points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, then we can say that we now know that the Earth’s orbit is in fact a circle, and these points are closest to the Sun by only 10,000 kilometers, which is approximately equal to the diameter of the Earth, and therefore not so dramatic. Ok, I have a couple more paradoxes up my sleeve...
Now you can dig into the difference in distances from the Sun to the Earth in summer and winter (see picture). Ask your interlocutor that if his theory is correct, then why in July, that is, when it is summer in our hemisphere, the Earth is further from the Sun, and in January, when we have winter, the Earth, on the contrary, is closer to the Sun?
Further, if you count: 152,100,000 km - 147,300,000 km =~ 5,000,000 km. Five million kilometers - this is the difference in distances from the Earth to the Sun in summer and winter. If your interlocutor claims that the tiny difference in distances given by the tilt of the Earth’s axis somehow affects the temperature, then let’s calculate it - it will certainly not be greater than the diameter of the Earth, which is 12,742 km. Now compare a distance of ten thousand kilometers, which supposedly creates winter and summer, and a distance of five million kilometers, which, in this case, would freeze everything in permafrost or it would burn all living things. Ten thousand kilometers and five million kilometers. Millions, Karl!
And one more, last, fact that I noticed from a series of refutations of this false theory, which everyone firmly believes in: if only distance really played a role, then in this case one of the poles would completely melt once every six months, and an oasis would form there.
Here is another link, from the encyclopedia for children.