What type is the white hare? Systematic position of the mountain hare using additional ones. Reproduction and lifespan

A hare is an animal that belongs to the class Mammals, order Lagomorpha, family Lagoraceae, genus Hares ( Lepus). Contrary to popular belief, they are not rodents and are far from harmless. In case of danger, they show aggressiveness and resist the attacker. Since ancient times, the hare has been a desirable trophy for hunters because of its delicious meat and warm fur.

Hare - description, characteristics, appearance. What does a hare look like?

hare body slender, slightly compressed from the sides, its length in some species reaches 68-70 cm. The weight of a hare can exceed 7 kg. A characteristic feature of lagomorphs are wedge-shaped ears, reaching a length of 9 to 15 cm. Thanks to the ears, the hare’s hearing is much better developed than the sense of smell and vision. The hind limbs of these mammals have long feet and are more developed than the forelimbs. When a threat arises, the hare's speed can reach 80 km/h. And the ability to suddenly change the direction of running and jump sharply to the side allows these animals to get rid of the pursuit of enemies:, etc. Hares run well up slopes, but they have to go downhill head over heels.

Hare color depends on the season. In summer, the animal's fur has a reddish-gray, brown or brown tint. Due to the dark color of the undercoat, the color is uneven with large and small “speckles”. The fur on the belly is white. Hares change color in winter, their fur becomes lighter, but only the mountain hare becomes completely snow-white. The tips of the ears of all representatives of the genus remain black all year round.

How long does a hare live?

The average lifespan of males does not exceed 5 years, females - 9 years, however, there are recorded cases of a longer lifespan of a hare - about 12-14 years.

Types of hares, names and photos

The genus of hares is diverse and includes 10 subgenera, divided into several species. Below are several types of hares:

• Hare– hare(Lepus timidus )

The most common representative of the genus of hares, living almost throughout Russia, Northern Europe, Ireland, Mongolia, South America and many other countries of the world. This species of hares is distinguished by characteristic seasonal dimorphism - in areas with stable snow cover, the fur color becomes pure white, with the exception of the tips of the ears. In summer the hare is gray.

• Brown hare(Lepus europaeus )

A large species of hares, some individuals of which grow up to 68 cm in length and weigh up to 7 kg. The hare's fur is shiny, silky, with characteristic wavy, different shades of brown, with white rings around the eyes. The hare's habitat covers European forest-steppes, Turkey, Iran, the north African continent and Kazakhstan.

• Antelope hare(Lepus alleni )

Representatives of the species are distinguished by very large and long ears, growing up to 20 cm. The auricles are designed in such a way that they allow the animal to regulate heat exchange when too high temperature habitats. The antelope hare lives in the state of Arizona in the USA and 4 Mexican states.

• Chinese hare(Lepus sinensis )

The species is characterized by small body size (up to 45 cm) and weight up to 2 kg. The color of the short, coarse fur consists of many shades of brown: from chestnut to brick. A characteristic black triangular pattern stands out at the tips of the ears. This type of hare is found in the hilly areas of China, Vietnam and Taiwan.

• Tolai hare(Lepus tolai )

The medium-sized individuals resemble the hare in appearance, but are distinguished by longer ears and legs, as well as the absence of curled fur. This hare is a typical representative of deserts and semi-deserts, lives in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and in the Russian steppes - from Altai Territory to the south of the Astrakhan region.

• Yellowish hare(Lepus flavigularis )

The only population of yellowish hares inhabits the meadows and coastal dunes of the Mexican Gulf of Tehuantepec, hence its second name - the Tehuantepec hare. Large individuals, up to 60 cm long and weighing 3.5-4 kg, are difficult to confuse with other species of hares due to two black stripes running from the ears to the back of the head and along the white sides.

• Broom hare(Lepus castroviejoi )

The habitat of this species of hares is limited to the scrubby heaths of the northwestern Cantabrian Mountains of Spain. In appearance and habits there is a similarity with the brown hare. Due to extermination, predation and disruption of the natural ecosystem, the species is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book of Spain.

• Black-tailed(California) hare (Lepus californicus )

The species is characterized by long ears, powerful hind limbs, a dark stripe running along the back, and a black tail. It is considered the most common species of hares in Mexico and the United States.

• Manchurian hare(Lepus mandshuricus )

Small representatives of this species of hares grow up to 55 cm and weigh no more than 2.5 kg. The ears, tail and hind legs are quite short, due to which there is a clear resemblance to a wild rabbit. The fur is hard and short, brown in color with black ripples. Typical representative deciduous forests and shrubby plains can be found in the Far East, Primorye, as well as in Northeast China and Korea.

• Curly-haired hare (Tibetan curly-haired hare)(Lepus oiostolus )

The species is distinguished by its small size (40 – 58 cm) and weight of just over 2 kg. Characteristic feature yellowish wavy fur on the back is considered. It lives in India, Nepal and China, including the mountain steppes of the Tibetan Plateau, from where it received its second name - the Tibetan curly hare.

This family includes the largest representatives of the order, whose body length is 30-60 cm, rarely more. Their ears are long (at least 50% of the length of the head), pointed at the end, and form a tube at the base. The hind legs of most species are significantly longer than the front ones (by 20-35% in the skeleton). The tail is very short, but, with the exception of one species, visible from the outside. The body is in most cases slender, somewhat laterally compressed.

The hairline is varied - from lush and soft to short and bristly. In many species, hair length and thickness, as well as color, change with the seasons. In general, the color of the fur is often dull, gray-brown. The soles of the paws are covered with a thick brush of hair, and the pads of the toes are never bare. The skin is relatively thin and fragile.

It is characteristic that, in addition to the usual, hard feces, hares produce special, soft feces in the cecum, which they eat and undergo secondary digestion. Dental formula:

Hares inhabit very diverse landscapes from the tundra to the equator, but everywhere they are, to one degree or another, associated with tree and shrub vegetation, which serves as an important food source and also camouflages the animals, especially during the breeding season. Active throughout the year. There is no food stockpiling.

Distributed across all continents (acclimatized in Australia and many islands). In total, there are about 45 species in the modern fauna, which should be combined into 3 groups:

1) true hares (15 species) living in open spaces and forests temperate climate; most diverse in North America, not found in South America;

2) rabbits (15 species), also most diverse in North America, less diverse in South America and Africa, in Europe - one species, and none in Asia;

3) Wire-haired, arboreal, or ancient, hares (15 species), mainly concentrated in South Asia (there is one species each in Africa and North America).

Hares have significant practical significance. Essentially, all of them serve as objects of sport hunting, and some of them for fur trade. Hares can damage fruit trees, and some of these animals can harbor infections dangerous to humans (for example, tularemia), and carry ticks that transmit diseases. In general, hares deserve protection.

White hare(Lepus timidus) is a relatively large animal, its body length is somewhat different in different parts of its range.

The largest white hare lives in the tundra of Western Siberia, their body length is up to 70 cm, and their weight is up to 5.5 kg. The smallest race of white hare inhabits the taiga of Yakutia, the mass of such a white hare is 2.5-3 kg. The hare's ears are not very long and are bent forward; they only reach the end of the nose or protrude slightly beyond it. The tail is completely white or with a small admixture of dark hair on top; it is relatively short and round in shape. The paws are relatively wide, the feet are covered with a thick brush of hair. This provides better support on snow. The load of body weight per 1 cm2 of paw area in a hare is only 9-12 g, while in a fox it is 40-43 g, in a wolf -90-103 g, and in a hound dog - 90-110 g.

In most areas of its distribution, color changes dramatically with the seasons. In summer, the color of the fur on the back is brownish-brown with blackish ripples, the sides are lighter, and the belly is white. In winter, the white hare fully lives up to its name. At this time, he is dressed in pure white fur and only the tips of his ears are black.

However, this does not happen everywhere. In Ireland, where there is no stable snow cover, the hare does not turn white for the winter. On the coast of Greenland live hares whose color is white in winter, and in summer it only darkens slightly, and then becomes brownish-white. On Baffin Island (northeastern North America), where even July temperatures are usually between 0 and +5 °C, the mountain hare is white all year round. The change in color is accompanied by a change in fur, which becomes thicker and longer. The hair on the lower side of the body especially lengthens; This is apparently due to the fact that during the daily rest of the white hare, it is the lower surface of the body that comes into contact with snow or frozen ground. Hair grows noticeably in winter, covering the soles of the paws and the edges of the nostrils.

White hare is very widespread. It inhabits the tundra and forest areas of Northern Europe; there is an isolated outbreak in the Alps. In Siberia, the hare is common throughout the tundra, taiga and in places in the forest-steppe; it is also found in the eastern regions of Kazakhstan (near Lake Alakul, in the mountains of Saur, Tar-Bagatai, Dzungarian Alatau), in Northern Mongolia, Northeast China, on the island of Hokkaido (Japan), in the northern part of North America (in the Hudson Bay area south to 50° N), on a narrow strip of the southern and western coasts of Greenland. Acclimatized in South America (Chile and Argentina). In the relatively recent past, the hare was distributed much further south. In the Pleistocene it was even in Crimea. Its isolated portion of its range in the Swiss Alps is evidence of a wider past occurrence in Western Europe.

The hare's habitats are very diverse. IN northern parts range, it is found in various types of tundras, although it clearly prefers shrubby tundras, even in Taimyr (the northernmost part of the continental land). It is also common along the sea coast. It inhabits areas of the taiga zone of different nature, preferring, however, forests, sparse meadows, thickets of bushes, burnt areas and clearings, where there are good feeding and protective conditions. At the southern limit of its distribution, in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, it lives mainly in birch clumps, in thickets of reeds and tall, dense grass. In the Alps, the hare more often settles at the upper limit of forest vegetation and on alpine meadows(occurs among rocky heaps).

Habitats vary somewhat with the seasons of the year. The white hare is most evenly distributed in the summer, when there is plenty of food and it is easy to move around. By winter, hares gather near thickets of bushes and young trees, which serve as the main source of food in winter. At this time, there is also a noticeable attraction to the edges, where the snow is not so loose. IN mountainous countries In winter, whites descend to the lower, less snowy belts.

In most of its range, the hare is a sedentary animal, and its movements are limited to changing lands. However, in some places in the European tundra, on Taimyr and in Greenland, regular massive seasonal movements have been observed, in which hares gather in herds of several dozen and sometimes more than a hundred heads. In autumn, hares migrate south, and in spring - in the opposite direction. Autumn concentrations are more noticeable than spring ones. The length of the migration route is tens and even more than hundreds of kilometers. The reason for migration is mainly snow cover, which makes it difficult to use low-growing tundra vegetation as food.

This is what the employees of the polar station, located on the northern shore of Lake Taimyr, told the author of these lines. In mid-September, hares began to appear in large numbers in the coastal tundra, where they had not previously been seen. Initially they moved east along the lake shore. Their movement was especially noticeable in the evenings, when the hares ran near the water in lines of several dozen animals each. After the snow appeared, the movement stopped and the hares stayed in groups of 30-40 heads. There were many of them at the polar station itself, at the meteorological site. When the lake became covered with ice, the hares went south, and the last solitary animal was observed on January 17.

In most areas of its distribution, the white hare is awake mainly at night, and is most active in the pre-dawn and pre-evening hours. Daytime spends lying down in a secluded place, under a bush, under an upturned tree root, in a clump of thick grass. Hares do not have permanent shelter in most areas, and their bedding areas are usually new every day. The choice of place to lay varies with the seasons and depends on weather conditions. In summer and winter, the hare spends the day where there are dense bushes or a lot of dead wood, often in the depths of the forest. In autumn, during leaf fall and especially when there is rain from trees, it often lies in open areas in the grass.

In years when winter is late and there is no snow for a long time, the whitened animals are clearly visible, they lie very “firmly”, and you can easily approach them within 2-3 m.

In the forest belt, whites only dig a hole in the snow 0.5-1.5 inches long in severe frosts. When in danger, the animal leaves its resting place and jumps out of the hole. It happens differently in the tundra. Here in winter, hares concentrate in places where there are large snow piles, usually near the steep slopes of river valleys. In the snow they dig very deep holes up to 8 m long, which they use as permanent shelters. Unlike forest whites, which leave a snow hole when there is danger, tundra whites hide in holes as soon as they notice something suspicious. It is not possible to drive out a hare that has run into a hole either by shouting, or by shooting, or by knocking on the snow above the hole.

It is interesting that in the tundra, white hare sometimes use burrows in the summer, but these are earthen ones. Usually they do not dig them themselves, but climb into empty holes of arctic foxes or marmots (in Eastern Siberia). The use of earthen burrows by hares in summer was also observed in the north of the taiga zone of Yakutia.

Although the white hare is mainly a nocturnal animal, in the tundra in winter it is also awake during the day. In the forest belt at the beginning of spring, hares also often go out to feed long before sunset.

When going to bed, the hare makes the so-called “double-ups” two or three times. Their essence is that the hare stops and after a while returns back in its own tracks. Then he takes a big leap to the side. Hunters call this a “smart” or “discount.” This creates a kind of dead end in the hare's trail, which, of course, makes it very difficult for predators to track it.

The hare has the best developed hearing, which mainly warns him of danger. Vision and smell are, on the contrary, poorly developed, and a hare sometimes runs very close to a standing person, even in an open place. Essentially the only means of defense against persecution is the ability to run quickly. At the same time, the pursued hare, as soon as it has somewhat broken away from the pursuer, makes “double-ups” and “discounts”.

Food varies significantly between seasons. In summer, the white hare eats a variety of herbaceous plants, preferring legumes whenever possible. It readily eats horsetails and underground capless mushrooms (deer truffle-parga), which it easily digs up. In some places you can see a lot of hares digging.

In winter, in most areas, grassy vegetation becomes inaccessible to the hare, and grass that has dried on the root has little nutritional value. The main food at this time is small branches and bark of various trees and shrubs. The white hare especially readily eats willow, aspen, birch, and in the south - hazel. In Eastern Siberia, young larches serve as one of the main winter food. In other areas, conifers are rarely eaten.

In some places in Yakutia, during the mass reproduction of white hare, they destroy more than 50% of the young larches and willows, in some areas - completely.

In the spring, after a winter of high-quality starvation, hares concentrate where young grass appears, which they greedily eat. At this time, they accumulate on the lawns in groups of 10-30 heads and are so carried away by their meal that they lose their usual caution.

The white hare is a very prolific animal. Sexual maturity occurs at 10 months. In the central zone of the European part of the USSR there are 3 lambing seasons: in early May, at the end of June and in early August. In the European taiga and in the taiga of southern Siberia, most females bring only two litters, and in the northern zone of the Siberian taiga and in the tundra only one litter, in early - mid-June. It is remarkable that the litter size is greatest in northern taiga and tundra hares, on average it is 7; here it was often necessary to obtain females with 9-10 embryos, and in some females their number reached 12. In the middle and southern parts range, the size of the brood is noticeably smaller: 2-5, only single females here bring 7-8 hares. As a result, the annual fecundity of southern hare hare is only slightly higher than that of northern hare.

The hare race is vigorous, and there are often fights between males. Pregnancy lasts 47-55, more often 50 days. Lambing usually occurs on the surface of the ground, in bushes, among dead wood, and only in the tundra and in some places in the Yakut taiga - in burrows. Hares are born weighing 90-130 g, sighted and covered with thick fur. From the first day after birth, they are able to run, but it is very difficult to catch a three- or four-day-old hare. The brood stays near the mother, without scattering. It happens that a hare, like many birds, tries to take a person away from her brood, imitating being sick or wounded. Rabbits grow very quickly, as milk is very nutritious, containing about 12% protein and about 15% fat. Already at the end of the first week of life, rabbits begin to eat grass.

In cases where a hare bears several litters a year, she is covered by a male soon, and sometimes immediately after giving birth. In natural conditions, white hare live 8-9 years. They are most fertile at the age of 2-7 years, but already from fourth year life, fertility begins to decline.

Almost the same development occurs in intestinal helminthic diseases caused by nematodes and cestodes. In some places, hares are also affected by liver flukes and coccidiosis, which is especially dangerous for young animals. Epizootics of a bacterial nature are also known - tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, etc.

In years of high numbers of hares, the number of predators that exterminate them also increases: lynx, fox, golden eagle, and eagle owl. When an epizootic begins, predators accelerate the extinction of hares, and after its end they delay the restoration of their numbers. Years of high and low numbers repeat with a certain regularity. In the north, large hare harvests occur every 10-12 years. To the south - somewhat more often, but with less accuracy. It has been established that high “harvests” and pestilences of hare never cover its entire range at the same time, and the mass reproduction of hares in some areas is accompanied by low numbers in others.

The white hare is of significant importance as an object of fur trade and sport hunting. In the total fur procurement in the USSR, the cost of hare skins is approximately 3-4%. The production of this hare is especially large in Yakutia, where in “fruitful” years the population receives several million kilograms good meat. In some places (for example, in Verkhoyansk) up to 200 white hare are caught on 100 km2 of land.

Extraction methods are very diverse. Commercial catch is carried out mainly with wire loops installed on hare trails* and in a pen. The latter method is especially developed in Yakutia, where it gives very good results. Sometimes a dozen hunters hunt up to 200-300 hares in one day. In the European part of the USSR, hunting with hounds is widely developed, in which the dogs chase a hare along the trail while barking, and the hunter, knowing the places where it is most likely to move, watches and shoots the running animal with a gun. In some places, hunting is common, in which the hunter, having found the night trail of a hare, tries to find it on the bed. Hunting for hare, especially with hounds, is of exceptional sporting interest, and its fishing in taiga regions allows one to bring a lot of meat and fur into economic circulation.

American or small hare(Lepus americanus) is systematically and biologically very close to the Eurasian mountain hare. It is somewhat smaller in size: its body length is 41-52 cm. The body proportions and coloring are the same as our white hare. In winter, the fur everywhere becomes snow-white and only the tips of the ears remain black.

This species is common in coniferous and mixed forests North America, south to California and Appalachia. In some years it can be quite numerous - in the best areas up to 10 individuals per hectare. The lifestyle is very sedentary. The daily individual area is on average 2.5 hectares, and for lactating females even less. Males have a much larger home range and equal to the sum areas of females covered by males. The type of diet is the same as that of the Eurasian squirrel. The nature of their reproduction is also similar in their main features. In the southern parts of its range, it breeds 2-3 times a year, with most females giving birth to only two litters (from May to July). In Alaska, there are no more than two litters, born from late May to mid-July.

The fertility of the American hare is small: the average litter size is 3, and the maximum is 7, i.e., noticeably less than that of the hare in North-Eastern Siberia, where a female has up to 12 embryos. The largest broods occur in mid-summer. Pregnancy is shorter than that of the European hare (36-40 days); this is due to the smaller size of the American hare. The rabbits are born sighted and covered in wool; milk feeding lasts 30-35 days, but from the age of 10-12 days the rabbits begin to eat grass. Life expectancy is 7-8 years.

The number of American hare varies greatly from year to year. During the years of mass reproduction, a hunter can kill several hundred of these furry animals in a season. The reasons for the instability of numbers are complex, but apparently great importance have epizootics of helminthic and infectious nature, in which mainly young animals die. The famous American biologist E. T. Seton observed such a massive reproduction of this hare that farmers began to fear for their fields. “But,” Seton writes, “the fear was unfounded. Before winter the pestilence passed through the forests and did its work, coming and working mysteriously and quietly but effectively. The country from Whitemose to Whitesand, 250 miles long and 150 miles wide, was strewn with the carcasses of white hares.”

A high number of hares is observed periodically, approximately every 10-12 years, as in our country, in northeastern Siberia.

American hare is regularly caught not only by amateurs, but also by professional hunters.

Brown hare(Lepus europaeus) in most areas of its distribution is somewhat larger than the hare.

This is especially noticeable in the northern and northeastern parts of its range. Only white hare from the tundra of Western Siberia are as large as large hare. The body length of the hare is up to 70 cm, more often 55-60 cm, weight up to 7 kg, more often 4-5 kg. The hare differs in appearance from the hare with longer ears (100-120 mm), a longer tail, pointed and black on top. The color of the hare's fur is yellowish-fawn-red, sometimes willow-red in different shades with large black-brown streaks. The undercoat has black or black-brown ends, very silky, unlike other hares of the USSR fauna; the hair of the undercoat is not straight, but crimped. The edges of the ears are black-brown.

The paws of the hare are shorter than those of the hare: the length of the foot is 125-170 mm (for the hare 130-190 mm), and narrower.

This is a direct reflection of the fact that the hare lives primarily in areas where the snow is relatively fine and hard. The weight load per 1 cm2 of the supporting surface of all paws is 16-18 g, i.e., significantly greater than that of the hare. The hare runs faster than the hare, his jumps are longer; on the trail, the distance between the prints of the front and hind paws is greater than that of a white hare. At a short distance, the hare is capable of running at a running speed of up to 50 km/h.

Crossbreeds, so-called cuffs, are possible between hare and hare. They were found in the wild and obtained from keeping hares in the zoo. When kept in captivity, cuffs are capable of reproducing.

The brown hare was originally a steppe animal that spread in the steppe regions of Europe, Asia Minor and Asia Minor, and North Africa. Only, probably, from the middle of the Quaternary did its expansion to the north, and later to the east, begin.

Currently, the brown hare is distributed in the steppes, forest-steppes and sparsely forested areas of the forest zone of Europe to the north to the British Isles (inclusive), southern Sweden, southern Finland, and in the USSR - to the southern regions of the Arkhangelsk region and the Perm region. There are no hare in the taiga part of the Urals: the border of the hare's distribution goes around this ridge from the south. In recent historical times, the hare settled in the southern regions of Western Siberia, in the Kurgan and Omsk regions, in Northern Kazakhstan, and in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River. It is found in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and in places in Iran, Turkey, the northern parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.

The distribution area of ​​the hare has been artificially expanded. Since 1936, several batches of these hares (about 2,600 individuals in total) were released for acclimatization into the steppe lands of the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Chita regions, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk territories. In some places, the hares have taken root and spread quite widely (in some places over 100 km or more). However, nowhere have Russians reached such a high density as in their homeland. In the Irkutsk region in 1962 there were up to 10 hares per 100 km2. The picture is similar in other areas.

The brown hare was also artificially settled in North America (in Canada in 1912 and the USA in 1889). About 1000 hares were released. They took root here and settled quite widely. Soon in Canada there were about 10 hare per 1 km2 of good land, and in some places the density reached 45 hares. In the United States, brown hares have never reached such densities, and in recent decades their numbers have decreased markedly. Good results were obtained when acclimatizing the hare in New Zealand and in the southern regions of Australia. These hares have long been the object of hunting.

Within their natural range, brown hares vary significantly geographically. The largest race (weight up to 7 kg) inhabits Bashkiria and the northeastern regions of the range (Tataria, Kirov and adjacent regions). In winter, these hare turn very white, but still they are not completely white, like white hares. There is especially a lot of dark hair on the back. In the central regions, the hare is somewhat smaller (up to 5.5 kg) and winter whitening is less pronounced. In the Crimea, the Caucasus and the steppes of the Lower Volga region, hares are even smaller, and their winter fur color does not differ significantly. Their sizes are small: weight - 4-4.5 kg. The smallest hare lives in Transcaucasia and Iran (weight - up to 3.5 kg); It does not have a seasonal change in fur color. Rusaks, acclimatized in Siberia, retained their large size, their fur became thicker and longer. In winter they turn even whiter than Northern European hare.

The hare loves open places and settles mainly in steppes and fields, especially if there are thickets of weeds, thick grass or clumps of bushes. Found in grain fields and meadow floodplains. In autumn and early winter, when the snow is not yet very deep, fields with winter crop seedlings are the hare's favorite places. Here he finds abundant tasty food, and lies down for the day in the nearest bushes, in areas of plowed land, at the edge of the forest.

In the depths of coniferous tracts, the hare is rarely found, preferring edges, sometimes clearings and burnt areas. In deciduous forests, especially in aspen, willow, and oak groves, the brown hare is more common, although even here it prefers sparse places. In some places, in the western part of the range, in forests with a significant admixture of broad-leaved species (for example, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha), the brown hare numerically predominates over the hare.

The hare definitely avoids swamps. In the mountains (for example, in the Caucasus and the Alps) it is distributed everywhere, with the exception of large tracts of forest. In summer it rises to 1500-2000 f, in winter it goes down. The hare does not avoid rural villages, and in northern forest areas it even gravitates towards them. There are more open spaces and more food in the form of growing crops or crop residues.

Rusaks are generally sedentary, and some animals stubbornly stick to certain areas. But in the steppe zone, during snowy winters with strong snowstorms, their mass migrations are observed in search of places rich in food.

In summer, the hare eats a wide variety of herbaceous plants, preferring cereals and legumes. Feeding on these plants continues in winter, if the depth of the snow cover allows; willingly eats the seeds of various weeds at this time. In conditions when digging out snow is difficult, the hare switches to feeding on tree and shrub vegetation. It most readily eats shoots and bark of willow, maple, elm, broom, as well as apple and pear trees. These hares naturally harm gardens, but fighting them is not difficult.

Like the hare, the hare is primarily a nocturnal animal. Leaving from feeding to laying down, it often goes out onto the roads, on which it makes the same “sweeps” and “sweeps” as the hare.

The nest is arranged in plow furrows, in stubble, in clumps tall grass, and, if possible, under a bush or fallen tree. More often the hare arranges a bed without first building it. Sometimes the hare bites off branches or blades of grass that prevent him from settling down for the day. But in the sand dunes, when the heat is intense, the hares dig a hole in which they spend the day. Burrows are sometimes made in winter, especially during heavy snowstorms.

Often a hare, buried in the snow, is completely covered with snow, and the surprise of a hunter who comes upon the place where a hare lies is great, when he jumps out literally at his very feet, from under a seemingly virgin veil of snow, where nothing betrayed the presence of the “slanting one.”

The hare breeds more often on the surface of the earth, making only a small hole in a secluded place. Less often, mainly in hot countries, lambing occurs in a specially dug hole. The hare breeds differently in different areas. In Western Europe, breeding lasts from mid-March to mid-September. During this time, about 75% of females give birth to 4 litters. In years with very warm winters and early springs there may be 5 broods. Most females give birth in May-June. In a year, a female hare brings 9-11 hares, since the litter size is small (2-4 hares).

In central and eastern regions The USSR hare gives 2, less often 3 litters per year. The first lambing occurs here in late April-early May, the second - in late June-early July. The number of embryos varies from 2 to 8, more often 3-4, i.e. noticeably more than in Western Europe, but since the number of litters here is smaller, the annual fertility turns out to be similar (7-8 hares per year).

Reproduction occurs differently in the lowland and foothill regions of the Caucasus. Pregnant females are found here in all months, but more often in February - July. The number of embryos is minimal in winter - 1.5, and maximum in spring - 3.3, on average per year - 2.5. The number of litters per female is 3-4, and, therefore, she brings 8-10 hares per year.

Pregnancy is approximately the same as for a hare - 45-50 days. Hares are born with wool, sighted, weighing about 100 g. At the age of two weeks they reach 300-400 g and begin to eat grass. They usually reach sexual maturity the following spring; very rarely, in the western parts of the range, females become capable of breeding in the same summer in which they were born. Life expectancy is about 7-8 years.

The number of hares varies from year to year, although not to the same extent as white hare, and for several other reasons.

Browns are less susceptible to pulmonary helminthic disease and are less likely to become infected with liver flukes. However, coccidiosis has been widespread among them for years, especially in young people. Mass deaths from this disease occur between 5 weeks and 5 months of age. Epizootics of pasteurellosis, tularemia, brucellosis (porcine) and other infectious diseases are known. Brown hares are more likely than white hare to suffer from unfavorable conditions weather. Particularly destructive are snowy and blizzard winters, which deprive hares of the opportunity to feed normally, and unstable springs with alternating thaws and frosts, during which the first broods die. In dry years, fertility decreases as food becomes incomplete. Predators play some role in the change in the number of hare.

The importance of the hare as a hunting object is well known. In the USSR, Ukraine provides the largest commercial yield of skins. Hunting methods are varied, although somewhat different than for hare. The hare is often hunted with hound dogs, which have a very good sense of smell and can run quickly. The hare runs faster than the hare; he often uses well-trodden roads and often even runs into populated areas. The racing hare does not make equally correct “circles” and often does not return to the prone area, from which it sometimes leaves several kilometers during pursuit. The hare's tracking is also developed, i.e., following the scent to the ground. This method gives better results than tracking hare, since the hare lies down in more open places. In Kazakhstan, a very interesting method of hunting has been preserved with birds of prey (goshawk and golden eagle), which the mounted hunter releases into the air when a hare is discovered and raised. Hunting is being revived with greyhounds catching hares raised by hunters or hounds. Sometimes they watch for hares on moonlit nights in gardens, orchards, or in places where they are specially fed. The use of suicide traps is poorly developed. In Western Europe, hunting with pens, or “cauldron”, is developed, when hunters line up in a circle that gradually shrinks. In the USSR, such hare hunting is prohibited.

Hare-tolay, or sandstone (Lepus tolai), in appearance somewhat similar to a small hare. Its body length is 39-55 cm, weight - 1.5-2.5 kg. The ears are long and bent forward, they extend far beyond the end of the nose, less often they only reach its end. The general body color is brownish-gray or ocher-gray with a fine line pattern. There is no significant seasonal difference in fur color in most areas. Only hares living high in the mountains and in the northernmost parts of their range lighten somewhat in winter (but do not turn white). The tail, like that of the hare, is wedge-shaped, 75-115 mm long, black on top. The feet of the hind legs are relatively narrow and this hare is not adapted to walking in deep snow.

Distributed throughout Central Asia, in Kazakhstan (slightly north of the Caspian Sea and Lake Balkhash), in Altai, in the Chui steppe, in the steppes of Transbaikalia, north to approximately Ulan-Ude and Chita, in the desert-steppe regions of Mongolia, China, North Western India, Afghanistan and North-Eastern Iran, in the deserts of Arabia and North-East Africa. Transbaikalian and Mongolian tolai are larger than Central Asian ones, and their fur color is noticeably lighter in winter.

The habitats of this miniature hare are very diverse, although it clearly prefers desert spaces with bushes or clumps of tall grass. It can be found equally often in both sandy and clayey deserts, in places with hilly terrain and on ideal plains. Often found in tugai forests, especially where there are clearings. It settles less willingly in saxaul forests. He definitely avoids salt marshes with poor vegetation and especially barren takyrs. In mountainous countries it lives along river valleys, in mountainous steppes, and along the edges of forest areas. In the Tien Shan it is distributed along slopes up to 3000 m above sea level, and in the Pamirs it is even higher. An attraction to bodies of water has been noted, although this hare can go without water for a long time. Clearly avoids deep snow and in the mountains in winter it descends to lower, less snowy zones.

By the nature of its feeding, the tolan hare is similar to the white hare. In summer it feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants, preferring cereals and sedges, and less often eats wormwood at this time. Already in the fall, the tolai gradually switches to feeding on branches and bark of trees and shrubs. It especially readily eats comb, chingil, branches and young shoots of which, during the mass reproduction of hares, are completely destroyed over large areas. These hares most readily eat branches up to 1 cm thick, and bite off the bark of larger ones. They eat branches of saxaul and sand acacia less willingly. In some places, their main winter food is wormwood. In spring, hares often dig up the roots and tubers of herbaceous plants, and traces of their feeding activity are clearly visible in the numerous digging holes. Tolai feeds more often at night and spends the day lying down, but in high mountain areas it can be seen feeding during the day or at dusk.

In Central Asia, as a rule, it does not dig holes; exceptions occur in hot sandy deserts, where it digs shallow holes about 50 cm long. Young ones often run into the burrows of other animals. In Central Asia, on the contrary, the tolai very willingly uses marmot burrows for shelter; less often, it uses the expanded gopher burrows.

The rut begins early: near Lake Balkhash - in early January, and in Kyzylkum even in December, in Central Asia - in February. 3-5 males run after one female, and there are fights between them, often accompanied by a piercing scream. Hares usually fight with their front paws, while rising on their hind legs. Opponents often bite each other's ears and scruff.

Pregnant hares behave very carefully, do not go far to feed, and when lying down they hold on very “strongly,” literally jumping out from under the feet of an approaching person. Raised from their beds, they soon go into hiding again.

In Central Asia, the tolai produces 3, less often 4, litters per year, in Central Asia - 2-3. In hot deserts, the first lambing occurs in March, and in high mountain areas much later - in May. Breeding ends in September. There will be up to 9 hares in a litter; at the first lambing there are often 1-2 little hares, at the second - 3-5, at the third about the same number.

Pregnancy lasts 45-48 days, and the hares are born sighted and covered in fur, weighing 65-95 g. They become sexually mature the next year, i.e., at the age of about 6-8 months.

Tolai are caught mainly by hunting with a gun. They set up pens or shoot animals raised from their beds. Some hunters use traps and greyhounds. In general, mining is poorly developed, and the number of skins supplied for harvesting per 100 km2 is equal to 2.5 in Uzbekistan, 1.5 in Kazakhstan, and only 0.6 in Turkmenistan.

In the high mountain deserts of Central Asia (in Tibet, Kashmir, Nepal) at an altitude of 3000-5000 m, a peculiar, but systematically close to tolai is widespread Tibetan curly hare(Lepus osiostolus), which fully justifies its name, since its soft hair is wavy or curly. The general color of the fur is ocher-pink or brown with a pink tint, with a large dark-variegated pattern. The underparts are white. The color hardly changes over the seasons, only the sacral area becomes noticeably lighter. It lives on mountain plateaus, on mountain slopes among stones and clumps of grass.

Several species of African hares are also close to the tolai, for example cape hare(L. capensis), bush hare (L. saxatilis), common in southern Africa in open spaces, in bush thickets, along forest edges, and widespread red-sided hare(L. crawshayi). It is found from South to North Africa, but is kept in open spaces, savannas and sparse forest plantations. These hares are somewhat smaller than the fat ones, and their body length is 35-54 cm; the ears, on the contrary, are relatively long, up to 13 cm. The paws are short, covered with curly hair.

Several species of hares, which also systematically approach the tolai, are distributed in North America, in Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, California and adjacent areas. These are, for example, black-brown hare(L. insularis), Mexican hare(L. texicanus), Californian or black-tailed hare(L. californicus) and some others.

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The last-mentioned species ranges farther north than the others, as far north as Oregon, Nebraska, Kansas, and southern Washington State. This hare is somewhat larger than the tolai, brownish-gray in color, which does not change with the seasons. Its ears are of moderate length, very wide, which is apparently associated with living mainly in open spaces. The black-tailed hare is found in grassy plains, arid steppes and various types of deserts. It does not avoid hilly terrain and treeless mountains, spreading up to 2000 m.

These hares are biologically close to the steppe and desert hares of other countries. They run fast; The California hare reaches speeds of up to 40 km/h, but migration is unusual for them: for example, in Idaho, 95% of tagged animals were recaptured even after 2-3 years at a distance of about 500 m from the release site.

Reproduce most years, bringing up to 5 broods, but the brood sizes are small (2-3); in the northern parts of the range there are fewer broods, but their sizes are larger.

Most distinctive among the hares of this group white-tailed hare(L. campestris), distributed in places in the southern provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) and in the United States of America south to Oklahoma, Arizona, Northern Nevada. Unlike other hares of the described group, the white-tailed hare

changes color according to the seasons: in summer it is brownish-gray, in winter it is white, and only on the ears, face and paws the dark color remains. Only in the very south of the range there is no complete change in color. This hare is also distinguished by the fact that its tail is white in all seasons, not only below, but also on top (hence its name white-tailed).

It lives in thickets of bushes, along the edges of forests, often in open spaces. The number of white-tailed hares varies dramatically from year to year as a result of periodic epizootics, helminth infections, tularemia and other infectious diseases. The fertility of this hare is greater than that of the California hare; There are an average of 4 cubs in a litter. Pregnancy lasts slightly more than 40 days. In a year it brings 3 and perhaps 4 broods. The rut begins in February-March.

All of the listed American species of hares serve as objects of sport hunting.

Rabbits

Species belonging to the group were described above actually hares(Leporini). The second one is the same large group serve rabbits(Orycto-lagini). These are relatively small animals with relatively short ears and short hind legs and tail. Their color is dull, generally gray with brownish or ocher tones. The underparts are white. There is no seasonal color change. Biologically, they are characterized by a relatively short pregnancy and the birth of underdeveloped, and in some species, naked and blind cubs. Lambing occurs in a hole or (in some American rabbits) in a nest built in a pit-shaped depression in the soil, under a bush. Most species live in areas with mild climates, and only a few American species live in areas where snow cover occurs in winter. Distributed in Central and Southern Europe, Africa, southern North America, Central and South America. In addition, they are acclimatized in many countries.

European wild rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) is the only species that has been domesticated and has given rise to the wide variety of breeds currently bred. A wild rabbit has a body length of 35-45 cm, and its ears are only 6-7 cm long.

The fur color is brownish-gray with a fine line pattern. The underparts are white or mixed with a grayish tone. The top of the tail is gray.

Distributed in Western and Central Europe, North Africa. Acclimatized in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and on many islands, particularly in the sub-Antarctic regions. It was brought to our country and acclimatized in the south of Ukraine in the last century. Currently, there are several colonies of these animals near Odessa, along the coast of the Khodzhibey, Kuyalnitsky and Tiligul estuaries, in the area between the Dniester and the Southern Bug, in the Nikolaev and Kherson regions. Judging by the fact that there are quite a lot of rabbits in these places different colors It is likely that feral domestic rabbits have repeatedly joined the wild animals.

Rabbits' habitats are quite varied; they inhabit small forests, bush thickets, parks, gardens and open spaces, preferring areas with sandy soil and rugged terrain, with ravines and hills. They do not avoid the proximity of human habitation and sometimes settle directly next to buildings. They live in burrows, often in colonies. The rabbit lives in the hole from year to year, increasing the number of moves in it. As a result, the long-inhabited burrow is a very complex structure. They willingly settle in old quarries (for example, in Ukraine) and use the voids in them for housing.

Unlike hares, they do not walk far when feeding and, at the slightest danger, hide in a hole. They do not run very fast, over short distances (up to 20-25 km/h), but very nimble, so it is difficult even for experienced dogs to catch an adult rabbit on the surface of the ground. Predators often catch them by sneaking or stalking. Wakeful rabbits can be seen at any time of the day, but they are most active at night. Attachment to a specific habitat is strong, especially among adult females with rabbits, who are reluctant to allow other adult rabbits into their area. In some places, it was observed that adult males also adhere to a certain area in close proximity to the female.

Most rabbits are polygamous, but some males exhibit clearly monogamous characteristics and stick to the territory of one specific female.

They reproduce very quickly. They become sexually mature at the age of less than a year, often the following spring. Some animals mature at 5-6 months. In Ukraine, breeding begins in March, and rabbits bring 3-4 litters of 3-7 rabbits, and in just one year there are from 15 to 20 rabbits per female cat. The rabbit is somewhat more fertile in southern countries Western Europe, where from March to October he brings 3-5 litters of 5-6 rabbits; the maximum number of cubs in a litter is 12.

It reproduces even faster in Australia and New Zealand. Here the rabbit breeds almost all year round. In Australia there is a break in breeding in mid-summer when the grass burns out; in New Zealand, on the contrary, breeding almost stops in winter, when only about 10% of females are pregnant. Mass reproduction begins here in June-July. In young females (younger than 10 months), the average number of cubs is 4.2, and in fully grown ones - 5.1, but with three years old The fertility of females is noticeably reduced. In New Zealand, one female gives birth to an average of 20 rabbits per year, and in Australia even 40.

Pregnancy lasts 28-30 (up to 40) days, and the rabbits are born naked and blind.

Their eyes open on the 10th day. Milk feeding lasts about a month. The mortality rate of young animals is high, especially in rainy times, when the burrows become wet or even flooded. In the first three weeks, about 40% of the young animals die. It has been noticed that the lowest mortality occurs in places with sandy soil. In some places, many rabbits, especially young ones, die from coccidiosis. Life expectancy is on average 5-6 years (maximum up to 10 years).

In many areas of Western Europe, New Zealand and especially Australia, rabbits cause great harm by eating vegetation in pastures, damaging crops and spoiling land with their burrows. It is believed that 4-5 rabbits eat the same amount of feed on pastures as one sheep. The fight against rabbits has been going on for a long time. To Australia and New Zealand brought carnivorous mammals, not seen there before: fox, ferret, ermine, weasel. This was unsuccessful and the rabbits continued to reproduce. In some places in Australia, mesh fences were erected in order to prevent the rabbit from colonizing new areas, and although the length of the fences in some places reached several tens of kilometers, this measure also did not prevent the “rabbit danger”.

In the early 50s of this century, Australian residents began a “bacteriological war” by infecting rabbits with an acute viral disease - myxomatosis. This disease does not affect people, domestic animals or other types of wild animals. The initial effect was very large, in many areas of Australia about 90% of all rabbits were destroyed, but by the 60s there were more and more animals that did not die from myxomatosis, had innate or developed immunity, and the number of rabbits began to recover again. The rabbit problem persists in Australia to this day. We must remember that in 1840 only 16 rabbits were imported here from Europe.

The history of the origin of numerous breeds of domesticated rabbits and their classification have not been sufficiently studied. There is no doubt that back in the Middle Ages, rabbits of various breeds were bred. The formation of new rocks took place especially intensively at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Currently, there are more than 50 vaguely defined breeds. Their classification is based on the predominant importance of the products obtained. There are meat-skin and down breeds. The most common representatives of the first group are chinchilla, Vienna blue, champagne, etc.

Silver gray fur chinchillas to a certain extent similar to the fur of the endemic rodent of the same name in South America. The average weight of adult animals is 3-4 kg, and body length is 40-50 cm.

Coloring vienna blue rabbit bluish-gray. Its fur is thick, soft, of medium height, with relatively short and delicate awns, and the down is quite thick. The skins of this rabbit are used primarily to imitate more expensive furs (for example, cat fur).

Flanders, or the Belgian giant, and the white giant They are mainly important as a meat breed. Externally, the Flanders looks like a brown hare* Its ears are long (15-18 cm), dense and straight. The average weight of an adult is 6.5 kg, but sometimes reaches 9 kg. Body length is at least 65 cm (sometimes up to 1 m).

The main downy breed is considered angora rabbit, whose fur length reaches 12 cm or more. In this case, fluff makes up approximately 90% of all wool. The most common rabbits are white Angora rabbits, but pink, blue, black, red and piebald are also known. Typically, an adult animal produces 150-300 (up to 500) g of down per year, which is used for making felt and knitted down products. From one kilogram of fluff you can weave 2.5 m of woolen fabric.

American wirehair rabbits(Sylvilagus) are somewhat larger in size than European ones, and the body length of the nick is 38-54 cm. In addition, they are distinguished by a coarse coat of hard, sometimes even somewhat bristly hair. The general color is gray-brown or gray, not changing significantly with the seasons. The ears and tail are short. The hind legs, like those of the European species, are short. Unlike the European rabbit, they usually do not dig holes, but for rest and the birth of young they make nests in natural depressions in the soil or dig shallow holes themselves. They also use abandoned burrows of other animals, such as foxes.

There are a few more than 10 species in total, two of them are common in South America, the rest in North America, mainly in its southern part.

Typical view of this group Florida rabbit, or cottontail rabbit(Sylvilagus floridanus). This species received its last name for its short, rounded tail, white below and on the sides.

Its dimensions are average: body length 38-46 cm, ear length - 5-7 cm. The general color of the fur is brownish-brown, whitish on the belly. Distributed from the northwestern regions of South America, through Central America, Mexico, many states of North America north to Minnesota, Michigan. In this vast area, it lives in a very diverse environment, from the tropics to areas with snowy winters. Inhabits forests, bushes, prairies. In some places it is very numerous and harmful agriculture. He runs, like other rabbits, not fast, but very nimble and tries to hide at the first opportunity.

They breed throughout most of the year, sometimes bringing 5 and, as some authors, such as Burton, point out, even up to 7 litters. There are 2-7 young in a brood. In the southern parts of the range there are more litters, but their size is smaller, on average 4.8, versus 6.2 in the north. Gestation is short (27-30 days), newborns are barely covered with fur and are blind. The eyes open at the age of 5-8 days. The nest is abandoned two weeks after birth. Milk feeding lasts about a month. They become sexually mature at 4-5 months, and sometimes at 3 months. Life expectancy is about 8 years. The number of this rabbit is very variable over the years. The main reasons for the increased mortality are epizootics of an infectious nature and cold rainy weather, in which newborns die.

Swamp and water rabbits(S. palustris; S. aquaticus)

distributed in the swampy plains of Alabama, South and North Carolina, Florida, Mississippi and southern Missouri. They live along the coasts of rivers and lakes in thickets of thick grass and forests, most often on swampy plains. They swim well and often go into the water when being chased. Nests are made in natural depressions in the soil and lined with dry grass and their own hair (down), which females pluck from their own skin. They breed in April and September, producing 2-6 young in a litter.

Pygmy rabbit- the smallest rabbit, it has a body length of only 25-29 cm.

His fur, unlike other American rabbits, is thick and very soft, almost silky. The general color of the upper body and ears is gray, with a brownish tint. The underparts are white. This rabbit, like the European one, digs holes in which it gives birth to naked, blind cubs. There are an average of 6 rabbits in a litter. The pygmy rabbit breeds from May to August. Lives in bush thickets in southern North America (Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, California).

Widely distributed in South America brazilian rabbit(Sylvilagus brasiliensis) is a relatively small animal, its body length is 38-42 cm. The general color of the fur is buffy-red. The tail is rusty-brown above and below. Inhabits a wide variety of habitats, from wet tropical forests to treeless steppes.

One species of African rabbit belongs to a special genus - curly-tailed rabbit(Pronolagus crassicaudatus). This is a medium-sized animal with a body length of 35-49 cm. Its hair is soft, which distinguishes it from most American rabbits. The general color is brownish-gray, but the underparts are white. The tail is quite long (up to 13 cm), often shorter and covered with thick curly hair. Distributed in southern Africa, south of Congo, Angola, Tanganyika, in bush thickets, in savannas. The lifestyle has not been studied.

Wire-haired, or ancient, hares

The third and last group of hares are the so-called Wire-haired, or ancient, hares(Pentalagini). Their organization retains features characteristic of the ancestral forms of hares of Tertiary times. These are predominantly small animals, with short ears and short hind legs. The hair in most species is hard, some even somewhat bristly. The general coloring is gray OR brown, with the underside often being colored the same as the top.

Most species of wire-haired hares are biologically unspecialized and do not have the ability to run fast, like real hares, or dig holes, like rabbits. Geographically distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, both on the mainland and on the islands of the Malay Archipelago. One species is common in tropical Africa. They live in a variety of environments in forests, bushes, savannas, and some species in the mountains.

Among these hares, of which there are about 15 species, we point out a peculiar Japanese tree hare(Pentolagus furnessi) is a small animal, the body length of which is about 40 cm. It has a uniform black-brown color, and a narrow white stripe runs up to the middle part of the belly and chest. The ears are very short, almost curled into a tube; pressed to the head, they barely reach the back edge of the eyes. The legs are short, the toes are armed with thick, long and slightly curved claws. With their help, the hare successfully climbs trees. The tail is very short, almost invisible from the outside.

This hare is common in Japan. It lives in forests and nests in hollows. It partially feeds in trees, but cannot climb thin branches.

On the island of Sumatra, the same small, short-eared and short-legged striped hare(Nesolagus netscheri). Its upper body is yellow-gray, its underparts are white. There are clearly defined black stripes on the head, along the body and on the paws. Representatives of other species of hares do not have such striped coloring. This hare lives both on the plains and in the mountains. Nocturnal lifestyle. During the day, the striped hare hides in holes, often dug and abandoned by other animals; less often he digs holes himself. He runs slowly.

A number of species of wire-haired hares are common in mainland South Asia. These are, for example: bristly hare(Caprolagus hispidus), inhabiting India and Nepal; Burmese hare (C. pegnensis), living in Indochina.

Only one species from the group of wire-haired hares exists in the USSR. This bush, or Manchurian, hare(Caprolagus brachyurus) is a relatively small species with a body length of 42-54 cm. Its hind legs and ears are relatively short.

The ears attached to the head do not extend beyond the end of the nose. The tail is very short. The hairline is less rigid than that of other species of this group. The general color tone is ocher-brown, with large brown streaks. The underparts are white. Seasonal change there is no fur coloring. In the southern part of the range, melanistic specimens are often found, in which the top of the head, back and sides are black.

This species is distributed in Japan, Northeast China, Korea and in the south of the Primorsky Territory of the USSR, north to 49° N. sh., and along the Amur up to 51° N. w.

It lives in forests and thickets of bushes, and resolutely avoids coniferous plantations, preferring deciduous, in particular broad-leaved, forests. It is common on the slopes of hills, in floodplains of rivers, overgrown with oak, hazel, and willow. It does not like old, closed plantings and settles only on their outskirts. Nocturnal lifestyle. It spends the day lying down, choosing for it not only secluded places under snags and bushes, but often lies down in the hollows of lying trees and in abandoned holes of other animals, such as badgers. Like many other hares, when lying down it stays very “firmly”, allowing a person to approach 2-3 m, or even closer. In winter, especially with heavy snowfalls, the bush hare buries itself in the snow. In bad weather, the animal does not come to the surface during the day, but feeds under the snow, in which it builds a system of passages. Before lying down, he, like a hare, makes “heights” and “sweeps”.

Animals of Russia. Directory

- (Leporidae)* * The hare family unites hares and rabbits. Hares inhabit all natural areas from tundras to equatorial forests and deserts, they rise to mountains up to 4900 m. The body length of representatives of the family is 25-74 cm, weight up to 10 kg, ... ... Animal life

- (Leporidae) family of mammals of the order Lagomorpha (See Lagomorpha). 8 genera: hares (1 genus), wire-haired hares (3 genera), Rabbits (4 genera); combine 50 species. Some species are adapted to fast running, digging, swimming,... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

- (Leporidae) family of mammals from the order of rodents (Glires). The main distinguishing feature of the family is that in the premaxillary bones behind the ordinary incisors there are two small additional ones; dental formula p(1+1)/1, class… … encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (Rodentia s. Glires) constitute a special order (order) of the class of mammals, containing more than a third of the total number of species of this class. Most characteristic feature G. makes up their dental system. They never have fangs, in the upper and lower... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Appearance

Shedding

The hare molts 2 times a year: in spring and autumn. Molting is tightly connected with external conditions: its start triggers the duration change daylight hours, and the air temperature determines the flow rate. Each part of the body sheds at a certain average daily temperature. Spring molt in most of the range begins in February-March and lasts 75-80 days; in the north of Eastern Siberia and Far East- in April-May and proceeds more violently, in about a month. The peak of shedding usually occurs during the snow melting period; At this time, the winter wool falls off in clumps. In general, shedding proceeds from the head to the rump and from the back to the belly. Completely molted animals are found from mid-May (south) to early June (north of the range).

Spreading

The mountain hare lives in the tundra, forest and partially forest-steppe zones of Northern Europe (Scandinavia, northern Poland, isolated populations in Ireland, Scotland, Wales), Russia, Kazakhstan, northwestern Mongolia, northeastern China, Japan (Hokkaido Island) . Acclimatized in South America (Chile and Argentina). Inhabits some Arctic islands (Novosibirsk, Vaygach, Kolguev). In the relatively recent past it was distributed much further south; a relict area of ​​the former range remains in the Swiss Alps.

In Russia, it is distributed over most of the territory, in the north up to and including the tundra zone. The southern border of the range runs along the southern edges of the forest zone. It is known in fossil remains from Upper Pleistocene deposits of the upper Don, from the region of the middle reaches of the Urals, western Transbaikalia (Mount Tologoi).

Lifestyle

Normally, white hares lead a solitary, territorial lifestyle, occupying individual plots of 3-30 hectares. In most of its range it is a sedentary animal, and its movements are limited to seasonal changes in feeding grounds. Seasonal migrations to forests are typical in autumn and winter; in the spring - to open places where the first grass appears. The reasons for movements may be precipitation - in rainy years, hares leave the lowlands and move to higher ground. In the mountains they make seasonal vertical movements. In the north of their range in summer, hares, escaping midges, migrate to floodplains or other open areas; in winter they migrate to places with low snow cover. In Yakutia, in the fall, hares descend to the floodplains of rivers, and in the spring they rise to the mountains, walking up to 10 km per day. Mass migrations are typical only for the tundra, especially when the number of hares is high. Their cause is mainly high snow cover, which does not allow them to eat low-growing tundra vegetation. For example, in Taimyr, hares move south from September, gathering in flocks of 15-20, or even 70-80 individuals. The length of the migration route sometimes reaches hundreds of kilometers. Spring migrations are less noticeable than autumn ones.

Circadian rhythm

Predominantly crepuscular and nocturnal animal. Most active in the early morning and early evening hours. Usually feeding ( fat) begins at sunset and ends at dawn, but in the summer there is not enough night time and hares feed in the morning. In the summer, hares in the tundra, escaping midges, switch to daytime feeding. Daily fattening is observed during the rut. Usually a hare travels only 1-2 km per day, although in some areas daily migrations to feeding places reach tens of kilometers. During thaw, snowfall and rainy weather, the hare often does not go out to feed at all. On such days, energy loss is partially compensated by coprophagia (eating excrement).

The hare spends the day on the site, which he most often arranges, simply crushing the grass in secluded places. The choice of place to lie depends on the season and weather conditions. Thus, during a thaw or rainy weather, the white hare often lies down in open places in the grass, sometimes right in a plowed furrow. Sometimes, if the hare is not disturbed, the bedding area is used repeatedly, but more often the bedding areas are new every day. In winter, during severe frosts, the hare digs holes 0.5-1.5 m long in the snow, in which it can spend the whole day and leave only when there is danger. When digging a hole, the hare compacts the snow rather than throwing it out. In the tundra, hares in winter dig very deep holes up to 8 m long, which they use as permanent shelters. Unlike their forest counterparts, tundra whites do not leave their burrows when in danger, but hide inside. In summer, they also sometimes use earthen burrows, occupying empty burrows of arctic foxes or marmots.

From the resting place to the feeding place, hares run along the same route, especially in winter. At the same time, they trample down paths that are usually used by several animals. In winter, even a person without skis can walk along a well-trodden path. When going to bed, the hare usually moves in long jumps and confuses its tracks, making the so-called. “doubles” (returning to one’s own trail) and “sweeping” (big jumps to the side of the trail). The hare has the best developed hearing; vision and sense of smell are weak, and a hare sometimes runs very close to a standing person, even in an open place. His only means of defense against pursuers is the ability to run quickly.

Nutrition

White hare is a herbivorous animal with clearly pronounced seasonality nutrition. In spring and summer it feeds on green parts of plants; in different parts of the range, giving preference to clover, dandelion, mouse pea, yarrow, goldenrod, bedstraw, sedges, and cereals. It readily feeds on oats and clover in the fields. In the north-west of its range it eats large quantities of blueberry shoots and fruits. In places it eats horsetails and mushrooms, in particular the deer truffle, which it digs out of the ground.

In autumn, as the grass dries out, hares begin to eat small branches of bushes. As snow cover develops, feeding on roughage becomes increasingly important. In winter, the hare feeds on shoots and bark of various trees and shrubs. Almost everywhere, its diet includes various willows and aspen. Birches and larches are not eaten as readily by it, but due to their availability they serve as an important source of food, especially in the northern and eastern regions. In the south, the hare often feeds on shoots of broad-leaved species - oak, maple, hazel. In some places, the role of rowan, bird cherry, alder, juniper, and rose hips is great in nutrition. If possible, even in winter it digs up and eats herbaceous plants and berries; feeds on hay in stacks. In the mountains of the Far East, he digs out dwarf cedar cones from under the snow.

In the spring, hares accumulate on lawns with young grass in flocks of 10-30 heads and greedily eat it. At this time, they are sometimes so carried away by feeding that they lose their usual caution. Like all herbivorous animals, the white hare experiences a deficiency mineral salts. Therefore, it periodically eats the soil and swallows small pebbles. It willingly visits salt licks, gnawing on the bones of dead animals and antlers shed by elk.

Reproduction

The white hare is a very prolific animal. In the Arctic, northern Yakutia and Chukotka, females manage to produce only 1 brood per year (in summer), but in most of the range they breed 2-3 times a year. Fights between males are common. The first rut takes place at the end of February - beginning of March in the south of the range; at the end of March - in the north of the European part of Russia, the north of Western Siberia, the south of Yakutia and Sakhalin; in April - early May in the north of Yakutia, Chukotka and the Arctic regions of Siberia. It usually involves 80-90% of females. Hares are born after 47-55 days, in mid-April - mid-May. In the forests at this time there is still snow in some places, so the first litter of hares is called Nastoviks. Soon after giving birth, the hare mates for the second time. The second rut takes place in May - early June, and almost all females participate in it. Hares of the second litter are born in late June - July. In July - early August, the third rut takes place in the central and southern regions of Russia. Only 40% of females participate in it. Hares of the third litter are born at the end of August - beginning of September, and sometimes later, at the time of leaf fall, which is why they are called deciduous. Occasionally, the first hares are found as early as March, and the last ones in November, but early and late broods, as a rule, die.

The number of hares in a litter greatly depends on the habitat, age and physiological state of the female. In general, there are from 1 to 11; taiga and tundra hares have an average of 7 hares per litter, in the middle and southern parts of the range - 2-5. As a result, the annual fecundity of southern white hare is only slightly greater than that of northern hare. The largest number of hares is always found in the second, summer litter. Lambing usually takes place on the surface of the ground, in a secluded place. Only in the Far North do female hares sometimes dig shallow holes. Hares are born 90-130 g, covered with thick fur, sighted. Already on the first day of life they are able to move independently. Hare's milk is very nutritious and fatty (12% protein and 15% fat), so the hare can feed the hares no more than once a day. There are numerous known cases of female hares feeding other people's hares. The rabbits grow quickly and by 8-10 days they begin to feed on grass. They become independent at the age of 2 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached at 10 months.

White whites live in the wild for up to 7-17 years, although the vast majority do not live up to 5 years. Females are most fertile at the age of 2-7 years, but already from the 4th year of life, fertility begins to decline.

Number and significance for humans

In general, the white hare - normal look, easily adapting to human presence. The number varies everywhere from year to year, sometimes by several hundred times. The main cause of population depression is the epizootic tularemia of hunting: 86 tons (82 tons and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

• Vertebrates of Russia: White hare

White hare

Zamyats-belyamk Sokolov V. E. Five-language dictionary of animal names. Mammals. Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / under the general editorship of academician. V. E. Sokolova. -- M.: Rus. lang., 1984. - P. 205. - 10,000 copies. (lat. Lepus timidus) is a mammal of the genus of hares of the order Lagomorpha. A common animal of northern Eurasia.

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Animals

Chordata

Subtype:

Vertebrates

Class:

Mammals

Infraclass:

Placental

Squad:

Lagomorpha

Family:

Zaitsevy

White hare

Latin name

Lepus timidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Large hare: body length of adult animals is from 44 to 65 cm, occasionally reaching 74 cm; body weight 1.6--4.5 kg. Average sizes decrease from northwest to southeast. The largest white hare lives in the tundra of Western Siberia (up to 5.5 kg), the smallest in Yakutia and the Far East (3 kg). The ears are long (7.5-10 cm), but noticeably shorter than those of the hare. The tail is usually solid white; relatively short and rounded, 5-10.8 cm long. Paws are relatively wide; the feet, including the pads of the toes, are covered with a thick brush of hair. Load per 1 cm? The area of ​​the hare's soles is only 8.5-12 g, which allows it to easily move even on loose snow. (For comparison, for a fox it is 40-43 g, for a wolf it is 90-103 g, and for a hound dog it is 90-110 g).

There is a clearly expressed seasonal dimorphism in color: in winter the white hare is pure white, with the exception of the black tips of the ears; The color of summer fur in different parts of the range ranges from reddish-gray to slate-gray with brown streaking. The head is usually colored somewhat darker than the back; sides are lighter. The belly is white. Only in areas where there is no stable snow cover do hares not turn white for the winter. Female white hare are on average larger than males and do not differ in color. There are 48 chromosomes in the hare hare karyotype.

The hare is a small mammal that has recently belonged to the order Lagomorpha and the family Lagoraceae. Before this, they were considered a type of rodent. International scientific name genus of hares - Lepus (lat.). Hares only at first glance seem to be harmless animals. Thanks to powerful legs and long claws, they are able to withstand danger. Since ancient times this furry animal is a desirable prey for hunters because of its dietary meat and rare fur.

Hare - characteristics, description, and appearance of the animal

The hare has a slender, slightly elongated body, up to 68-70 cm long.

The hare has long locator ears, 9 - 15 cm long. The hearing of this animal is more developed than other senses. Sound can be picked up by one ear independently of the other, which facilitates the animal's auditory orientation.

A distinctive feature of the hare is the long foot of its hind legs, which gives it the ability to run away from predators (fox, owl, wolf) at a speed of 80 km/h, abruptly change the direction of movement and jump to the side. A small animal can easily climb to the top of a hill, but when it comes down from it, it rolls head over heels down.

The hare's sweat glands are located on the soles of its feet. It is almost impossible for a predator to smell a lying animal.

Hares molt in spring and autumn.

The stomach of lagomorphs is divided into two sectors. One section is for fermenting food, the other is for digesting it.

How much does an adult hare weigh?

The average weight of the animal is 5-7 kg. The hare's tail is small, raised upward.

Is a hare a rodent or not?

Lagomorphs differ in blood composition from rodents.

Another distinctive feature is the structure of the teeth. Hares have incisors in the upper jaw, 2 pairs on each side. The inert palate is a bridge connecting the right and left molars. In rodents it is in the form of a complete bone platform. There are no gaps between the protruding parts of the upper and lower teeth, allowing for better processing of food.

Agouti, the so-called humpbacked or golden hare, is considered a rodent.

The color of a hare is directly related to the season. In summer, its coat can be brown, reddish-gray, or brown. The color of the animal is uneven, since the fluff under the fur has a dark shade. There are also small inclusions. The fur on a hare's belly is always white. In winter, the fur of the fluffy animal becomes lighter, but only the white hare’s is impeccably white. The tips of the ears of lagomorphs are black all year round.

How many years does a wild hare live?

Males live on average 5 years, females up to 9 years. A tamed hare lives much longer.

The type of eared animal has an impact on the number of years lived. So, a white hare can live up to 17 years. Such cases are unique. Browns live much shorter lives, usually 5 years. Very rarely live to 14 years.

The American hare lives on average 7-8 years. The black-tailed hare lives up to a maximum of 6 years, but often representatives of this species die much earlier from disease or predators. The lifespan of an agouti (or, as they are also called, a golden or humpback hare) can reach 20 years.

The bearded seal lives for approximately 30 years; males often only live to be 25 years old.

Types of hares

The genus of hares consists of a dozen subgenera, each of which is divided into species.

White hare (Latin: Lepus timidus). Body length is about 44-65 cm; weight 1.6-4.5 kg. A distinctive feature of this white hare is its ability to masterfully camouflage itself. The hare has in winter white color wool, in the summer the fur acquires grey colour. The white hare is the target of many sport hunters. Habitat: Russia (including the Arctic); China, Mongolia, northern Europe, South America.

Brown hare (Latin: Lepus europaeus). Most major representative lagomorphs, has brown fur. The body length is 68 cm, weight up to seven kilograms. The fur shines and curls a little. The tail and ears are larger than those of the hare. The hare, one might say, is a steppe hare. Habitat: Europe, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Arabian Peninsula, North Africa.

Antelope hare (Latin: Lepus alleni). The body length is 45-60 cm. A distinctive feature of the antelope hare is its impressively sized ears, up to 20 cm. They help normalize the animal’s heat exchange in hot climates. This species lives in northwestern Mexico and American Arizona.

The Chinese hare (Latin: Lepus sinensis) is distinguished by its miniature size. The body length is 30-45 cm, weight is within 2 kg. Fur color varies from chestnut to red. The coat is short and harsh in texture. Habitat: China, Taiwan and Vietnam; inhabits mainly elevated areas.

Tolai hare (Latin: Lepus tolai). Outwardly it has similar features to the hare, only noticeably more compact in size. Body length 39-55 cm, weight 1.5-2.8 kg. The fat hare's limbs and ears are larger than those of the brown hare. Lives in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Northeast China and Mongolia. Almost everywhere in Russia.

Yellowish hare (Latin: Lepus flavigularis). Body length 60 cm, weight 4 kg. The ears and legs are large. The yellowish hare has an original ear color. From their base to the back of the head there are two black stripes, the sides are white. Hare's habitat: the coast of the Gulf of Tehuantepec in Mexico. Terrain: Coastal grassy dunes and open grasslands. Stays awake in the dark.

Broom hare (Latin: Lepus castroviejoi). The body length of a hare of this species is 45-65 cm, weight is from 2.6 to 3.2 kg. The color of the hare is black-brown, with small white patches. It lives in Spain and is listed in the Red Book of this country. The species is widespread in areas with little vegetation. In many characteristics, the broom hare is similar to the brown hare.

Black-tailed (California) hare (Latin: Lepus californicus). Body length 47-63 cm, weight 1.5-3 kg. Distinctive feature The species are long ears and massive hind legs. The fur on the upper part of the body is gray-brown in color. The back of the animal is decorated with a black stripe. The population of these lagomorphs is most impressive in the western United States and Mexico. The black-tailed hare is a loner.

Manchurian hare (Latin: Lepus mandshuricus). The body size of the Manchurian hare is 40-55 cm, weight 1.3-2.5 kg. The legs, tail and ears are relatively short, which gives the Manchurian hare similar features to the wild (European) rabbit. The fur is hard and bristly. The color of the coat is brown, uneven, with gray patches. Along the back there is a dark stripe of longer hair. It is found in the south of the Russian Far East, in the Chinese region of Manchuria and in the north of Korea. We can say that this is a forest hare, preferring deciduous forests with dense bushes.

Tibetan curly hare (Latin: Lepus oiostolus). The body length is 40-58 cm. Weight is 2.3 kg. The fur of this animal has a yellowish tint, and the fur on the back is slightly wavy. Habitat: China, India, Nepal. Terrain: highlands of Tibet.

Agouti (Latin: Dasyprocta) or South American golden hare(humpback hare). This animal belongs to the order of rodents and is a relative of guinea pigs. Agouti is also popularly called the golden (or golden) hare. This animal has a body length of 50 cm and weighs about 4 kg. It received its second name due to its golden color. The humpback hare is widespread in Central and South America, from Mexico to Brazil. Agoutis are very good swimmers.

The hare, unlike the rabbit, which is a burrowing animal, needs space and a lot of movement. If desired, hares can be bred at home, following certain rules.

Features of keeping a hare at home:

• The hare needs a spacious cage or enclosure.
• Walking around the apartment. Until the age of 1 month under close supervision, from 1 month free walking.
• The hare must be vaccinated and dewormed.
• The little bunny should be immediately taught to go to the toilet; diapers or dry grass should be used as litter for the tray. Granular litter cannot be used.

Hares are very sociable animals, living in an apartment, they require constant interaction with humans, games, and attention. But these animals should not be held in your arms all the time; they do not like hugs.

Features of feeding a hare at home:

• Hare's milk is very fatty in composition, up to 20%, so it is impossible to feed a hare with cow's milk or human infant formula. It is recommended to give bitch and cat milk substitutes every 3-4 hours.
• You cannot sweeten milk for rabbits.
• From the age of two weeks, in addition to milk, you need to give green grass, leaves and twigs.
• From one and a half months, it is necessary to completely switch the teenager to solid food: green grass, twigs, berries, fruits.
• From two months of age, add grain-free ready-made food to the hare's diet.

You cannot release an already tamed hare into the wild; it will not survive.

Giant Rabbit (Flanders)

One of the most amazing representatives of lagomorphs is the Flanders, or Belgian giant. This is an industrial breed of rabbits. The body length of adult individuals is 67 cm, weight 7-10 kg. The coat is thick, the color is hare-gray, yellow-gray, dark gray, iron-gray. The breed began to be bred in 1952.

Sea hare seal

The bearded seal, or bearded seal, belongs to the family of true seals. The body length is 2.5 meters. In winter, the weight is 360 kg. The sea hare seal lives in the shallow waters of the Northern Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Representatives of northern peoples make household items from seal skin. The pregnancy of a female sea hare lasts a year, one calf is born, with a body length of 120 cm. The ability to reproduce appears at the age of five years.

Hares are land animals; they cannot swim or climb trees. Some species love space, spaces with little vegetation. Other species belong to the forest hares and inhabit areas with dense thickets. Hares can live alone individual species They live in colonies and build burrows. The white hare lives in the tundra, rarely in forest and forest-steppe zones. The humpbacked hare rodent is a resident of the tropics and savannah. Lagomorphs inhabit the entire globe. Recently, they have been introduced to Australia, South America, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia.

What does a hare eat?

Hares belong to mammals and eat food of plant origin.

Brown hare food:

White hare diet:

The humpback hare feeds on fruits and other parts of plants.

The bearded seal eats benthic invertebrates and bottom fish: flounder, cod, and goby.

In nature, hares can form pairs, but an isolated lifestyle is not uncommon. A female hare can give birth three times a year, with 5-10 hares in each litter. The gestation period is 50 days. Hares have high fertility. Cubs are born with fur and can see and walk. In the first seven days of life, rabbits need milk. But by the third week they have fully adapted to plant foods. Puberty occurs at the age of 7-11 months.

• Hares communicate by making “drum rolls” with their paws.
• By touching plants with their noses, hares inform their relatives of their arrival.
• Despite the fact that hares are vegetarians, they can eat poultry meat, such as partridge, tearing apart game with their paws.
• The hare's hind legs are asymmetrical from birth.
• In hares, the phenomenon of double pregnancy sometimes occurs, when re-fertilization can occur even before the birth of the offspring.