How far did the person go to get the paper? How paper is made. Making paper at home
Making paper is a complex physical and chemical process. Simple sheet - result large quantity stages of the production process. Now we will look step by step process creating paper.
Paper production consists of the following steps. First, the logs are delivered to the mill. There they are crushed using production equipment and then boiled with special substances. After this, the mixture is filtered, resulting in the formation of paper pulp. It is placed in machines where it is turned into canvas and then into paper. Each stage contains many nuances, so let’s look at them in more detail. Wood is needed to make paper. It also requires a lot of water. Therefore, many paper mills are located on the banks of rivers near forest areas. In addition, reservoirs can be used for timber rafting. Paper is most often made from spruce, pine and birch, but other plant materials such as straw or cotton are also used. In some cases, waste paper is used, which reduces deforestation. The process of creating paper begins with the fact that logs are delivered to the mill - by river or by land. Manufacturing equipment strips them of their bark and chops them into short logs of equal length. To get paper from them, they crush them even more. Then the resulting mass is boiled for several hours with the addition of special chemical substances. As a result of this process, wood is converted into tiny fibers called cellulose. Depending on the quality of paper needed to be obtained, chemically untreated wood pulp, cleared of large particles, or shredded waste paper is added to these fibers. It is worth mentioning here that adding waste paper makes the paper thicker and better quality.
Understanding all the stages of paper creation will help you accept correct solution when choosing suitable type for print. This way you can choose paper with best quality image, which will reduce the number of jams and other inconveniences.
Making paper at home
1. Introduction
Do-it-yourself paper... Can it be made at home? This is the question asked by the authors of the proposed project. Having studied the literature on this issue, we came to the conclusion that the impossible does not happen in this case. We found two ways to make paper at home, having tried both, we changed them slightly and offer our own.Thus, target of this project : Learn to make paper yourself.
Project objectives become:
Saving forest resources(no matter how loud it sounds);
Learn to use recycled materials;
Development creativity project participants (and their parents).
These days products self made are valued very highly, because they retain the warmth of human hands and have no analogues. The same can be said about handmade paper: interest in it is growing every day, so, according to forecasts, paper craftsmen will not be bored.
2. Main part
2.1 Recycled paper.“Handmade” paper is not like machine-made paper, and from the point of view of technical standards it is worse: uneven in thickness, usually less smooth, sometimes too fragile - such paper is not always suitable for printing. But paper handmade has one undeniable advantage that makes you forget all its shortcomings - absolute exclusivity. Paper craftsmen have long noticed one pattern: even if the same materials are used when casting two sheets and the manufacturing technology remains unchanged, they will still be at least slightly different from each other. The effect of surprise is what paper craftsmen value most; maybe it is he who transforms papermaking from a craft into an art.
Manual papermaking was mastered in China: almost 2000 years ago (in 153 AD), a certain Tsai-Lun, the Minister of Agriculture, recommended that his fellow citizens use “shi” paper for writing, made from wood fibers of a plant that later became known as paper paper. trees. The process of obtaining paper from this wood was as follows. The bark was pounded in water to separate the fibers, and the resulting mixture was poured onto trays with long, narrow strips of bamboo at the bottom. When the water drained, soft sheets They were laid to dry on bamboo plates and old rags. Apparently, due to the fact that rags were used for drying, Chinese paper had one peculiarity - it was so loose that the paint on it spread quite a lot. However, later this quality of Chinese paper was highly appreciated by Japanese calligraphers, who used Chinese paper for their work.
A Korean monk brought the secret of paper production to Japan in 610. Over several centuries, the Japanese modified Chinese technology and created their own methods of paper production. The Chinese poured fibers soaked in water onto special mesh molds and allowed the water to slowly drain and seep through the small cells. The Japanese, on the contrary, vigorously shook the mold so that the fibers were thoroughly intertwined. In addition, they began to add a sticky plant extract, which contributed to a more dense and durable connection of the fibers. The ancient Japanese valued paper not only for its practical qualities, but also for its beauty. It was famous for its thinness, almost transparency, which did not at all deprive it of its strength. Traditional Japanese handmade paper is called washi. Over time, it gained popularity, especially in the imperial court during the Hai'en period (794–1185). In those times the best varieties Japanese paper was worth its weight in gold. Such paper is one of the most popular gifts in modern Japan. However, calligraphy masters still preferred Chinese paper, on which the ink was slightly blurred, which made it possible to achieve greater expressiveness in writing. The Japanese tried for a long time to imitate this quality, but the raw materials used (mostly mulberry bast were used) and Japanese technology did not give such an effect.
Interestingly, the tradition of producing paper from recycled (already used) raw materials originates in Japan. In the 8th century, after the death of the emperor from the Haien dynasty, Seiwa, one of the court ladies made new sheets of paper from the emperor’s letters and wrote a Buddhist sutra on them, as if touching his soul. It turns out that waste paper began to be used for paper production not at all for practical reasons, as one might think, but for religious reasons. The restored paper was called “usuzumigami” because of its bluish tint, resulting from the remains of ink on old manuscripts. Although in reality it was rather grayish due to the shortcomings of bleaching technology. But the Japanese did not strive for special whiteness, believing that the grayish color was more suitable for expressing their feelings towards the dead. Unlike modern European paper, which is made from wood pulp with fibers only 2–3 mm long, washi is made from fibers up to 10 mm long. These long fibers are intertwined quite tightly, providing the strength of the paper due to physical factors rather than chemical ones, as in European paper.
Not only the Japanese, but also the Arabs adopted the secret of making paper from the Chinese. They brought it to Spain, and from there the art of making paper spread throughout the world. Early European papers were made from recycled cotton and linen fabric, so the trade in rags and cotton linen began to boom. Interestingly, according to one assumption, the plague entered England from Europe in old rags. Soon, however, this source of raw material for paper became insufficient, and people began to use new, sometimes very exotic materials for paper production. There was a recorded case when... an Egyptian mummy was used as a raw material for wrapping paper! Less extravagant experimenters used straw, cabbage, animal skin, wool and even wasp nests! It turns out that there is glue in the saliva of wasps, so when a wasp chews off young shoots to build a nest, a sticky mass is formed in its mouth, similar in composition to paper: wood or straw fiber and glue.
In 1828 and 1861, interesting manuals on paper production were published - “Manuel de papeterie” by Louis Pitet, which included hundreds of samples of paper made from various substances, even leather and peat. Thus, any plant fiber that is flexible is suitable for making paper, but what distinguishes paper from other writing materials?
2.2. Making paper at home
METHOD I
You will need:
Large saucepan
Sheets of used paper
Mixer or food processor
Water
Soluble starch (two teaspoons)
What to do:
Tear the paper into small pieces (no larger than 2x2 cm) and place them in the pan. (If you are using a food processor, simply put the torn paper in it, add a little water and pulse until the paper breaks down into fibers. Then pour the resulting mixture into a pan of water and proceed to step 4)
Pour water into a saucepan (preferably warm). If you want to use starch, add it to the water now (two teaspoons).
Let the paper stand for 10 minutes, and then beat with a mixer until the paper fibers separate and the mass becomes soft.
Gradually lower a piece of gauze into the pan with one edge, holding it by the other edge. Immerse it completely in the mixture and then carefully remove it.
Let the water drain back into the pan.
Cover the gauze with blotting paper and turn it over, but be careful so that the resulting “cellulose” does not disintegrate.
Carefully remove the cheesecloth and cover the remaining “pulp” with a second sheet of blotting paper and roll.
Dry with an iron
Carefully remove the blotting paper. Do not touch the resulting sheet for 24 hours until completely dry.
METHOD II
You will need:
mortar and pestle
Liter glass beaker
Burner
Pot
A piece of gauze with small holes
Waste paper
Two sheets of blotting paper (or newspaper)
What to do:
Tear the paper into small pieces (no larger than 2x2 cm) and place them in a beaker.
Add a little water to cover the paper. Place the beaker over the burner and heat for 10 minutes.
Pour the resulting mixture into a mortar and crush well with a pestle.
Add this mixture to a pan of water.
METHOD III
Tools:
To work, you will need special frames with a mesh for filtering the liquid. They are wooden, sheet size A4 and A5. To work, it is enough to have two of each size. The mesh is fine-grained, similar to a sieve, and is used in construction. The mesh is attached to the frame with small nails. A top frame without a mesh is not required, but is desirable. It gives you the opportunity to dial more mass and it is easier to level it on the grid.
We also use a blender and an iron to speed up the process (you can completely do without them).
Materials:
For work, you can take a wide variety of paper: documents that have been destroyed in special machines ah (shredders), old newspapers, egg trays, toilet paper. The authors used scraps from the margins of newspapers that did not have printing ink on them.
To make 2-3 sheets of paper you need approximately 3-4 liters of mass. The thinner the paper we want to get in the end, the more water let's take it at the beginning.
For painting, you can use any paints, starting with gouache.
Process:
1. The paper collected for work is torn into small pieces, filled with water and placed in a blender, where it is crushed until smooth. You can add dye. When the paper pulp is ready, it is applied to a frame with a mesh and covered with a frame without a mesh. It takes some time to let the water drain.
2. Remove the top frame (without the mesh).
3. Turn the frame over with the mesh facing up and use a sponge to remove all excess moisture. After this, carefully remove the frame with the mesh and leave it to dry for several hours.
4. Finally, iron the resulting paper through a thin rag or newspaper.
You can make absolutely amazing and unique crafts from the resulting paper. We made dummies from them for the technology room.
3. Conclusion
Thus, the goal set by the authors of the work at the very beginning was achieved: we mastered two methods of making paper at home described in the literature and proposed our own method.In addition to the fact that this activity turned out to be exciting, it is certainly useful. We collected 38 kilograms of waste paper: most of it was handed over to school library for subsequent exchange at a recycling point for books. We used the trimmed margins of the collected newspapers to make paper. We can present the manufactured samples themselves. We presented crafts made from recycled materials to students in our school's after-school groups.
We hope that this small work has benefited nature.
After all, this was our main task.
Paper is used in many areas of human activity. This includes a variety of packaging, wallpaper, posters and calendars. But paper played the greatest role in the development of books as a source of dissemination of knowledge. We'll tell you everything about paper that any literate person should know. Let's get started.
In this article we will look at paper production and how paper is made modern production. But first, let's take a quick look at how paper was made in ancient times.
How paper was made in ancient times
Ancient people left their first inscriptions on rocks, animal bones, clay and wax tablets, and parchment. But all methods of recording information had disadvantages, due to their weight, dimensions or cost. Making paper was difficult.
The prototype of paper can be called papyrus, which was made by the ancient Egyptians for many centuries. They extracted the core of the papyrus plant, soaked it, and then laid one layer on top of the other so that they lay perpendicular.
Then this paper was kept under pressure, which made it possible to obtain a durable and fairly hard material.
Paper making
You probably already know that paper is usually made from wood. Therefore, let's look at how paper is made from wood.
Most often, cellulose is used to make paper, which is obtained from spruce, pine, birch, pine needles, chestnut, etc. wood.
In a paper mill, tree trunks are stripped of their bark, ground, and allowed to swell in water. At this stage the percentage of water is 95% and 5 percent wood pulp.
The task of this stage is to grind the wood into fibrils - small fibers. The wood is boiled for a certain time in special solutions, which consist of a solution of acids. They must not only grind the cod, but also bleach the wood pulp.
This operation largely determines what grade of paper we get. After grinding, you need to clean the mass from unnecessary impurities, and add binders and fillers to it. For this purpose, organic and inorganic substances and various oxides are used.
Their task is to bind the substance into a uniform mass, a viscous mass.
After this, on special production lines, the resulting mass is formed into a paper sheet. In particular, the mass is poured onto a mesh surface, where a paper web is formed.
Next, it is coated with a number of substances, depending on the type of paper. For example, to produce coated paper, it is coated on one or both sides with a pigment-adhesive solution, which will make the product smoother and whiter. This process consists of several steps to increase the adhesion strength of the paper web layer.
Also, sizing can be applied to the surface of the paper. This is a substance that increases the resistance of paper to liquids, including water, glue or paint.
Next, the paper passes through heavy cylinders (calenders), which increase the evenness and smoothness of the paper and the paper is dried. It must be said that the finished paper has a moisture content of about 7%. If there is a higher percentage of humidity, the material will become less durable; if there is less moisture, the paper will be fragile.
Cardboard is made using a similar method, only it is thicker. Cardboard is paper that is heavier, 250 grams/m2.
The finished paper is wound into rolls in a paper-making machine and sent to the printing house. Their paper is wound into rolls and cut into separate sheets, and goes to the printing shop.
Paper quality
The quality of paper is controlled by many indicators. These include whiteness, thickness, weight, smoothness, sizing, tensile and compressive strength, and opacity. Let's look at some in more detail.
Paper thickness affects the thickness of the book block. In some types of printing (gravure), it is important that the difference in sheet thickness is not large.
Paper porosity. The more, the better the paint adheres to the print. But the print turns out less saturated.
Opacity. In most cases, the paper must be opaque, otherwise the image on the back will show through on the front side.
Smoothness. Smooth paper makes it possible to reproduce small image elements on it. In addition, the material with a smooth surface allows for good contact with printing form.
Paper strength. Particularly important for packaging paper. But it is also needed for other types, because it makes it possible to print on it with high-speed printing machines.
Surface abrasion resistance. Printing inks have good viscosity and can pluck fibers from the surface during the printing process. This negatively affects the speed of the process, because you have to clean the mold frequently.
Absorbency. The higher this indicator, the faster the paint is fixed on the print.
Surface sizing. Gives strength to the surface layer, which reduces the amount of dust during printing and is resistant to water and glue.
Types of paper
Depending on the purpose, the composition of the paper and the method of its manufacture may differ.
Packaging. This paper has low color or smoothness requirements, but must be durable and resistant to environmental conditions.
Offset. Has a wide range of applications. Very often used for printing books and making notebooks and forms. Must be resistant to moisture, since it is associated with the use of a moisturizing solution.
Newspaper. Newspapers are often printed on it. It has an increased ink absorption rate, which is convenient when you need to print on high-speed printing machines.
. Has increased smoothness and whiteness. Used for printing high quality publications with big amount images, catalogs, leaflets, etc.
Cardboard. This is paper heavier than 250 grams/m2. Used for making hard book covers and various cards.
Cellulose. Very high-quality paper, which is almost 100 percent cellulose, is used for the production of banknotes and securities.
What is paper made of?
deforestation
After cutting tree trunks with large tractors and by rail sent to paper mills. Here the logs are cut into smaller pieces and fed into production lines where they are crushed into chips.
We looked at how paper is made from wood, and you saw how important it is to recycle waste paper and reuse it in production, as well as rags. In addition, it is important to plant a new one in place of a felled tree.
Paper production requires a large number of trees, so it is common in those countries that have large tracts of trees: Finland, Russia, Canada.
Now you know how paper is made.
P.S. How making paper video:
Paper has become so firmly established in our lives that when using it, we do not think about its origin and production. Although every person knows what paper is made from. But the process of turning a tree into thin white leaves is not known to many. So how is paper made?
Paper production is carried out by the paper and pulp industry. The most common is its production from wood. Wood pulp is produced from forest trees. In order to understand how they do it, let’s take a virtual tour of the factory.
Raw materials arrive there in unprocessed form. Here the bark is stripped from the tree and then crushed into chips using special machines. Next there are some papers. The simplest mechanical one. With this method, crushed wood chips are mixed with water and further processed. The end result is not very good paper. High Quality, which is used to produce newspapers. In order to obtain raw materials of good, high quality, a chemical production method is used. With this method, chips are selected by size and boiled. This process occurs using acid in machines specially designed for this purpose. After cooking, the resulting mass is washed and foreign substances are removed. The resulting raw materials are subjected to further processing to produce a specific
In order to obtain it, glue is added to the raw material. This gives it a water-repellent effect. Resins added during the production process prevent the ink from bleeding and make the writing easy to read. Paper intended for printing does not require such additives because the inks used for it are not water-based.
To make paper white and opaque, the raw materials are colored with special dyes and pigments. After all operations have been completed, the process of producing raw materials begins. The machines move the resulting slurry from one shaft to another, on which a mesh is stretched. In this case, a paper sheet is formed. The water that was in the raw material gradually flows out through the holes in the mesh. The fibers intertwine and form rolls. Next, the canvas undergoes a series of operations, which results in the paper that we are used to having in our everyday life. The rollers through which the raw canvas passes are pressed, dried and polished. After this, it is further pressed and dried. The output is paper rolls, which are used for their intended purpose. They are cut or sent in rolls for further use. In the process of making paper, many special machines are used. All labor is mechanized. But, nevertheless, this is very valuable material. Therefore, knowing what and how paper is made from, you begin to treat it more carefully. After all, 17 trees are needed to produce 1 ton of paper.
Previously, a massive collection of waste paper was organized in the country. After cleaning from ink, it is added to paper raw materials during the production process. Paper is a necessary attribute modern life. It’s even hard to imagine that its first inventors were the Chinese. For a long time they did not reveal the secret of how paper was made.
Paper is used in various areas our life. Napkins, notebooks, books, toys, wallpaper, and money are made from it. It is perhaps impossible to list the entire list of where paper is used. In some cases, it is simply irreplaceable and is the only suitable materials. New ones are opening up more and more possibilities for its application.
Paper is a long-used and very well-known material. With paper in human life There is a lot involved: from cosmetics, wrappers and packaging. To books and other items used every day. And, as you know, paper is made from wood.
This wonderful material first appeared in China, where the first methods were developed paper production, although in ancient times there were no such powerful technological solutions as there are now. At present, the process may seem very interesting, so it is worth considering it in more detail.
Materials such as paper are now produced in specialized paper mills, where cut trees are supplied for further processing. The basis of paper is cellulose, which is obtained from certain forest species. Thus, the machines strip the bark from the trees and grind the wood fibers into small chips, or even flour.
After grinding, the flour is mixed with water and heat-treated, and then pressed and smoothed, giving the photo a very thin sheets. This results in low-grade, but cleaner paper. This method, although economical, allows the production of low-grade paper, which is most often called newsprint.
To obtain higher quality paper, cellulose is treated with special chemical materials. This paper is already suitable for use in books, notebooks and other printed purposes.
To produce quality paper, wood material is sorted by size and various chemicals are added to it, after which it is boiled, and then washed and filtered to ensure that the raw material is free of impurities.
After cooking, the raw material is pressed, rolled out and smoothed, and then dried at high temperature so that the fibers accept the required form and froze, forming paper itself. Thus, the result is a roll of tape rather than sheets. But in the future, the rolls are subject to cutting and further preparation. TO additional training This may include further paper glossing, painting and other procedures.
Also, paint or special admixtures may be used during production. This is what distinguishes paper by quality, grade and other properties. The types of paper produced are book, newspaper, offset, packaging, and so on.
As it may seem, paper production is very simple. But in reality, it's complicated technological process, which requires special machines and devices, as well as the presence of a huge number of people who monitor the production and operation of the machines. In general, paper production is a very interesting process.