Orthoepy. Modern spelling standards. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language. Moscow State University of Printing Arts

Orthoepy. Modern spelling standards. Basic spelling rules of modern Russian literary language.

In literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation standards.

Orthoepy - (Greek orthos - “simple, correct, epos - “speech”) is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.

The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms ah, in groups of words or individual words.

Compliance with spelling rules is necessary, it helps better understanding speech.

Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.

In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one pronunciation possibility. Any other pronunciation would be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.

For example, inability to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or the distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.

In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more pronunciation possibilities. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are assessed either as variants of the literary norm or are recognized as non-literary.

The norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. In every this moment they contain both what connects today’s pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and what appears as new in pronunciation under the influence of the living oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the internal laws of development of the phonetic system.

Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. based on the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.

By the 19th century Old Church Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary example, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other large cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.

So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditional accepted rules, which undergo changes in the process of development of oral literary speech as a result of influence on it various factors language development. These changes initially have the character of fluctuations in norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.

There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.

Heterogeneity of pronunciation in various groups population determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up issues of pronunciation style; he identified two pronunciation styles:

1. Complete, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;

2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.

In general, the current spelling norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowel sounds is determined by their position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. Thus, the vowels [у], [ы], [и] in an unstressed position retain their basic sound, while [a], [o],

[e] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends primarily on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first pre-stressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdý / sÙdý / nÙzhý]. After hissing words, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [zh], [sh], [ts] the sound [ые] is pronounced: [tsyepnóį], [zhyeltok].

After soft consonants, in place of [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:

[chiesy/snIela].

b) In the rest unstressed syllables in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e] after hard consonants, the sound [ъ] is pronounced: [кълькÙла́/ цъхъво́ѯ/

pар٨во́с] After soft consonants, in place of the sounds [а], [е] is pronounced [ь]: [п"тьч"ok/ч"мда́н].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in the position in front of the deaf (voiced only) - voiced (voiced only) and at the end of the word (voiced only): [hl"ep] / trupk / proz"b];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency towards its loss: [s"t"ina] and [st"ina", [z"d"es"] and [z"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some vowel combinations:

a) in pronominal formations that, in order - what is pronounced as [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h"t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of chn: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch"n] has been preserved: [ml"ech"nyį / vÙstoch"nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations st, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), there is usually a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [prazn"ik], [ch"asn"ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units adjectives m.r. without emphasis: [krasnyį / with "in"iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - й, - й; after back-lingual g, k, x ® й: [t"íkh"iį], [m"ahk"iį];

b) pronunciation – sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation has become the norm: [ньч "елас" / нъч "iels" а́];

c) the pronunciation of verbs na - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g"], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt"ag"iv't"].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boá/ otel"/poet], although [rÙman/[pÙĵal"/pÙtsent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįь];

c) before [e] g, k, x, l are always softened: [g"etry /k"ex / bÙl"et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (book) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second - in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in the colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

Questions:

1. What is the subject of the study of orthoepy?

2. Describe the basic rules for pronunciation of vowel sounds.

3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonant sounds.

4. Indicate the main features and variants of pronunciation of individual grammatical forms acceptable by literary norms.

5. Indicate the pronunciation features of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.

7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation variants and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?

Literature:

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.

2. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

7. The concept of orthoepy and orthoepic norm

Orthoepy is a science that establishes uniform literary pronunciation.

The orthoepic norm originated in the 18th century; initially it was called the norm of the Moscow dialect.

In the 19th century, the St. Petersburg norm appeared.

In the 20th century, two linguistic schools appeared, they established their own norm. The orthoepic norm is subject to change. It is considered one of the most flexible norms.

Orthoepic norms cover phonetic language system. Phonetics is a science, a branch of linguistics that studies the sound side of language, that is, the methods of formation and acoustic properties of sounds, their changes in speech.

Phonetics- involves the accurate transmission of speech sounds using graphic means.

In concept spelling includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system, for example, the pronunciation of [shn] in place of the combination chn (sku[sh]no) or [v] in place of g at the end -go - him (that - that [in] about, his - e [in] about). In ordinary colloquial pronunciation, there is a deviation from orthoepic norms. These deviations are associated with certain dialects, native dialects, which are different from writing.

8. The concept of graphics and spelling. Brief information from the history of Russian writing

In the 1st half of the 10th century, the first texts written in Cyrillic appeared among the Eastern Slavs. They were found on a vessel from Gnezdovo. Many inscriptions were found in the 2nd half of the 10th century.

After the baptism of Rus' in 988, book writing arose. The chronicle reports "many scribes" who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical books were copied.

In the process of correspondence, the original language was adapted to the East Slavic language, and the Old Russian book language was formed - the Russian version of the Church Slavonic language. The authors' works were based on moralizing and hagiographic works. These scripts did not have much literacy, since the clerks were not very educated.

A special class of ancient written monuments consists of chronicles. The chronicler, outlining historical events, included them in the context of Christian history, and this united the chronicles with other monuments of book culture with spiritual content.

Along with these works, a non-bookish written tradition developed in Rus': administrative and judicial texts, official and private records, and household records. These documents differed from book texts both in syntactic structures and morphology.

At the center of this written tradition were legal codes, beginning with Russian truth, the oldest list of which dates back to 1282.

A special position is occupied by graffiti- prayer texts written on the walls of churches, although there is graffiti of other content.

Graphic arts is a set of signs along with rules establishing correspondence between signs (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes).

Letter is a way of fixing language with descriptive signs for the purpose of communication between people.

There were the following types of writing:

1) pictography - writing with pictures

2) hieroglyphic writing

3) phonological writing (sound)

Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in Everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech is what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such appeals are especially often used in a work environment and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established oral speech method of use.

• Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
• On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
• IN female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, are not pronounced [ov]. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same way as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In Russian, stress is not fixed, as in most European languages, which not only enriches speech and increases opportunities language game, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

• provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring words (silver - silver) and the appearance of professionalisms (kompas - kompas);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change morphological features words (pines - pines).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The emphasis and its correct placement are too broad and complex topic, so it is usually taken out to special section and are studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

ORTHOEPY

Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations

68.

The concept of orthoepy

Orthoepy(Greek orthos - direct, correct and epos - speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that establish uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system, for example, the pronunciation of [shn] in place of the combination chn (sko[sh]no) or [v] in place at the end of th - - him (that - that [v] o, his - e [v] o).

In ordinary colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often the native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, letter pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okanye, and for southerners - the pronunciation of the [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter at the end of gender. pad. adjectives of the sound [g], and in place (in words, of course, that) the sound [h] is explained by the “literal” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

69.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traversed by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, Moscow pronunciation became an expression of the national one. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation:

“The Moscow dialect is rightly preferred to others not only for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty...”

Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were learned on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features developed that were unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. At the same time, there was no complete unity in Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic overtones.

With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. This name indicates the importance of realistic theater in developing pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.

In the formation of literary pronunciation, an exceptional role belongs to radio broadcasting, television and sound cinema, which serve a powerful tool spreading literary pronunciation and maintaining its unity.

The pronunciation system of the modern literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between the first and second are private character. The changes and fluctuations that have arisen in modern literary pronunciation concern mainly the pronunciation of individual words and their groups, as well as individual grammatical forms. So, for example, the pronunciation of the soft sound [s] in the affix-s - -sya (my [s"], soap [s"b]) with the old norm (moyu [s"] - soap [s"b]) does not contribute any changes to the system of consonant phonemes of the modern Russian language. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant of the affix - s - - sya (boy [s"]) as a modern orthoepic norm brings pronunciation closer to writing, which was not the case with the old pronunciation variant (boy [s]), and therefore is quite appropriate.

An example of a new pronunciation variant that makes a change in the phonetic system of the language is the pronunciation of a long hard word in place of a long soft ["]: along with [vo"i], [dro"i] pronunciation[ ]y, drows. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant introduces a change into the phonetic system of the language, frees it from the isolated element ["], which is not organically connected with the consonant system as a whole. Such a replacement makes the phonetic system of the modern Russian language more consistent and integral and serves as an example of its improvement.

The examples given show that the new pronunciation options are unequal. If they improve the pronunciation system and give it greater consistency, then they turn out to be viable and have a basis for consolidation as an orthoepic norm. Otherwise, the pronunciation option gradually dies out.

Orthoepy is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules of literary pronunciation. The main task of orthoepy, as an independent branch of the science of language, is to establish pronunciation norms.

Orthoepy includes:

Rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels

Rules for the pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants

Rules for pronunciation of hard and soft consonants

Rules for pronunciation of consonant combinations

Rules for pronunciation of combinations with an unpronounceable consonant

Rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms

Peculiarities of pronunciation of words of foreign origin

The orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferable pronunciation option compared to others that are less consistent with the pronunciation system. Those. orthoepic norm - pronunciation rules accepted in the public speech practice of educated people.

Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions.

In ordinary colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often the native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, letter pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okanye, and for southerners - the pronunciation of the [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter g at the end of gender. pad. adjectives, the sound [g], and in place of h (in words, of course, that) the sound [h] is explained by the “literal” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

In the history of the Russian literary language, the orthoepic norm had practically prevailed over local pronunciations by the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the dialectal pronunciation on o has disappeared: “young”, “good” instead of the literary “maladoy”, “kharasho”, etc. Nevertheless, some dialectisms are stable, for example, the firm pronunciation of the sound “ch” in the west and in the east, the pronunciation “fields”, “sea” instead of “field”, “sea” - in the center, etc. But there are especially many cases when it is impossible to say with confidence which of the options for the literary language is “correct”. At the moment, Russian orthoepy has not yet been fully established and continues to develop.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Moscow pronunciation, preserved in old Moscow families, was considered the “correct” Russian pronunciation. However, by that time it became clear that this pronunciation in many ways lags behind life, and later, with the diffusion and migration of ethnic groups in Moscow, it became archaic for her. Therefore, every day new norms in orthoepy are created and old norms disappear and change; this process is influenced by life itself, a living language and a changing culture.

In the history of a literary language the following are possible:

maintaining the old norm;

competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;

competition of options in which dictionaries recommend new option;

approval of the new option as the only normative one.

The necessary conditions:

The existence of a developed literary language

Splitting a single language into dialects

The influence of dialects on the norms of the literary language