The first Russian revolution 1905 1907 move. Causes, stages, course of the revolution

Peasants, workers, sailors, soldiers, and intelligentsia took part in the Russian revolution.

Main reasons for the revolution:

• Exacerbation of contradictions in the center of the country and failure in Russo-Japanese War are the cause of a political crisis;
• Unsettled agrarian issue - redemption payments, shortage of land for peasants and others;
• The unsettled labor issue is the inaccessibility of social immunity for workers at a very high level of exploitation;
• Failure in operations on the Russian-Japanese front;
• The unsettled national question is the limitation of the power of national minorities, to a large extent Jews and Poles.

The first Russian revolution 1905 – 1907

It is known that it was provoked by events that began in January 1905 in St. Petersburg. The following main stages of the revolution are distinguished:

• The first stage - winter 1905 to autumn 1905.

On January 9, 1905, they gave the order to shoot a peaceful demonstration, which became known as “Bloody Sunday.” For this reason, workers' strikes began in almost all regions of the state.

From May to June, the Council of Workers' Deputies was created, which acted as alternative authorities.

Mid-June - uprising on the cruiser Potemkin, which showed the government that great hopes cannot be placed on the armed forces.

In the autumn of 1905 it happened most important event. The All-Russian October strike, initiated by the printers' trade union, was supported by other trade unions. The ruler issues a manifesto “On improvement public order" It grants the rights to freedom of assembly, conscience, speech, and press to the “October 17 Union.” Also, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries declare the end of the revolution.

• Second stage - December 1905 to June 1907

At the beginning of December, the Moscow armed uprising took place; the Bolsheviks tried to raise a general armed uprising, which failed.

From March to April 1906, elections to the First State Duma took place.

At the end of April to July 1906 - start of work I State Duma.

From February to June 1907 - the beginning of the work of the Second State Duma. It was dissolved on June 3, 1907. There were still several strikes during this period, but they soon stopped and government control over the country was restored.

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Results of the revolution

1. The form of government in Russia was completely changed. At that time it was a constitutional monarchy.
2. Political parties have gained the opportunity to act on legally.
3. Redemption payments were abolished, peasants were granted the right to free movement, as well as the choice of place of residence.
4. Improving the situation of workers (increasing wages, establishment of sickness benefits in some enterprises, reduction of working hours).

Rebellion is not born in one day. It is caused by the actions of the ruling circles or their inaction.
The inability of Nicholas II to carry out mature reforms served as the impetus for the revolution of 1905–1907 in Russia. Let's briefly look at how this happened. Write in the comments what you think about this, to what extent is the situation in Russia today repeating itself more than a century ago?

Causes of the first revolution

By 1905, issues affecting the majority of the population remained unresolved in the empire. Briefly they can be divided into:

Workers' problems;
unresolved agrarian issue;
obsolescence of the current model of empire management;
unfavorable course of the Russo-Japanese War;
forced Russification of peoples living on the territory of the empire.

Working class

IN late XIX century, a new layer of society appeared in the country - the working class. In the early years, the authorities ignored demands for rationing working day and social benefits. But the strikes that began in the 1880s showed the ineffectiveness of such behavior. To avoid the protests of 1897, the length of the working day was introduced - 11.5 hours. And in 1903, a decree was issued on the payment of compensation in case of an accident.

The Ministry of Finance, headed by S.Yu. Witte, developed a project on the creation of trade unions. But the owners of the enterprises refused to allow employees to solve social issues. The only legal union was the “Society of Factory Workers,” led by priest Georgy Gapon. At the end of the 19th century, a law was passed on criminal liability for participation in strikes and the factory police were established (1899).

The economic crisis of the early 20th century led to layoffs and wage cuts. The unrest in the factories reached a scale that the army and police could no longer contain.

Peasantry

Officially, since 1861, peasants were free. But this concerned the personal freedom of the serf; the land still belonged to the landowner. To obtain ownership of an allotment, a peasant could buy the land. The cost of the plot varied and was calculated based on the size of the quitrent, sometimes exceeding it.

Due to the high cost of land, peasants united into communities. They, in turn, disposed of plots of land. The growth of the family led to the fragmentation of the plot. And the government’s grain export policy forced the sale of the necessary reserves. The crop failure of 1891-1892 led to famine.

As a result, by 1905, peasant unrest broke out, the main demand of which was the confiscation of the landowners' land.

Crisis of power

Having ascended the throne, Nicholas II made it clear that he did not plan to change the existing system. Ministers who dreamed of liberal reforms and the granting of a democratic code to the population were dismissed. Among them was the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, who advocated the admission of educated sections of the population to govern the state, as well as for solving the problems of the peasantry.

Nicholas II, supported by conservative nobles, chose to postpone the resolution of internal issues. In his understanding, popular discontent can be avoided by focusing the people on an external threat.

Russo-Japanese War

Nicholas II and his entourage believed that a quick and victorious war would raise the prestige of power and calm the people. In January 1904, Japan and Russia entered into a war for dominance over lands that actually belonged to China and Korea. Indeed, at the beginning of the war, the patriotism of the subjects increased, and the protests began to decline. But the incompetent actions of the government and big losses people (more than 52 thousand: killed, died from wounds, did not return from captivity), as well as the conclusion of a peace treaty on Japan’s terms in August 1905 led to new unrest.

Main events of the revolution 1905 - 1097

By the end of 1904 the situation became tense. Political groups agitated the people and called for a constitution and people's government country.

The final impetus for the riot was the dismissal of 4 workers at the Putilov plant. All of them were members of the “Society of Factory Workers”, and their master was a member of the “Mutual Aid Society”. This raised suspicions about the objectivity of his decision to dismiss.

On January 3, 1905, a peaceful strike began. The demands were not heard. The strike continued, and new plants and factories joined it. By January 9, the number of strikers reached 111 thousand people and continued to grow.

Having failed in a conversation with the local authorities, the workers decide to go to the king.
Before this, G. Gapon prepares a Petition to Nicholas II with the following demands:

8-hour work day;
creation of a Constituent Assembly from all segments of the population;
freedom of speech, religion, press and personality;
free education for all;
release of political prisoners;
autonomy of the church from government.

On the morning of January 9, a crowd of strikers (the number reached 140 thousand) began moving towards Palace Square. But she encountered resistance from troops and police. At the Narva Gate, soldiers opened fire and killed about 40 people, at the Alexander Garden - 30. Riots began in the city, barricades were built. The exact number of those killed that day is unknown. The government reported 130, in Soviet time historians increased this figure to 200. This day went down in history as “Bloody Sunday.”

Chronicle of further events

The dispersal of the strikers intensified the popular unrest. In January, demonstrations took place in other cities of the empire.

In the spring of 1905, a pogrom of noble estates by peasants began. The worst situation has developed in the Black Earth Region, Poland, the Baltic States and Georgia. During the riot, over 2 thousand properties were destroyed.

For 2 months (from May 12, 1905), textile workers went on strike in Ivano-Frankovsk. This strike gathered about 70 thousand people.

On June 14, 1905, the crew of the battleship Potemkin mutinied, but the support of other ships Black Sea Fleet she didn't receive it. The ship later went to Romania, where the sailors were handed over to the Russian government.

On August 6, 1905, the Tsar signs a decree establishing the Duma. Its format outraged the population: women, students and military personnel were not elected, the advantage remained with the upper class. In addition, Nicholas II had the right to veto and dissolve the Duma.

On October 15, 1905, a strike of railway workers began, which grew into all-Russian strike. The number of strikers reached 2 million. The unrest spread to the countryside: in the autumn of 1905 there were more than 220 peasant riots.

Problems of a national nature emerged: the clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Baku, Poland and Finland demanded independence.

To calm the population, on October 17, 1905, Nicholas II signed a manifesto granting freedom: of the individual, assembly, unions and press. The first parties appeared in Russia: the Cadets and the Octobrists. The Tsar promised an early convening of the Duma and guaranteed its participation in the laws adopted. The Duma of the first convocation was created in April 1906 and existed until July. The tsar dissolved the legislative body without seeing eye to eye with him.

In December 1905, armed clashes took place in Moscow. The most fierce fighting took place in the Presnya area.

The convening of the Duma at the beginning of 1906 reduced the ardor of the protesters, but a wave of terror was sweeping across Russia, directed against statesmen. So on August 12, 1906, P. A. Stolypin’s dacha was blown up, killing 30 people, including his daughter.

In November 1906, P. A. Stolypin persuades Nicholas II to sign a law regulating the secession of peasants from the community and the acquisition of land ownership.

In the first half of 1907, rallies were held in various cities, but the activity of the protesters was falling. In February, elections to the Duma of the second convocation are held, but its composition turned out to be more radical than the first. And in violation of his promise not to pass laws without the approval of the Duma, the Tsar dissolved it on July 3, 1907. This event marked the end of the revolution.

Results of the revolution 1905 - 1907

Obtaining freedom of the press, religious organization of unions;
the birth of a new legislative body - the Duma;
emergence of parties;
workers were allowed to organize trade unions and insurance companies and defend their rights;
the working day was set at 8 hours;
the beginning of agrarian reform;
The Russification of the peoples that were part of the empire was abolished.

The revolution of 1905 - 1907 revealed problems in economics and politics. Pointed to weak spots current government. This was not the only revolution. I recommend checking out the year.

There are two opinions about historical significance first revolution. Some consider it a harbinger of February 1917. Others argue that the ongoing transformations would bring Russia to the level European countries, but the overthrow of the government killed these initiatives.

Best regards, Andrey Puchkov

Causes: 1) main reason the revolution was the preservation of feudal-serfdom remnants that hampered the further development of the country; 2) an unresolved work issue; 3) national question; 4) difficult service conditions for soldiers and sailors; 5) anti-government sentiment of the intelligentsia; 6) defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

The nature revolution 1905–1907 was bourgeois-democratic.

The main tasks of the revolution: 1) overthrow of the autocracy and establishment of a constitutional monarchy;

2) solution of agricultural and national issues;

3) elimination of feudal-serfdom remnants. Basic driving forces revolution: workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie. An active position during the revolution was occupied by the working class, which used various means in its struggle - demonstrations, strikes, armed uprising.

The course of revolutionary events. Rising stage, January–October 1905 The beginning of the revolution was the events in St. Petersburg: the general strike and Bloody Sunday. On January 9, 1905, workers who went to the Tsar asking for an improvement in their lives were shot. The petition was drawn up by members of the “Meeting of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg” under the leadership of G.A. Ga-pona. Bloody Sunday shook the whole country. In different regions of the country began mass riots. Gradually, strikes and demonstrations acquired a political character. The main slogan was: “Down with autocracy!” The revolutionary movement also captured the army and navy. In June 1905, there was an uprising of sailors on the battleship Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The peasantry took part in the revolutionary unrest. The rebellious peasants destroyed the landowners' estates, seized warehouses and grain barns.

Climax, highest rise of the revolution, October – December 1905 In the autumn and winter of 1905 the revolutionary movement reached its highest point. Moscow became the center of revolutionary actions at this time. A political strike began here, which grew into an all-Russian political strike.

Nicholas II was forced October 17, 1905 sign the Manifesto“On the improvement of state order”, according to which: 1) the State Duma was to be convened; 2) the population of the country was granted democratic freedoms - speech, assembly, press, conscience; 3) universal suffrage was introduced.

In December 1905 A strike began in Moscow, which grew into an armed uprising. Presnya became the center of the uprising. To suppress it, the Semenovsky Guards Regiment was sent to Moscow. This prompted the Moscow Council of the RSDLP to decide to end the uprising, after which the uprising gradually began to decline.

Descending stage, January 1906 – June 1907 The labor movement has begun to decline, and the intelligentsia is also tired of revolutionary instability. Although it was precisely at this time that the peak of the peasant movement, the seizure of landowners' land, and the burning of landowners' estates was observed.

On April 23, 1906, new “Basic Laws” were adopted: 1) the tsar received the right of “emergency legislation” without the approval of the State Duma; 2) the State Council became the upper chamber, approving all decisions of the Duma; 3) the decisions of the Duma did not receive legal force without the consent of the tsar.

Revolution 1905–1907 was unfinished. However: 1) it limited the autocracy to some extent; 2) led to the establishment of legislative representation; 3) proclamation of political freedoms, creation of political parties; 4) during the revolution, peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments (1906).

28. The beginning of Russian parliamentarism: the first State Dumas

The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 was a major step along the path political reforms. The Council of Ministers was formed as a permanent body. The ministers were responsible for their actions before the king. The State Council remained, but now it is

gained the rights of the upper house of the Duma. Half of its members were appointed by the emperor, half were elected from the nobles. The State Council had the right not to approve bills proposed by the Duma. Documents received the force of laws only after their approval by the king. Between sessions of the Duma, the tsar could single-handedly issue decrees, which were then submitted for approval by the Duma. Its legislative powers were few. Nevertheless, the empire ceased to be a classic autocratic monarchy. Opportunities for the convocation and work of the Duma were created. Despite all its limitations, this was the first experience of Russian parliamentarism in history.

The First State Duma was elected on the basis of the electoral law on December 11, 1905. 25 million people received the right to vote. Farmers, women, soldiers, sailors, students, and workers employed in small enterprises did not participate in the elections. Age (25 years) and property qualifications were introduced. The elections were multi-stage, and the rights of voters were unequal. The landowner's vote was equal to 3 votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 votes of the peasants and 45 votes of the workers.

On April 27, Nicholas II solemnly opened the State Duma. The main victory in the elections was won by the Cadets party, which received more than a third of all seats. The Trudoviks, who expressed the interests of the peasantry, won a fourth of the mandates. 15 Social Democrats entered the Duma. Moderate liberal S.M. Muromtsev was elected Chairman of the Duma. The general mood of the Duma members was opposition to the government.

A week after the start of work, the Duma adopted an appeal to Nicholas II. Deputies demanded the introduction of general elections, the creation of a ministry responsible to the Duma, and the abolition of Goremykin; these demands were rejected. The Duma demanded the resignation of the government. The situation has escalated.

The agrarian question caused great controversy in the Duma. The Trudoviks proposed transferring all lands to a “national land fund.” The funds were to be administered by the authorities local government. This meant the nationalization of land and the abolition of landownership. The Duma adopted a more moderate draft law proposed by the Cadets, according to which peasants could

kup receive landowners' lands. The Duma members were confident that the tsar would make concessions. That did not happen.

On July 9, 1906, the new Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin dissolved the State Duma. Some of the deputies went to Vyborg. They adopted the “Vyborg Appeal”, in which they called on the people not to pay taxes and not to send soldiers to the army. Goremykin was forced to resign. Stolypin became the new chairman of the Council of Ministers. The drafters of the appeal were persecuted and lost the opportunity to get into the next Duma.

In November 1906, the election campaign to the Second State Duma began. The Cadets received only about 20% of the seats, the Black Hundreds and Octobrists 10%. Big victory Left forces won:

The Social Democrats won 12.5% ​​of the seats, and the Trudoviks and Socialist Revolutionaries won about 30%. As a result, candidates from government parties formed an insignificant faction in the Duma.

The Second Duma opened on February 20, 1907. The agrarian question again became central. The government's proposals were not supported. A real possibility of adopting the Trudoviks' project had been created. They demanded the abolition of landownership. In the face of a decline in revolutionary events, the government decided to go on the offensive.

On June 1, 1907, Stolypin demanded that deputies from the Social Democratic faction be expelled from the Duma, accusing them of preparing a military conspiracy. The Duma demanded evidence. Without waiting for the results of the investigation, on June 3, 1907, Nicholas II announced the dissolution of the Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law. The change in law was carried out in violation of the October 17 Manifesto and was perceived as a coup d'etat.

The Social Democratic faction was arrested. New elections were scheduled for November 1. There were no unrest or demonstrations on this matter. According to the new electoral law, a majority in the Duma was guaranteed to nobles and entrepreneurs. The representation of peasants and national minorities was declining. Even Stolypin agreed that the new electoral law was shameless.

The first Duma experiments were unsuccessful. Neither the government nor the two Dumas were able to find a reasonable compromise. The coup d'etat of June 3, 1907 meant the end of the first Russian revolution

Reforms of P. A. Stolypin

After the revolutionary events of 1905–1907. the most far-sighted politicians understood that in order to prevent a social explosion it was necessary to reform many aspects of social life, first of all, to resolve the peasant issue. The initiator of the reform was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1906-1911) P.A. Stolypin. P.A. Stolypin, the former governor of Saratov and later minister of internal affairs, was appointed prime minister at age 44. He was an authoritarian reformer. Stolypin was convinced that without stabilizing the situation in the country, without “calming” the people, even through cruel measures, the planned transformations were doomed to failure. For his tough policies in liberal and radical circles, he gained fame as a “hangman.”

November 9, 1906 a decree was issued that: 1) granted peasants the right to freely leave communities, securing the ownership of the due part of the communal land; 2) the peasant could receive land in the form of a separate plot (cut), to which he could move his estate (farm).

Thus, the decree did not specifically destroy peasant communities, but freed the hands of peasants who wanted to farm independently. Thus, it was planned to create in the village a layer of strong, homely owners, alien to the revolutionary spirit, and generally increase productivity Agriculture. The decree, adopted during the inter-army period, immediately came into force as an “emergency”.

A major role was assigned to the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture(since 1908 - Ministry of Agriculture), which organized the correct demarcation of land on the ground.

It was planned to develop medicine and veterinary medicine, provide social assistance peasants.

To resolve the issue of land shortage, resettlement of peasants from areas with acute shortage land in Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other areas. In addition, immigrants were exempted from taxes for a long time and were given a cash allowance of 200 rubles. for one family.

First revolution 1905-1907 took place due to a number of factors that manifested themselves in various spheres of Russian society at that time. did not develop instantly, but was intensified gradually due to unresolved problems accumulating since the mid-19th century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalism moved to the highest stage of its development - imperialism, which was accompanied by an exacerbation of all contradictions in society both within the country and at the international level.

The working day lasted fourteen hours!

Causes of the revolution of 1905-1907 lie in the fact that in the country, in different segments of the population, there has appeared a large number of people who are dissatisfied with their lives. It is worth noting the disenfranchised position primarily of the working class, which became the driving force in 1917. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of representatives of the proletariat in Russia reached fourteen million people (of which about ten percent were career workers). And these fourteen million industrialists were forced to work 14 hours a day (with a working day of 11 and a half hours officially established since 1897).

Exile without investigation or trial

The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) also became possible because at the same time the working class was significantly limited in its rights to protect its own interests. IN Russian Empire there were secret regulations at the level of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that made it possible to exile representatives of the proletariat without investigation or trial for participating in protests. For the same actions you could go to prison for a period of 60 to 240 days.

They worked for pennies

Russian Revolution 1905-1907 became possible due to the brutal exploitation of the working class by industrial owners. For example, in the processing of minerals from each ruble of profit, workers received less than a third (32 kopecks), and in the processing of metals and Food Industry and even less - 22 and 4 kopecks, respectively. In those days they spent even less on social services - 0.6% of entrepreneurs’ expenses. This may have been partly due to the fact that more than half of the country's industry was owned by foreign investors. As an analysis of securities of that time showed (shares railways, enterprises, banks), many of them had distribution addresses in the USA and Europe, as well as inscriptions not only in Russian, but also in English, German and French. The revolution of 1905-1907, the goals of which, at first glance, do not reveal obvious foreign influence, is based on the fact that there were not enough industrialists and representatives of the ruling elite who would be interested in increasing the well-being of the Russian people.

The “popularity” of Russian investments at that time was due in part to the fact that during monetary reforms In 1897, the ruble of the Russian Empire was pegged to gold. A flow of foreign money entered the country, which " reverse side medals" had a conclusion Money in the form of interest also in gold. Thus, in 1887-1913, investments from Western countries almost 1800 million rubles in gold, and about 2300 million gold rubles were withdrawn as income.

Bread was consumed almost three times less than overseas

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) was based on the fact that the standard of living of the population was significantly lower than in European countries. For example, subjects of the Russian Empire at that time consumed about 3.45 centners of bread per year per capita, in the USA this figure was close to a ton, in Denmark - about 900 centners, in France - more than half a ton, in Germany - 4.32 centners . At the same time, it was in our country that large grain harvests were harvested, a significant part of which was exported, which created the preconditions for the flow of funds into the treasury, on the one hand, and “malnutrition” of the people, on the other.

Live in rural areas, before the Russian Revolution began (1905-1907), was also difficult. At that time, peasants had to pay significant taxes and excise taxes, the area of ​​peasant plots tended to decrease, many worked on leased plots, giving away half of the harvest or most income received. Landowners, on the contrary, enlarged their holdings (one landowner's farmstead accounted for up to 300 peasant households in area) and excessively exploited the farmers dependent on them. Unlike the workers, the peasantry, whose share accounted for up to 70% of the population of the Russian Empire, took part to a lesser extent in historical process called “Revolution 1905-1907”, the reasons for which the results were not very encouraging for farmers. Moreover, even on the eve of the year, many farmers were monarchists and believed in the “good tsar-father.”

The king did not want change

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) is largely connected with the policies pursued by Nicholas II, who decided to choose the path of his father, and further strengthen the autocracy, instead of trying to liberalize Russian society, as his grandfather, Alexander II, wanted to do. The latter, however, was killed on the day when he wanted to announce the first likeness Russian constitution. During his accession to the throne at the age of 26, Nicholas II pointed out that democratic changes were meaningless ideas, so the tsar was not going to take into account such opinions that had already formed in a certain part of the educated society of that time, which did not add to the autocrat’s popularity.

Unsuccessful military campaign of Nicholas II

The Russo-Japanese War, which took place in 1904-1905, did not add it either. It was launched by Japan, but many in the Russian Empire also longed for some kind of military campaign to strengthen the authority of the authorities. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) began during military operations (revolutionary actions took place for the first time in January 1905, while the war ended in August of the same year), which were, by and large, unsuccessful. Russia's fortresses were not fortified, the supply of the army and navy was poorly organized, soldiers and officers died senselessly, and the surrender of the Port Arthur fortress and the events of Tsushima and Mukden had a more than negative impact on the image of the autocrat and his entourage.

Periodization of the revolution

Historians know the following stages of the revolution of 1905-1907:

• The first - in January-March 1905.
• The second, lasted from April to August 1905.
• The third, lasting from the autumn of 1905 to March 1906.

At the first stage, the main events developed after “ Bloody Sunday", when about one hundred and forty thousand proletarians came with religious symbols and a petition about the needs of the working class to the Winter Palace, where some of them were shot by the Cossacks and government troops. In addition to economic demands, the petition also included proposals to establish popular representation in the form of a Constituent Assembly, introduce freedom of speech, religion, equality of all before the law, reducing the length of the working day, separation of church and state, public education and etc.

The bourgeoisie supported the idea of ​​constituent assemblies

The working masses were led by the priest Georgy Gapon, who headed the “Assembly of Workers of St. Petersburg”, established by the police several years earlier, which was designed to weaken the influence of revolutionary ideas on the proletariat. He also drafted the petition. Nicholas II was not in the capital during the procession. At the first stage, about 810,000 people took part in the popular unrest; the workers were supported by students, zemstvos, and employees. Revolution of 1905-1907, the goals of which were different for different groups population, for the first time attracted into its ranks the middle and large bourgeoisie, who supported the idea of ​​a constituent assembly. The Tsar, in response to the outrage, wrote an order for the Minister of Internal Affairs, A. Bulygin, demanding that he prepare a draft legislative body (the Duma).

Development of the revolutionary process: second stage

How did the revolution of 1905-1907 develop further? The second stage can be briefly characterized as follows: in April-August 1905, about 0.7 million people took part in strikes, including a strike of textile workers (in Ivanovo-Voznesensk) that lasted from May 12 to July 26. During the same period, peasant uprisings took place in every fifth district of the European part of the Russian Empire. Under pressure from these events, the authorities in August 1905 issued documents regarding the election of the Duma, but with a very small number of voters. The elections to this body were boycotted by all layers of the protest movements, so the Duma was never created.

What are the results on at this stage brought by the revolution of 1905-1907? The goals pursued by the peasantry throughout the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century were partially achieved in August 1905, when farmers were able to gain access to government lands. But only by purchasing them through the so-called Peasant Bank, which few could afford.

The third period brought civil liberties

The third stage, which the revolution in Russia went through (1905-1907), was the longest. It began in September 1905 and ended in March 1906. Here, the most significant event was the all-Russian political strike, in which about two million people took part throughout the country. The demands were still the same - an eight-hour working day, the convocation of democratic freedoms. Government structures intended to suppress the uprising by force (General Trepov’s order “not to spare cartridges and not to fire blanks to disperse the crowd”), but on October 17 of the same year, Nicholas II issued a decree that gave significant civil liberties. It included freedom of association, assembly, speech, and personal integrity. After the adoption of this decree, trade unions and councils of workers’ deputies began to emerge, the “Russian People” and “October 17” unions were founded, agrarian

The main events of the revolution (1905-1907) include two convocations of the State Duma. These were attempts to transform Russia from autocratic to parliamentary monarchy. The First Duma worked from April 1906 to July of the same year and was abolished by the emperor, as it actively fought against the current government and was distinguished by the initiation of radical laws (the Social Revolutionaries proposed nationalization natural resources and abolition of private ownership of land, etc.).

The Duma didn't come up with anything

The events of the revolution (1905-1907) were not particularly successful in terms of the work of legislative bodies. Thus, the Second State Duma, which worked in 1907 from February to June, presented many proposals for resolving the agrarian issue from different parties, considered the food issue, provisions on the abolition of courts-martial and military conscription, and opposed the “illegal actions” of the police, which greatly “angried” the current government. The Second Duma consisted of about 500 deputies, among whom 38% had higher education, homeschooling - 8 percent, secondary education - about 20%, lower education - 32 percent. One percent of the Duma was illiterate, which is not surprising, since almost 170 deputies came from the illiterate peasantry. But there were also factory directors in the Duma - 6 people, lawyers - about thirty, and even one poet.

Why did the revolution end in 1907?

The revolution of 1905-1907 ended with the dissolution. Briefly, the activities of this body can be characterized as insufficiently productive, since the Duma, again, fought more with other government bodies. In total, she adopted 20 legislative acts, of which only three received the force of law, including two projects to help people affected by crop failures.

Results of the first Russian revolution

What did the revolution of 1905-1907 bring to the inhabitants of the Russian Empire? The goals of the majority of the protesting classes of society during this historical event were not achieved, therefore the revolutionary process is considered to have failed. There were, of course, certain results in the form of the establishment of a legislative body representing a number of classes and the provision of some civil liberties. But government structure did not undergo any significant changes, the land issue was not completely resolved, the working conditions of the working class remained difficult, so the prerequisites remained for further development revolutionary processes.

The results of the revolution included the formation of three main “camps” of political parties (government, liberal-bourgeois and democratic), which would still appear on the Russian political arena in 1917.

The aggravation of contradictions within the country and the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led to a serious political crisis. The authorities were unable to change the situation. Causes of the revolution of 1905 - 1907:

• reluctance supreme authority carry out liberal reforms, the projects of which were prepared by Witte, Svyatopolk-Mirsky and others;
• the lack of any rights and the miserable existence of the peasant population, which made up more than 70% of the country's population (agrarian question);
• lack of social guarantees and civil rights for the working class, the policy of non-interference by the state in the relationship between entrepreneur and worker (labor issue);
• the policy of forced Russification in relation to non-Russian peoples, who at that time made up up to 57% of the country's population (national question);
• unsuccessful development of the situation on the Russian-Japanese front.

The first Russian revolution 1905 – 1907 was provoked by the events that took place in early January 1905 in St. Petersburg. Here are the main stages of the revolution.

• Winter 1905 – autumn 1905. The shooting of a peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905, called “Bloody Sunday,” led to the start of worker strikes in almost all regions of the country. There were also unrest in the army and navy. One of the important episodes of the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907. There was a mutiny on the cruiser "Prince Potemkin Tauride", which occurred on June 14, 1905. During the same period, the workers' movement intensified, and the peasant movement became more active.
• Autumn 1905 This period is highest point revolution. The All-Russian October strike, started by the printers' trade union, was supported by many other trade unions. The Tsar issues a manifesto on the granting of political freedoms and the creation of the State Duma as a legislative body. After Nicholas 2 granted the rights to freedom of assembly, speech, conscience, the press, the Union of October 17 and the Constitutional Democratic Party, as well as the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, announced the end of the revolution.
• December 1905 The radical wing of the RSDLP supports an armed uprising in Moscow. There are fierce barricade battles on the streets (Presnya). On December 11, the regulations on elections to the 1st State Duma are published.
• 1906 - first half of 1907 Decline in revolutionary activity. Start of work of the 1st State Duma (with a Cadet majority). In February 1907, the 2nd State Duma was convened (left-wing in its composition), but after 3 months it was dissolved. During this period, strikes and strikes continued, but gradually the government's control over the country was restored.

It is worth noting that along with the government’s loss of support for the army and the all-Russian October strike, the law establishing the Duma, the granting of freedoms (speech, conscience, press, etc.) and the removal of the word “unlimited” from the definition of the tsar’s power are the main events of the revolution of 1905 - 1907

The result of the revolution of 1905 - 1907, which was bourgeois-democratic in nature, was a number of serious transformations, such as the formation of the State Duma. Political parties received the right to act legally. The situation of the peasants improved, since redemption payments were canceled, and they were also granted the right to free movement and choice of place of residence. But they did not receive ownership of the land. Workers won the right to legally form trade unions, and the working hours in factories were reduced. Some workers received voting rights. National politics became softer. However, the most important significance of the revolution of 1905 - 1907. is to change the worldview of people, which paved the way for further revolutionary changes in the country.