Amur river in Russia. Amur is a river. Characteristics, description, mode. River of three states Economic use of river waters

The Amur River is a large waterway in the east of the Eurasian continent. On the map of Russia it marks not only one of the largest river basins, but also the border with China.

The first mention of a large water stream located in the southeastern part of Siberia appears in Russian historical sources in the 17th century The Evenks called it Chirkola, noting that it flows into Lama - the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The Amur River first appeared on the map of Russia after the expedition of E.P. Khabarov, as a result of which detailed map this river basin and established contacts with local tribes.

The following local names are common among them:

• Amur Shilkar - “wide black river” - Daurian name;
• Chirkola is an Evenki toponym;
• the Tungus called it Evur - “good world”;
• Cupid Mangu - “ big river“the Nanais called the stream;
• The Nivkhs used the name Yamur - “big water”.

On Russian and global physical map The Daurian name of the river was fixed. But among other large nations living in the Amur basin, its name has a different meaning.

1. The Mongols, on whose land about 2% of the stream lies, call it Khara-Muren - black water.
2. The Manchus call the Amur the black river - Sakhalyan Ula.
3. The Chinese have a black dragon river associated with the river they call Heilongjiang. ancient legend. Once upon a time, a white dragon lived here, who dispersed schools of fish, overturned fishing boats, and killed people and animals. But one day a kind black dragon appeared in these places. He defeated the villain and settled in the river stream.

Modern science knows 22 toponyms that designate a river stream flowing in the southeast of Russia. About half of them are translated into Russian as “black water”.

Geographical features of the river

Amur River on the map of Russia and countries East Asia has geographical, political and physical geographical features of its location. Actually, its bed runs along the border zone between Russia and China. And the reservoirs included in its basin are also located on the territory of Mongolia.

Big size The Amur river system is represented by various natural zones:

The average annual precipitation depends on the geographical location of a certain area of ​​the river basin, and ranges from 250 to 700 mm.

Location of source and mouth on the map. Where does the river flow

The Amur River on the map of Russia begins at the eastern shore of the island. Insane. The Amur Estuary is considered its mouth. Its belonging to a certain sea area remains controversial issue.

Soviet and some modern Russian researchers consider the Amur Estuary to be part of the Tatar Strait, which belongs to the Sea of ​​Japan. Interethnic research groups refer the mouth of the Amur to the Sakhalin Bay, which is part of Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Length, depth of the river

The length of the Amur stream from source to mouth is 2824 km. In some encyclopedic sources give the following information as the length of its channel:

• 4049 km is the length of the river system, which includes Hailar, Argun and Amur;
• 4279 km - the total length of Onon, Shishki and Amur;
• 5052 km - the distance from the source of the Kerulen River through Argun to the mouth of the Amur.

In its natural state, the width of the Amur channel varies from 900 to 5000 m. But during periods of heavy rainfall, its channel increases in diameter by 4-5 times. This condition lasts 2-2.5 months.

The greatest depth of the stream was recorded in its narrowest part in the area of ​​the Tyrsky cliff. According to indications measuring instruments the bottom here is at a depth of 50-60 m.

Flow

The Amur River on the map of Russia from the point of view of domestic river navigation is divided into the following parts:

Each part has unique characteristics that create a unique picture of a picturesque, powerful and dangerous river flow.

Upper Amur

The part of the stream that flows between the high rocky shores, formed by the Nyukzha ridge and the Greater Khingan mountain range, has average speed currents 6-7 km/h. As the flow approaches Blagoveshchensk, the channel widens, and the speed of movement water masses slows down to 5 km/h.

Middle Amur

The middle course of the river lies in a flat area, where the flow is divided into numerous branches and channels. The banks here are low and marshy.

Approximately in the middle of this segment in the area of ​​the Lesser Khingan ridge, numerous channels gather into a single channel.

Photo of the Lesser Khingan ridge. Many tributaries of the Amur River form here

It branches again in the section between the city of Amurzet and Khabarovsk. The flow speed of the middle Amur is approximately 5.5 km/h, increasing in the area of ​​flow junction to 6.5 km/h.

Lower Amur

The last section of the stream passes through the Lower Amur Lowland, rich in backwaters, lakes and oxbow lakes. It, divided into many channels, flows among the gentle banks, slowing down to 4-4.5 km/h. Outside the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the channel widens, passing into the Amur Estuary.

Tributaries

The Amur River on the map of Russia is constantly replenished with the waters of several hundred tributaries, which differ in size and length. A significant part of them are small seasonal flows that are not taken into account on the physical map.

The largest tributaries of the Amur are the following rivers:

Economic use of river waters

The Amur River is important economic importance for the Far Eastern region of Russia.

The main species for the Amur river basin on the map are the following: economic activity:

Settlements adjacent to the river

On both banks of the Amur there are many settlements of various sizes. Largest quantity urban settlements are located on the Russian coast.

These include:

The Amur River is a border area. Therefore, several Chinese settlements are located on its right bank.

The largest of them are:

Bridges over the Amur

The Amur River is a wide water stream, the construction of crossings on which is, from a technical point of view, a difficult task.

Currently, there are the following crossings across the main channel of the Amur basin:

Sights on the Amur River

On the banks of the Amur River there are many attractions of natural and man-made origin.

Natural attractions:

1. “Burning” mountains- unique a natural phenomenon, which appeared as a result of spontaneous combustion of brown coal deposits, which are part of the high sandy banks of the Amur. During the day, only wisps of smoke can be seen from the river, but in dark time days, small flames become visible. This is located natural miracle in the area of ​​the village of Novovoskremenevka, Shimansky district, Amur region.
2. Khingan Reserve- a picturesque area in the area of ​​the Lesser Khingan ridge. Here you can see many species of birds and animals, admire the blooming of pink lotuses.
3. Bolshekhehtsirsky nature reserve - a nature protection zone located near Khabarovsk. Here you can see a variety of plant and animal species, including the Amur tiger and the Himalayan bear.

Archaeological sites:

1. In Blagoveshchensk near st. Nagornaya is a dinosaur cemetery is a unique paleontological monument that attracts scientists and lovers of prehistoric reptiles from all over the world. The remains of both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs are found in the Blagoveshchensk excavation site.
2. In the Khabarovsk Territory, near the village of Sekochi-Alyan, there are cave drawings, whose age is more than 4 thousand years. Petroglyphs depict horses, anthropomorphic silhouettes, faces, and solar signs. Experts note that ancient images are destroyed under the influence of natural factors and acts of vandalism.
3. Albanian fort- archaeological monument of the 17th century. on the site of the first military Russian settlement in the Amur region. In the village of Albazino there is a museum telling about the history of the heroic fortress.

Historical monuments:

The Amur River is unique river system on the map of Russia, which has great importance for the development of the economy, industry, culture and tourism of the Far East.

Article format: Mila Friedan

Video about the Amur River

ABOUT great river Amur:

The sources of this great Central Asian river lie, strictly speaking, outside the CIS. From the slopes of the sky-high Hindu Kush ridge in Afghanistan, from under a glacier located almost at a five-kilometer altitude, a stream flows, swift and turbulent due to the steepness of the fall.

In its lower reaches, it has already become a small river and is called Vakhandarya. A little lower, the Vakhandarya merges with the Pamir River, takes on a new name - Pyanj, and for a long time becomes a border river, separating the three Central Asian republics of the CIS from Afghanistan.

Most of the right bank of the Pyanj is occupied by Tajikistan. The river gnaws through rocky ridges in this area, has a rapid current and is absolutely unsuitable for either navigation or irrigation.

It’s just a stormy white stream in the abyss, and even the roads along it have to be laid in places on concrete cornices hanging over Pyanj.

The mountains of Tajikistan tirelessly feed the river with meltwater from glaciers flowing from their slopes. Gunt, Murgab, Kyzylsu and Vakhsh, having flowed into Pyanj, make it so full of water that below Vakhsh, having finally changed its name to Amu Darya, the river already carries more water than the famous Nile.

But even before this, the “Central Asian Volga” meets on its way the first curiosity that nature has scattered along its banks with a generous hand. On the right bank of the Pyanj, just above the confluence of the Kyzylsu, rises the unusual, one-of-a-kind mountain Khoja-Mumin, consisting of... pure table salt.

Geologists call such formations “salt domes.” They are found in many places in the world: off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Iraq, in the Caspian region, but everywhere they are more like hills - their height does not exceed tens, or at most hundreds of meters.

And Khoja-Mumin is a real mountain peak with steep slopes, gorges and even caves. The height of this extraordinary mountain is one thousand three hundred meters! Rising nine hundred meters above the surrounding plain, it is visible for tens of kilometers.

The surrounding residents have been mining salt here since ancient times. Now science has managed to unravel many of the secrets of this mysterious natural anomaly.

Khoja-Mumin, it turns out, is a huge massif composed of salt, and at the top and in places on the slopes covered with a thin layer of soil formed from dust brought by the wind.

At ground level, the area of ​​the massif reaches forty square kilometers, and further down the salt column sharply narrows and goes to depth in the form of a column with a diameter of about a kilometer.

The slopes of the mountain are not white, as one might expect, but pale pink, greenish or bluish, depending on the impurities trapped in the salt layer. In some places they break off with sheer walls up to two hundred meters high.

In some areas of the slopes, rainwater washed deep caves with huge halls and beautiful smooth-walled passages. And the places where the soil cover has formed are covered with low thickets of thorny bushes.

Hidden in the depths of the mountain are gigantic reserves of table salt - about sixty billion tons. If it were divided among all the inhabitants of the Earth, each would receive almost ten tons!

Penetrating deep into the thickness of the mountain, rain streams dug long tunnels and wells into them and, having passed right through the mountain, emerge at its foot to the surface in the form of unusual salty springs.

Their waters, merging, form many (more than a hundred!) salty streams running across the plain to the nearby Kyzylsu. In summer, under the hot rays of the sun, part of the water in the streams evaporates along the way, and a white salt border forms along their banks.

As a result, a peculiar semi-desert landscape is formed, reminiscent of science fiction films about Mars: a brown, scorched plain along which poisonous-reddish watercourses with lifeless whitish banks meander.

Surprisingly, but true: on the flat top of Mount Khoja-Mumin there are several sources of absolutely fresh water!

Geologists say that it is possible that layers of other, insoluble rocks are sandwiched within the thickness of the salt dome. It is along them that, under pressure from below, the water rises to the top, without coming into contact with the layers of salt and maintaining a fresh taste.

Thanks to her, grasses grow on the mountain (of course, only where there is soil). And in the spring, among the rocks sparkling with snow-white salt crystals, scarlet carpets of tulips appear on the top of the mountain.

Having left the borders of Tajikistan, the full-flowing Amu Darya receives the last major tributary, the Surkhandarya, on Uzbek territory and rapidly rushes further to the west. Left behind green City Termez with a unique, southernmost zoo in the CIS.

Here at the latitude of India, warm climate allows even elephants all year round Live on fresh air, not knowing stuffy enclosures. True, polar bears have a hard time here. They are saved only by the icy mountain water in the pool.

Having parted with Uzbekistan, the Amu Darya soon says goodbye to the left-bank plains of Afghanistan, turning to the northwest and entering the territory of Turkmenistan on both banks.

From here two thousand kilometers, all the way to the Aral Sea, it flows along the border of two main Central Asian deserts: Kyzylkum and Karakum. From the city of Chardzhou, where the first (and only) bridge across wide river, motor ships are already sailing along the Amu Darya.

The countries lying along the banks of the river - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - use the waters of the generous Amu Darya to irrigate their cotton fields and orchards. To the right, to the Uzbek Bukhara, the Amu-Bukhara Canal is laid, and to the left, into the sultry sands of the Karakum Desert, the wide navigable channel of the Karakum Canal, or the Karakum River, as it is also called, goes.

The Karakum Desert occupies three quarters of the vast territory of Turkmenistan. When you fly over it on an airplane, below you see an endless sea of ​​golden sands with green beads of oases scattered here and there.

And from the south the border of Turkmenistan is high mountains. From there, two large rivers run down to the plain - Tedzhen and Murghab.

They flow for several hundred kilometers across the country, irrigating the surrounding lands, until they are finally “drinked up” by numerous canals-aryks. Ancient agricultural civilizations existed in these places before our era; the most valuable fine-fiber cotton, luxurious melons, fragrant juicy apples and grapes are grown here and now.

Nature has generously endowed Turkmenistan with fertile lands, but, as the local proverb says, “in the desert it is not the earth that gives birth, but the water,” and that is precisely what is lacking. And hundreds of thousands of hectares of excellent land lay scorched by the sun, deserted and barren.

The Karakum River changed life in Turkmenistan. The canal route stretches for one thousand two hundred kilometers across the entire republic.

He filled the Murgab and Tejen oases, Ashgabat, Bakharden, Kizyl-Arvat and Kazandzhik with Amudarya water. Further, to the oil workers' city of Nebit-Dag, water flowed through the pipeline.

The land of the Karakum now produces cotton and vegetables, watermelons and melons, grapes and fruits.

And the Amu Darya runs further - to the fertile gardens and cotton fields of the ancient Khorezm oasis stretching beyond the horizon. The power and width of the huge water artery in these places is simply amazing, especially after a two-three-day trip by train or car across a dry, waterless plain.

Already near Turtkul the river is so wide that the opposite bank is barely visible in the distant haze. Gigantic mass water rushes towards Aral Sea with great speed and power.

Slanting, some irregular, although quite high waves constantly rise on the surface of the Amu Darya.

This is not a wave that is blown by the wind, it is the river itself that oscillates and boils from fast running along an uneven bottom. In some places the water boils, foams and bubbles, as if in a boiling cauldron.

In some places, whirlpools form on it, drawing in fragments of boards or bundles of reeds floating along the river. In the evening, in the slanting rays of the setting sun, their ominous spirals are visible from afar from the deck of the ship on the river surface shining from the sunset light.

It is not surprising that the channel laid by the Amu Darya among the low-lying plain is not always able to hold this wayward flow within its banks. Here and there the river suddenly begins to wash away the bank, usually the right one.

Block after block, huge pieces of loose rock that make up the plain begin to fall into the water. At the same time, they produce a deafening roar, reminiscent of a cannon shot. No force can hold back the furious pressure of the river.

The Amu Darya has long been famous for its whims. It is known that in the old days it flowed into the Caspian Sea. Then it changed its direction and began to pour into the Aral Sea.

Its ancient channel, called the Uzboy, can still be traced in the sands of the Karakum Desert, and in the Krasnovodsk Bay on the Caspian Sea you can easily find a place where all the signs of a large river flowing into the sea have been preserved.

Even the Arab medieval historian al-Masudi said that in the 9th century large ships with goods descended along the Uzboy from Khorezm to the Caspian Sea, and from there sailed up the Volga, or to Persia and the Shirvan Khanate.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Amu Darya was divided in the area of ​​​​the current river delta into two branches: one of them, the eastern one, flowed into the Aral Sea, and the western one into the Caspian Sea. The latter gradually shallowed and dried out until, in 1545, it was finally covered with moving sand dunes.

Since then, the once densely populated area along the banks of the Uzboy has become a desert, and only the ruins of ancient cities remind of the quarrelsome nature of the capricious and violent river.

Actually, the channel changed periodically even above the delta - starting from the steeply bending Tuya-Muyun ("Camel's Neck") gorge. The river flow here is fast, the banks are composed of loose clays and sands, easily washed away by water.

Sometimes a continuous zone of deigish stretches for several kilometers along one of the banks - this is what they call the destructive work of the river here. It happens that in three to four weeks of flood the Amu Darya “licks up” up to half a kilometer coastline. It is very difficult to fight this scourge.

Even in the 20th century, catastrophic situations occurred in the lower reaches of the river. So, in 1925, the Amu Darya began to erode the right bank in the area of ​​​​the then capital of Karakalpak autonomous republic Uzbekistan - the city of Turtkul.

In seven years, by 1932, the river “ate” eight kilometers of the coast and came close to the outskirts of Turtkul, and in 1938 it washed away the first quarters of the city. The capital of the republic had to be moved to the city of Nukus.

Meanwhile, the Amu Darya continued to do its dirty work, and in 1950 it did away with the last street of Turtkul. The city ceased to exist, and its inhabitants were moved to a new town built further from the river.

But finally, the lands of ancient Khorezm stretching along the left bank were left behind, the domes and minarets of the pearl disappeared into the haze Central Asia- which, like no other Asian city, has preserved the flavor of the Middle Ages, undisturbed by typical modern buildings.

In this regard, even the famous ones cannot be compared with Khiva.

And the Amu Darya hurries forward to the Aral Sea. However, before flowing into its light blue expanse, the wild river presents another surprise: it spreads into a dozen channels and forms one of the largest river deltas in the world - with an area of ​​more than eleven thousand square kilometers.

There is no exact map of this huge tangle of riverbeds, channels, canals, islands and swampy reed jungles. Since the fickle river changes its course every now and then, some channels dry up, others, previously dry, fill with water, the outlines of the islands, capes and bends of the river change, so that it is impossible to cultivate the lands of the delta, despite the presence of water.

Here lies the kingdom of the Tugai - dense thickets two-three-meter reeds and bushes, where even the formidable Turanian tigers were found fifty years ago.

And even now the tugai forest is a real paradise for birds, turtles, wild boars and muskrats that were recently brought here. Fishermen sometimes pull out two-meter catfish on a spinning rod.

And beyond the green sea of ​​the Tugai, the Aral, suffering from lack of water, awaits the Amu Darya, which has almost completely lost its recharge from the waters of the Syr Darya, the second most important river in this region.

Almost all of its water is used for irrigation, and it flows into the Aral Sea only during high water. So Amu Darya has to water the drying sea alone.

This is how this water-filled three CIS republics ends its journey from the distant glaciers of the Hindu Kush. amazing river with three titles.

To be precise, over two and a half thousand kilometers of her tireless running we saw three different rivers: mad mountain stream, mighty water artery among the endless desert and a web of channels in the reed labyrinths of the delta.

The Amur River flows in East Asia.

In my time different countries they called it in their own way. Since ancient times, the Chinese called it the black dragon river or “Heilong Jiang”, the Manchus - “Amar”, the Mongols - the black river “Har Moron”.

The name Amur was given by the Russians and has stuck better than ever before.

Source

The beginning of the river in the mountains of Manchuria. At approximately three hundred three meters above sea level, the Argun and Shilka rivers merge into one, and they are the source of the Amur. Flows in an easterly direction.

sunset. Amur river photo

Most scientists believe it flows into the Tatar Strait of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, although there is a different opinion. Some researchers insist that it flows into the Sea of ​​Japan.

Amur river photo

The upper part of the Tatar Strait is also called the Amur Estuary, therefore in many textbooks and books you can find a mention that the Amur flows into the Amur Estuary. This is also a completely correct statement.

Characteristics

The Amur is 2824 km long and passes through three countries: Russia, China and Mongolia. The latter only affects her a little. The area of ​​the river basin is 1.855 million square kilometers, which is the fourth largest in Russia and 10th among the rivers of the entire planet. The current varies at different intervals, ranging from 4.2 to 5.5 km/h.

Amur river photo

It is conditionally divided into three sections. The upper one is considered from the source to Blagoveshchensk, the middle one - from Blagoveshchensk to Khabarovsk and the lower one - from Khabarovsk to the mouth. The basin passes through temperate latitudes. Along its length it affects 4 physical-geographical zones: steppe, forest-steppe, semi-desert and forest.

River mode

Water levels can fluctuate greatly throughout the year. This is primarily due to monsoon rains. Depending on the seasons, in the upper and middle sections the difference between the maximum and minimum water often reaches from 10 to 15 meters, and in the lower section - 8 meters. IN Lately Scientists have taken up the issue of river flooding during the rainy season.

Amur river nature photo

During the summer, the most frequent spills occur due to big amount precipitation, the same picture is observed in the spring, when ice and snow melt. From water regime The Amur River also depends on its annual flow. There are four in Amur different types flow: low, low, moderate and high level.

Khabarovsk. Amur River photo

The river is fed primarily by rain and downpours. Snow can feed it only if heavy snowfalls, and this is not recorded every year.

Flora and fauna

There are more than 136 species of fish, among them: silver carp, kaluga, aukha, rotan, white and black carp, and so on. Among them, no more than 40 are considered commercial. The rest are either not of particular interest for fishing or are protected by law. There are also endemic fish: killer whale, yellowjacket, snakehead, kaluga, Chinese perch.

Cities

Along its course, the Amur crosses many cities. Among them are Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Heihe.

Tributaries

Flowing through numerous settlements, the Amur takes water from various tributaries. The Zeya, Burey, Sungari, Ussuri, and Amgun rivers also flow into it. The largest of the tributaries is the Zeya. Its peculiarity is that it is deeper and wider than the Amur, although it is its left tributary. The right tributary is considered to be the Bureya, which flows in China.

The Ussuri River is the second right tributary, as well as natural boundary Russia and China. The Amgun and Anyui rivers are left and right tributaries, respectively.

Tourism on the river

Navigation is permitted and observed along the entire length of the river. The restriction of movement applies only to private and small vessels only in border areas. Moreover, this restriction applies only to Russia; there are no such restrictions from China. Passenger transportation is regularly carried out between China and Russia.

It is actively used for fishing, hydroelectric power stations, timber rafting, recreation, and tourism. Tourists travel on ships and boats in search of amazing places and beautiful landscapes.

• The first working, large bridge across the Amur was erected in 1916. Its length is 2599 meters.
• Under the river there is a single-hull railway tunnel 7198 meters long. It was built in 1937-1941. It is the only underwater tunnel in Russia. Due to emissions into water of various chemical waste From plants and factories, the ecology of the Amur leaves much to be desired. Regularly recorded increased level phenol and nitrates.
• For many years there has been debate about whether the Zeya is a tributary or a river to which the Amur adjoins.

The Amur is a river of the Far East (eastern Asian part of the Russian Federation), flowing through the territory of three states: Russia (Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Okrug), China and Mongolia.

In terms of basin area, which is 1855 thousand km 2 (more than 54% is within Russia), it is given fourth place among Russian rivers and tenth in the world. Its name has Tungus-Manchu roots, the words “amar” and “damur” meant “big river”. The Chinese call the river “Heihe” (black river) or “Heilongjiang” (black dragon river), once upon a time a mythical good black dragon lived here, he settled and lives at the bottom of this river in the area of ​​​​the Khingan cheeks ridge.

Length of river bed

The length of the river from the source (Onon River in Mongolia) to the mouth (Amur Estuary) is 4279 km, at the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers and to the Sakhalin Bay of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk - 2824 km.

From the Russian-Chinese border to Blagoveshchensk, located at the mouth of the Zeya River, the river flows about 900 km and is called the Upper Amur. The distance from Blagoveshchensk to Khabarovsk, from the mouth of the Zeya to the mouth of the Ussuri is 975 km, this section is called the Middle Amur, 966 km from Khabarovsk to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - the Lower Amur.

Cupid flows in temperate latitudes throughout four natural zones, this is the forest zone (coniferous and broad-leaved forests, middle and southern taiga), forest-steppe, steppe and desert. Therefore, the southwestern part of the river, located in the arid arid zone, receives 200-300 mm of precipitation per year, and the southeastern part within the Sikhote-Alin mountain ranges receives 750 mm.

(Flow of the Amur River in Asia)

Due to its considerable length, the river often changes its size; in the gorges of mountain ranges it is narrow, in flat areas it is wider (even tens of kilometers), the direction of the river is changeable: now north, now south.

The hydrological regime of the Amur largely depends on the seasonal monsoon rains brought air masses Pacific Ocean in the summer-autumn period. During such a rainy season, the river can overflow heavily (up to 25 km wide) and remain in this state for a long time. An example is the flood that occurred in August 2013 due to prolonged and multi-day rainfall. 185 settlements were flooded Amur region, Khabarovsk Territory and Jewish Autonomous Okrug, the water in the river reached almost 8 meters.

Source of the Amur River

(The Amur begins at the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers)

In the south-east of Mongolia, in the area of ​​​​the Khentei ridge, a small river flows Onon (translated from Mongolian as “ruin”), this is the right tributary of the mountainous, rapidly flowing Shilka River, connecting with the Argun River (Chinese name Hailar). On the Russian-Chinese border (near the village of Pokrovka, Ust-Strelka outpost) they form the Amur River. Residents of Mongolia love to cover the area around the Onon River with an aura of mystery and mysticism, claiming that there are many treacherous funnels and whirlpools on the river that drag people to the bottom, and also calling the banks of the river the birthplace of the great Genghis Khan.

Mouth of the river

The Amur River carries its waters into the Amur Estuary, which is northern part Tatar Strait between Asia and Sakhalin Island, connecting the Sakhalin Bay of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with the Tatar Strait Sea of ​​Japan through the Nevelsky Strait. The generally accepted opinion is that the mouth of the Amur is located in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, between capes Ozerpakh and Pronge in the Amur Estuary.

Tributaries of the river

The main tributaries of the Amur River are the Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri, Sungari, Anyui, and Amgun rivers.

(Amur River in Khabarovsk Territory)

Zeya ("blade" from Ewe NK.) - the left tributary of the Amur of the largest size, originates on the Stanovoy Ridge, is fed by rain and snow. It flows into the Amur near Blagoveshchensk, its length is 1242 km, the basin area is 233 thousand km². On its banks there are such big cities like Zeya, Blagoveshchensk, Svobodny.

Bureya- the left tributary of the Amur, formed by the confluence of the Pravaya and Leva Bureya rivers. It has a length of 623 km.

Amgun- river Khabarovsk Territory, which is the left tributary of the Amur., its length is 723 km, begins on the Bureinsky ridge, has first a mountainous and then a flat flow.

Uusuri- the right tributary of the Amur River, its length is 897 km. It originates in the Sihoto-Alin mountains, near the village of Kazakevichevo, Khabarovsk Territory, and flows into the Amur Channel, which flows into the Amur in the center of Khabarovsk.

Songhua- the right tributary of the Amur, this is one of its wateriest tributaries with a length of 1927 km. It originates in northeast China and flows into the Amur 288 km from Khabarovsk.

The length of Anyui, the right tributary of the Amur, is 393 km. The river originates in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, at first it behaves like a stormy and fast mountain river, then calm and measured flat.

Cities of Russia on the Amur River

(Khabarovsk Bridge over the Amur River, also called the “Amur Miracle”, total length 3890.5 meters)

The largest Russian settlements located on the banks of the Amur are Blagoveshchensk (population 224.4 thousand people), Amursk (population 40 thousand people), Khabarovsk (616.2 thousand people), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (249.7 thousand . people), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (19.13 thousand people).

The Amur River is important means transport communication on Far East, a habitat and spawning place for a huge number of different freshwater fish, including such valuable species as salmon and sturgeon. Its main resource is valuable drinking water, its condition has recently been constantly deteriorating due to anthropogenic influence (economic and industrial pollution). On the banks of this river, lovingly called by the Soviet writer Nikolai Zadornov “Father Cupid,” 70 million people from three countries of the world live (of which 90% are Chinese), for whom it is the center of their economic, economic and other activities.

The Amur River flows through the territory of three states - Russia, Mongolia and China. Of these, 54% of the basin is located in Russia, in the Far East. The Amur originates in the Western Mountains, from the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers, at an altitude of 303 m above sea level.

The area of ​​the Amur River basin is 1855 thousand square meters. km. According to this indicator, the Amur ranks 4th among the rivers of Russia and 10th among the rivers of the world. The length of the river is indicated differently in different sources; we will stop at the value of 2824 km.

The Amur flows into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

There are three main sections along the river floodplain:

• • Upper Amur (to the mouth of the Zeya River; 883 km),
  • middle Amur (from Zeya to the mouth; 975 km),
  • Lower Amur (from Ussuri to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur; 966 km).

Upper Amur, stretches from the source of the river to the city of Blagoveshchensk. Here the river flow has a mountainous character and a strong current, which is not surprising. Between and the river is sandwiched between rocky and high banks. Closer to Blagoveshchensk, the mountains gradually part and the flow naturally slows down.

Flows between Blagoveshchensk and. The river valley here is wide, the banks are swampy in places, and the riverbed is divided into numerous branches. narrows the Amur valley with its rocks. The river gathers again into a single stream flowing in a picturesque valley.

Lower Amur - this is a section of the river from Khabarovsk to the sea. The river crosses the wide Lower Amur Lowland, where there are many lakes and oxbow lakes. After the city of Nikolaevsk is located, through which the Amur connects with.

Powerful rises in water levels, the consequences of one of which (especially powerful) we observed in 2013, are not an exception for the Amur River. Significant fluctuations in water level are typical of the Amur River. Relative to low water, level fluctuations in the channel range from 10-15 m in the upper and middle Amur and up to 6-8 in the lower Amur. Spills during the heaviest rainfalls on the middle and lower Amur can reach 10-25 km and last up to 70 days.

Geography of the Amur River bed

The Amur riverbed separates the territories of China and Russia.

The Amur River basin is located in the temperate latitudes of East Asia. Within the Amur basin there are four physical-geographical zones:

• forest (with subzones of coniferous-deciduous forests, middle and southern taiga),
• forest-steppe,
• steppe,
• semi-desert (with a northern semi-desert subzone and a dry steppe subzone).

The amount of annual precipitation ranges from 250-300 mm in the southwestern part of the basin at the source of the Amur and up to 750 mm in the southwestern part of the ridge.

IN modern history The process of transition of the Amur River to a new channel took place and continues. It began in the middle of the 20th century and accelerated sharply at the beginning of the 21st century due to the technogenic impact on nature in China. Now the Amur is becoming shallower catastrophically quickly in the area of ​​the city of Khabarovsk, while the Beshenaya and Pemzenskaya channels, located on the opposite bank, on the contrary, are expanding and becoming deeper every year.

There is information that the Amur River actually has sixty-two different names. This is probably a record. I didn’t bother searching for all the names, try it yourself if you want!

The name Amur comes from the Tungus-Manchu languages. “amar”, “damur” - “big river”. Well, actually big, yes. The Chinese called it “Heihe” - “black river”. The Mongols called the Amur “Amur Khara-Muren” - “black water”.

Where to swim on the Amur

The Amur River is navigable along almost its entire length - from Pokrovka (4 km downstream from the confluence of Shilka and Argun). But navigation on the river for ordinary citizens from the same Pokrovka to Khabarovsk, that is, more than 2000 km, is prohibited - the border zone.

Tributaries Zeya, Ussuri, Bureya, Sungari, Argun, Anyui, Gorin, Gur, Amgun. The largest of them is .

Fauna

The Amur river fauna is considered one of the richest in our country. There are 130 species of fish here, of which 36 are commercial species. Among the fish we can name black carp, supergazers, silver carp, as well as kaluga, which is largest representative sturgeon. Its length can reach 5.6 meters.

Sakhalin and Amur sturgeon live in the waters of the Amur and also spawn salmon fish. There are known cases when chum salmon were in the Amur River.

Attractions

The Amur River also has its own attractions. In the river valley there are famous archaeological and historical sites: the temple on the Tyrsky cliff, ancient and modern aeolian dunes, shifting sands more than 15 meters high and much more.

On the right bank of the Amur, in the village of Sikachi-Alyan, there are ancient rock paintings - petroglyphs. They are evidence ancient civilization who are the same age Egyptian pyramids. Presumably they are more than three thousand years old.

Among the petroglyphs found there are also images of a horse, which is why archaeologists believe that in ancient times these wonderful animals lived in the coastal part of the Amur River. Over the past centuries and river floods, many petroglyphs have remained unknown to us. Some have simply not yet been discovered. But most of the petroglyphs were washed away by the waters of the Amur and carried to the bottom.

The river is large and you can swim along it to your heart's content. There are now a variety of tourist routes varying degrees complexity and duration. Tourists can go rafting down the Amur River.

The waters of the river, as already mentioned, are rich in different types of fish, so the Amur River is popular with many fishermen.

For lovers of eco-tourism, there is something to admire in the coastal part of the river - there are many species of birds and animals. Due to the wide variety of fauna and flora itself, many tourists come here, armed with good cameras - photo hunting is not forgotten!

Among animals, of course, it stands out especially Amur tiger. It is difficult to find, but those tourists who manage to do so do not miss the opportunity to take a photo.

The waters of the Amur River basin allow rafting, which tourists love and come here not only to fish, but also to engage in extreme tourism.

Thus, in terms of recreation, the Amur River can please tourists with fishing with a wide variety of fish, and with its historical and cultural heritage, among which there are temples, churches and, of course, impressive rock paintings of ancient people.

And this is not yet described in the article about the Chinese part of the Amur.......