Message about Griboedov's biography. Creative and life path of Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich. Origin and early years

Years of life: from 01/15/1795 to 02/11/1829

Russian playwright, poet and diplomat, composer, pianist. Griboedov is known as homo unius libri, the writer of one book, the brilliant rhymed play Woe from Wit.

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-born family. The first Griboyedovs have been known since 1614: Mikhail Efimovich Griboedov received land from Mikhail Romanov in the Vyazemsky Voivodeship that very year. It is noteworthy that the writer's mother also came from the same family of Griboedovs, from its other branch. The founder of this branch, Lukyan Griboyedov, owned a small village in Vladimir land. The maternal grandfather of the writer, although a military man, but possessing amazing taste and abilities, turned the Khmelity family estate into a real Russian estate, an island of culture. Here, in addition to French, Russian writers were read, Russian magazines were subscribed to, a theater was created, children received an excellent education for those times. The second, paternal branch of the Griboyedovs, was not so lucky. Griboyedov's father, Sergei Ivanovich, is a gambler and spendthrift, a desperate dragoon of the Yaroslavl Infantry Regiment.

In 1802, Griboedov was sent to the Noble Boarding School. Moreover, in French, German and music, he was immediately enrolled in the middle classes. In music and languages, he will remain strong throughout his life. Since childhood, knowing French, English, German and Italian, during his studies at the university he studied Greek and Latin, later - Persian, Arabic and Turkish and many other languages. He was also musically gifted: he played the piano, flute, he composed music himself. Until now, two of his waltzes are known (“Griboyedov Waltz”).

A year later, the boarding school had to be left due to illness, switching to home education. In 1806, A.S. Griboedov (at the age of 11) was already a student at Moscow University, who successfully graduated in 1808, receiving the title of candidate of literature, and in 1812, Alexander Sergeevich entered the ethical and legal department , and then to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

During Patriotic War In 1812, when the enemy approached the border of Russia, Griboyedov joined (against his mother's wishes) the Moscow Hussar Regiment of Count Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Young people were seduced not only by the ideas of patriotism, but also by the beautiful black uniform, decorated with cords and gold embroidery (even Chaadaev moved from the Semenovsky regiment to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, carried away by the beauty of the uniform). However, due to illness, he long time absent from the regiment. Only at the end of June 1814 did he catch up with his regiment, renamed the Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, in the city of Kobrin, in the Kingdom of Poland. In July 1813, he will be seconded to the headquarters of the commander of the cavalry reserves, General A. S. Kologrivov, where he will serve until 1816 with the rank of cornet. It was in this service that Griboedov began to show his remarkable abilities in the field of diplomacy: he ensured friendly relations with the Polish nobility, settled conflicts that arose between the army and the local population, showing diplomatic tact. His first literary experiments also appeared here: “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, essay “On the Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secret du Ménage”) - refer to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

In 1815, after the death of her father, her mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, in order to settle the faltering and complicated affairs of her late husband, offers A.S. Griboyedov to renounce the inheritance in favor of his sister Maria, whom the future writer dearly loved. Having signed the refusal, Griboedov is left without a livelihood. From now on, he will have to earn ranks and a fortune by his labor. New literary acquaintances in St. Petersburg, acquired during the holidays, literary success (Shakhovskoy himself was delighted with his first play, it was successfully staged in Moscow), the lack of prospects for military service - all this served as the reason that Griboedov began to trouble about resignation. However, when he was transferred to the civil service, none of his merits were taken into account (he did not participate in hostilities), and instead of the rank of collegiate assessor (8 in the Table of Ranks), which he petitioned for, he receives the rank of provincial secretary, one of the lowest ranks (12) in the Table of Ranks (for comparison: A.S. Pushkin will enter the service of the College of Foreign Affairs with the rank of collegiate secretary (10), which was considered a very modest achievement).

Since 1817 he served in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, got acquainted with A.S. Pushkin and V.K. Kuchelbecker.

In 1818, Griboedov accepted the appointment of the secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission under the Persian Shah (1818 - 1821, Tiflis, Tabriz, Tehran) and did a lot to bring Russian prisoners home. This appointment was essentially a reference, the reason for which was the participation of Griboedov in a quadruple duel over the artist Istomina. A.P. Zavadovsky kills V.V. Sheremetev. The duel between Griboedov and A.I. Yakubovich has been postponed. Later, in 1818, in the Caucasus, this duel will take place. On it, Griboyedov will be wounded in the arm. It is by the little finger of the left hand that the corpse of the writer mutilated by the Persians will subsequently be identified.

Upon returning from Persia in November 1821, he served as a diplomatic secretary under the commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, General A.P. Yermolov, surrounded by many members of the Decembrist societies. Lives in Tiflis, works on the first two acts of Woe from Wit. However, this work requires more solitude, greater freedom from service, and therefore asks Yermolov for a long vacation. Having received a vacation, he spends it first in the Tula province, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In January 1826, after the Decembrist uprising, Griboyedov was arrested on suspicion of being involved in a conspiracy. A few months later, he was not only released, but also received another rank, as well as an allowance in the amount of an annual salary. There really was no serious evidence against him, and even now there is no documentary evidence that the writer somehow participated in the activities of secret societies. On the contrary, he is credited with a disparaging characterization of the conspiracy: “One hundred ensigns want to turn Russia over!” But, perhaps, Griboedov owes such a complete justification to the intercession of a relative - General I.F. Paskevich, a favorite of Nicholas I, who was appointed instead of Yermolov as commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Corps and commander-in-chief of Georgia.

During this period, A.S. Griboyedov manages to do a lot. He takes charge of diplomatic relations with Georgia and Persia, reorganizes Russian policy in Transcaucasia, develops the "Regulations on the management of Azerbaijan", with his participation the "Tiflis Vedomosti" was founded in 1828, a "working house" was opened for women serving sentences. A.S. Griboyedov, together with P. D. Zaveleysky, draws up a project on the "Establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company" in order to raise the industry of the region. He negotiates with Abbas Mirza on the terms of the Russian-Persian peace, participates in peace negotiations in the village of Turkmanchay. It is he who draws up the final version of the peace treaty, which is extremely beneficial for Russia. In the spring of 1828, Alexander Sergeevich was sent to St. Petersburg with the text of the treaty. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he spent several months in Tiflis, where he married Princess Nina Chavchavadze, daughter of the head of the Erivan region and the Georgian poet Alexander Chavchavadze.

On January 30, 1829, the Persian authorities provoked an attack on the Russian embassy in Tehran. A mob of Muslims, incited by fanatics, burst into the embassy building and massacred everyone who was there, including Griboyedov. The Russian government, not wanting a new military conflict with Persia, was satisfied with the Shah's apology. The Shah of Persia sent his son to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among which was the Shah diamond. Once this diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it is in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin. Griboyedov's body was brought to Tiflis (now Tbilisi) and buried in the monastery of St. David.

Griboyedov's date of birth is a special issue. The playwright himself indicated the year of birth as 1790. Judging by the confession books of the Church of the Nine Martyrs, in whose parish the Gribredovs were for many years, the year of his birth is 1795. There is also a version that he was born in 1794.

The son of A.S. Griboedov and N.A. Chavchavadze was born prematurely after the death of his father, was baptized Alexander, but died an hour after birth.

The wife of A.S. Griboyedov left the following words on his tombstone:
“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory,
But why did my love survive you!

Bibliography

Dramaturgy Griboyedov:
Dmitry Dryanskoy (comic tragedy) (1812)
Young Spouses (comedy in one act, in verse) (1814)
Your family, or a married bride (5 scenes for Shakhovsky's comedy) (1817)
Student (comedy in three acts, written together with P. A. Katenin) (1817)
Feigned Infidelity (comedy in one act in verse) (1817)
Interlude test (interlude in one act) (1818)
Who is brother, who is sister, or deception after deception (new vaudeville opera in 1 act together with P.A. Vyazemsky) (1823)
Woe from Wit (comedy in four acts in verse) (1824)
Georgian Night (excerpts from a tragedy) (1828)

Publicism Griboyedov:
Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher" (1814)
On Cavalry Reserves (1814)
On the analysis of the free translation of the Burgher's ballad "Lenora" (1816)
Particular cases of the St. Petersburg flood (1824)
Country trip (1826)

Alexander Sergeevich Griboidov

Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman; state councilor (1828); Griboyedov is known for his brilliantly rhymed play Woe from Wit (1824), which is still very often performed in theaters in Russia, it served as a source of numerous catchphrases

Alexander Griboyedov

short biography

- a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from an early age he showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On the Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed his further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with a fatal outcome. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov’s new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboyedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs, became the new boss. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboyedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For merits, the talented diplomat was granted new position- Plenipotentiary Minister (Ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which were cultivated in the minds local population hostility towards its representatives. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow, in a wealthy well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname Griboedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a discharge clerk and one of the five compilers Cathedral Code 1649 Fedor Akimovich Griboyedov.

• Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814), retired second major;
• Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboyedova - from the Smolensk branch of this family, and her family was richer and considered more noble;
• Sister - Maria Sergeevna Griboyedova (Durnovo);
• Brother - Pavel (died in infancy);
• Wife - Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze (Georgian ნინო ჭავჭავაძე)(November 4, 1812 - June 28, 1857).

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed. There is evidence that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (this was carefully concealed by the playwright himself). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular in perfection English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University. In 1808 (at the age of 13) he graduated from the verbal department of the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical-political (legal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1810 he received his Ph.D. in law and remained at the university to study mathematics and the natural sciences.

War

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the summer, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Peter Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path”. Begichev answered this as follows:

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar. S. N. Begichev

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secre") - refer to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", published in the "Bulletin of Europe", was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Vladimir 1st degree" and a holiday on June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk, in the cavalry reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and N. I. Khmelnitsky, the famous playwright.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of a free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora”” - a review of N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”.

At the same time, Griboyedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the United Friends Masonic lodge. In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge.

In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbeker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own family, or a married bride” (in collaboration with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of the famous dancer of the St. Petersburg ballet Avdotya Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place (of course, to Zavadovsky's house), where she lived for two days. The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, was in a quarrel with her and was away, but when he returned, incited by the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment AI Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev's second; both also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

in the east

In 1818, Griboedov, refusing the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the tsar's chargé d'affaires in Persia, Simon Mazarovich. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the Shah's court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), he continued to write travel notes that he started last year. In August, he returned back, where he began to fuss about the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the very next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Persia, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close with Küchelbecker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous e-moll waltz. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The next year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev ("They compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie! ..", "How the magazine fights spread out! .."), the narrative fragment "Character my uncle”, essay “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” and the poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboyedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. Griboyedov traveled through the mountains of the peninsula, developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the author's death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Arrest

Upon his return to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboedov's belonging to secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate”. Despite this, for some time Griboedov was placed under tacit surveillance.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to the service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of religious fanatics killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. In the summer of 1829, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave. Pushkin also wrote in Journey to Arzrum that he met a cart with the body of Griboyedov on a mountain pass in Armenia, later called Pushkin.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave of Alexander Griboyedov, his widow, Nina Chavchavadze, erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to Yu. N. Tynyanov's classification) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the "Arzamas", for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends - such different people, as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of the work of V. A. Ozerov "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In 1814, two of his correspondence were published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1815, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov wrote an article "On the Analysis of the Free Translation of Lenora" (1816).

In 1817, Griboyedov's comedy "Student" was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work has a polemical character, directed against the "younger Karamzinists", parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a feature of Chatsky.

In 1817, Griboyedov took part in the writing of "Feigned Infidelity" together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, the predecessor of Chatsky, appears in it. This is a strange young man who is in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. In the same year, the comedy "Own Family, or a Married Bride" was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.

What was written before “Woe from Wit” is still very immature or created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after "Woe from Wit" - either not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or not brought further than rough sketches (the tragedy about the princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or written, but due to a number of circumstances it is not known modern science. Of Griboyedov's later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes "1812", "Georgian Night", "Rodamist and Zenobia". special attention the author's artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) also deserve it.

Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a “literary one-thinker” who exhausted his creative forces in his work on “Woe from Wit”. A reconstructive analysis of the playwright's artistic intentions allows us to see in him the talent of the creator of a truly high tragedy worthy of William Shakespeare, and literary prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary "travels".

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824 (final edition - an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828). In Russia, it is included in school curriculum Grade 9 (in Soviet times - in grade 8).

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

“Never has a nation been so scourged, never has a country been dragged so in the mud, never has so much rude abuse been thrown into the face of the public, and, however, never achieved more complete success"(P. Chaadaev. "Apology of a madman").

“His Woe from Wit was published in 1862 without distortion or abridgement. When Griboedov himself, who died at the hands of fanatics in Iran, had been away from this world for more than 30 years. Written as never before on time - on the eve of the Decembrist uprising - the play became a vivid poetic pamphlet denouncing the reigning regime. For the first time, poetry broke into politics so boldly and frankly. And politics gave in, - wrote in the essay “Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Woe from Wit" (in the author's column "100 books that shook the world" in the magazine "Youth") Elena Sazanovich. - The play in handwritten form went all over the country. Griboedov in once more quipped, calling "Woe from Wit" a comedy. Is it a joke?! About 40,000 handwritten copies. A stunning success. It was an outright spit on high society. And high society did not laugh at the comedy. Wiped off. And Griboyedov was not forgiven ... ".

Musical works

The few musical works written by Griboyedov possessed excellent harmony, harmony and conciseness. He is the author of several piano pieces, among which two waltzes for piano are the most famous. Some works, including the piano sonata, Griboyedov's most serious piece of music, have not reached us. Waltz in E minor of his composition is considered the first Russian waltz that has survived to this day. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Griboedov was a remarkable pianist, his playing was distinguished by genuine artistry.

Other

In 1828, Griboyedov completed work on the "Project for the establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company". In order to develop the trade and industry of the Transcaucasus, the project was supposed to create an autonomous management company with extensive administrative, economic and diplomatic powers to manage the Transcaucasus. The project, as contradicting his personal power in Transcaucasia, was rejected by I.F. Paskevich.

An extensive section of Griboyedov's creative heritage consists of his letters.

Memory

monuments

• In St. Petersburg, a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pioneer Square (opposite the Theater of the Young Spectator)
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A.S. Griboedov (author - Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to A.S. Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
• In Moscow, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
• In Veliky Novgorod, A. S. Griboyedov is immortalized in the monument "Millennium of Russia", in the group of sculptures "Writers and Artists".
• In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A. S. Griboyedov was erected (on Sovetskaya Street, opposite polyclinic No. 3).
• In Tbilisi, the monument to A. S. Griboedov is located on the embankment of the Kura (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
• In Tehran, near the Russian embassy, ​​there is a monument to A.S. Griboyedov (sculptor V.A. Beklemishev, 1912).

Museums and galleries

• State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov "Khmelita".
• In the Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery was named in honor of the stay of A. S. Griboyedov.

Streets

Streets to them. Griboyedov is in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries:

• Almetyevsk,
• Petrozavodsk,
• Perm,
• Chelyabinsk,
• Krasnoyarsk,
• Kaliningrad
• Surgut,
• Simferopol,
• Sevastopol,
• Bryansk,
• Yekaterinburg,
• Novokuznetsk,
• Novorossiysk,
• Novosibirsk,
• Ryazan,
• Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region),
• Irkutsk,
• Makhachkala,
• Gelendzhik,
• Kovrov,
• Tver
• Tyumen,
• Kirov,
• Essentuki;

in Belarus- Brest, Vitebsk, Minsk;

in Ukraine -

• Khmelnitsky,
• Vinnitsa,
• Kharkov,
• Kherson,
• Irpin,
• white church,
• Chernivtsi;

in Armenia- Yerevan, Vanadzor, Gyumri, Sevan;

as well as in the cities of Balti (Moldova), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Batumi and Tbilisi (Georgia), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan),

Theaters

• Smolensk Drama Theatre. A. S. Griboedova.
• In Tbilisi there is a theater named after A.S. Griboyedov, a monument (author - M.K. Merabishvili).
• A bust of A. S. Griboyedov is installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater.

Libraries

• Library of National Literature named after AS Griboyedov.
• Central Library named after A. S. Griboyedov Centralized library system#2 Central Administrative District of Moscow. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, a memorial museum was opened in it. A. S. Griboyedov Prize is awarded.

Cinema

• 1969 - The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, a Soviet teleplay staged in Leningrad in 1969, but banned from showing. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Vladimir Recepter.
• 1995 - Griboedovsky waltz, feature historical and biographical film by Tamara Pavlyuchenko. Filmed for the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov and talks about recent months life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Alexander Feklistov.
• 2010 - Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. Love and Life of Griboyedov is a 2010 Russian television series based on the novel of the same name by Yuri Tynyanov about the last year of his life. In the role of A. S. Griboyedov - Mikhail Eliseev.
• 2014 - “Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov » - Russian film in the style of an alternative world. In the role of the surviving old Griboyedov - Vyacheslav Innocent Jr.

Other

• recent years Yury Tynyanov dedicated the life of A. S. Griboyedov to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).
• On April 22, 2014, in St. Petersburg, the Grand Lodge of Russia, the lodge “A. S. Griboedov” (No. 45 in the VLR register).
• General Education School named after A. S. Griboyedov (Stepanakert).
• Secondary school No. 203 named after A. S. Griboedov in St. Petersburg.
• "Griboedov readings"
• GBOU Moscow Gymnasium No. 1529 named after A. S. Griboyedov.
• In Moscow there is a higher educational institution- Institute international law and economics. A. S. Griboedova (Moscow).
• The Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 the Catherine Canal) is a canal in St. Petersburg.
• Aeroflot Airbus 330-243 (VQ-BBF) is named after A. S. Griboyedov.

Griboyedov's high relief on the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod

Monument to Griboyedov in Moscow on Chistoprudny Boulevard

Monument to Griboyedov in Yerevan (Armenia)

Memorial plaque to Griboyedov in St. Petersburg (B. Morskaya st., 14)

In numismatics

Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov. 2 rubles, silver, 1995

• In 1995 central bank Russian Federation a coin was issued (2 rubles, 500 silver) from the series " Prominent figures Russia” with the image on the reverse of the portrait of A. S. Griboedov - to the 200th anniversary of his birth.
• Medal "A. S. Griboyedov 1795-1829” was established by the Moscow city organization of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and is awarded to writers and writers, prominent patrons of the arts and well-known publishers for selfless activities for the benefit of Russian culture and literature.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - profitable house of I. Valkh - Embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 08. - 11.1824 - the apartment of A. I. Odoevsky in the apartment building of Pogodin - Torgovaya Street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev's apartment in Usov's tenement house - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A. I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - A. A. Zhandr's apartment in Yegerman's house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
• 03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A. I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

• Order of St. Anna II degree with diamond signs (March 14, 1828)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st class (Persia, 1829)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun II degree (Persia, 1819)

Russian playwright, diplomat and composer Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born on January 15 (4 according to the old style) 1795 (according to other sources - 1790) in Moscow. He belonged to a noble family, received a serious home education.

In 1803, Alexander Griboyedov entered the Moscow University noble boarding school, in 1806 - at Moscow University. In 1808, having graduated from the verbal department with the title of candidate, he continued to study at the ethical and political department.

Fluent in French, English, German, Italian, Greek, in Latin, later mastered Arabic, Persian, Turkish.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov left his academic studies and joined the Moscow hussar regiment as a cornet.

At the beginning of 1816, having retired, he settled in St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Leading a secular lifestyle, he moved in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg. He wrote the comedies "Young Spouses" (1815), "His Family, or a Married Bride" (1817) in collaboration with playwrights Alexander Shakhovsky and Nikolai Khmelnitsky, "Student" (1817) together with the poet and playwright Pavel Katenin.

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed secretary of the Russian mission to Persia (now Iran). Not the last role in this kind of exile was played by his participation as a second in the duel of the chamber junker Alexander Zavadsky with officer Vasily Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter.

Since 1822, Griboyedov in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia) served as secretary for diplomatic affairs under the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus, General Alexei Yermolov.

In Tiflis, the first and second acts of Griboedov's famous comedy "Woe from Wit" were written. The third and fourth acts were written in the spring and summer of 1823 on vacation in Moscow and on his estate close friend retired colonel Stepan Begichev near Tula. By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed, and Griboedov went to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission for its publication and theatrical production. Only excerpts published in 1825 by Faddey Bulgarin in the anthology "Russian Thalia" could be passed through censorship. Griboedov's creation was distributed among the reading public in handwritten lists and became an event in Russian culture.

Griboedov also composed pieces of music, among which two waltzes for piano are popular. He played the piano, organ and flute.

In the autumn of 1825 Griboyedov returned to the Caucasus. At the beginning of 1826, he was arrested and taken to St. Petersburg to investigate alleged connections with the Decembrists, the instigators of the uprising in the capital on December 14, 1825. Many of the conspirators were close friends of Griboedov, but in the end he was acquitted and released.

Upon his return to the Caucasus in the autumn of 1826, he took part in several battles of the Russian-Persian war that had begun (1826-1828). Having brought to St. Petersburg the documents of the Turkmenchay peace treaty with Persia in March 1828, Griboedov was awarded and was appointed minister plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Persia.

On his way to Persia, he stopped for a while in Tiflis, where in August 1828 he married 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of the Georgian poet, Prince Alexander Chavchavadze.

In Persia, among other things, the Russian minister was involved in sending captive subjects of Russia home. The appeal to him for help by two Armenian women who fell into the harem of a noble Persian was the reason for the reprisal against the diplomat.

Reactionary circles in Tehran, dissatisfied with the peace with Russia, set the fanatical crowd on the Russian mission.

On February 11 (January 30, old style), 1829, during the defeat of the Russian mission in Tehran, Alexander Griboyedov was killed.

Together with the Russian ambassador, all the employees of the embassy were killed, except for the secretary Ivan Maltsev, and the Cossacks of the embassy convoy - a total of 37 people.

The ashes of Griboyedov were in Tiflis and interred on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. The tombstone crowns a monument in the form of a weeping widow with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?"

Griboyedov's son, baptized Alexander, died before he lived a day. Nina Griboedova never married again and never took off her mourning clothes, for which she was called the Black Rose of Tiflis. In 1857, she died of cholera after refusing to leave her sick relatives. She was buried next to her only husband.

For death Russian ambassador Persia paid with rich gifts, among them was the famous Shah diamond, which is kept in the collection of the Diamond Fund of Russia.

Griboedov's comedy Woe from Wit was staged in Moscow in 1831 and published in 1833. Her images have become common nouns, individual poems - sayings and winged words.

A canal and a garden were named after Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. In 1959, a monument to the writer was erected on Pioneer Square.

In 1959, a monument to Alexander Griboyedov was erected in Moscow at the beginning of Chistoprudny Boulevard.

In 1995, the State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Griboyedov "Khmelita" family homestead Griboyedov, with whom the childhood and early youth of the playwright are connected.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. Born January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow - died January 30 (February 11), 1829 in Tehran. Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri - the writer of one book, the brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still very often staged in Russian theaters. It served as a source of numerous catchphrases.

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-to-do, well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The author's surname Griboedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a discharge clerk and one of the five drafters of the Council Code of 1649.

The writer's father is a retired second major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboedova.

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed. There is evidence that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (this was carefully concealed by the playwright himself). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular in perfection English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University. In 1808 he received the title of candidate of verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the winter, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Peter Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at the place of service, he fell into the company of "young cornets from the best noble families" - Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now I have not been able to get on the right path for the 4th year.”

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher", essay "On the Cavalry Reserves" and the comedy "Young Spouses" (translation of the French comedy "Le secre") - date back to 1814. In the article "On the Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

In 1815, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and N. I. Khmelnitsky, the famous playwright.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of a free translation of the Burgher ballad "Lenora"" - a review of N. I. Gnedich's critical remarks about P. A. Katenin's ballad "Olga". At the same time, Griboedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the Masonic lodge "Les Amis Reunis" ("United Friends").

In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge. In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbeker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own family, or a married bride” (in collaboration with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomina to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboedov was 22 at the time). The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, Sheremeteva - the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment Yakubovich.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky's house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

In 1818, Griboyedov, refusing the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the Shah's court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), he continued to write travel notes that he started last year. In August, he returned back, where he began to fuss about the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the very next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov went there again, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close with Küchelbecker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous e-moll waltz. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The next year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev ("They compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie! ..", "How the magazine fights spread out! .."), the narrative fragment "Character my uncle”, essay “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” and the poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus.

Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboyedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Upon his return to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate”. Despite this, for some time Griboedov was placed under tacit surveillance.

In September 1826 he returned to the service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave, Griboyedov's widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!"

Yury Tynyanov devoted the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).

Playwright, poet, diplomat Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born on January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow into a noble family. At the age of fifteen he graduated from Moscow University. During the Napoleonic invasion he was enrolled in the army and served two years in a cavalry regiment. In June 1817, Griboyedov entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs; in August 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Persia.

From 1822 to 1826, Griboyedov served in the Caucasus at the headquarters of A.P. Yermolov, from January to June 1826 he was under arrest in the case of the Decembrists.

Since 1827, under the new governor of the Caucasus, I.F. Paskevich, he was in charge of diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828, after the conclusion of the Turkmenchay peace, in which Griboyedov took an active part and brought the text to St. Petersburg, he was appointed "minister plenipotentiary" to Persia to ensure the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement.

In the same year, in August, Alexander Griboedov married eldest daughter his friend - a Georgian poet and public figure Alexandra Chavchavadze - Nina, whom he knew from childhood, often studied music with her. Having matured, Nina evoked in the soul of Alexander Griboedov, a man already mature, a strong and deep feeling of love.

They say she was a beauty: a slender, graceful brunette, with pleasant and regular features, with dark brown eyes, charming everyone with her kindness and meekness. Griboedov called her Madonna Murillo. On August 22, 1828, they were married at the Zion Cathedral in Tiflis. An entry has been preserved in the church book: "The minister plenipotentiary in Persia is His Imperial Majesty State Councilor and Cavalier Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered into a legal marriage with the girl Nina, daughter of Major General Prince Alexander Chavchavadzev ... Griboedov was 33 years old, Nina Alexandrovna was not yet sixteen.

After the wedding and several days of celebrations, the young spouses left for the estate of A. Chavchavadze in Kakheti in Tsinandali. Then the young couple went to Persia. Not wanting to endanger Nina in Tehran, Griboedov left his wife for a while in Tabriz, his residence of the plenipotentiary. Russian Empire in Persia, and went to the capital to present to the shah alone. In Tehran, Griboyedov was very homesick for his young wife, worried about her (Nina was very difficult to endure pregnancy).

On January 30, 1829, a mob, instigated by Muslim fanatics, defeated the Russian mission in Tehran. During the defeat of the embassy, ​​the Russian envoy Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed. The rampaging crowd dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets for several days, and then threw it into a common pit, where the bodies of his comrades were already lying. Later, he was identified only by the little finger of his left hand mutilated in a duel.

Nina, who was waiting for her husband in Tabriz, did not know about his death; worried about her health, those around her hid the terrible news. On February 13, at the urgent request of her mother, she left Tabriz and went to Tiflis. Only here she was told that her husband was dead. The stress caused her to give birth prematurely.

On April 30, the ashes of Griboyedov were brought to Gergery, where the coffin was seen by A.S. Pushkin, who mentions this in his Journey to Arzrum. In June, Griboedov's body finally arrived in Tiflis, and on June 18, 1829, it was interred near the church of St. David, according to the desire of Griboyedov, who once jokingly said to his wife: "Do not leave my bones in Persia; if I die there, bury me in Tiflis, in the monastery of St. David. Nina fulfilled the will of her husband. Buried him where he asked; Nina Alexandrovna erected a chapel on her husband's grave, and in it - a monument depicting a woman praying and crying before the crucifixion - the emblem of herself. On the monument is the following inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory; but why did my love survive you?"