Table map of the structure of the earth's crust. Lithosphere and crust
A characteristic feature of the evolution of the Earth is the differentiation of matter, the expression of which is the shell structure of our planet. The lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere form the main shells of the Earth, differing in chemical composition, thickness and state of matter.
Internal structure of the Earth
Chemical composition of the Earth(Fig. 1) is similar to the composition of other terrestrial planets, such as Venus or Mars.
In general, elements such as iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and nickel predominate. The content of light elements is low. The average density of the Earth's substance is 5.5 g/cm 3 .
There is very little reliable data on the internal structure of the Earth. Let's look at Fig. 2. It depicts the internal structure of the Earth. The earth is made up of earth's crust, mantle and core.
Rice. 1. Chemical composition of the Earth
Rice. 2. Internal structure Earth
Core
Core(Fig. 3) is located in the center of the Earth, its radius is about 3.5 thousand km. The temperature of the core reaches 10,000 K, i.e. it is higher than the temperature of the outer layers of the Sun, and its density is 13 g/cm 3 (compare: water - 1 g/cm 3). The core is believed to be composed of iron and nickel alloys.
The outer core of the Earth has a greater thickness than the inner core (radius 2200 km) and is in a liquid (molten) state. The inner core is subject to enormous pressure. The substances that compose it are in a solid state.
Mantle
Mantle- the Earth’s geosphere, which surrounds the core and makes up 83% of the volume of our planet (see Fig. 3). Its lower boundary is located at a depth of 2900 km. The mantle is divided into less dense and plastic top part(800-900 km), from which it is formed magma(translated from Greek means “thick ointment”; this is the molten substance of the earth’s interior - a mixture chemical compounds and elements, including gases, in a special semi-liquid state); and the crystalline lower one, about 2000 km thick.
Rice. 3. Structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust
Earth's crust
Earth's crust - the outer shell of the lithosphere (see Fig. 3). Its density is approximately two times less than the average density of the Earth - 3 g/cm 3 .
Separates the earth's crust from the mantle Mohorovicic border(often called the Moho boundary), characterized by a sharp increase in seismic wave velocities. It was installed in 1909 by a Croatian scientist Andrei Mohorovicic (1857- 1936).
Since the processes occurring in the uppermost part of the mantle affect the movements of matter in the earth's crust, they are combined under common namelithosphere(stone shell). The thickness of the lithosphere ranges from 50 to 200 km.
Below the lithosphere is located asthenosphere- less hard and less viscous, but more plastic shell with a temperature of 1200 ° C. It can cross the Moho boundary, penetrating into the earth's crust. The asthenosphere is the source of volcanism. It contains pockets of molten magma, which penetrates into the earth's crust or pours out onto the earth's surface.
Composition and structure of the earth's crust
Compared to the mantle and core, the earth's crust is a very thin, hard and brittle layer. It is composed of a lighter substance, in which about 90 natural chemical elements. These elements are not equally represented in the earth's crust. Seven elements - oxygen, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - account for 98% of the mass of the earth's crust (see Fig. 5).
Peculiar combinations of chemical elements form various rocks and minerals. The oldest of them are at least 4.5 billion years old.
Rice. 4. Structure of the earth's crust
Rice. 5. Composition of the earth's crust
Mineral is a relatively homogeneous natural body in its composition and properties, formed both in the depths and on the surface of the lithosphere. Examples of minerals are diamond, quartz, gypsum, talc, etc. (Characteristics physical properties various minerals can be found in Appendix 2.) The composition of the Earth's minerals is shown in Fig. 6.
Rice. 6. General mineral composition of the Earth
Rocks consist of minerals. They can be composed of one or several minerals.
Sedimentary rocks - clay, limestone, chalk, sandstone, etc. - formed by sedimentation of substances in aquatic environment and on land. They lie in layers. Geologists call them pages of the history of the Earth, because they can learn about natural conditions that existed on our planet in ancient times.
Among sedimentary rocks distinguish organogenic and inorganogenic (clastic and chemogenic).
Organogenic Rocks are formed as a result of the accumulation of animal and plant remains.
Clastic rocks are formed as a result of weathering, destruction by water, ice or wind of the products of destruction of previously formed rocks (Table 1).
Table 1. Clastic rocks depending on the size of the fragments
|
Breed name |
Size of bummer con (particles) |
|
More than 50 cm |
|
|
5 mm - 1 cm |
|
|
1 mm - 5 mm |
|
|
Sand and sandstones |
0.005 mm - 1 mm |
|
Less than 0.005 mm |
Chemogenic Rocks are formed as a result of the precipitation of substances dissolved in them from the waters of seas and lakes.
In the thickness of the earth's crust, magma forms igneous rocks(Fig. 7), for example granite and basalt.
Sedimentary and igneous rocks, when immersed to great depths under the influence of pressure and high temperatures, undergo significant changes, turning into metamorphic rocks. For example, limestone turns into marble, quartz sandstone into quartzite.
The structure of the earth's crust is divided into three layers: sedimentary, granite, and basalt.
Sedimentary layer(see Fig. 8) is formed mainly by sedimentary rocks. Clays and shales predominate here, and sandy, carbonate and volcanic rocks are widely represented. In the sedimentary layer there are deposits of such mineral, like coal, gas, oil. All of them organic origin. For example, coal is a product of the transformation of plants of ancient times. The thickness of the sedimentary layer varies widely - from complete absence in some land areas to 20-25 km in deep depressions.
Rice. 7. Classification of rocks by origin
"Granite" layer consists of metamorphic and igneous rocks, similar in their properties to granite. The most common here are gneisses, granites, crystalline schists, etc. The granite layer is not found everywhere, but on continents where it is well expressed, its maximum thickness can reach several tens of kilometers.
"Basalt" layer formed by rocks close to basalts. These are metamorphosed igneous rocks, denser than the rocks of the “granite” layer.
The thickness and vertical structure of the earth's crust are different. There are several types of the earth's crust (Fig. 8). According to the simplest classification, a distinction is made between oceanic and continental crust.
Continental and oceanic crust vary in thickness. Thus, the maximum thickness of the earth’s crust is observed under mountain systems. It is about 70 km. Under the plains the thickness of the earth's crust is 30-40 km, and under the oceans it is thinnest - only 5-10 km.
Rice. 8. Types of the earth's crust: 1 - water; 2- sedimentary layer; 3—interlayering of sedimentary rocks and basalts; 4 - basalts and crystalline ultrabasic rocks; 5 – granite-metamorphic layer; 6 – granulite-mafic layer; 7 - normal mantle; 8 - decompressed mantle
The difference between the continental and oceanic crust in the composition of rocks is manifested in the fact that there is no granite layer in the oceanic crust. And the basalt layer of the oceanic crust is very unique. In terms of rock composition, it differs from a similar layer of continental crust.
The boundary between land and ocean (zero mark) does not record the transition of the continental crust to the oceanic one. The replacement of continental crust by oceanic crust occurs in the ocean at a depth of approximately 2450 m.
Rice. 9. Structure of the continental and oceanic crust
There are also transitional types of the earth's crust - suboceanic and subcontinental.
Suboceanic crust located along continental slopes and foothills, can be found in marginal and Mediterranean seas. It represents continental crust with a thickness of up to 15-20 km.
Subcontinental crust located, for example, on volcanic island arcs.
Based on materials seismic sounding - speed of seismic waves - we receive data on deep structure earth's crust. Yes, Kola ultra-deep well, which for the first time made it possible to see rock samples from a depth of more than 12 km, brought many unexpected things. It was assumed that at a depth of 7 km a “basalt” layer should begin. In reality, it was not discovered, and gneisses predominated among the rocks.
Change in temperature of the earth's crust with depth. The surface layer of the earth's crust has a temperature determined by solar heat. This heliometric layer(from the Greek helio - Sun), experiencing seasonal temperature fluctuations. Its average thickness is about 30 m.
Below is an even thinner layer, characteristic feature which is constant temperature, corresponding average annual temperature observation sites. The depth of this layer increases under conditions continental climate.
Even deeper in the earth's crust there is a geothermal layer, the temperature of which is determined by internal heat Earth and increases with depth.
The increase in temperature occurs mainly due to the decay of radioactive elements that make up rocks, primarily radium and uranium.
The amount of temperature increase in rocks with depth is called geothermal gradient. It varies within a fairly wide range - from 0.1 to 0.01 °C/m - and depends on the composition of rocks, the conditions of their occurrence and a number of other factors. Under the oceans, temperature increases faster with depth than on continents. On average, with every 100 m of depth it becomes warmer by 3 °C.
The reciprocal of the geothermal gradient is called geothermal stage. It is measured in m/°C.
The heat of the earth's crust is an important energy source.
The part of the earth's crust that extends to depths accessible to geological study forms bowels of the earth. The Earth's interior requires special protection and wise use.
Earth's crust – the outer solid shell of the Earth, the upper part of the lithosphere. The earth's crust is separated from the Earth's mantle by the Mohorovicic surface.
It is customary to distinguish continental and oceanic crust, which differ in their composition, power, structure and age. Continental crust located under continents and their underwater margins (shelves). The earth's crust of continental type, with a thickness of 35-45 km, is located under the plains up to 70 km in the area of young mountains. The most ancient sections of the continental crust have a geological age exceeding 3 billion years. It consists of the following shells: weathering crust, sedimentary, metamorphic, granite, basalt.
Oceanic crust much younger, its age does not exceed 150-170 million years. It has less power – 5-10 km. There is no boundary layer within the oceanic crust. In the structure of the oceanic crust, the following layers are distinguished: unconsolidated sedimentary rocks (up to 1 km), volcanic oceanic, which consists of compacted sediments (1-2 km), basalt (4-8 km).
The rocky shell of the Earth does not represent a single whole. It consists of separate blocks – lithospheric plates. Total for globe there are 7 large and several smaller plates. The large ones include the Eurasian, North American, South American, African, Indo-Australian (Indian), Antarctic and Pacific plates. Within all major plates, with the exception of the last, continents are located. The boundaries of lithospheric plates usually run along mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches.
Lithospheric plates constantly changing: two plates can be soldered into a single one as a result of a collision; As a result of rifting, the slab may split into several parts. Lithospheric plates can sink into the earth's mantle, reaching the earth's core. Therefore, the division of the earth's crust into plates is not unambiguous: with the accumulation of new knowledge, some plate boundaries are recognized as non-existent, and new plates are identified.
Within lithospheric plates there are areas with different types of earth's crust. So, East End The Indo-Australian (Indian) plate is a continent, and the western one is located at the base of the Indian Ocean. The African Plate has continental crust surrounded on three sides by oceanic crust. The mobility of the atmospheric plate is determined by the relationship between the continental and oceanic crust within its boundaries.
When lithospheric plates collide, a folding of rock layers. Pleated belts – mobile, highly dissected areas earth's surface. There are two stages in their development. On initial stage The earth's crust experiences predominantly subsidence, sedimentary rocks accumulate and metamorphose. At the final stage, the subsidence gives way to uplift, and the rocks are crushed into folds. Over the past billion years, there have been several eras of intense mountain building on Earth: the Baikal, Caledonian, Hercynian, Mesozoic and Cenozoic orogenies. In accordance with this, they distinguish various areas folding.
Subsequently, the rocks that make up the folded region lose their mobility and begin to collapse. Sedimentary rocks accumulate on the surface. Stable areas of the earth's crust are formed –
platforms. They usually consist of a folded foundation (remains of ancient mountains), covered on top by layers of horizontally occurring sedimentary rocks that form a cover. According to the age of the foundation, ancient and young platforms are distinguished. Areas of rock where the foundation is buried deep and covered by sedimentary rocks are called slabs. The places where the foundation reaches the surface are called shields. They are more typical for ancient platforms. At the base of all continents there are ancient platforms, the edges of which are folded areas of different ages. 
The spread of platform and fold regions can be seen on tectonic geographical map, or on a map of the structure of the earth's crust.
Still have questions? Want to know more about the structure of the earth's crust?
To get help from a tutor -.
blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.
The earth's crust in the scientific sense is the uppermost and hardest geological part of the shell of our planet.
Scientific research allows us to study it thoroughly. This is facilitated by repeated drilling of wells both on continents and on the ocean floor. The structure of the earth and the earth's crust in different parts of the planet differs both in composition and characteristics. The upper boundary of the earth's crust is the visible relief, and the lower boundary is the zone of separation of the two environments, which is also known as the Mohorovicic surface. It is often referred to simply as the “M boundary.” It received this name thanks to the Croatian seismologist Mohorovicic A. He long years observed the speed of seismic movements depending on the depth level. In 1909, he established the existence of a difference between the earth's crust and the hot mantle of the earth. The M boundary lies at the level where the speed of seismic waves increases from 7.4 to 8.0 km/s.
Chemical composition of the Earth
Studying the shells of our planet, scientists have made interesting and even stunning conclusions. The structural features of the earth's crust make it similar to the same areas on Mars and Venus. More than 90% of its constituent elements are represented by oxygen, silicon, iron, aluminum, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium. Combining with each other in various combinations, they form homogeneous physical bodies - minerals. They can be included in rocks in different concentrations. The structure of the earth's crust is very heterogeneous. Thus, rocks in a generalized form are aggregates of more or less constant chemical composition. These are independent geological bodies. They mean a clearly defined area of the earth's crust, which has the same origin and age within its boundaries.
Rocks by group
1. Igneous. The name speaks for itself. They arise from cooled magma flowing from the mouths of ancient volcanoes. The structure of these rocks directly depends on the rate of lava solidification. The larger it is, the smaller the crystals of the substance. Granite, for example, was formed in the thickness of the earth's crust, and basalt appeared as a result of the gradual outpouring of magma onto its surface. The variety of such breeds is quite large. Looking at the structure of the earth's crust, we see that it consists of 60% igneous minerals.
2. Sedimentary. These are rocks that were the result of the gradual deposition of fragments of certain minerals on land and the ocean floor. These can be loose components (sand, pebbles), cemented components (sandstone), remains of microorganisms (coal, limestone), or products of chemical reactions (potassium salt). They make up up to 75% of the entire earth's crust on the continents.
According to the physiological method of formation, sedimentary rocks are divided into:
- Clastic. These are the remains of various rocks. They were destroyed under the influence natural factors(earthquake, typhoon, tsunami). These include sand, pebbles, gravel, crushed stone, clay.
- Chemical. They are gradually formed from aqueous solutions of certain mineral substances (salt).
- Organic or biogenic. Consist of the remains of animals or plants. These are oil shale, gas, oil, coal, limestone, phosphorites, chalk.
3. Metamorphic rocks. Other components can be converted into them. This occurs under the influence of changing temperature, high pressure, solutions or gases. For example, you can get marble from limestone, gneiss from granite, and quartzite from sand.
Minerals and rocks that humanity actively uses in its life are called minerals. What are they?
These are natural mineral formations that affect the structure of the earth and the earth's crust. They can be used in agriculture and industry, both in natural form and through processing.
Types of useful minerals. Their classification
Depending on the physical condition and aggregations, minerals can be divided into categories:
- Solid (ore, marble, coal).
- Liquid ( mineral water, oil).
- Gaseous (methane).
Characteristics of individual types of minerals
According to the composition and features of application, they are distinguished:
- Combustibles (coal, oil, gas).
- Ore. They include radioactive (radium, uranium) and precious metals(silver, gold, platinum). There are ores of ferrous (iron, manganese, chromium) and non-ferrous metals (copper, tin, zinc, aluminum).
- Nonmetallic minerals play a significant role in such a concept as the structure of the earth's crust. Their geography is vast. These are non-metallic and non-combustible rocks. This Construction Materials(sand, gravel, clay) and chemical substances(sulfur, phosphates, potassium salts). A separate section is devoted to precious and ornamental stones.
The distribution of minerals on our planet directly depends on external factors and geological patterns.
Thus, fuel minerals are primarily mined in oil and gas bearing and coal basins. They are of sedimentary origin and form on the sedimentary covers of platforms. Oil and coal rarely occur together.
Ore minerals most often correspond to the basement, overhangs, and folded areas of platform plates. In such places they can create huge belts.
Core
The earth's shell, as is known, is multi-layered. The core is located in the very center, and its radius is approximately 3,500 km. Its temperature is much higher than that of the Sun and is about 10,000 K. Accurate data on chemical composition the core has not been obtained, but presumably it consists of nickel and iron.
The outer core is in a molten state and has even greater power than the inner one. The latter is subject to enormous pressure. The substances of which it consists are in a permanent solid state.
Mantle
The Earth's geosphere surrounds the core and makes up about 83 percent of the entire surface of our planet. The lower boundary of the mantle is at enormous depth almost 3000 km. This shell is conventionally divided into a less plastic and dense upper part (it is from this that magma is formed) and a lower crystalline one, the width of which is 2000 kilometers.
Composition and structure of the earth's crust
In order to talk about what elements make up the lithosphere, we need to give some concepts.
The earth's crust is the outermost shell of the lithosphere. Its density is less than half the average density of the planet.
The earth's crust is separated from the mantle by the boundary M, which was already mentioned above. Since the processes occurring in both areas mutually influence each other, their symbiosis is usually called the lithosphere. It means "stone shell". Its power ranges from 50-200 kilometers.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, which has a less dense and viscous consistency. Its temperature is about 1200 degrees. A unique feature of the asthenosphere is the ability to violate its boundaries and penetrate the lithosphere. It is the source of volcanism. Here there are molten pockets of magma, which penetrates the earth's crust and pours out to the surface. By studying these processes, scientists were able to make many amazing discoveries. This is how the structure of the earth's crust was studied. The lithosphere was formed many thousands of years ago, but even now active processes are taking place in it.
Structural elements of the earth's crust
Compared to the mantle and core, the lithosphere is a hard, thin and very fragile layer. It is made up of a combination of substances, in which more than 90 chemical elements have been discovered to date. They are distributed heterogeneously. 98 percent of the mass of the earth's crust is made up of seven components. These are oxygen, iron, calcium, aluminum, potassium, sodium and magnesium. The oldest rocks and minerals are over 4.5 billion years old.
By studying the internal structure of the earth's crust, various minerals can be identified.
A mineral is a relatively homogeneous substance that can be found both inside and on the surface of the lithosphere. These are quartz, gypsum, talc, etc. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals.
Processes that form the earth's crust
The structure of the oceanic crust
This part of the lithosphere mainly consists of basaltic rocks. The structure of the oceanic crust has not been studied as thoroughly as the continental crust. Plate tectonic theory explains that the oceanic crust is relatively young, and the most recent parts of it can be dated to the Late Jurassic.
Its thickness practically does not change over time, since it is determined by the amount of melts released from the mantle in the zone of mid-ocean ridges. It is significantly influenced by the depth of sedimentary layers on the ocean floor. In the most extensive areas it ranges from 5 to 10 kilometers. This type The earth's shell belongs to the oceanic lithosphere.
Continental crust
The lithosphere interacts with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. In the process of synthesis, they form the most complex and reactive shell of the Earth. It is in the tectonosphere that processes occur that change the composition and structure of these shells.
The lithosphere on the earth's surface is not homogeneous. It has several layers.
- Sedimentary. It is mainly formed by rocks. Clays and shales predominate here, and carbonate, volcanic and sandy rocks are also widespread. In sedimentary layers you can find minerals such as gas, oil and coal. All of them are of organic origin.
- Granite layer. It consists of igneous and metamorphic rocks that are closest in nature to granite. This layer is not found everywhere; it is most pronounced on the continents. Here its depth can be tens of kilometers.
- The basalt layer is formed by rocks close to the mineral of the same name. It is denser than granite.
Depth and temperature changes in the earth's crust
The surface layer is heated by solar heat. This is the heliometric shell. It experiences seasonal temperature fluctuations. The average thickness of the layer is about 30 m.
Below is a layer that is even thinner and more fragile. Its temperature is constant and approximately equal to the average annual temperature characteristic of this region of the planet. Depending on the continental climate, the depth of this layer increases.
Even deeper in the earth's crust is another level. This is a geothermal layer. The structure of the earth's crust allows for its presence, and its temperature is determined by the internal heat of the Earth and increases with depth.
The temperature rise occurs due to the decay of radioactive substances that are part of rocks. First of all, these are radium and uranium.
Geometric gradient - the magnitude of the temperature increase depending on the degree of increase in the depth of the layers. This setting depends on various factors. The structure and types of the earth's crust influence it, as well as the composition of rocks, the level and conditions of their occurrence.
The heat of the earth's crust is an important energy source. Its study is very relevant today.
Lesson objectives:
Continue to form an idea of the diversity of the Earth's topography.
Identify placement patterns large forms relief and seismic belts of the Earth.
Develop the ability to read a map of the structure of the earth’s crust, compare and contrast it with a physical map.
Equipment:
textbook, atlas, physical map of the world, map of the structure of the earth's crust.
Main content:
earth's crust on the map. Platform and its structure. Map of the structure of the earth's crust. Folded areas. Fold-block and regenerated mountains. Placement of mountains and plains on Earth.
Workshop. Designation on contour map largest platforms and mountain systems.
Checking homework:
1.
What are the main provisions of the theory of lithospheric plates?
2.
Show the largest lithospheric plates on the map.
3.
Describe the stages of development of the earth's crust.
Learning new material:
At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher asks you to remember how the earth's crust differs. There are continental and oceanic types of the earth's crust. They are heterogeneous in their structure. The continental crust consists of a sedimentary layer formed by sedimentary rocks of different ages, a granite layer consisting of various igneous and metamorphic rocks, and a basalt layer consisting of highly metamorphosed rocks.
The oceanic crust differs from the continental crust in the absence or low thickness of the granite layer.
The continental crust, especially in the mountains, is much thicker than the oceanic crust. To systematize knowledge, the teacher demonstrates a drawing on the blackboard.
Based on the nature and strength of movements, the earth's crust is divided into relatively stable and mobile areas.
What processes affect the Earth's surface? Answer: internal and external processes. The teacher explains how continental platforms were formed.
Under the influence of internal (endogenous) processes, troughs arose on the surface of the earth's crust, the bottom of which sank for a long time, forming sea depressions. They were filled over millions of years with thick layers of sedimentary rocks. Over time, the subsidence was replaced by uplift, as a result of which folded structures gradually appeared in place of the deflections. mountain systems. This process was accompanied by volcanic eruptions and frequent earthquakes.
At the same time, external (exogenous) processes were also active on the Earth’s surface - weathering, removal of rocks by flowing waters, the work of wind, sea surf, under the influence of which many millions of years later mountainous areas turned into plains with a hard base. So in place mountainous countries relatively stable vast areas of the earth's crust - continental platforms - were formed.
On the map of the structure of the earth's crust, students find the most ancient platforms that serve as the foundation of continents.
Students obtain knowledge about the structure of platforms independently from the text of § 9 (p. 32) and analysis of Figure 24.
Next, the teacher talks about moving parts of the earth's crust. After the explanation, he asks the question: why are the moving areas of the cortex colored different colour?
Comparing the map of the structure of the earth's crust and the physical world map, students identify patterns of placement of various relief forms on the Earth's surface. Students should come to the conclusion that the structure of the earth's crust and relief are naturally interrelated. Stable sections of the earth's crust - platforms - correspond in relief to plains. Mobile sections of the earth's crust - folded belts - are represented in relief by mountains.
At the end of the lesson, students identify the largest platforms and mountain systems on a contour map.
Homework:
1) study § 9; 2) answer the questions and complete the tasks after the paragraph.
summary of other presentations“Miracles of the Krasnoyarsk Territory” - Seven Wonders Krasnoyarsk Territory. Dance Ensemble of Siberia. The Yenisei found itself in a deep crisis. Natural Park“Ergaki”. Miracles of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Minusinsk Basin. Tunguska meteorite. Hockey team “Yenisei”. Events. Holy Cross Church. Krasnoyarsk region. Vankor field.
“Game “Africa”” - Antelope. Animal world savannas. Ethiopian Highlands. Namib Desert. Cassava. Picture of an animal. Fagara. Congo River. Peninsula of Somalia. Mainland. Kilimanjaro. Giant. African wild Horse. Lake Victoria. Henry Morton Stanley. Which slope of the Drakensberg Mountains receives more rainfall? Date palm. Large animal. Symbol of Africa. Lake Chad. African experts. Game "Africa". The path to India. Zambezi River.
“Map of continents and oceans” - A snapshot of the Earth from space. Physical card. Climate map. Geography of continents and oceans. Continents. Map natural areas. How people discovered the planet. Soil map. Parts of the world. Let's remember. Map of the structure of the earth's crust. general information. Map climatic zones. Continents and islands.
“Geography of the Atlantic Ocean” - Icebergs can be found even at forties latitudes. These two currents Atlantic Ocean warm. Interaction between the ocean, atmosphere and land. History of ocean exploration. Geographical position ocean. The purpose of the lesson. In which of these seas of the Atlantic Ocean is oil produced? Quiet and Indian Oceans. At what latitudes is the widest part of the Atlantic located? Extensive shelves of the Atlantic Ocean.
“Earth’s crust and lithospheric plates” - Lithosphere plates. The structure of the earth's crust. Map of the structure of the earth's crust. Lithospheric plates and their movement. The relationship between land and ocean. Breakup of Pangea. Test questions. Internal structure of the Earth. Platforms and seismic belts. Hypotheses of the origin of continents and ocean basins.
“Ice Desert” - Inhabitants of the Arctic. "Ordinary Arctic". Did Arctida exist? Today the ice desert is calm. Mesmerizing pictures are born on dark sky V polar night. Honeymoon to Antarctica. Polar regions of the Earth. It is believed that Arctida slowly sank to the bottom of the ocean. Tourists travel on special inflatable boats. White spots on modern map. Much has changed since then.