Incoherent thinking. Incoherent thinking. Sentences containing the word "rambling"
Theoretical generalization Etymology.
Comes from the Greek. theory - research.
Category.Generalization form.
Specificity.It is based on identifying significant connections between the phenomena of the surrounding world, indicating their genetic relationship. It is carried out with the help of a concept in which only the most essential is fixed, and the particular is omitted. The ability for theoretical generalization is formed most intensively in adolescence and youth.
Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.
See what a “theoretical generalization” is in other dictionaries:
Generalization- concepts - a logical operation through which, as a result of excluding a specific feature, a concept of a wider scope is obtained. For example, a power of attorney is a business document. Generalization, a form of increasing knowledge through a mental transition from... ... Wikipedia
Generalization (philosophy)- Generalization of concepts is a logical operation through which, as a result of excluding a specific feature, a concept of a broader scope is obtained. For example, a power of attorney is a business document. Generalization, a form of increasing knowledge through mental... ... Wikipedia
Generalization based on identifying significant connections between phenomena outside world, indicating their genetic relationship. Relies on hidden essential properties that go beyond direct observation and require introduction... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Generalization of concepts- Generalization of concepts is a logical operation through which, as a result of excluding a specific characteristic, another concept of a broader scope, but less specific content is obtained; a form of increasing knowledge through a mental transition from... ... Wikipedia
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL- two main types of rational knowledge. They differ in subject matter, methodological clusters, sources, and criteria of truth. The subject of empirical knowledge is empirical objects, which are the results of mental... ... Philosophy of Science: Glossary of Basic Terms
Generalization- transition to a higher level of abstraction by identifying common features(properties, relationships, development trends, etc.) of objects in the area under consideration; entails the emergence of new scientific concepts, laws, and theories. O. provides… … Pedagogical terminological dictionary
GENERALIZATION- (lat. generalisatio), in teaching, a mental action that reveals the relationship and connections between the particular and general properties of the material being acquired. O. one of the main thinks, acts, is present in any activity, allowing a person to discover in... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Purpose of education- theoretical generalization and expression of the needs of society for a certain type of personality, ideal requirements for its essence, individuality, properties and qualities, mental, physical, moral, aesthetic development and attitude towards... Pedagogical dictionary
THE SCIENCE - special kind cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about the world. Interacts with other types of cognitive activity: everyday, artistic, religious, mythological... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Abstraction- This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia
Books
- Sketches and educational drawing, V. A. Mogilevtsev. Theoretical generalization of the experience of conducting educational drawing in a personal workshop, as well as short sketches - sketches, as they are called in this professional environment, represent an unconditional...
Thinking- this is the highest form of human cognitive activity, a socially conditioned mental process of indirect and generalized reflection of reality, the process of searching and discovering something essentially new. To put it briefly, we can say that thinking- this is a mental cognitive process of reflecting significant connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world. Based on thinking, a person, cognizing the world, can connect together individual events and phenomena with logical connections. At the same time, he generalizes the results of sensory experience and reflects the general properties of things. On this generalized basis, a person solves specific cognitive problems. For example, we know you can’t smoke in a car park.
straightening station, and we don’t even try to do this. Our consciousness has built a logical connection between the explosiveness of gasoline and smoking and made a forecast of what could happen in case of violation of safety regulations.
Thinking provides answers to questions that cannot be resolved through direct, sensory reflection. Thanks to thinking, a person correctly navigates the world around him, using previously obtained generalizations in a new, specific environment.
Intelligence- totality mental abilities of a person, ensuring the success of his cognitive activity. In a broad sense, this term is understood as the totality of all cognitive functions of an individual (perception, memory, imagination,
thinking), and in a narrow sense - his thinking abilities.
Pathology of thinking.
Divided into 2 large parts:
1. Pathology quantitative(pace of thinking):
Accelerated thinking. Characteristic of manic states. A person talks a lot, he is on the rise, in motion, he gesticulates animatedly, his facial expressions are animated and his speech flows. He speaks, as a rule, in a monologue and without exhaustion, while he is often distracted and quickly switches from one topic to another, and this depends on the nature of the associations that are always present in them for these patients. These are superficial, lightweight associations. For example, by consonance (almost 100% of manic patients write poetry without difficulty, since they can easily find a rhyme: goats - frosts - doses - birches, etc.). But the associations are superficial, so like a patient he doesn’t go deeper into the topic. The situation is exactly the same with lightweight associations (that is, by similarity). For example: salt - sugar - salt - everything seems to be in color; or by contiguity: he started talking about his mother, but switched to his father, brother - because they are adjacent people (family relations). There may be associations that are lighter by contrast: they talk about black and switch to white, or they start about good and switch to bad. And so they say, they say, they say... . everything that comes into the patient’s field of vision becomes a topic for conversation.
Slow thinking occurs in depressed patients. Indeed, everything is the opposite: there are few associations, thoughts are short, barely cling to one another, and are colored black. I don't think about anything good.
2. Qualitative thought disorders, 2 groups of disorders:
Thinking incoherently
Atactic thinking (dissent)
Where does incoherent thinking come from? So this is when the associative path is disrupted.
Incoherent thinking - asthenic– often in severe somatic patients. Do not bring the thought to completion, because there is no strength. It is less common in psychiatric practice. What is it? Thinking becomes loose, thoughts do not reach the end. On the one hand, there may be an acceleration of thinking - patients speak a lot and quickly, but at the same time they are distracted and, distracted, begin to repeat everything from the beginning - so-called perseverations. There is a loss of leading representation. In its most pronounced form, asthenic thinking manifests itself in the form of amental thinking (amentia - acute nonsense). A very serious state of darkened consciousness that accompanies severe somatic and infectious diseases. The person is disoriented in time, place and himself; it is impossible to contact him. Speech is a collection of words, often unrelated to each other. Atactic thinking: in this case, there is a distortion of the level of generalizations. The concepts themselves are distorted, judgments are formed incorrectly. Words are given a different meaning, and the patient produces new words (neologisms) as he goes. And when constructing thinking, they use secondary features of objects. There is logic, but it is broken - paralogic. The entire group of ataxic thinking is characteristic of schizophrenia. It is impossible to simulate such thinking. Types of atactic thinking: a. Reasonable thinking is aimless, empty reasoning, often in a highly scientific, clever, scientific way. But if you put everything together and think about it, it becomes unclear what the person is talking about. It seems like nothing. Long and aimless. Also called fruitless philosophizing. It is observed in the early stages of schizophrenia, since in the later stages actually ataxic or disrupted thinking is observed. b. broken thinking. The grammatical structure of the sentence is preserved, but the meaning is unclear. Example “Doctor, I got sick to the left” or “I feel like chocolate” (in fact, the patient was treated with electric shock, and he feels good (okay): shock - oh - okay). Thus, the words have a different meaning. V. Schizophrenia in the outcome of schizophrenia. An incoherent set of words (word salad). Somewhat similar to amentive thinking, but there is no impairment of consciousness.
They also highlight detailed thinking. It is observed in organic diseases of the brain, epilepsy. Characterized by inertia (a person gets stuck on details), the ability to distinguish the main from the secondary is lost. It is very difficult to switch (labyrinthine thinking).
Pathological ideas(pathology of the result of thinking).
1. Obsessions
2. Highly valuable ideas
3. Delusional ideas
Obsessions. They arise in the human mind with a feeling of violence and uselessness; a person understands their painfulness. A mandatory component is struggle; a person wants to get rid of them. But that’s why they are obsessive, so you can deal with them, and they always win. A person is forced to become a slave to these ideas. Example: a man went outside and suddenly thought: Did I close the door? And although the person remembers perfectly well that the door is closed, these ideas are so strong that they are forced to go upstairs and check the door lock.
The conditions for the emergence of obsessive ideas are a special personality type - anxious and suspicious. Life for such a person is a living hell, since every new business or job represents new severe stress.
Indifferent (obsessive counting of windows in houses, people on an escalator, etc.)
Phobias (obsessive fears) – a person is afraid of something (fear of the dark, fear of closed spaces, etc.). Fear manifests itself in autonomic disorders. A special place is occupied by fears of a hypochondriacal nature, for example, AIDS phobia, cancer phobia, etc.
Obsessive actions are often associated with phobias. An example is the fear of pollution (the door is closed not by the handle, but by the jamb) - mysophobia, V.V. suffers from it. Mayakovsky (had in his pocket a rubberized bag with a cloth with an antiseptic, where he treated his hand after shaking hands). And there can be a lot of such rituals. This is characteristic of absessive neurosis.
This was the name of the black horse belonging to the Red Knight in the novel by Andrei Belyanin
A thinking disorder expressed in distorted, painful ideas about reality
Nonsense from a madman
Poem by a Russian poet of the 19th century. Nadson
Revelations of a gray mare
Poem by the 19th century Russian poet S. Nadson
The patient's incoherent speech
Bullshit
Nonsense from the mouth of a sick person
Bullshit
Speeches of increased absurdity
A meaningless set of words
Something meaningless, absurd, incoherent
Symptom of mental illness, thought disorder
Incoherent thinking and speech
Many diseases are accompanied by a disorder such as incoherent thinking. It indicates serious mental pathologies. Therefore, if you have this symptom, you should immediately contact a psychiatrist.
It is impossible to examine thinking directly.
“But how then can we determine that it is violated?”- you ask.
The fact is that as a consequence of the pathology of thinking, incoherent speech will appear.
For a person unfamiliar with psychiatry, any such speech will be equally meaningless, but experts distinguish three types of this disorder:
- aprosectic (manic),
- asthenic (adiamic),
- intrapsychic ataxia.
The information below is written based on materials from the book “School of a Young Psychiatrist” by I.M. Becker. pages 53-55.
Manic or aprosectic
This incoherence of thinking is accompanied by a change in the functioning of two mental functions:
- Attention disturbance.
- Accelerating the flow of associations.
As a result, there is an influx of thoughts and ideas that are connected by chance. Becker gave such an example of the incoherence of the speech of such a patient.
The author of the book compared the manic incoherence of thinking with a huge army that clearly and coordinatedly performs its functions. Suddenly a fire breaks out, all the troops get out of control and run in different directions. The headquarters receives a lot of information and tries to respond to all changes in the situation, but does not have time to do this.
Asthenic
Incoherent thinking of this type is accompanied by a violation of the associative process, which becomes weak, sluggish and with the loss of individual links.
Such people may understand what a shirt is, but are unable to put it on. Or they know the denominations of coins, but cannot count their sum.
The speech incoherence of such patients looks like this:
Describing this pathology, the author again cited the example of the army. The army was building roads and crossings, but a fire occurred and all the materials for these tasks were burned. At the same time, the radio transmitter also failed, so no new commands were received from headquarters. Everyone is rushing in different directions and cannot achieve the task.
Intrapsychic ataxia
It is the second stage of fragmentation with a violation of the logic and grammar of speech.
If we again draw an analogy with the army: there is still no effective work of the army. But not because of the fires, but because the headquarters has collapsed, the soldiers are inactive and no one wants to do anything. There is complete indifference to everything in the army.
An example of such a person’s incoherent speech:
This incoherent thinking is the most important symptom of schizophrenia.
Special translations
SCHIZOPHRENIA: SIGNS, TYPES, TREATMENT
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Schizophrenia: recognition of symptoms, early signs, causes and types.
Schizophrenia is a serious illness that deprives a person of the ability to think clearly, communicate with others, experience deep emotions and function normally. The disease also blurs the line between reality and imaginary things - the sick person is often unable to distinguish one from the other. However, schizophrenia should not be considered a final verdict. It can and should be controlled. The first step to this is recognizing the signs and symptoms of the disease. The second step to overcoming it: providing the patient with the necessary help and treatment as soon as possible. And the third step is to strictly adhere to the treatment course. If the therapy is structured correctly, and the patient has the necessary support and help, then such a person will be able to lead a happy, full life.
Schizophrenia is a disorder of the brain that affects a person's thoughts, actions and perception of reality. It distorts the idea of reality and disrupts all the ways a person interacts with the world around him. Schizophrenics can see and hear non-existent things, talk strangely, talk about unacceptable topics. Sometimes they truly believe that other people want to harm them, or they are constantly watching them.
By destroying the boundary between reality and fantasy, schizophrenia makes daily life a sick person is complex and even frightening. How does a schizophrenic react to reality? He tries to run away from the world around him, hide from it, fear and embarrassment push him to inappropriate actions.
Most cases of schizophrenia begin in late adolescence. But the disease can overtake a person both in maturity and old age. Rarely, schizophrenia occurs in children and adolescents, although the symptoms are slightly different at this age. The earlier the disease comes, the more severe it is. It affects men more than women.
Although schizophrenia has no cure, people with the disease can be helped. As mentioned above, with the right therapy, appropriate care and support, most people with schizophrenia can lead a full, independent life. However, the prognosis is most favorable if the disease is diagnosed on time and treated correctly from the very beginning. If you notice signs of schizophrenia in a loved one and immediately begin to look for opportunities for help and treatment, then the patient has a very high chance of stable remission.
Common misconceptions about schizophrenia.
Myth: Schizophrenia is a split personality or multiple personality disorder.
Fact: Multiple personality disorder is a completely different, much less common disorder. People with schizophrenia do not suffer from multiple personalities, but rather are “separated” from reality.
Myth: Schizophrenia is a rare disease.
Fact: This is not true. Schizophrenia is not uncommon. The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is approximately 1%, regardless of race.
Fact: Although delusional thoughts and hallucinations in schizophrenia sometimes lead to aggressive behavior, most people with schizophrenia are not violent and do not pose a danger to others.
Myth: Schizophrenics cannot be helped.
Fact: It's not true, everything is not so hopeless. Although schizophrenia requires long-term and serious treatment, if the patient is provided with the necessary medical care and support from loved ones, then the schizophrenic is quite capable of living in society and, what is important, leading a decent life.
Early signs of schizophrenia.
For some people, schizophrenia strikes suddenly and neither they nor their loved ones expect it. But in most cases, the disease develops slowly and manifests itself even before the onset of mental disorder in the personality traits of the sick person, in subtle warning signals. The first serious episode of the disease is usually preceded by a long hidden period of mental destruction. Friends and relatives of people with schizophrenia often say that they saw that something was wrong with their loved one, but they could not understand what it was.
During this period, people with schizophrenia often seem eccentric, withdrawn, and experience unmotivated mood swings. They withdraw into themselves, become indifferent to their appearance, their vital activity decreases, they speak and look very strange. Often schizophrenics lose interest in their activities and hobbies, their performance decreases, and they study worse.
The most common signs of schizophrenia:
1. Isolation, withdrawal
2. Hostility, suspicion
3. Neglect of personal hygiene
4. Emotional emptiness, expressionless look
5. Inability to experience and express joy or sorrow
6. Unexplained laughter and crying
8. Sleeping too much or insomnia
9. Strange, irrational statements
10. Forgetfulness, problems concentrating, inability to concentrate
11. Intolerance to criticism
12. Strange choice of words, pretentious manner of speaking
These symptoms can be caused by many other reasons than just schizophrenia, but nevertheless, if you notice such signs in your loved one or friend, then this is a serious cause for concern. When such oddities begin to seriously interfere with a person’s life, then you need to consult a doctor. If it is schizophrenia, then treatment will help.
Daniel, 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and at the same time working part-time in the warehouse of a local electronics store. Then he suddenly began to change. He became increasingly strange and suspicious. He became convinced that the professors were unable to understand him because they did not pay due attention to his meaningless, confusing tirades. He then told his roommate that all the other students were conspiring against him. Soon after, he dropped out of college.
Subsequent deterioration of the condition manifested itself in following signs: Daniel stopped washing, shaving and taking care of his clothes. At work, he suddenly decided that his boss was watching him through special tracking devices built into televisions sold in the store. He then began to hear "voices" that "told" him how to find these bugs and deactivate them. The situation came to a head when Daniel took the advice of the "voices" and smashed several televisions, shouting that he would no longer tolerate illegal spying. His horrified boss called the police and Daniel was hospitalized.
Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia
There are five symptoms characteristic of this disease:
However, the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia may vary from person to person in terms of severity and clinical manifestations. Not every person with schizophrenia has all of the above symptoms. In addition, schizophrenia is characterized by variability of symptoms over time (some symptoms may be replaced by others, or the range of symptoms present in the patient may be supplemented by some others).
Distorted perception of reality.
This definition should be understood as the denial of obvious things and facts, which is very common in schizophrenia. More than 90% of sick people show this symptom. This manifests itself in illogical ideas and fantasies. The following typical schizophrenic delusions are known:
1. Persecution mania is the patient’s firm belief that mysterious “someone” is watching him and trying to harm him. The persecution mania is often expressed in strange and intricate plots, such as: “The Martians are trying to poison me by mixing radioactive particles into the tap water.”
2. Distorted perception - patients with schizophrenia often attach a special, personal meaning to neutral events. For example, they may believe that a billboard or TV announcer is conveying information specifically for them.
3. Delusions of grandeur - the conviction of a patient with schizophrenia that he is a famous or very important person, say, Napoleon, or even God, or the patient believes that he has some unusual, outstanding or unique abilities, for example, he can fly.
4. Feeling of loss of control - the patient is sure that his thoughts and actions are under the control of external alien forces. Usually it goes like this: “Someone is trying to put these thoughts into my head...” or “The CIA is stealing my ideas,” and so on.
Auditory and visual hallucinations exist only in the mind of the patient, but are perceived by him as reality. Hallucinations can affect any of the five senses, but auditory ones are the most common in schizophrenia. Visual hallucinations are also common. Medical research suggests that auditory hallucinations occur when people misperceive their internal dialogue and consider these thoughts (“voices”) to come from outside. Hallucinations have great importance for a patient with schizophrenia. Most often, he knows who these “voices” belong to. Auditory hallucinations are usually threats and insults that frighten the patient. When he is alone, the hallucinations tend to get worse.
Schizophrenia is characterized by fragmented thinking. This may affect the way the patient speaks. Schizophrenics usually have serious problems concentrating, their speech is inconsistent, and it is difficult for them to follow the flow of a conversation. They may answer questions inappropriately, move from one topic to another without any logic, and speak confusingly and incoherently.
Typical signs of speech impairment in schizophrenia:
1. Illogical speech. The patient quickly moves from one topic to another without any logical connection.
2. Neologisms are made up words and phrases that have meaning only for the patient.
3. Perseveration - repetition of words and sentences. The patient says the same thing over and over again.
4. Meaningless rhyming of words.
Behavioral disorders, life disorganization
Schizophrenia negatively affects goal-directed functioning and impairs a person's ability to care for themselves, work, communicate, and interact with others. Here are the signs of this behavior:
1. The patient copes poorly with everyday tasks.
2. His emotions are unpredictable, often unmotivated.
3. The patient’s actions can be described as strange, inexplicable, aimless.
4. People with schizophrenia tend to be impulsive and lack self-control.
Negative symptoms mean the absence of normal emotional reactions characteristic of mental healthy people. This:
1. Lack of emotion - expressionless face, flat monotonous voice, avoidance of eye contact, poor facial expressions.
2. Lack of life interests and enthusiasm, problems with motivation, lack of desire to take care of oneself.
3. Apparent lack of interest in the world around us, complete ignorance of what is happening around us, isolation, social isolation.
4. Speech disorders - inability to maintain a conversation, short incoherent remarks, monotonous voice.
The causes of schizophrenia are not fully known. Most likely, this disease occurs as a result of the impact on the psyche of genetic and environmental factors.
Genetic causes of schizophrenia
The hereditary factor in schizophrenia is very important. People who are first degree relatives of schizophrenics have a 10% chance of becoming ill, in contrast to the 1% incidence among the global population as a whole. But schizophrenia is not only caused by genetics. It can be inherited, but 60% of those suffering from this disease do not have schizophrenics in their family members. In addition, people who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia do not always develop the disease, which suggests that a genetic risk factor may remain a potential risk factor. Research shows that inherited genes make a person predisposed to schizophrenia, and factors environment, combined with a genetic combination, can cause this disease.
As for environmental factors, more and more researchers identify stress either during pregnancy or at the early stage of development of a newborn child as a risk factor. It is believed that severe stress increases the production of the stress hormone cortisol, and thereby can trigger the development of schizophrenia. Scientists name several environmental stressors that may influence the onset of schizophrenia:
1. Viral infection during pregnancy
2. Hypoxia during labor (prolonged or premature labor)
3. Viral infection in infancy
4. Losing parents at an early age or getting divorced
5. Physical or sexual abuse as a child
Abnormal brain structure
In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in its structure can also affect the development of schizophrenia. Some patients have enlarged cerebral ventricles, indicating volume deficiency brain tissue. In addition, there is evidence of reduced electrical activity in the frontal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for planning, decision-making, reasoning and drawing conclusions. Some studies also suggest that abnormalities in the temporal lobes, hippocampus and amygdala may cause symptoms of schizophrenia. But although such abnormalities are present in brain tissue, it is unlikely that schizophrenia is a direct consequence of one of them.
The impact of schizophrenia on a person's life
In cases where schizophrenia is not diagnosed on time, or the wrong treatment is used, this has catastrophic consequences not only for the patient, but also for his loved ones. How does illness change a person's life?
1. Problems arise in relationships with people. Schizophrenics are prone to loneliness and reclusion, and this does not contribute to the development of social connections. The patient may also be tormented by paranoid ideas, due to which he will treat family and friends with suspicion and hostility.
2. Schizophrenia makes it difficult to perform normal daily tasks. Schizophrenic delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders prevent the patient from doing basic things: eating, washing, running errands, and so on.
3. Alcoholism and drug addiction. Schizophrenics often develop problems with alcohol and drugs, which they use to alleviate the symptoms of the disease, that is, instead of real medications. In addition, if the patient smokes a lot, this greatly complicates treatment, since nicotine reduces the effectiveness of the medications necessary for therapy.
4. High risk suicide. Schizophrenics are prone to suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts. Any threats or hints of suicide should be taken very seriously. The risk of suicide is especially high during periods of exacerbation of the disease, during depressive episodes and in the first six months of treatment.
The diagnosis of schizophrenia is made based on a complete psychiatric and physiological examination, a detailed medical history and laboratory tests.
The doctor will ask the sick person or his loved one in detail about all the symptoms, the development of psychopathology and the mental health of all family members. The overall picture of the physiological health of the patient and all his relatives is also very important for making a diagnosis. It helps to establish the presence of purely medical problems that could cause schizophrenia or contribute to its development. Therefore, the doctor will ask questions regarding general condition health of all family members and will prescribe a full examination. There are currently no laboratory tests that can confirm schizophrenia, but routine blood and urine tests can help rule out physical causes of psychopathic symptoms. Your doctor may also order an MRI or CT scan of the brain to look for abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.
Experts in the field mental health use the following criteria to diagnose schizophrenia: the presence of two or more of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least thirty days.
3. Confused thinking, incoherent speech
4. Catatonic or disorganized behavior
5. Negative symptoms: emotional flattening, apathy, lack of speech
6. Serious problems when performing daily duties at home, at work, at school, in communicating with people, in self-care
7. Constantly observed signs of schizophrenia for six months, with the manifestation of active symptoms for at least a month.
When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude other possible causes (similar psychopathologies, chemical dependence, somatic problems) that may cause the same symptoms.
What disorders may be similar to schizophrenia?
When making a diagnosis such as schizophrenia, the doctor is obliged to exclude diseases with similar symptoms. A person suffering from schizophrenia loses contact with objective reality. However, there are other diseases that cause similar psychopathic symptoms, for example, schizotypal disorders, affective mental states, short-term acute psychoses that do not become chronic. It is very difficult to distinguish between them, so making an accurate diagnosis can take quite a long time - from six months or longer.
Substance abuse
The state of psychosis can be caused by various drugs, such as alcohol, phenylcyclidine, heroin, amphetamines and cocaine. Some medications, including those sold without a prescription, may cause acute mental reaction. A thorough toxicological examination can rule out drug-induced psychosis. If the patient initially has a chemical dependence, then the doctor must determine whether the drug is the source of psychosis, or whether it simply aggravates the general painful condition.
In addition, the clinical manifestations of some neurological diseases, for example, epilepsy, brain tumors, encephalitis and others, as well as endocrine and metabolic disorders, and pathological autoimmune processes affecting the central nervous system, may be externally similar to schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is often accompanied by manic and depressive states. Although these painful mood swings are usually not as severe as those found in classic depression and bipolar affective disorder (BD), they can still complicate the diagnosis. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are very difficult to distinguish from each other. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, confused speech) can look like a manic phase of bipolar disorder, while negative symptoms (apathy, social isolation, general lethargy) resemble a depressive episode.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
This is an anxiety disorder that can be triggered by severe stress, emotional trauma such as violence, accident, participation in war and other similar reasons. People with PTSD often exhibit symptoms consistent with schizophrenia. Their memories (images, sounds, smells) may resemble hallucinations, and emotional numbness and avoidance of society and communication are reminiscent of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
There are now a variety of effective treatments available for people with schizophrenia. The forecast for them becomes better year from year. Medications, comprehensive therapy and support from others help patients control the symptoms of schizophrenia and lead an independent and fulfilling life.
If you think that your loved one or friend has schizophrenia, although your love for him remains unchanged, you must be well informed and clear about the disease you are dealing with in order to provide support for the patient, care and effective treatment and thereby contribute to his recovery.
rambling speech
Culture verbal communication: Ethics. Pragmatics. Psychology. 2015.
See what “incoherent speech” is in other dictionaries:
Incoherent speech - Lack of speech, logical consistency, integral meaning in speech; fragmentary, fragmented thoughts. From insufficient speech competence, from anxiety, from the unexpected occurrence of a complex problem. From such speech it follows... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
speech - verbless (Sologub); fragrant (Pushkin); lively (Gorky, Turgenev); violent (Sologub); inspired (Nadson); imperious (Elpatievsky); enthusiastically ardent (Chumina); pompous (Block); wind (Pushkin); proud (P.Y.); hot... ... Dictionary of epithets
Impaired speech - One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia: incoherent and abrupt speech, making it difficult to understand the patient’s thoughts. Speech impairment is considered one of the main diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia, but there are two problems here: Many... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Leresis - incoherent speech, immature in both pronunciation and syntax. It is one of the signs of dementia. LESBIANITY (lesbianism) female homosexuality; a condition in which a woman is attracted and aroused by the sexual behavior of another woman and ... ... Medical terms
METHODS OF MEDICAL RESEARCH - I. General principles of medical research. The growth and deepening of our knowledge, more and more technical equipment of the clinic, based on the use of the latest achievements of physics, chemistry and technology, the associated complication of methods... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
Incoherent - incoherent, incoherent, incoherent; incoherent, incoherent, incoherent. Fragmentary, lacking coherence and unity. The child's incoherent speech. Incoherent nonsense. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. ... Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary
word - a, plural words/, words, words/m, s. 1) linguistic A unit of the lexical and grammatical structure of a language, used to name objects, processes, phenomena, properties. New word. Meaning of the word. . But trousers, tailcoat, vest, all these words are not in Russian. … … Popular dictionary of the Russian language
Spigelia marylandica - Spigelia marylandica, Spigelia marylandica - From the loganiaceae family. Grows like a weed on sea coast Central America. The whole dried plant is used in homeopathy. The tincture is prepared according to § 4. Dilutions used: 3, 6 and higher. Homeopathic pharmacopathogenesis... ... Reference book on homeopathy
Catatonic Syndrome is a psychopathological syndrome. It is characterized by the emergence of a state of general excitement (motor restlessness, absurd actions, incoherent speech) followed by stupor (numbness, waxy flexibility) ... Psychological Dictionary
DELUSION - DELUSION, delirium, many. no, husband Senseless, incoherent speech of a patient in an unconscious state. The patient began to delirium. Ravings of a madman. The patient is delirious. || Nonsense (colloquial). This book is complete nonsense. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Rambling speech
Speech incoherence (speech incoherence, speech confusion, word hash, word salad) is a speech disorder in which grammatical connections are disrupted and the speech itself consists of a jumbled set of words. Occurs when there are phenomena of incoherent thinking with the inability to create associations, individual concepts, images and perceptions. According to the classification, it belongs to effector speech disorders, namely speech disorders caused by psychopathological disorders.
An example of such a speech:
How are you feeling? - Where is Petya... I went and slept. What do they want? And yesterday it was... everything is there... - Where are you? - You are... everything is here. Turn off the light. Where's the wife? I went... So how? I lost my glasses. My wife came to go again yesterday. Let's get out of here... Everything is fine. - What is today's date? - The number... is always winter (the conversation takes place on a hot summer day). - What year is it now? - The year is 1924 (names the year of his birth). Senya was... The Moscow fire was noisy and burning... Well, that was fine... Where is the tie.
Bleicher V. M. Incoherent thinking // Disorders of thinking. - K.: Health, 1983.
Unlike schizophasia, the grammatical structure is completely disrupted. The answers are inadequate to the questions, and it is impossible to understand even a remote connection in the sentence. It is more common in exogenous processes, namely amentia and schizophrenia. The peak of verbal okroshka occurs when the patient utters only a set of words: “injury, movement, motor...” or even meaningless neologisms (more typical for schizophrenia): “77 is the mistress of everyone... Khyumala, rumala, pyumala... Sewed... Cooled down... Fuck... Explosion ... Pan, pan, pan... Times, events, people... above me is Kashchei the Besfamilny... Lockheed Elevator acquired... And my mother is so young, Volodenka I... t-ball and nif... fluff and dust...”
The etymology of the term “verbal okroshka” comes from a traditional Russian dish in which a wide variety of ingredients are finely crumbled. A close term to this is “word salad.”
Rambling speech
Synonyms for "rambling speech"
Making the Word Map better together
Hello! My name is Lampobot, I am a computer program that helps you make Word Maps. I can count perfectly, but I still don’t understand very well how your world works. Help me figure it out!
Thank you! Over time, I will definitely understand how your world works.
Question: is the prototype a person (romantic, connoisseur), a group of people (family, queue), a supernatural being (unicorn, evil spirits), a place (fair, library) or intangible (doctrine, thickness)?
Synonyms for “rambling speech”:
Sentences containing the word "rambling":
- Crooked lips, a wig askew, almost incoherent speech.
- Whispering an incoherent speech with lips dry from the heat, I slipped back into bed. My heart was beating. My head was burning.
- I won’t even try to understand my friend’s incoherent speech and will ask him to call me back in the morning when he calms down and I wake up (1).
- (all offers)
Psychology and Psychiatry
Thinking incoherently
Characterized by loss of the ability to form associations and fragmentation. Separate images, perceptions, concepts are not connected with each other. It is impossible to form even the simplest, mechanical associations based on similarity and contiguity in time and space. The purposefulness of thinking is grossly impaired. There is a loss of the mental task. Thinking does not reflect the real surrounding reality. High exhaustion of mental processes. Speech consists of a chaotic collection of words and fragments of sentences. Thinkingb. observed in acute exogenous psychoses.
Synonyms: asthenic, adynamic associative ataxia, asthenic confusion, incoherent thinking.
Alternative source of information.
Thinking incoherently
Incoherent thinking - Characterized by loss of the ability to form associations, fragmentation. Separate images, perceptions, concepts are not connected with each other. It is impossible to form even the simplest, mechanical associations based on similarity and contiguity in time and space. The purposefulness of thinking is grossly impaired. There is a loss of mental task. M. does not reflect the real surrounding reality. High exhaustion of mental processes. Speech consists of a chaotic collection of words and fragments of sentences. M. b. observed in acute exogenous psychoses. Synonyms: asthenic, adynamic, associative ataxia / Osipov V. P., 1923)
Disruption of thinking is, according to most researchers, one of the most typical disorders for schizophrenia. There is, however, another point of view. Thus, K. Schneider (1962) considered fragmentation to be a poorly differentiated sign and did not classify it as a rank I symptom in schizophrenia. Disruption or thinking disorders that are extremely difficult to differentiate from it are sometimes found in organic brain lesions.
To designate this type of thinking disorder, the term “incoherence” is also used, but the concept of incoherence is used in relation to thinking disorders of a different genesis - they talk about manic, amentive incoherence. Therefore, it is preferable to use the term “discontinuity”, traditionally adopted in psychiatry since the time of E. Kraepelin. Equally, it cannot be considered successful to designate a high degree of discontinuity with the term “incoherence,” which, as a rule, defines the state of thinking in amentia.
Disruption is one of the most pronounced thought disorders in schizophrenia. Clinically, it manifests itself in an incorrect, unusually paradoxical combination of ideas. Separate concepts, without any logical connection, are strung on top of each other, thoughts flow randomly. The fragmentation of thinking is reflected in speech, which is why they also talk about speech fragmentation. Broken speech is devoid of content, although due to the preservation of grammatical connections between separate elements phrases seem outwardly ordered. Therefore, discontinuity is defined as semantic dissociation with a certain preservation of the syntactic aspect of speech. The grammatical structure of speech is disrupted in cases where the discontinuity reaches an extreme degree of severity, and both the logical structure of speech and its syntactic structure suffer.
K. Zaimov (1961) wrote about the possibility of isolating an indicator of the degree of discontinuity, determined by the number of semantic breaks per 100 words.
The preservation of the syntactic form of speech does not, however, give grounds to talk about the absence of grammatical disorders in general. The phonetic side of speech suffers - the replacement of sounds, the appearance of incorrect stresses, distortion of intonations, voice modulations (all this is often perceived as a manifestation of mannerisms). The destruction of words and the appearance of neologisms should also be included in grammatical speech disorders due to fragmentation. Against the background of the growing fragmentation of speech, absurd distortions of ordinary words, meaningless word formations, conglomerates of fragments of words appear: “capitaran”, “budzdaret”, “ruptal”, “tramcar”. To a certain extent, these kinds of neologisms, most often unsystematic and devoid of semantic meaning, superficially resemble literal paraphasias in patients with motor and sensory aphasia, however, there are clear differences that help to correctly qualify these speech disorders. This kind of passive (in the understanding of J. Seglas, 1892) neologisms are characterized by great instability and variability.
K. Kleist (1914, 1923, 1925, 1934, 1959) brought together speech disorders in schizophrenia with the phenomena of motor and sensory aphasia, and neologisms with paraphasia. Thus, in catatonic states, K. Kleist most often found an impoverished vocabulary, agrammatism, characteristic of the frontal localization of the lesion. In paranoid schizophrenia, the author observed predominantly paraphatic disorders reminiscent of literal paraphasia, manifestations of temporal paragrammatism, and pathological word formation reminiscent of sensory aphasia. He identified the phenomena of jargon-aphasia, observed with pronounced sensory aphasia, with schizophasia. This, obviously, played a certain role in the emergence of F.I. Sluchevsky’s (1975) statement about the organic-cerebral genesis of schizophasia. The psychomorphological views of K. Kleist were especially reflected in the attempt to connect paralogy, which he considered as a focal symptom, with damage to the area of the cerebral cortex at the junction of the occipital and temporal lobes on the left.
N.P. Tatarenko (1938) collected a large amount of clinical material about impaired use and new formations of words in schizophrenia. It describes the phonetic and semantic replacement of words, their condensation and incorrect formation, simple distortion. The author pointed out that there is only a formal similarity between these, aphasia-like, according to her definition, speech disorders in patients with schizophrenia with paraphatic and aphasic disorders. M. S. Lebedinsky (1938) clearly distinguished between schizophrenic and aphasic speech disorders using clinical and psychological criteria.
Unlike literal paraphasia, speech disorders in schizophrenia do not depend on the situation of verbal communication; the speech of patients is devoid of purpose. With aphasia, the patient strives to replace the distorted word with the correct one; with his facial expressions he draws the interlocutor’s attention to the mistakes he makes in speech and the difficulty and impossibility of correcting them. Elements of aphasic speech, despite their defects, are subordinated to the semantic task, while the broken speech of a patient with schizophrenia demonstrates the predominance of the formal side of the word, its phonetic structure in the presence of a pronounced deficiency of the semantic side of speech.
Diagnostically important is the fact that fragmented thinking manifests itself in patients even in the absence of an interlocutor, with spontaneous speech not caused by anything from the outside (monologue symptom).
Disruption usually reflects the severity of the schizophrenic process. At the onset of the disease, it is noted in the presence of general psychomotor agitation. As the mental defect increases, the fragmentation also undergoes changes - speech becomes more fragmented, in it all higher value stereotypies.
Rupture is especially easy to detect in writing sick. Obviously, this is explained by the fact that written speech is a more complex formation (it involves large quantity links of the functional speech system) and a form of speech communication acquired relatively later in ontogenesis. Often, brokenness in writing is accompanied by symptoms of a violation of the motor component of writing; attention is drawn to the ornate mannerism of the handwriting, the patient’s tendency to rather stereotypical decorations, curls, and some special toning of the elements of the letters. Thus, the letter is executed without pressure, with thin lines, and its individual components are doubled parallel lines and so on.
Rupture is not a stable symptom. The degree of its severity may vary in the patient, and without treatment it may disappear with spontaneous remission. Its reversibility became even more obvious in connection with the use of antipsychotic drugs in psychiatric practice. The curability of fragmentation under the influence of these drugs confirms the opinion that this type of pathology of thinking is not caused, as previously thought, by organic-destructive changes.
Here is an example of fragmented thinking.
“By God, I will kill the first brutal bandit St. Vladimir from the Kyiv monastery and, by God, I will kill the brutal bandit priest Nicholas from the city of the Cheboksary Cathedral. For Christ's sake, stop poisoning me, the future saint Vasily Ananyevich Kaftannik (name, patronymic and surname do not belong to the patient!) to death with your future family Alexander, Varvara and Ekaterina and four from the orphanage as Mokeev Mikhail Egorovich director of the Russian choir, by heart in the four voices of these above-mentioned brutal holy bandits Vladimir and Nicholas, burn a billion holy crosses alive” (then three pages are filled with crosses).
Here, in addition to discontinuity, there is also a stereotypical repetition of individual expressions, phrases, and ideas.
In terms of severity, fragmentation is also not a homogeneous psychopathological phenomenon. We see the initial manifestations of fragmentation in the slippage of thought, which manifests itself during transitions from one idea to another outside of natural logical connections. When the severity of thinking disorders is not pronounced, slippages are episodic in nature and are detected against the background of formally correct judgments. Thus, a patient with schizophrenia asks in a letter a whole series of questions that are completely divorced from the real situation and are reasonable in their formulation, reflecting a completely inexplicable transition from one concept to another:
"Who am I? Who are you? Who are they? Who are we? What is happiness? Why does grass grow? Why do you need the sun? Where is the moon? Why is it liquid? I wanted to say water. Save me, please, if you know what eternity is. What else could I ask?”
The extreme degree of fragmentation is usually defined as “word salad” (“verbal okroshka”), in which speech consists of a completely meaningless set of unrelated words and stereotypy. It is incorrect to identify “verbal okroshka” with schizophasia.
Schizophasia is a peculiar manifestation of thought and speech disorders in schizophrenia, close to fragmentation. Its phenomenological and clinical nosological position is still debatable. E. Kraepelin (1913) believed that schizophasia is special shape schizophrenia, in which speech incoherence, fragmentation and completely incomprehensible speech contrast with the orderliness, known accessibility and relative intellectual and affective safety of patients, their somewhat better performance than in other forms of the disease. Characterized by increased speech activity, “speech pressure,” “influx of words.” Even more pronounced than with fragmentation is the symptom of a monologue, characterized by truly inexhaustible speech and a complete lack of need for an interlocutor. Often a monologue occurs even without a previous speech addressed to the patient by the interlocutor. The symptom of monologue is usually considered as a manifestation of the autistic position of a patient with schizophrenia, who loses all need to communicate with others. F.I. Sluchevsky (1975) emphasizes that the verbosity of patients with schizophasia does not depend on the degree of general psychomotor agitation. Isolated cases of a peculiar manifestation of schizophasia only in writing (schizography) have been described. Just like fragmentation, schizophasia is often detected in written speech earlier than in spoken language.
M. O. Gurevich (1949), adhering mainly to E. Kraepelin’s concept of schizophasia as a rare, insufficiently studied form of schizophrenia, at the same time notes the possibility of its development in the chronic stage of schizophrenia, when it replaces other syndromes, often catatonic. M. Sh. Vrono (1959) considers schizophasia as a variant of the course of paranoid schizophrenia, while fragmentation, in his opinion, is a sign of catatonic thinking disorder.
The most well-reasoned point of view seems to be A. S. Kronfeld (1940), who believed that fragmentation and schizophasia are brought together by the presence of the so-called dynamic component (psychomotor-catatonic dynamisms), which plays important role in the formation of the clinical picture of the disease. A. S. Kronfeld understood the syndrome of schizophasia as the result of catatonic activity of speech motor skills during a schizophrenic breakdown of thinking. Psychomotor-catatonic dynamisms include perseverations and stereotypies, sperrungs, mannerisms, negativism, iterations, automatisms. However, psychomotor-catatonic disorders alone are not enough to cause schizophasia syndrome. This requires the presence of a schizophrenic disintegration of thinking, including, according to A. S. Kronfeld, dissociation of thinking, the dynamic influence of schizophrenic affect, paranoid structures.
Schizophasia is rarely encountered in psychiatric practice, especially in recent years, which can be associated with the pathomorphism of the clinical picture of the disease due to the widespread use of antipsychotic drugs. According to F.I. Sluchevsky (1975), fragmented thinking (the author uses the term “atactic thinking”) was noted in 27.5% of the patients he observed, and schizophasia in only 4%.
The phenomena of slippage and fragmented thinking are detected during a clinical examination of the patient and in the conditions of a pathopsychological experiment. B.V. Zeigarnik (1962) points out that slippage can only be detected in relatively intact patients, when it is not yet covered by more severe thinking disorders. Pathopsychologically, slippage is defined as a temporary decrease in the level of mental activity - while correctly performing any task, adequately reasoning about something, the patient suddenly strays from the correct train of thought due to a false, inadequate association, often due to a “weak”, “latent” sign, and then he is again able to continue reasoning consistently, but without correcting the mistake made. In this case, usually the degree of difficulty of the task being performed does not matter (V. M. Bleicher, 1965). It should be noted that when studying thinking in patients with schizophrenia, we are faced with the inapplicability to them of the scale of difficulty and complexity of tasks performed that is usually developed by a psychiatrist or psychologist. And this is natural, since, when creating such a scale for ourselves, we are guided mainly by the difficulty of these tasks for mentally healthy people and people exhibiting intellectual disability varying degrees. In patients with schizophrenia with inherent impairments in the selectivity of objects of mental activity (signs of objects and phenomena, mnestic reserve), these criteria turn out to be completely different; they cannot be analyzed as understandable.
Slips detected during psychological research in patients with schizophrenia are not associated with fatigue and are not caused by increased exhaustion. They cannot be corrected during the research process. Even after explaining how the task should be completed, the patient still defends his decision, citing reasonable, paralogical motivations.
The fragmentation of thinking is considered as a manifestation of the pathology of its purposefulness (A. A. Perelman, 1957; B. V. Zeigarnik, 1962). B.V. Zeigarnik sees in fragmentation an extreme degree of diversity, which consists in the fact that the patient’s judgments about some phenomenon flow in different planes, as if in different channels. In addition to the absence of clear connections between individual elements of the patient’s statements, which plays an important role in diagnosing the disconnection, B.V. Zeigarnik considers significant criteria such as the independence of the patient’s speech from the presence of the interlocutor (the already mentioned symptom of a monologue), the lack of logic, the inability to detect the object of thought in the patient’s speech, his disinterest in the attention of his interlocutor. The presence of the listed points explains the fact that the patient’s speech, when broken, ceases to perform the function of communication and becomes completely incomprehensible to others.