Humanity will not die in a nuclear nightmare, but will suffocate in its own waste. Humanity will not die in a nuclear nightmare; it will suffocate in its own waste. Niels Bohr, nuclear physicist

“Humanity will not die in an atomic nightmare—it will suffocate in its own waste.”
This phrase was once said great physicist Niels Bohr and now it turns into a prophecy. This is confirmed by independent international organization Global Footprint Network, which has been calculating environmental pressures for many years. Not long ago, she stated that on August 21, 2010, humanity exhausted the possibilities for safe storage and storage of waste on the surface of the Earth.
This problem is relatively new. Until the middle of the 19th century, humanity not only did not worry about where to dispose of garbage, but did not even single it out as a separate task. At that time, Dahl’s dictionary interpreted the word “garbage” as “residues, rubbish from masonry and stove work; broken stone, brick, clay, lime, sometimes with ash and coal, scale, shards.” That is, the garbage of that time was either organic, which safely rotted and decomposed without causing damage to the environment, or was akin to natural elements, such as crushed stone. With proper management, it can even bring benefits through its secondary use.
Today, humanity annually produces more than two billion tons of waste, which basically cannot be recycled, or this recycling is very expensive and unprofitable in principle. Moreover, now 20 times more garbage appears on the surface of the Earth every day than 50 years ago.
The year 1908 can safely be considered the beginning of this process. It was then that the American Hugh Moore published an exposé article about the unhygienic nature of shared utensils and launched a campaign against the “public tin mug.” This company was not only social, but also quite mercantile in nature - it was Hugh Moore who soon founded an enterprise for the production of individual paper cups, patenting this initiative.
The business turned out to be super profitable and by 1960 in America, $50 million worth of disposable cups were sold annually. Which, at that price level, was an astronomical amount.
The baton was picked up by Marion Donovan, deputy editor of Vogue magazine, who found a way to make caring for her newborn daughter easier. Yes, it was she who invented what is now known as diapers.
But the concept of disposable items was invented by Marcel Bick. The basis of the concept was the idea that “things should cost so much that everyone could simply throw them away without thinking, and buy new ones when necessary. And throw them away as soon as they are no longer needed.” At first he made disposable refills for ballpoint pens that had just appeared. And then he began making pens themselves for 30 cents each. A simple pen then cost around $10. Little-known and then very cheap plastic was used.
Massive advertising and voila - by the mid-1960s, Marcel Bic was producing more than a billion pens a year at a price of 10 cents apiece. By that time, refilling of rods continued only in the USSR, where the unprogressive State Planning Committee included in the price of the product not only the costs of its production, but also the costs of disposal. In the USA and Europe they didn’t think about it - they took used fountain pens to a landfill and forgot about it.
Pens were followed by lighters with prices 70% below the market. Then razors. And then all Western companies and entrepreneurs reconsidered their views regarding the reliability and durability of their own products. No matter what the product is.
It should be noted that people did not immediately get used to disposable goods, because for many centuries things were valued for their reliability, durability and solidity. And then advertisers, PR specialists, fashion trendsetters and other figures joined the game, ready to easily clothe the devil in the clothes of an angel, even the devil, for the customer’s money and turn the scale of values ​​upside down.
Old car? Ugh, how unfashionable! Grandma's sewing machine? Which sucks - she can't cross stitch! Chrome boots? Nobody wears them now! Silk stockings? Hey, yesterday - nylon is in fashion now! Wooden furniture? What about the bark beetle? You know how dangerous he is!
Advertising and PR alone were not enough and the producers of disposable rubbish were forced to resort to outright fraud. They painted the plastic in metallic colors, passing it off as aluminum. They gave the plastic the texture and color of wood. They even simply weighted plastic and cheap products with metal blanks, giving them weight and a feeling of reliability and monumentality.
For example, the Austrian artist Ettore Sottass, who decorated the fuselages of Hitler’s Messers during the Second World War, moved to Italy and got a job at the Olivetti company. To begin with, he was tasked with redesigning a mechanical alarm clock that was selling very poorly. Having examined the product from all sides and not finding any flaws in it, the designer went to the nearest watch store and began to watch the customers. He soon noticed that all store visitors, before buying an alarm clock, took it in their hands and checked its weight. Light models, which included the Olivetti alarm clock, did not inspire confidence in people. Sottass attached a lead bar to the alarm clock and presented the sample to the head of the company, Adriano Olivetti. “Well, where is your vaunted design?” - he asked. “That’s it, you don’t need anything else, this way it will sell!” - said Sottass. And he turned out to be right, for which he received a lifelong pension from the company.
Yes, by hook or by crook disposable goods conquered the whole world. However, already in the late 70s, environmentalists began to sound the alarm. It turned out that plastic takes centuries to decompose, poisoning the air and groundwater, and its recycling is very expensive, even more expensive than its production. Leading industrial powers began to quietly send their garbage to other places, to third world countries, for example. And the United States is doing it even simpler, reducing the costs of “recycling and disposal” to almost zero. They load garbage onto huge cargo ships and then simply dump it into the ocean. As a result, several garbage islands have now formed in the World Ocean, which are constantly increasing. One such island, the size of Great Britain, floats between California, Hawaii and Alaska.
Several years ago, a young yachtsman, Charles Moore, decided to take his yacht to trip around the world with a call to the Hawaiian Islands. A few days later he realized that he had swam into the trash heap. “For a week, every time I went out on deck, there was some plastic junk floating by,” Moore recalled. “I couldn’t believe my eyes: how could we pollute such a huge area of ​​water?” I had to swim through this garbage dump day after day, and there was no end in sight.”
The yachtsman was so shocked by this that he sold shares in a chemical concern he owned and used the proceeds to create an environmental fund for the protection of the World Ocean. It remains to be added that Charles Moore is a descendant of the same Hugh Moore, who was the first to produce disposable tableware - first paper, and then plastic. This is the spiral of history...
Well, the simple idea that “from the point of view of our planet, garbage is not going anywhere. Simply because there is nowhere” still does not bother anyone. Unfortunately. With the exception of some enthusiasts, whom no one hears or notices.

[ 2009-09-07 13:59 ]: "Humanity will not die in an atomic nightmare, but will suffocate in its own waste"

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1 HUMANITY WILL NOT DIE IN AN ATOMIC NIGHTMARE IT WILL SCHIFGE IN ITS OWN WASTE Niels Bohr, nuclear physicist

2 PROJECT ON THE TOPIC: “GARBAGE IS A SERIOUS MATTER!” Completed by Nikolaev Maxim Student 4 “b” class Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School 2 Head Karaulova Olga Aleksandrovna

3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE: TO FIND OUT WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO “WIN” GARBAGE

4 . TASKS: Find out the types of garbage Find out where all household waste “goes” Find out how to dispose of garbage Find out whether garbage has value? Find ways to solve the “garbage” problem

7 INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION HOUSEHOLD

November 8 100 kg. December 120kg. January 140 kg. Amount of garbage by month (family of 4 people) Amount of garbage per person per month 30 kg. 360 kg. Amount of waste per person per year

9 for 1 year people. in Ust-Kut

10 Type of garbage Damage to nature Harm to humans Decomposition time rotting Food waste virtually no food waste breeding ground 1 2 weeks of germs Waste paper, paper the paint with which the paper is coated can emit toxic gases paint can emit toxic substances when decomposed 2 3 years (in some cases up to 8 years) poisonous to many Tin cans organisms, sharp edges cans are injured when walking barefoot; have been injuring animals for over 90 years

11 water in jars is a broken medium for the development of glass containers, glass, glass containers can larvae plastic bottles cause injuries to blood-sucking animals, insects, and more likely to be injured during a fire by walking barefoot; Packaging for food products, various types of plastics can be ingested by animals plastics can release toxic substances when decomposed for 100 years or more Batteries are poisonous to many organisms poisonous to humans for more than 10 years

12 “Garbology” (from English garbage or garbage science) is a science that studies garbage waste and methods of its disposal, as well as these scientists are looking for safe ways to process and destroy garbage. Recycling is garbage removal

13 Waste incineration Problems: 1. needed large areas; 2. garbage does not burn well; 3. A huge amount of soot and harmful organic compounds are released into the atmosphere.

14 Waste recycling This is the most environmentally friendly option for waste management, which does not increase its volume. Waste processing plants are built to process waste. Before you begin recycling waste, it must be sorted.

15 Organization of landfills To organize a landfill, you need to take into account: 1. The wind rose in the area of ​​the landfill; 2. Distance from the populated area; 3. Water permeability of soils; 4. Territory area; 5. Location convenient for transport access.

16 Waste disposal in Russia recycling, burning, burial for 2012.

17 Unauthorized dumps City dump 0.4% of the city area

19 Do you think that our city is littered? Questioning The most littered places in the microdistrict. "Rechniki" 13 2 yes not very riverbank park named after Zverev 85 no area shopping center "Comfort" other places Who litters the most? The main reason for the cluttering of the city is preschoolers, primary school students, teenagers, youth, adults, few trash cans and containers, poor work of janitors, poor waste collection and removal system, low level of culture of residents

21 The value of waste Energy waste crushing combustion electricity gas It is possible to obtain about 8% of the city’s total energy needs

22 The value of garbage Biological waste composting fermentation gas A 60-hectare landfill can provide heating for 10 thousand apartments, and the emission of harmful substances is 40% less compared to coal

23 The value of waste Municipal solid waste sorting crushing pressing processing remelting various products solid fuel

24 Types of solid waste Food waste Waste paper Products made from natural fabrics Wood products wood Cans made of galvanized or tin-coated iron Scrap metal, iron or cast iron Foil (aluminum) Cans of beer and other drinks (aluminum and its alloys) Glass containers (glass) Bricks (burnt and aluminosilicate) Plastic products Batteries (zinc, carbon, manganese oxide) Method reuse composting recycling into wrapping paper composting recycling into paper or wood chips melting together with metal remelting remelting remelting use for its intended purpose or remelting processing into crumbs Remelting zinc can be used in the laboratory

25 10 Do you throw away garbage in the right place? 10 yes 80 Questioning no not always 44 Are you satisfied with how garbage is collected in your neighborhood? yes no I didn’t think about it I don’t care How will you react if you are offered to participate in a campaign for separate waste collection? agree most likely agree most likely refuse refuse definitely 40 What types of waste could you sort at home? food plastic glass waste paper nothing

29 Ways to solve the “garbage” problem: installing closed containers for garbage in sufficient quantities; organizing a waste collection and removal system; organizing the collection of scrap metal, waste paper, glass containers; using packaging that dissolves in the soil.

30 Everyone can do this: DO NOT LITTER! do not buy more clothes than you might need, do not throw away old toys, books, but give them to those in need when going to the store, use a shopping bag, and do not buy plastic bags, reduce use disposable tableware Throw out trash in the right place and take part in trash clean-up days.

31 CONCLUSIONS: I found out what kind of garbage there is and how it is disposed I got acquainted with the science that studies garbage waste I found out the value of garbage I found and suggested ways to combat city littering

32 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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I am sure that each of us remembers at least one fire from our childhood. A fire made from dry branches carefully collected from nearby courtyards (squares, parks), in the heat of which potatoes secretly taken from the kitchen at home were baked. Nice memories? Of course they are pleasant!

Now let’s remember a completely different fire. We are walking down the street, and suddenly a stream of wind envelops us in thick gray smoke. It is no longer possible to breathe, the eyes close by themselves - the smoke eats them away to tears...

Having difficulty getting out of this gas chamber, we try to come to our senses and continue on our way. And then we remember for a long time about the nightmare we experienced, washing our clothes from the burning smell ingrained in them. Sound familiar? Still would. Fallen leaves are burning in the city...

Shall we inhale dioxin?

Each of these fires is a real gas chamber, which every minute releases supertoxicants into the atmosphere - benzopyrene, dioxin and furanin. As well as heavy metals and radionuclides accumulating in the plant world due to emissions from metallurgical plants and a neighboring nuclear power plant. Having accumulated in living organisms (that is, in ours too), these substances are never removed from there by any means.

They loosen up pretty quickly immune system a person, making him permanently disabled or even leading to death. And in garden plots, plants are often also treated with pesticides. Imagine what gets into the air when they burn.

The second problem is that all kinds of debris often burn with leaves. But during combustion, for example, plastic bag Dozens of chemical compounds are released into the air, most of which are toxic to humans. The dense black smoke from smoldering plastic waste contains carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. And when rubber burns, in addition to everything mentioned above, carcinogenic soot and sulfur oxides are formed, which cause respiratory diseases.

Scorched earth.

In addition to the immediate threat to human health, fire destroys seeds and roots of plants, damages the lower parts of trees and bushes, and sometimes the upper parts of their roots. Finally, burning leaves and dry grass leads to the destruction of the soil layer, because pound-forming microorganisms die during combustion. At normal conditions When the leaves rot, the substances necessary for plant development return to the soil.

During combustion, ash is formed, which, contrary to popular belief, is far from the best fertilizer. Moreover, annual burning of leaves causes soil depletion and, accordingly, a decrease in yield.

We are no longer talking about the fact that when burning grass on personal plots, you can “accidentally” set fire to a residential building along with a nearby planting or field.

I'll have to answer...

The State Sanitary Standards and Rules for the Maintenance of Populated Areas, approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on March 17, 2011, contain paragraph 3.7. It reads: “During leaf fall, fallen leaves must be removed in a timely manner. Collected leaves must be taken to specially designated areas or composting fields. It is prohibited to burn leaves in residential areas, squares and parks.”

There is also Article 77-1 of the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses“Unauthorized burning of vegetation or its remains.” It provides for liability in the form of a fine for burning vegetation or its remains and fallen leaves: for citizens - from 170 to 340 UAH, and for officials - from 850 to 1190 UAH.

Well, if you are still “lucky” to burn down, for example, a forest plantation along with a bunch of leaves, then it’s time to remember Art. 245 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Destruction or damage to objects flora».

It states that “destruction or damage forest areas, green spaces around settlements, along railways, as well as stubble, dry wild grass, vegetation or its remains on agricultural lands by fire or other generally dangerous means is punishable by a fine of 300 to 500 tax-free minimum incomes of citizens (from 5100 to 8500 UAH), restriction of freedom for a term of two to five years or imprisonment for the same period." Really, after something like this, you won’t want to joke with fire for a long time?

What to do?

A well-known and respected ecologist in Nikopol, chairman of the Civil Watch union, Yuri Babinin, quotes the words of the Danish physicist Niels Bohr: “Humanity will not die in an atomic nightmare - it will suffocate in its own waste.” And it seems that everything is heading towards this.

Thank God, the rains came, and the problem of burning leaves temporarily lost its severity. However, unfortunately, it has not disappeared from Nikopol, whose residents, while putting their households in order, diligently poison themselves with thousands of smoldering fires. People light fires and don’t think about the fact that the city is located in the center of a mining and metallurgical complex for extraction and processing manganese ore, where in the soil and vegetation the manganese content is already 16 times higher natural level.

In addition, due to the proximity of the Zaporozhye nuclear power plant, all living things around constantly absorb the radionuclides emitted by it, which, when plant residues are burned, enter directly into the human blood through his lungs.

We have been trying to fight this scourge for many years. And yet, every year during November, the city is once again covered in a shroud of toxic smoke. The leaves are burned, and with them - various rubbish in courtyards, gardens, street bins and garbage containers. In the private sector, it is the local residents themselves who “try”; in areas of multi-storey buildings, it is the janitors. They burn during the day, but with caution, and under the cover of night, they are much more bold.

So we come to the eternal question: what to do?

There is no need to indifferently pass by those who poison themselves and others with fires. In autumn and spring, I always walk around with burnt soles on my shoes, because I try to scatter and extinguish the smoldering fires that come my way. In addition, in my garden, like any person with a “green” idea in his head, there is a huge compost fence that produces 300-400 kg of excellent fertilizers annually.

But, unfortunately, it is not possible to inspire neighbors to do the same - they are weakened by the lack of real (and not just on paper) responsibility for burning garbage in bonfires.

So, burning fallen leaves and old branches is harmful, unacceptable and imprudent. After all, crushed branches and leaves can serve as an excellent insulation for garden beds in winter, and as a covering for garden paths in summer. Fallen leaves perform several important ecological functions: they, like a carpet, protect tree roots from frost in winter and from the sun in summer, accumulate moisture, serve as a shelter for many useful creatures and, when decomposed, become an excellent organic fertilizer for the soil.

What about them?

Did you know that abroad they “fight” fallen leaves much more effectively than in Ukraine? For example, in European countries, logs and briquettes for gas production are made from leaves, and lawns are also fertilized with leaves. It turns out that there are many ways in the world to use garden waste for maximum benefit.

The most common method of “fighting” leaves is composting. The value of compost lies in the fact that it contains chemical compounds, which are necessary for plants. By the way, garden waste such as small branches and leaves can be easily composted along with food scraps.

Another idea for solving the “problem of fallen leaves” is to press them into briquettes and use them for heating rooms. In Europe, similar briquettes have long been made from tree branches, burnt grass and fallen leaves. They are thrown into a bunker and fed into heating boilers that work as gas generators. This is how blue fuel is produced, which in its properties is close to natural gas, but costs three times less.

And in Washington, the capital of the United States, the leaves remain where they fell. They are simply crushed for faster and better rotting and left on the lawns. Local experts believe that in this way it is possible to kill two birds with one stone - to return nutrients and protect the ground from freezing.

Allowing the grass to grow under the snow:

In addition, several foreign countries have long made money by turning leaves into logs that are quite suitable for burning in fireplaces. For example, in Birmingham (England) there is a large plant that works in this direction.

However, no matter how you solve the problem of cleaning up fallen leaves, remember that this is not garbage, but organic waste, which may well serve you well!

Russian scientist Viktor Danilov-Danilyan asserts with all responsibility that the foggy air over the city, where leaves and household waste are burned, is no less toxic than modern chemical weapons. The only difference is that “junk” weapons kill all living things somewhat more slowly. And therefore more painful. You don’t need to look far for examples: it is during the period of mass burning of fallen leaves that Nikopol residents experience an increase in the number of skin diseases, respiratory tract diseases, and blood diseases that are directly related to the state of the air in the city. Burning garbage is especially dangerous for the health of our children, as well as for those who suffer from allergies, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, rhinitis or tonsillitis.

God told man: “Thou shalt not kill” and “Do not harm.” Don’t harm yourself, your neighbors and nature,” says Yuri Babinin in conclusion. - Because children hang over our Nikopol and the suffering it brings to the majority of the city’s residents, especially children.

Niels Henrik David Bohr - born October 7, 1885, Copenhagen, Denmark. Danish theoretical physicist, public figure, one of the founders of modern physics. Known as the creator of the first quantum theory of the atom and an active participant in the development of the foundations of quantum mechanics. He also made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions, processes of interaction of elementary particles with the environment. Laureate Nobel Prize in physics. Died November 18, 1962, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Quotes, aphorisms, sayings, phrases - Bohr Niels

• Truth is complemented by clarity.

• Nothing exists until it is measured.

• A negative result is also a result.

• Experience is the totality of our disappointments.

• Never express yourself more clearly than you can think.

• Very difficult to do accurate forecast, especially about the future.

• If you want to make enemies, try changing something.

• Opposites are not contradictions, they are complements.

• Sciences are divided into two groups - physics and stamp collecting.

• If quantum theory hasn't shocked you, you haven't understood it yet.

• If an idea doesn't seem crazy, it won't do any good.

• Work is the last refuge of those who can’t do anything else.

• Clarity and truth are not the same, but clarity is a complement to truth.

• Your theory is crazy, but not crazy enough to be true.

• Problems more important than the decision. Solutions may become outdated, but problems remain.

• There are such serious things in the world that one can only talk about them jokingly.

• Humanity will not die in a nuclear nightmare - it will suffocate in its own waste.

• An expert is a person who has made all possible mistakes in some narrow field.

• How wonderful that we are faced with a paradox. Now we have hope of progress.

• Every sentence I utter should be considered not as a statement, but as a question.

• It is impossible to draw a line between big and small, because both are equally important for the whole.

• There was no special secret, except that we were not afraid of appearing stupid in front of young people.

• There are two types of truth - trivial, which is absurd to deny, and deep, for which the opposite statement is also a deep truth.

• The opposite of a true statement is a false statement. However, the opposite of a great truth may be another great truth.

• Whatever system we use to organize our knowledge, this system remains a model of the world, which should not be confused with the world itself.

• The similarity of an incorrect theory with experiment does not prove anything, because among stupid theories there will always be a certain number that agree with experiment.

• Einstein was able to rebuild and generalize the entire edifice of classical physics and thereby give the picture of the world a unity that surpassed everything that could be expected.

• In scientific work, one cannot make confident predictions about the future, since obstacles always arise that can only be overcome with the emergence of new ideas.

• I can’t help but think that science is already close to implementing a project that will bring either unprecedented misfortune or unprecedented benefit to humanity.

• This is what, perhaps, has always been characteristic. We weren't afraid to show young man that we ourselves are stupid. We have never refrained from exacerbating differences and contradictions.

• We work with unclear concepts, operate with logic, the limits of which are unknown, and with all this, we still want to bring some clarity to our understanding of nature.

• The best thing would be if we practiced purely scientific research, having no other purpose than to expand the boundaries of our understanding of nature, of which we ourselves are a part.

• The whole approach to the problem as a whole was still of a highly semi-empirical nature, and it soon became absolutely clear that for an exhaustive description of the physical and chemical properties elements, a new radical departure from classical mechanics is needed in order to combine quantum postulates into a logically consistent scheme.

• Not far from our country house in Tisvilde lives a man who hung himself over front door your home a horseshoe, which, according to old folk belief, should bring happiness. When an acquaintance asked him: “How are you so superstitious? Do you really think that a horseshoe will bring you happiness?”, he answered: “Of course not; but they say that it helps even when you don’t believe in it.”

• I can fully admit that the pretty heroine, fleeing for her life, may find herself on a winding and dangerous mountain path. Less likely, but still possible, the bridge over the abyss would collapse just as she stepped on it. It is extremely unlikely that at the last moment she will grab a blade of grass and hang over the abyss, but even with this possibility I can agree. It’s very difficult, but you can still believe that a handsome cowboy will pass by at just that time and help out the unfortunate woman. But for a cameraman to be there at that moment with a camera, ready to capture all these exciting events on film—excuse me, I won’t believe that!