What do parts of speech mean in Russian? What parts of speech are there?

Lexicon for an adult, it includes about one hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many of them. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped by principle of partial affiliation. For better understanding Let's look at what an independent part of Russian speech is.

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Principles of classification

Morphology deals with the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:

1. Semantic – generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, a noun is used.
2. Morphological – an indicator of modification of a word form. It can be constant or change when moving to another gender.
3. Syntactic - the property of words to be linked into a constructive sentence and to be its members.

Researchers classify words in different ways. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech there are. The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.

Numerals are studied only at school. Academics equate them to adjectives. The controversy also surrounds gerunds. Some linguists note manifestations of verbal properties in them. Others are confident that such forms need to be separated into independent (notional) parts of speech.

Some textbooks suggest classifying the words “nowhere”, “there”, “there” as adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved Ministry of Education.

Groups

Let's look at what parts of speech there are. Name two large groups:

1. Significant - give objects names give their characteristics or indicate them. In fact, all the words are concentrated in this group.
2. Functional - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load and serve the constructive construction of speech.

Separate the group is made up of interjections. They express feelings. Let's imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. It is necessary to throw out emotions. A traumatized person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, to describe the knife, the action performed, the signs it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim “Ay!”

Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.

We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.

Peculiarities

The rules state that significant words are:

1. Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. Thus, the words bok and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
2. Name objects, signs and actions;
3. In a sentence they are the main or secondary members.

Depending on, what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:

• subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
• belonging, quality and property - adjective - attractive, relevant;
• condition category;
• the order of arrangement of objects or number - numeral - twelve;
• action or state - verb (to modernize);
• additional action - gerund (breaking through);
• sign by action - participle (alluring);
• if a word does not name an object, properties or attribute, but points to them, it is a pronoun (why, our);
• sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).

Word forms

Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into constant and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. Verb and its derivatives are conjugated.

There are:

• shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
• word formation - changes lexical meaning(top – at the top).

The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).

Some words may belong different speech groups. The word “everything,” depending on the context in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's look at example sentences:

The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.

You're still learning - answers the detailed question when?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.

Every day it gets darker earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of the increase, fulfilling the functions of a particle.

We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.

What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. "Milk glass on the floor" and " broken glass threw it in the trash." In the first phrase glass is a verb, in the second - a noun.

Morphological analysis

Complete grammatical characteristics of the word form called morphological analysis. The belonging of a word to a group, its properties and functions in a sentence are determined. For independent parts Here are some examples of speech:

Let’s take the word “pillar” for analysis.

• we determine belonging: we ask the question what? Therefore - a noun;
• Let's examine the condition: pillar is the common name inanimate objects. This means that the common noun is inanimate;
• We indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (masculine) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
• We show the number of objects - singular nominative case;
• significance in a sentence - the main or minor member.

Likewise deal with words from other groups:

1. Let’s determine which part of speech is represented by the word “for the first time.” The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be transformed. This means that this adverb does not change and performs the function of an adverb. Minor member offers.
2. Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative. Membership in a sentence is determined by context.

We study independent parts of speech

What are the parts of speech in Russian?

Conclusion

If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that it is a designation of the property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without using significant words.

Parts of speech are construction material language, and each of them has its own characteristics and functions that help a person express his thoughts coherently and beautifully. There is a special science that studies parts of speech in the Russian language - it is called morphology. Every 4th grade student should understand what this is.

What are parts of speech and what are they?

Parts of speech are classes of words that are distinguished by the commonality of their grammatical properties. That is, those words whose properties are the same belong to the same part of speech. They have common morphological characteristics and syntactic features.

There are only ten parts of speech in the Russian language. Six of them are independent (their second name is significant), three are official and one more is special, this is an interjection.

Independent parts of speech V mandatory are members of a sentence, they can denote both the objects themselves and their characteristics. This category includes adjectives, numerals and nouns, verbs, adverbs, and pronouns.

Functional parts of speech they are called so because they do not have their own meaning, but only serve independent ones, help them connect with each other.

At the same time, the interjection does not belong to any of these two categories, standing out in morphological structure language to a special place.

The modern partial-speech classification in the Russian language is still based on the ancient tradition, although there were eight parts of speech. IN different time in Russian grammars, from eight to fourteen parts of speech were distinguished.

A table of parts of speech with examples will help you better understand the topic:

Interjection part of the table is not . Examples of words related to this part of speech - oh, whoa, well.

Parts of speech in the Russian language are also divided based on variability. So, all function words, interjection and adverb are unchangeable parts of speech. The rest belong to the category of inflected ones, that is, they have forms of inflection. Thus, based on variability, parts of speech are divided into two equal groups - five in each.

All nationalities in the Russian language belong to such a part of speech as a noun, and only “Russian” is an adjective.

What have we learned?

Parts of speech are classes into which words are divided according to certain characteristics. There are five of them in the Russian language. There is also an internal classification of them according to several criteria. The first is the presence or absence of meaning. Words can be independent and auxiliary; there is a separate interjection. The second feature is changeability, that is, parts of speech are divided, respectively, into changeable and unchangeable.

Parts of speech are groups of words united on the basis of common features. The features on the basis of which words are divided into parts of speech are not uniform for different groups words

According to their role in language, parts of speech are divided into independent and auxiliary.

Independent words can be divided into significant and pronominal. Significant words name objects, signs, actions, relationships, quantity, and pronominal words indicate objects, signs, actions, relationships, quantity, without naming them and being substitutes for significant words in a sentence (cf.: table - it, convenient - like that, easy - like that, five - how many). Pronominal words form separate part speech - pronoun.

Significant words are divided into parts of speech taking into account the following characteristics:

• 1) generalized meaning;
• 2) morphological characteristics;
• 3) syntactic behavior (syntactic functions and syntactic connections).

There are at least five significant parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral (group of nouns), adverb and verb.

Thus, parts of speech are lexico-grammatical classes of words, i.e. classes of words identified taking into account their generalized meaning, morphological features and syntactic behavior.

There are 10 parts of speech, combined into three groups:

• 1. Independent parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb.
• 2. Functional parts of speech: preposition, conjunction, particle.
• 3. Interjection.

Modern Russian language has a large number morphological variant forms. Some of them have established themselves in literary language, are recognized as normative, while others are perceived as speech errors. Form variations may be related to different meanings words. Also, variant forms may vary. stylistic coloring. Variants of forms associated with the categories of gender and number can also be stylistically colored.

Morphology - (Greek “morphe” - form, “logos” - science, word) - a section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech. And this means studying general values and changing words. Words can change by gender, number, case, person, etc. For example, a noun denotes an object and changes according to numbers and cases, an adjective denotes a characteristic of an object and changes according to gender, number and cases. But, there are words that do not change, for example, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs.

In speech, independent and function words perform different jobs. In a sentence, independent words, naming objects, their characteristics, actions, etc., act as members of the sentence, and auxiliary words most often serve to communicate independent words.

Noun

A noun is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that:

• 1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;
• 2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a constant gender sign and inconsistent (for most nouns) number and case signs;
• 3) in a sentence they most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence.

A noun is a part of speech, when highlighted, the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united by the fact that they can be asked the question who? or what?; This, in fact, is their objectivity.

Adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that:

• 1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer the questions which?, whose?;
• 2) change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;
• 3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. speech noun verb adverb

Adjectives depend on nouns, so questions on adjectives are asked from nouns. Adjectives help us select the desired item from many identical items. Our speech without adjectives would be like a picture painted with gray paint. Adjectives make our speech more precise and figurative, as they allow us to show various characteristics of an object.

Numeral

A numeral is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question how many? or which one?.

The numeral is a part of speech into which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - their relationship to number. The grammatical features of numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category of meaning the numeral belongs to.

Words with number meanings play important role in people's lives. Numbers measure the number of objects, distance, time, size of objects, their weight, cost. In writing, number words are often replaced by numbers. In the documents, it is necessary that the amount be written in words, and not just in numbers.

Pronoun as part of speech

A pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Pronouns are classified according to meaning and grammatical characteristics.

Pronouns are used in speech instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs. Pronouns help to combine sentences into a coherent text and avoid repetition of the same words in speech.

An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, attribute, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -o/-e) and are adjacent to a verb, adjective, or another adverb (run quickly, very fast, very quickly). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.

In rare cases, an adverb can be adjacent to a noun: running a race (the noun has the meaning of action), a soft-boiled egg, Warsaw-style coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.

A verb is an independent significant part of speech, denoting an action (read), a state (to be sick), a property (to limp), an attitude (to be equal), a sign (to turn white).

The grammatical features of the verb are heterogeneous among different groups of verb forms. The verb word combines: an indefinite form (infinitive), conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms, inconjugated forms - participles and participles.

Speech verbs are very important because they allow us to name various actions.

Participle

The participle as a morphological phenomenon is interpreted ambiguously in linguistics. In some linguistic descriptions, the participle is considered independent part speech, in others - a special form of the verb.

A participle denotes an attribute of an object by action and combines the properties of an adjective and a verb. IN oral speech participles are used less frequently than in writing.

Participle

Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech or as special shape verb.

A gerund is a special form of a verb that has the following characteristics:

• 1. Denotes an additional action, answers the questions: what are you doing? or having done what?
• 2. Has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.

Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech are those that, without independent parts of speech, cannot form a sentence and serve to connect independent units or to express additional shades of meaning.

The preposition is service part speech, which serves to connect a noun, pronoun and numeral with other words in a phrase. Prepositions can denote the relationship between an action and an object (look at the sky), an object and an object (a boat with a sail), a sign and an object (ready to sacrifice).

Prepositions do not change and are not independent parts of a sentence.

By connecting independent words with each other, prepositions express, together with the endings of independent words, different semantic meanings.

A conjunction is an official part of speech that serves to communicate homogeneous members sentences, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text.

Unions do not change and are not members of the sentence.

A particle is a service part of speech that serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms.

In accordance with this, particles are usually divided into two categories - semantic and formative.

Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.

Interjection

An interjection is a special part of speech that does not belong to either the independent group or the auxiliary group.

An interjection is a part of speech that combines words that express feelings, encourage action, or are formulas verbal communication(speech etiquette).

Remember! Words in Russian are divided into large groups - parts of speech. Each part of speech answers only its own questions and has its own features, fulfills its role in the sentence.

1. What parts of speech have you already become acquainted with in Russian lessons? Give examples of these parts of speech. Find the parts of speech you don't know in the list below.

2. Read it.

Noun - school,
Wakes up- verb.
With an adjective funny
A new school day has arrived.

Got up We- pronoun,
Beats the numeral seven.
For learning, without a doubt,
Everyone needs to accept...
(O. Vysotskaya)

• What parts of speech are named in the poem? What other parts of speech do you know?
• Write down 1-2 words from the poem that relate to these parts of speech.

Sample. Verb: hits, ... .

Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Numeral
Pretext

3. Read it.

Quiet go out the stars became
AND Star The star said:
“I dreamed that this night
I've been to Earth!..

All V lights and bright glitter
Christmas tree in that hall stood,
A at the Christmas tree on top
With a proud shine I was beaming!”
(B. Nikonova)

• On what day could the Star have had such a dream? What did these lines remind you of?
• What parts of speech are the highlighted words? By what criteria did you identify them?
• Write down the words of the Star. Test yourself.

Remember! To find out what part of speech a word is, you need to ask a question about it and determine what the word means.

Book- this is a noun that answers a question What?, denotes item.

Draws- this is a verb that answers the question what does?, denotes action subject.

4. Read it. Determine what part of speech each word is.

1. The humpbacked one stands on a bridge on four pillars.
2. Buried, with, a ball, a stump, under, needles.

• Make up a riddle sentence from the words of each group.
• Write down riddles and answers. Underline the basis of each sentence.

5. Read it. Write by inserting the missing letters.

I admire the beautiful painting winter forest. See...decorated with leafy cones fir branches. Crossbills were circling above the tree. The nimble birds, with their crooked curves, fetched them from the bushes themselves.

• Indicate the part of speech above each word of the first sentence (see Memo 4).
• Choose any sentence and analyze it orally according to the parts of the sentence. Emphasize the main members in it.
• Find words in the sentences that are not members of the sentence. What part of speech do these words belong to?

6. Read it.

There was a birch tree on the edge of the cliff. There was a gr..nest hanging on a birch tree. Recently, small..s..chat appeared there.

One night a strong storm began. She began to swing the birch from side..to side..well.

It was difficult for Birch to cling to the edge of the cliff, but she did not give up. The birch fought not only for its own life, but also for the life of little..n..people. This gave her strength, and the birch tree survived.

It all ended well.

(V. Stepanov)

• Decide on a topic and main idea text. Come up with a title for the text that reflects the main idea.
• What is the most important thing talked about in each part? Give each part a title.
• Explain the spelling of words with missing letters. Write out difficult words from the text.
• Write down the title. Prepare to write each part from memory.

7. Look at the drawing. Determine its topic.

• What is shown in the picture? Tell me.
• Make up a story based on the picture. Get ready to tell it. Write down the text.
• Determine which parts of speech you used in your text and for what purpose.

Noun– a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who? What? (person, book). They differ by gender and vary by cases and numbers. There are animate (worker) and inanimate (TVs).

Adjective– a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? Changes by gender, number and case. Differs from participles in that it has no signs of collateral, type or time.

• Qualitative adjectives denote an unrelated property of the object itself, capable of manifesting itself with different intensities: white, fast, old. Have short forms and degrees of comparison: white, faster, oldest, oldest.
• Relative adjectives denote the property of an object through its relationship to another object or action: door, iron, inflatable, measuring.
• Possessive adjectives indicate who owns the object they identify: fathers, sisters, foxes.

• number of items; answers the question how much? ( Cardinal numbers): two, fourteen, one hundred twenty-five;
• order of objects when counting; answers the question which? ( ordinals): second, fourteenth, one hundred and twenty-fifth;
• Among cardinal numbers, the group stands out collective numerals. denoting the number of objects as one whole: two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, ten, both, both.

Pronoun– a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

• Personal. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
• Returnable. myself.
• Possessives. mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.
• Interrogative-relative. who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.
• Index fingers. this, that, such, such, so much.
• Definitive. himself, most, all (all, everything, everything), everyone, each, any, other.
• Negative. no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.
• Undefined. someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something, etc.

Verb– a part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions: what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? what will it do? It has signs of aspect, voice, person, number, tense, mood and gender (in the past tense, in the subjunctive mood).

• Infinitive– an indefinite form of a verb without signs of person, number, tense, voice, mood and gender: run, sleep, read.
• Participle– an unconjugated verb form denoting an action or state as a sign of an object that can change over time. Changes by gender, number and case; has signs of voice, type and time - this differs from adjective .
• Active participle denotes an action that is performed by the bearer of the attribute: reading student, blossomed garden.
• Passive participle denotes a sign that arose as a result of the influence of someone (something) on ​​the bearer of the sign: abandoned stone, persecuted wind blown leaves.
• Participle– an unchangeable form of the verb, denoting an action as a sign of another action, for example: spoke, looking in the eyes; exhausted. sat down on the bench. Differs from participles that which does not change; has signs of type and voice.

Adverb– a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, quality or object and answers the questions: how? When? Why? Where? and so on. The main feature is immutability: slowly, yesterday, foolishly, everywhere, etc. Adverbs also include pronominal adverbs: where, nowhere, so, how, in any way, when, never, sometimes, from, where, from here, there, there , why, therefore, therefore, why, then, etc.

Pretext– an auxiliary unchangeable part of speech that connects words (to be distinguished from unions. which connect not words, but syntactic units: members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence): in, to, with, on, from, at, through, between, for the sake of, through, during, around, about, like, relatively, according to, thanks to, after, despite, really, due to, depending on, in connection with, in relation to, etc.

Union– an auxiliary unchangeable part of speech connecting members of a sentence and/or parts of a complex sentence (to be distinguished from prepositions. which connect not syntactic units, but words).

• Coordinating Conjunctions. and, yes, but, or, either, too, also.
• Subordinating conjunctions. when, before, while, that, so that, how, since, because, thanks to the fact that, so that, as if, if, once, although, despite the fact that, in order that, not only. but also. not so much. How many. etc.

Particles- function words that give additional semantic or emotional shades to sentences and individual words: not, nor, some. -or. something. -That. -those. -sya (sya). -ka. -de. but, would, would, it happened, yes, let, let, even, really, only, almost, only, at least, perhaps, really, let, know, come on, well, they say, after all, well, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, supposedly, tea, perhaps, maybe, just, exactly, almost, hardly, perhaps, etc.

Bunch is a function word that has been torn away from the paradigm of a pronoun or verb. Its functions include indicating the syntactic relationships between the components of a sentence. Connectives include the words this, the phrase this is, there are (and other forms of the verb to be), conjugated forms of the verbs to appear, to appear, to mean, to mean, to be called. Connectives are often omitted, and a dash is placed in their place in the sentence: Car - [ There is] is not a luxury, but a means of transportation.