What are consumer services? Historical examples of consumer services
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Consumer services carry out the activities of household service providers to provide repair and maintenance work; services and work on the production of items, things, objects for individual orders; services and work related to personal hygiene, health improvement (not of a medical nature) of a person, as well as other household services to meet the needs of citizens.
Household services are one of the most important areas of life support for the population. This industry carries a large social burden and creates comfortable conditions life of the population by increasing the share of free time.
Behind last years In connection with changes in the situation in the country, the region's consumer services have undergone significant changes, going through stages of decline and revival, and structural restructuring. Currently household services Chelyabinsk region More than four thousand consumer service enterprises provide services. Over nineteen thousand people work at consumer service enterprises. The region's service sector offers more than eight hundred types of services to the region's population.
The past years of the formation of a market economy have clearly demonstrated that for successful development In an enterprise in a highly competitive environment, the manager needs knowledge of regulatory legal documents.
The consumer services sector consists of several independent areas. Household services are divided into subgroups, which are further divided by type of activity according to their functional purpose:
shoe repair, painting and sewing;
repair and tailoring of clothing, fur and leather products, hats and textile haberdashery products, repair of tailoring and knitting of knitwear;
repair and maintenance of household appliances and electronic equipment, electronics, household machines and household appliances. Repair and production of metal products;
furniture repair and manufacturing;
dry cleaning and dyeing, laundry services;
repair and construction of housing and other buildings;
maintenance and repair Vehicle, machinery and equipment;
services of photo studios and photo and film laboratories, transport and forwarding services;
services of baths and showers, hairdressing salons. Rental services. Ritual and ceremonial services.
Public service enterprises are designed to ensure the population's access to consumer services. In the Chelyabinsk region, the volume of sales of household services in 2005 amounted to 3894.7 million rubles. Over the past three years on consumer market The Chelyabinsk region has seen an increase in the physical volume of sales of household services. The growth rate in the period 2003–2005 increased from 107.1% to 112.1%. Across territories, the physical volume index develops unevenly. So at 13 municipalities the index of physical volume is below 100%. In 12 urban districts and municipal areas there was an increase in the index of physical volume of household services in 2005 by 15% or more. A network of reception points is being developed, and outreach services to the population have been intensified. In a number municipal districts the region, the provision of the full range of household services has been restored. This indicates that the consumer services industry in the region is effectively solving problems.
The tasks of the Ministry economic development Chelyabinsk region includes:
creation of legal, economic and organizational conditions for sustainable development spheres of consumer services for the population;
increasing volumes, expanding the list of types of services provided, increasing the level and quality of service;
more complete use of labor resources, increased employment of the population;
ensuring the development of competition in the consumer services market; expanding the network of comprehensive reception points to provide household services to the population.
Collection of a list of legal and regulatory documentation; continuation of work on the development of consumer services in the Chelyabinsk region, expanding and strengthening the professional knowledge of managers to create maximum convenience and ensure territorial accessibility of socially necessary types of household services for consumers.
In accordance with current legislation, since July 1, 2003, household services are not subject to mandatory certification ( The federal law"On technical regulation"
dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ, as amended. dated 05/09/2005). Certain species can be certified voluntarily. These are hairdressing services; dry cleaning, dyeing and laundries; repair and maintenance of radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances; repair and maintenance of vehicles. The rules for voluntary certification of household services are approved by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated August 21, 2003 No. 97 “Rules for the functioning of the system of voluntary certification of services.”
The presence of a certificate indicates more high quality services provided. Certification is carried out for compliance with the Rules of Consumer Services and various standards relating to the technological requirements of the service, sanitary norms and rules, building codes, technical conditions and other legal documents, in accordance with the type of activity being carried out.
With the development of voluntary certification, the state retains the responsibility for ensuring the necessary requirements for the safety of service provision, and quality assurance issues move to the level of market self-regulation. The system of interaction between market participants ensures a balance of interests of entrepreneurs, organizations and consumers of services. It is necessary to create a system of interaction between market participants, which should ensure and preserve the interests of the entrepreneur, organization and consumers of services. The presence of a certificate of conformity, other things being equal, can be a decisive condition for the competitive selection of appraisers. Voluntary certification can solve this.
Household services population, part of the service sector, where non-productive and production services are provided to the population. B. o. characterized by socially organized ways and forms of satisfying the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities. IN modern conditions B. o., which in the recent past had handicraft workshops, is becoming an industry National economy with the corresponding industrial material and technical base - industrial enterprises, production associations and industrial enterprises with high-performance machines and mechanisms. It becomes more and more universal with specialization individual species and types of service. B. o. enterprises production of personal consumption items according to individual orders, restoration of the lost use value of household items and personal use, and provision of personal services. To B. o. include the activities of enterprises and organizations engaged in home renovation, manufacturing and repair of custom-made furniture, washing, dry cleaning and dyeing of things, individual tailoring and repair of shoes, clothing, fur and knitwear, security, preventive maintenance and repair of cars, repair of technical household machines and instruments, television and radio equipment, as well as musical instruments, provision of services for storing things in pawn shops, photographic services and hairdressing salon services, rental of cultural, household, sports and household items, apartment cleaning services, carrying out various errands, etc. As social development, technological progress, as well as improving the material well-being of the population, the importance of socially organized forms of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people is increasing. The social content of the economic system, the availability of household services to the population, the degree and proportions of development of their individual types, and the nature and depth of their impact on the life and work of the population are determined not only by the level of development of the productive forces, but primarily by the method of social production. Under socialism, the expansion of the service sector in general and B. o. in particular, it is one of the indicators of the growth and development of the national economy and the increase in the well-being of the entire population. During the period of building a communist society, conditions are created for the accelerated development of socially organized forms of bourgeoisie. population. It is aimed at gradual replacement household social forms B. o. and on this basis the elimination of the remnants of actual inequality of women in everyday life, the elimination of socio-economic and cultural differences between city and countryside, the equalization of living conditions of the population of the Central regions and remote areas countries, fostering collectivism in everyday life. Together with other service industries (for example, with trade (See Trade),
public catering (See Public catering), children's institutions, housing and communal services, etc.) enterprises B. o. gradually replacing individual elements households with large-scale social production and organized services for many aspects of everyday life. (See also Utilities). It has great value to boost the countryside economically, culturally and socially, as well as to slow down the process of migration of the rural population to the cities. Expansion of B. o. helps to improve the use of workers' free time, increase their cultural level, and better organize recreation. In the USSR, to organize the leadership and improve the B. o. population in the union republics (since 1965), special ministries of economic affairs were formed. Independent management of the B. o. was created. population of territories and regions. Their activities are carried out under the control of the Councils of Workers' Deputies. In 1970 state, cooperative and public enterprises and organizations B. o. provided the population with over 450 types of household services worth over 4 billion. rub.(in 1960 - 1.1 billion. rub.). In B. o. in 1968 there were 225.8 thousand (in 1960 135 thousand) enterprises and reception centers, where 1.65 million people were employed. Of the production (industrial) types of services, B. o. In 1967, the share of individual tailoring and repair of clothing was 41%, the repair of complex household appliances was 14.5%, and the tailoring and repair of shoes was 14.3%. Among non-production (non-industrial) types of services, hairdressing salon services (54%), followed by repairs and housing construction (21.1%), and photographic services (19.5%) were in first place. A special network has been created educational institutions in preparation for B. o. personnel of qualified workers, technicians, engineers and economists of the highest qualifications and various specialties. There are universities that train engineers and economists for the economic system. (Moscow, Vladivostok, Khmelnitsky). There is a network of research and design and technological institutes that are developing issues of improving biochemical systems. population of the USSR. Under capitalism, the development of economic activity. pursues commercial goals and proceeds unevenly. They expand especially quickly in a number of foreign countries enterprises for car maintenance and repair, dry cleaning of clothes, as well as enterprises for urgent repair of household appliances and shoes. In the USA in the 70s. of about 770 thousand enterprises of B. o. with almost 1.9 million employees highest place covers car repairs and maintenance. Revenue of all B. o. enterprises amounted to almost 17.5 billion. Doll. Some types of services can only be used by privileged segments of society. Lit.: Semenov V.V., The service sector and its workers, M., 1966; Services and their socio-economic role, trans. from Polish, M., 1967; Agababyan E.M., Economic analysis of the service sector, M., 1968; 3ubchaninov V.V., Services as a form of material production, in the collection: Competition of two systems. New phenomena in the economics of capitalism, M., 1967, p. 85-101; Zagladina S.M., Growth of net distribution costs in the US economy, ibid., p. 128-42; Issues of economics of consumer services, M., 1966. S. L. Pevzner.
Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what “household services” is in other dictionaries:
consumer services- (household service), part of the service sector, the provision of non-productive and production services to the population (repair of homes, shoes, clothes, laundry, etc.). Initially, in St. Petersburg, services to the population were provided by artisans (barbers, shoemakers, tailors... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
- (household service), part of the service sector, the provision of non-productive and production services to the population (repair of homes, shoes, clothes, laundry, etc.). Initially, in St. Petersburg, services to the population were provided by artisans (barbers, shoemakers,... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
Utilities Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary
Household services- part of the service sector that provides personnel satisfaction of his material and spiritual needs, facilitating the effective performance of military duty by military personnel. K.B.o. includes the repair of barracks, residential and... Border Dictionary
consumer services- Syn: public utilities … Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
Encyclopedia of Law
HOUSEHOLD SERVICES- carried out in accordance with regulations Civil Code, Law of January 9, 2002 On the Protection of Consumer Rights and Rules for Consumer Services, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated December 14, 2004... Legal Dictionary modern civil law
Consumer services for the population- (eng. service industry for population) activities of legal entities, regardless of organizational legal forms, as well as citizens of entrepreneurs engaged in the provision of household services (performance of work) on the territory of the Russian Federation, carried out in... ... Large legal dictionary
Domestic trade Domestic trade plays a big role in increasing standard of living population of the USSR. Its development is characterized by high and sustainable rates, corresponding to the growth of incomes and effective demand... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Trade and consumer services in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation- 300. Trade and personal services a set of measures for organizing the sale of goods, performing work, providing services in order to meet the personal, family, household and other needs of military personnel, civilian personnel, members of their families, and... ... Official terminology
Books
- Russian-German lexicon and phrasebook. Household topics and business contacts in institutions and departments. Background information about the way of life and traditions of Germany, Yu. A. Zak. The purpose of this lexicon is to provide assistance to both tourists and people traveling to Germany for a long time, in a variety of situations: from communicating with salespeople in stores serving…
Consumer services for the population, part of the service sector where non-productive and production services are provided to the population. Household services are characterized by socially organized ways and forms of satisfying the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities.
Consumer services for the population, part of the service sector where non-productive and production services are provided to the population. Household services are characterized by socially organized ways and forms of satisfying the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities. In modern conditions, consumer services, which in the recent past had handicraft workshops, is becoming a branch of the national economy with a corresponding industrial material and technical base - industrial enterprises, production associations and consumer services plants with high-performance machines and mechanisms. It is becoming more and more universal in nature with the specialization of certain types and types of services.
Household service enterprises produce custom-made items for personal consumption, restore the lost use value of household items and personal use, and provide personal services. Household services include the activities of enterprises and organizations engaged in home renovation, manufacturing and repair of custom-made furniture, washing, dry cleaning and dyeing of things, individual tailoring and repair of shoes, clothing, fur and knitwear, security, preventive maintenance and repair of cars, repair technical household machines and appliances, television and radio equipment, as well as musical instruments, provision of services for storing things in pawn shops, photographic services and hairdressing services, rental of cultural, sports and household items, apartment cleaning services, carrying out various assignments and etc. With social development, technological progress, as well as improvement in the material well-being of the population, the importance of socially organized forms of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people increases.
Social content Household services, the availability of household services to the population, the degree and proportions of development of their individual types, the nature and depth of their impact on the life and work of the population are determined not only by the level of development of the productive forces, but primarily by the method of social production. Under socialism, the expansion of the service sector in general and consumer services in particular is one of the indicators of the growth and development of the national economy and the increase in the well-being of the entire population. During the period of building a communist society, conditions are created for the accelerated development of socially organized forms of consumer services for the population.
It is aimed at the gradual replacement of the household with social forms of consumer services and the elimination on this basis of the remnants of actual inequality of women in everyday life, the elimination of socio-economic and cultural differences between city and countryside, the equalization of living conditions of the population of the Central regions and remote areas of the country, the cultivation of collectivism in everyday life Together with other branches of the service sector (for example, trade, public catering, child care institutions, housing and communal services, etc.), consumer services enterprises are gradually replacing individual elements of the household with large-scale public production and organized services for many aspects of everyday life. (See also Utilities).
It is of great importance for the rise of the village in economic, cultural and everyday terms, as well as for slowing down the process of migration of the rural population to the cities. Expansion of consumer services helps to improve the use of workers' free time, increase their cultural level, and better organize recreation. In the USSR, to organize the management and improvement of consumer services for the population in the Union republics (since 1965), special ministries of consumer services were formed. Independent management of consumer services for the population of territories and regions was created.
Their activities are carried out under the control of the Councils of Workers' Deputies. In 1970, state, cooperative and public enterprises and organizations provided household services to the population over 450 types of household services worth over 4 billion rubles. (in 1960 - 1.1 billion rubles). In consumer services in 1968 there were 225.8 thousand (in 1960 135 thousand) enterprises and reception centers, where 1.65 million people were employed. Of the production (industrial) types of services, personal services, the share of individual tailoring and repair of clothing in 1967 accounted for 41%, repair of complex household appliances 14.5%, and sewing and repair of shoes 14.3%. Among non-production (non-industrial) types of services, hairdressing salon services (54%), followed by repairs and housing construction (21.1%), and photographic services (19.5%) were in first place.
A special network of educational institutions has been created to train qualified workers, technicians, engineers and economists of higher qualifications and various specialties for consumer services. There are universities training engineers and economists for the consumer services system (Moscow, Vladivostok, Khmelnitsky). There is a network of research and design and technological institutes that are developing issues of improving consumer services for the population of the USSR.
Under capitalism, the development of consumer services pursues commercial goals and proceeds unevenly. Enterprises for the maintenance and repair of automobiles, dry cleaning of clothing, as well as enterprises for the urgent repair of household appliances and shoes are expanding especially rapidly in a number of foreign countries. In the USA in the 70s. Of the approximately 770 thousand consumer services enterprises with almost 1.9 million employees, the largest place is occupied by car repair and maintenance. The revenue of all consumer services enterprises amounted to almost 17.5 billion dollars. Some types of services can only be used by privileged segments of society.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State educational institution higher professional education
"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov"
Department of Regional Economics and Entrepreneurship
TEST
Service Economics
Kanash 2009
Household services
1. The role and importance of consumer services as an industry
2. Types of household services: composition and characteristics
3. Features of organizing the activities of consumer service enterprises
4. Consumer service enterprises of Chuvashia
Conclusion
List of used literature
Household services
Household services – paid services provided to individuals, classified in accordance with All-Russian classifier services to the population. Household services provide restoration (change, preservation) consumer properties products or the production of new products according to orders from citizens, as well as the movement of goods and people, the creation of conditions for consumption. In particular, these may include services related to the repair and manufacture of products, housing and communal services, services Catering, transport services, etc.
Consumer services are part of the service sector, where non-productive and production services are provided to the population. Household services are characterized by socially organized ways and forms of satisfying the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities.
In modern conditions, consumer services, which in the past had handicraft workshops, have become a branch of the national economy with a corresponding industrial material and technical base - industrial enterprises, production associations and consumer service plants with high-performance machines and mechanisms. It is becoming more and more universal in nature with the specialization of certain types and types of services.
1. The role and importance of consumer services as an industry
Currently, the Russian market of household services is entering a qualitatively new level. All more people and organizations refuse to make a decision everyday problems on their own and resort to the help of qualified specialists. The images of incompetent plumbers or electricians are irrevocably a thing of the past; they are being replaced by highly paid professionals in their field. The number of consumer service organizations is increasing.
The volume of the household services market in Russia is estimated at 400–500 million US dollars (according to market players). In 2006, market growth was 5.9% (see http://www.businessproekt.ru/NewsAMShow.asp? ID=807657).
The Russian consumer services market is in many ways unique in relation to the European market. Thus, in Russia, in the sphere of consumer services for the population, not only small private enterprises have become widespread, but also family business, as in the West, but collective, cooperative forms of management. The owners of household enterprises are: labor collectives – 63%, legal entities– 23% and individuals– 13% (see Figure 1).
Another specific feature of the Russian consumer services market is associated with the diversification of specialized enterprises, which is prompted by the need to survive in modern conditions. In a number of cases, consumer service enterprises, along with their main activities, are actively developing other non-core activities that generate additional income. This ultimately often leads to the repurposing of enterprises.
Picture 1. Shares of organizations of collective and individual forms of ownership in the Russian market of household services, %
In modern conditions, the consumer services industry is developing unsustainably, as evidenced, in particular, by the following fact. Specific gravity household services in total paid services population has no upward trend. In 2000 it was 12.6%, in 2001 – 12.2%, in 2002 – 11.7%, in 2003 – 10.7%, in 2004 – 10.5% (see Figure 2 ). At the same time, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets in the “non-production types of consumer services” industry in Russia as a whole decreased from 37.8% in 1995 to 34.5% in 2004.
Figure 2. Dynamics of the share of household services in the total volume of paid services to the population in Russia in 2000–2004, %
Moscow occupies a leading position in the Russian market of household services. The volume of sales of household services in Moscow in 2005 amounted to about 40 billion rubles. Between 2000 and 2005, about 15 billion rubles of investment were attracted to the consumer services industry in Moscow. The capital market accounts for a fifth of the total volume of household services on the Russian market. In certain segments of the consumer services market, Moscow’s share is significantly more than a fifth; for example, in the segments of consumer services maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, as well as funeral services, the capital’s share is 40% of the all-Russian consumption volume, in the dry cleaning and dyeing services segment – 44%, in the laundry segment – 47%. On average, each Muscovite spends 3,330 rubles a year on household services, which is 3 times more than the average Russian (see http://www.rg.ru/2005/08/02/byt-uslugi.html;
Second place in the Russian market of household services belongs to the Moscow region. According to the Moscow Region Entrepreneurship Development Committee, the share of labor of small businesses in the total volume of household services increased last year to 87% (see http://www.garant-center.ru/index.php? S=223&I=12182 ).
The intensive development of consumer service organizations is facilitated by the ever-increasing demand for personal services, both from corporate clients - banks, office and shopping centers, and from private individuals. According to experts from the marketing agency Bauman Innovation, the demand for household services in recent years has been increasing by 25–30% annually and is mainly due to the desire of wealthy people to improve the quality of their lives and save time on everyday activities (see http://www.allmedia. ru/newsitem.asp?id=706499).
According to Bauman Innovation, target audience To provide high-quality household services in Russia today, no more than 10–15% of the population is the most affluent part of Russians. This audience as a whole is already covered by existing consumer service organizations.
This fact suggests that, despite the optimistic indicators of development of the consumer services industry in Russia, in the coming years the trend of rapid growth may stop, as the market will face demand restrictions.
In accordance with the uneven demand for household services among the population with different income levels, one of the main trends in the production of household services in modern stage They are: a decrease in the supply of a wide range of household services in connection with the privatization and repurposing of enterprises, as well as in some cases the “washing out” of services produced at prices affordable for low-income segments of the population, and an increase in the supply of services for the population with high incomes.
To maintain their positions, companies operating in the Russian consumer services market need to organize competent management and develop effective business solutions. Business related to the provision of household services to the population is one of the most complex in the service sector. The difficulty of running this type of business is associated with low profitability, which even for the best enterprises rarely rises above 10%. One of the main areas that ensure increased profitability and rapid growth for companies providing household services to the population is constant business diversification and expansion into the regions.
Business diversification is manifested in the desire of companies providing household services to the population to annually expand the range of services provided. In particular, large cleaning companies operating on the Russian market, in addition to basic cleaning services, offer clients new special services: catering, landscape design, supply drinking water and others. Expansion into the regions allows major players in the consumer services market to significantly increase their turnover. In particular, all leaders in the cleaning services market today have branches. The players themselves believe that opening branches is a more productive way of development than franchising, since in this case all profits from operating the business model and brand remain within one company, which is important given low profitability.
According to experts, in modern conditions, the most promising are two forms of doing business related to the organization of consumer services for the population - accompanying and network forms. In the first case, companies are developing for which household services are a related business that enhances the competitive advantage of the main one (for example, service and repair of household appliances and electronics). Second effective form is a network through which enterprises operate, creating their networks thanks to their own or foreign investments. These network companies are developing on the principle of building branches or using franchising. The most representative networks are in cleaning, one of the fastest growing segments of the household services market, which today includes new special types services: landscape design, supply of drinking water and others.
For the Russian market of household services, several problems are relevant, among which one of the main ones is the low profitability of business. Even among market leaders, profitability rarely rises above 10%. One of the main factors for the low profitability of consumer services enterprises is the long payback period for investment projects. For example, the technical re-equipment of a laundry factory costs $3 million, and the return on investment is within 70 years.