What is a figurative comparison in Russian? What is comparison in literature? Here are some examples

Comparison- this is a special literary device based on the comparison of two objects or phenomena between which egalitarian relations can be established. With the help of comparison, artistic speech becomes more vivid and expressive, the character of the characters is revealed more fully.

In the literature, comparisons are created in several ways:

Using comparative unions as if, as if, as, exactly etc.

Form of the instrumental case.

Comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

With words similar And like.

Some comparisons due frequent use become stable expressions, therefore, from comparisons they turned into phraseological units. For example:

Comparison in Russian means a comparison of various objects or phenomena in order to explain an object with another object or one phenomenon with another phenomenon. In other words, comparison means the likening of one object to another by identifying common features or characteristics.

Here are some examples:

Sunny smile - here the smile is compared to the sun, meaning just as bright and warm.

His eyes are as deep as the sea - his eyes are compared to the depths of the sea;

She is as beautiful as the rose of May - she is compared to the rose of May.

In russian language comparisons(lat. comparatio) is one of the artistic stylistic devices designed to more fully express one’s thoughts so that the reader can vividly imagine the pictures and events being described. This is likening, contrasting two different objects, in order to then assert that they are similar or different, identifying their common features.

1.Simple Comparison Method- with the use of words: as, exactly, as if, as if, as if.

Rose petals turned red on the snow, How drops of blood.

Her eyes sparkled as if diamonds.

She was so thin as if reed.

The face was so white exactly carved from marble.

2.Indirect comparison method(used with a noun in the instrumental case)

He lived hamster- He pulled everything into his hole. Compare: He lived How hamster. those. the previous words are not applied, but are implied.

3.Non-union comparisons:

My home is my castle.

4.Comparison by metaphor(Expression used in a figurative sense).

A. Typical metaphor- We read from A. Blok Streams of my poems run - the poems are called streams.

B. Negative metaphor- More often in ancient Russian epics, songs and tales - It’s not thunder that rumbles, it’s not a mosquito that squeaks, it’s godfather dragging pike perch from godfather to godfather.

IN. Comparisons - set phrases - comparisons:

Sweet like honey, sour like vinegar, bitter like pepper.

G. Animal comparisons:

Line M.Yu. Lermontov: Harun ran faster than a deer, faster than a hare from an eagle

D. Comparisons are frightening visual images:

Fate, you are like a market butcher, whose knife is bloody from tip to handle (Khakani).

The talent of a writer is manifested in the ability to use comparisons, and therefore for one it is bright pictures, and for another it is incoherent babble.

It is the process of comparing several objects and their qualities/characteristics. For example, in literature it is often used to give the story even greater expressiveness.

There are several types of comparisons (for example, using conjunctions AS, AS WHAT, etc.; using metaphors, etc.):

For example,

He is as strong as a bull.

Comparison in any language (and in Russian in particular) is, in essence, rhetorical figure, formed by various linguistic primas. This term can be called both linguistic and literary at the same time. Any trope, including comparison, is studied in vocabulary, but is also used in spoken language, and in any other styles; and in fiction.

It can be explained to students this way:

In order to figuratively and beautifully compare two (or several) people, animals, two objects or two qualities, writers and poets use comparisons.

Similes and metaphors are different language concepts, so there is no need to confuse them. Otherwise we will make a mistake.

Since the question was sent to the zone of the Russian language, in particular syntax, then, when considering comparisons, we now need to focus specifically on the linguistic primaries of comparison.

Here are some of my examples with explanations:

1. Natasha’s cheeks turned pink, as if (as if, like, as if, as if, exactly) two apples (the usual, simplest comparison, using a comparing conjunction).
2. Natasha's cheeks looked like (resembled) two pink apples (the same simple comparison, but instead of conjunctions there are other parts of speech).
3. Natasha's cheeks turned pink like red apples (the object with which the comparison is being made is put in the Instrumental case).
4. Natasha's cheeks and apples became more and more pink (the two objects being compared are connected by a hyphen).
5. Natasha's apple cheeks were pinker than ever (an unusual definition was used for comparison purposes).

• Comparison is a stylistic device in language when a phenomenon or concept is clarified and clarified by comparing it with another phenomenon or concept. Comparisons can be negative and detailed.

  Examples of comparisons and ways to express them:

  

  A comparison is a stylistic device that is based on a figurative comparison of states or several objects. Writers very often use comparisons in their works and this expresses their subtext very well. For example, the words of A. S. Pushkin

  Also in nature it is very well expressed and applied

  Comparison- identifying a common feature by comparing (assimilating) one phenomenon to another. Stylistic device in Russian language and literature. The letter is separated by commas. Comparison can be simple (as if) or indirect.

  Comparison in Russian is a stylistic device through which you can describe the properties of one object by comparing its qualities with another. There are various comparison techniques in Russian, for example, using degrees of qualitative adjectives:

  • positive degree (qualitative);
  • comparative (better quality);
  • excellent (best quality).

  Is there some more figurative comparison. An example of such a comparison can be found in books - this is when a certain object is compared with a certain image. For example: The weather is cold, like winter. Here the word weather is a subject of comparison, and like winter is an image.

  Comparison in Russian is the comparison in oral or written speech of two objects or phenomena that have common characteristics. Can also be used to explain one phenomenon in terms of another.

  Examples of comparisons.

In life we ​​constantly resort to comparisons. This is what we do in a store, comparing products before making a choice. We compare the actions of people, their qualities, films, music, etc. And this is correct, because everything is learned by comparison. But what is comparison?

Meanings of the term

The term comparison is used in most different areas. In everyday life, comparison is the identification of qualities based on the principle of similarity, finding out whether objects are equal to each other, which one is better. Often “comparison” is defined as a way of identifying the unity and diversity of things. In mathematics, this is a comparison of numbers for equality and inequality (more or less). Thus, the main meaning of the word “comparison” is the process of comparison various properties two objects, both qualitative and quantitative.

The term “comparison” is used in psychology, sociology, and philosophy. In psychology, there are special comparison tests to identify the degree of development of mental abilities. “Comparison” in philosophy is a cognitive operation with the help of which the characteristics of processes and phenomena are revealed.

Comparison in the literature

But we perceive literary comparisons most emotionally. What is comparison in literature? This is an artistic technique (or trope) based on the comparison of the qualities of phenomena, objects or people, as well as the likening of one object (phenomenon) to another. The purpose of literary comparison is to more fully reveal the image through common features. In comparison, both objects being compared are always mentioned, although common feature may go down.

Types of literary comparisons

1. Simple comparisons are phrases expressed using conjunctions: as if, exactly, as if, as if, directly, etc. (“Fast as a deer”).

   Like a tiger, life tears the body with its claws,

   And the firmament took the mind and heart in chains...

   (Baba Tahir).

2. Non-union - through a compound nominal predicate.

   My summer robe is so thin -

   Cicada wings!

3. Negative - one object is opposed to another. Often used in popular expressions (“It’s not the wind that bends the branch, It’s not the oak tree that makes noise”).
4. “Creative” comparisons – using a noun in the instrumental case.

   Joy crawls like a snail,

   Grief has a mad run...

   (V. Mayakovsky).

5. Comparison using an adverb of manner of action (“He screamed like an animal”).
6. Genitives - using a noun in genitive case(“Running like the wind,” as opposed to “Running like the wind”).

So, you have learned what a comparison is, examples of literary comparisons. But comparative phrases are widely used not only in literature, but also in scientific, colloquial speech. Without comparisons, our speech would be less figurative and vivid.

We can talk endlessly about the beauty and richness of the Russian language. These arguments are just another reason to join such a conversation. So, comparisons.

What is comparison

In fact, this term is ambiguous. This fact is confirmed by the endless examples of comparison that we observe in everyday life. In colloquial speech, it is rather a likening of different objects, a statement that they are equal or similar.

In mathematics, the term “comparison” is intertwined with the similar concept of “relation.” By comparing numbers for equality or inequality, we find the difference between them.

Comparison is also the process of comparing the similarities and differences, disadvantages and advantages of several objects. As examples show, comparisons in sciences such as philosophy, psychology, sociology are a kind of cognitive operations that underlie reasoning about the similarities and differences of the objects being studied. With the help of comparisons, various characteristics of these objects or phenomena are revealed.

Comparison in the literature: definition and examples

Stylistic and literary comparisons have a slightly different meaning. These are figures of speech, stylistic devices in which some phenomena or objects are likened to others according to some common characteristic. The comparison method can be simple, then certain words are usually present in circulation. Among them are: “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”. But there is also an indirect method of comparison: in this case, the comparison is made using a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition. Example: “Onegin lived as an anchorite” (“Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin).

Video on the topic

Similes and metaphors

Comparisons are inextricably linked with another literary concept, metaphor - an expression used in a figurative sense. Actually, the basis of the metaphor is a comparison that is not directly expressed. For example, A. Blok’s line “The streams of my poems run” is a typical metaphor (the word “streams” is used in a figurative sense). But this same line is also a comparison: poems flow like streams.

It is interesting to use metaphorical devices in the case of the so-called negative comparison. Examples of comparison can be easily found in epics. “Not two clouds converged in the sky, but two daring knights converged” - in this example of the Old Russian epic, the similarity of formidable warriors with dark terrible clouds is simultaneously emphasized, and their identity is denied, and an absolutely amazing overall picture is drawn.

Negative comparisons, more typical of works of folk art and their folklore stylizations, play a special role in the perception of the artistic image. Here is a line from A. Nekrasov’s work: “It’s not the huntsman who trumpets the oak wood, it’s the wild head who cackles—after crying, the young widow chops and chops wood.” The second part of the expression (After crying...) is self-sufficient in itself and fully conveys the required meaning. But only the combination of both parts of the sentence allows you to feel all the bitterness, all the tragedy of what happened.

Means of expressive language

Comparisons help explain concepts or phenomena by comparing them with other objects - sweet like honey, sour like vinegar. But the main goal is not to emphasize characteristic properties subject. The main thing is the figurative, most accurate expression of the author’s thought, because one of the most powerful means expressiveness is a comparison. Examples from literature brilliantly illustrate its role in the formation of the image desired by the author. Here is a line of creation from M.Yu. Lermontov: “Harun ran faster than a deer, faster than a hare from an eagle.” You could simply say: “Harun ran very fast” or “Harun ran with high speed" But, being absolutely true in their essence, such phrases would not achieve even a small degree of the effect that is inherent in Lermontov’s lines.

Peculiarities

Paying tribute to comparisons as powerful exponents of the peculiarities of Russian speech, many researchers were amazed at the rationality of these comparisons. It would seem, what does rationality have to do with it? After all, no one demands special accuracy or literalness from comparisons! But here are dissimilar comparison examples, strings belonging to different people. “There were fire-faced elands here, like glasses of bloody wine” (N. Zabolotsky) and “Fate, you look like a market butcher, whose knife is bloody from tip to handle” (Khakani). Despite all the dissimilarity of these expressions, what distinguishes them is general feature. Both phrases tell about completely ordinary things (about red flowers, about heavy human destiny) and, written in a slightly different form, could easily get lost in any text. But the use of comparisons (“glasses of bloody wine”, “butcher’s knife”) turned out to be exactly the touch that deliberately added in simple words special expressiveness and emotionality. This is probably why in songs and romantic poems, where the emotional mood is already strong, comparisons are even less common than in realistic narratives.

Examples of comparisons in Russian

Russian language is considered one of the most difficult. And at the same time, the creations of domestic classics are recognized throughout the world as the most brilliant, original, and talented. It seems that there is an inextricable connection between these facts. The difficulty of learning a language lies in the considerable number of features, possibilities, and rules present in it. But this also opens up enormous scope for a talented writer who has managed to master cunning techniques. The Russian language is indeed very rich: it contains truly limitless possibilities that allow you to turn an ordinary word into a vivid visual image, make it sound in a new way, so that it remains forever in memory. Poetic works are especially conducive to this. “Our life in old age is like a worn-out robe: it’s both a shame to wear it and a pity to leave it.” This line by P. Vyazemsky is an excellent example of the use of comparisons in literary work.

About the work of A.S. Pushkin

The great poet was a recognized genius in mastering the most complex literary devices. The comparisons used in his poems and poems are striking in their unexpectedness and at the same time accuracy and precision.

“His beaver collar is silvered with frosty dust” - this is a line from the poem “Eugene Onegin”. Only a few words, but the capital’s boulevard, covered with snow, and a young dandy heading to the ball emerge before my eyes. And then there’s the episode at the ball: “He walked in: and the cork hit the ceiling, the current flowed out from the comet.” If Pushkin had written that a footman had opened a bottle of champagne, he would not have deviated from the truth. But would this picture of extraordinary, festive, sparkling fun have emerged so clearly then?

And this is already from the poem “ Bronze Horseman": "And before the younger capital, old Moscow faded, like a porphyry-bearing widow before the new queen." Is it possible to more accurately convey the atmosphere of a certain patriarchy and even abandonment that reigned in Moscow after the city of Petra was named the capital of Russia? “Let the Finnish waves forget their ancient enmity and captivity!” - this is about how the waters of the Neva were encased in granite. Yes, probably, this could be stated without comparisons, but would the pictures drawn by the author appear so clearly before the eyes?

And more about Russian poetic creativity

There are plenty of wonderful examples of the use of comparative images in the works of other Russian poets. Amazing comparisons in Bunin's poem "Childhood" accurately convey the atmosphere of the roast summer day, the sensations of a child enjoying the sun and aromas of the forest. The author’s sand is like silk, the tree trunk is a giant, and the tree itself is bathed in the sun summer forest- these are solar chambers.

No less remarkable, although completely different examples are present in the works of other Russian wordsmiths. Comparisons in Yesenin’s poem “With Good morning! reveal to the reader a summer dawn. Golden stars are dozing instead river water- a mirror of the backwater, there are green catkins on the birch trees, silver dews are burning, and the nettles are dressed in bright mother-of-pearl. In fact, the whole poem is one great comparison. And how beautiful it is!

We can talk about comparisons in S. Yesenin’s works for a long time - they are all so bright, imaginative and at the same time different. If in the work “Good Morning” the atmosphere is light, joyful, pleasant, then when reading the poem “Black Man” there is a feeling of heaviness, even disaster (it is not for nothing that it is considered a kind of requiem by the author). And this atmosphere of hopelessness is also formed thanks to unusually accurate comparisons!

“The Black Man” is a tragically unique poem. A certain black man who appeared either in a dream or in the author’s feverish delirium. Yesenin is trying to understand what kind of vision this is. And then a whole series of brilliant comparisons: “Just like a grove in September, the brain is showered with alcohol,” “My head flaps its ears like the wings of a bird, its legs can no longer loom on its neck,” “In December in that country the snow is pure as hell, and snowstorms make merry spinning wheels.” You read these lines and see everything: the bright frosty winter, and enormous human despair.

Conclusion

You can express your thoughts in different ways. But for some it is faded and dull phrases, or even completely incoherent babble, while for others it is luxurious, flowery paintings. Comparisons and other artistic techniques allow us to achieve figurative speech, both written and oral. And you should not neglect this wealth.

Comparison

Comparison

Stylistic device; likening one phenomenon to another, emphasizing their common feature. It can be simple, and then it is expressed in a phrase with words like, as if or as if: “Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, oak trees stand under the clouds, and dazzling blows sun rays they light up whole picturesque masses of leaves, casting a shadow as dark as night over others...” (N.V. Gogol, “ Sorochinskaya fair"), – or indirectly, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition: “Onegin lived as an anchorite...” (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”). Often in artistic speech comparative turnover as a result of application ellipse turn into metaphors.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Comparison

COMPARISON(Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, denotes a comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison. Comparison is often considered as a special syntactic form of expression of metaphor, when the latter is connected with the object it expresses through the grammatical connectives “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, etc., and in Russian these conjunctions can be are omitted, and the subject comparison is expressed in the instrumental case. “The streams of my poems run” (Blok) is a metaphor, but “my poems run like streams” or “my poems run like streams” would be comparisons. Such a purely grammatical definition does not exhaust the nature of comparison. First of all, not every comparison can be syntactically compressed into a metaphor. For example, “Nature amuses itself jokingly, like a carefree child” (Lermontov), ​​or the antithetical comparison in “The Stone Guest”: “The Spanish grandee, like a thief, Waits for the night and is afraid of the moon.” In comparison, in addition, it is significant separateness comparable objects, which is externally expressed by the particle How and so on.; a distance is felt between the objects being compared, which is overcome in metaphor. The metaphor seems to demonstrate identity, comparison-separation. Therefore, the image used for comparison easily develops into a completely independent picture, often connected only in one attribute with the object that caused the comparison. These are the notorious Homeric comparisons. The poet deploys them, as if forgetting and not caring about the objects that they should depict. Tertium comparationis provides only a pretext, an impetus for distraction away from the main flow of the story. This is also Gogol’s favorite manner. For example, he depicts the barking of dogs in Korobochka’s yard, and one of the voices of this orchestra evokes a common comparison: “all this was finally completed by a bass, perhaps an old man, endowed with a hefty canine nature, because he wheezed, like a singing double bass wheezes, when the concert is in full swing, the tenors rise on tiptoe from strong desire bring out a high note, and everything that is there rushes to the top, throwing back its head, and he alone, having tucked his unshaven chin into his tie, crouched down and sank almost to the ground, lets out his note from there, from which the glass shakes and rattles.” The separateness of similar objects in comparison is especially clearly reflected in the special form characteristic of Russian and Serbian poetry negative comparison. For example: “Not two clouds converged in the sky, two daring knights converged.” Wed. from Pushkin: “Not a flock of ravens flocked to a pile of smoldering bones, - Beyond the Volga at night, a gang of daring people gathered near the fires.”

M. Petrovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “comparison” is in other dictionaries:

Cognizant. an operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with the help of S. quantities are identified. and qualities. characteristics of objects, the content of being and knowledge is classified, ordered and evaluated. Compare… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

Comparison- COMPARISON (Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, means a comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison.… … Dictionary of literary terms

COMPARISON, comparisons, cf. 1. Action under Ch. compare compare1. Comparison of the copy with the original. It's beyond comparison. || The result of this action is named, indicated similarities. Bad comparison. A witty comparison. What is it... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Reconciliation, comparison, juxtaposition, identification, assimilation, parallel. Wed... Synonym dictionary

comparison- one of the logical operations of thinking. Tasks on the language of objects, images, and concepts are widely used in psychological research development of thinking and its disorders. The bases for S. that a person uses are analyzed, ease... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

1. COMPARISON see Compare. 2. COMPARISON; COMPARISON, i; Wed 1. to Compare. WITH. Slavic languages with German ones. You lose a lot by comparing with him. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another... encyclopedic Dictionary

Comparison- Comparison ♦ Comparaison Comparison language means two different objects, either for the purpose of emphasizing their similarity or difference, or, in poetry, for the purpose of evoking the image of one by naming the other. If the comparison is implicit, we are talking about a metaphor... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary

A relationship between two integers a and b, meaning that the difference a b of these numbers is divided by a given integer m, called the comparison modulus; written a? b (mod m). E.g. 2 ? 8(mod3), because 2 8 is divisible by 3... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

COMPARISON, I, cf. 1. see compare. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. Witty s. Compared to whom (what), sentence. with creativity comparatively, comparing, contrasting whom that n. with whom what... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English comparison; German Vergleich. A cognitive operation that underlies judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with the help of a swarm, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of objects are revealed, the signs that determine their possible... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

comparison- COMPARISON is the operation of comparing several objects in order to determine the degree of their mutual similarity. It is applicable only to objects that have some common feature, considered as the basis of S. In the sphere scientific research WITH.… … Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

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