Economic and social geography. Central Asia

Federal Agency for Education

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Altai State University"

__________________________

"___" _______________ 2010

WORKING PROGRAMM

by discipline Historical geography of Central Asia

for specialty story

faculty historical

department oriental studies

well 2

semester 4

lectures ___24_________________ (hours) Exam in ______________semester

Practical (seminars)

classes _____________________ (hours) Credit in ____4___________semester

Total hours______24________ Independent work 24 (hour.)

Total hours of labor spent on the discipline (for a student) according to GOS_48____ (hours)

The work program has been drawn up

The work program was discussed at the department meeting______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

"__" _____________200__

Head of the department _______________________

Approved by the council (methodological commission)

historical faculty

"____" ___________200__

Chairman of the Commission_____________________

(full name, signature)

Explanatory note

The need to introduce a special course is due to the desire to promote comprehensive vocational training students studying in the specialty “History” and “Regional Studies”, taking into account the requirements put forward by the State Educational Standards.

The study of the course is closely related to such disciplines as History of the East and History of the region (China).

This program was developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard for specialty 020700 – “History”, in the structure of which the course is included in the national-regional (university) component of the SD cycle; GOS specialty "Regional studies" OPD. B.00 – disciplines and courses of the student’s choice, established by the university.

The special course “Historical Geography of Central Asia” with a total volume of 48 hours is studied over the course of one semester.

The course ends with a test.

Section 1. Organizational and methodological department

Purpose of this course– show students the nature of interaction between society and the geographical environment during historical development Central Asian region, contribute to the formation of systems thinking by combining spatial and temporal components.

During the course the following tasks are being solved:

Consider the geography of economic and cultural types that have developed in Central Asia and their evolution;

Trace changes in the ethnic composition and territory of residence of the peoples of Central Asia;

Reveal the territorial and political organization of society in specific historical conditions;

To promote the development of skills in working with maps as a historical source.

The course provides the study of population geography, economic and political geography of the region from a historical perspective.

As a result of studying the course, the student must:

· have a holistic understanding of the processes and phenomena occurring in living and inanimate nature using the example of a particular region;

· know and be able to competently use professional vocabulary in their activities;

· be able to organize his work on a scientific basis, master the methods of collecting, storing and processing information used in the field of his professional activity;

· understand the essence and main problems of the disciplines that define a specific area of ​​his activity, see their interrelation in a holistic system of knowledge;

· be methodically and psychologically prepared to change the type and nature of your professional activity, working on interdisciplinary projects;

· be able to plan your own activities, navigate in specialized literature;

· deepen knowledge in the field of professional specialization.

Section 2. Contents of the program

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course

Historical geography as an auxiliary historical discipline. Subject and objectives of the course. The concept of "region". Selection criteria: physical-geographical, cultural-civilizational, political (geopolitical) and economic. Approaches to determining the territorial framework of the Central Asia region, developed in domestic and foreign historical, geographical, and political science. Correlation of the concepts “Central Asia”, “Inner Asia”, “Central Asia”, “Turkestan”, “Xiyu”.

Topic 2. Geography of economic zones in Central Asia

from antiquity to the beginningXX century

Physiographic characteristics of the region: relief, water basin, climatic conditions, natural landscape zones. The uniqueness of the natural-geographical environment of Central Asia.

Economic and cultural types. Sedentary agricultural economy. Kinds. The main agricultural centers: Geoksyur oasis, Fergana Valley, Khorezm, the valley of the Zeravshan River, oases of Eastern Turkestan - Khotan, Hami, Turpan and others. Nomadic cattle breeding. Methods and directions of nomadism: meridional, vertical, stationary. Herd composition Semi-sedentary farming. Geographical centers of settlement of nomads, the formation of elements of their agricultural economy. Cities and urban economy. Trade routes. Route of the Great Silk Road.

Topic 3. Ethnic composition and territorial

settlement of the peoples of Central Asia

The concept of "ethnicity". Ethnogenesis of the indigenous peoples of Central Asia. Stages of ethnogenesis. Migration waves and aggressive campaigns of nomadic peoples in Central Asia, their influence on the processes of ethnogenesis. Turkic period(VI–VII centuries) – change in the ethno-linguistic situation in the region. Arab period(VIII–IX centuries) – the spread of Islam and the gradual inclusion of Central Asia into the orbit of the Muslim world. Mongol period(XIII–XV centuries) – changes in the anthropological type of the population. Consolidation of ethnic communities in the 15th century. and the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Karakalpak, and Uyghur ethnic groups.

Topic 4. Political map of the Central Asian region

from antiquity to the endXVII century

Territories of the states of Central Asia in ancient times. Khorezm, Bactria, Sogd. City-states of Eastern Turkestan. Greek conquest of the agricultural regions of Central Asia in the 4th century. BC e. and its consequences. Parthian and Kushan kingdoms. Expansion of Chinese influence in East Turkestan during the Han Empire. The death of the Xiongnu power. The fall of the Han Dynasty and the departure of China from the western region. State of the Hephthalites. Annexation of the southwestern territories of Central Asia to Sasanian Iran (IV century AD). Khorasan.

The emergence of the Turkic Khaganate and the expansion of its borders in the second half of the 6th century. Formation of the Western Turkic Khaganate with its center in Semirechye. The campaigns of Tang China to the west and the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Arab conquest of Central Asia. Maverannahr. Clash between Arabs and China in Central Asia. Battle of Talas 751 Uyghur Khaganate in East Turkestan. Samanid State. Karakhanid State. Seljuks. Seljuk Sultanate. State of the Khorezmshahs. Karakitai State.

Mongols. Genghis Khan's conquest of the states of Central Asia. Division of Genghis Khan's empire into uluses between his sons. Ulus Jochi and its subsequent territorial division. Ak-Orda (Golden Horde), Kok-Orda. Ulus of Chagatai. Mogolistan. "Chagatai State". Timur. Timur's conquests. Timurids.

State of nomadic Uzbeks. Migration of part of the nomadic Uzbeks to Transoxiana. Shaybanids. Uzbek khanates: Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The emergence of the Dzungar Khanate and the territory of its influence. Formation of the Kokand Khanate.

Topic 5. Inclusion of the territory of Central Asia

into Russia and China inXVIII–XIX centuries

Accession of Kazakhstan to the Russian Empire. Stages of establishing political and administrative control of the tsarist administration over Kazakh socio-territorial groups. Methods and forms of inclusion of Kazakhs of the Junior, Middle and Senior Zhuzes into Russia. Construction of fortified lines. Territorial and administrative transformations of the 20–50s. XIX century on the territory of the “Kyrgyz steppe”. Russia's clashes with the Kokand Khanate and the annexation of the territory of Southern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan.

Russia's penetration deep into Central Asia. Fall of the Kokand Khanate. Formation of the Turkestan General Government (1867). Establishment of a Russian protectorate over the Bukhara Emirate and the Khanate of Khiva. Territorial delimitation of Russian possessions in Central Asia and Afghanistan. Annexation of the territories of Turkmen tribes. Education of the Trans-Caspian region.

Conquest of Dzungaria and East Turkestan by the Qing Empire in 1755–1759. Formation of the Viceroyalty of Xinjiang. Features of the administrative-territorial structure of Xinjiang. The national liberation struggle of Muslim peoples against Manchu-Chinese rule. Formation of independent Muslim states: Yettishar, Kulja Sultanate, Dungan Union of Cities.

The process of delimiting the border between Russia and China in Central Asia. Kulja Treaty of 1851. Chuguchak Protocol of 1864 on delimitation in Central Asia. Occupation by Russia of the Ili (Kuldzha) region. Livadia Treaty of 1879 and St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881 and issues of border delimitation. Transfer of the Ili region to China. Demarcation of the Pamirs.

Topic 6. Territorial-administrative division and geography of the economy of Central Asia during the Soviet period

Formation of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. Liquidation of the Khiva Khanate, Bukhara Emirate and proclamation of people's republics. The process of nation-state building in the 1920s. Principles of the national policy of the CPSU (b) in Turkestan. Territorial registration of the Uzbek SSR and demarcation in the Fergana Valley between the Uzbek SSR and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Okrug. Turkmen SSR. Renaming the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its borders. Separation of the Tajik ASSR from the Uzbek SSR and its transformation into a union republic. Completion of the territorial and administrative delimitation of Soviet Central Asia in the mid-30s. Creation of five Soviet socialist republics. Constitution of the USSR 1936

Changes in the national composition of the republics. Main directions of migration flows. Increase in the share of the Slavic ethnic component.

Principles of production location in the USSR. Economic specialization of the republics. Assessment and development of mineral deposits. Geography of industry. Industrialization. Modernization of agriculture. Introduction of new lands into circulation. Construction of new irrigation systems. Karakum Canal. Expanding the geography of agriculture. Main crops grown. Geography of transport. Development of a communication system. Construction railways and highways. Turksib. Routes of gas and oil pipelines.

Topic 7. Political and socio-economic geography of the sovereign Central Asian republics

The collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states in Central Asia. Territorial and border contradictions in the region and with neighboring states. Territorial and administrative division of the republics.

Changes in the composition of the population of Central Asian states. Reduction of the Slavic component. Migration flows. Location and development of the main sectors of the economy of the republics in the post-Soviet period. Industrial centers. Intraregional and interregional economic relations. Communication system. Construction of new energy transportation routes. Ecological problems. Aral environmental disaster.

Section 3. Educational and methodological section

Main literature

Chistobaev. M., 2002. Zinoviev of the CIS and Baltics. Tomsk, 2004. , Alekseeva division of Asia: modern realities// Geography at school. 2004 No. 2. P. 3–9. History of Kazakhstan: peoples and cultures / and others. Almaty, 2001. Moiseev and China in Central Asia (second half of the 19th century - 1917). Barnaul, 2003.

additional literature

Aghajanov Seljuks and Central Asia. M., 1991. Bartold T. II. Part 1. M., 1963. Eastern Turkestan in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. M., 1988. Voskresensky history of the Russian-Chinese St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881. M., 1995. Gurevich relations in Central Asia in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. M., 1983. Zlatkin of the Dzungar Khanate. M., 1983. Kashgaria (political and economic essay). Alma-Ata, 1974. Koychiev A. National-territorial demarcation in the Fergana Valley (1924–1927). Bishkek, 2001. Mironenko and political geography. M., 2001. Panarin S. Russia and Central Asia: complementarity and free movement of the population // Pro et Contra, 2000. Vol. 5, No. 3 “Russia and its southern neighbors”. pp. 118–140. Panarin and Central Asia on the eve and after September 11, 2001 // Russia and the East: problems of interaction. Materials of the VI international conference. Volgograd, November 28–30, 2002. Volgograd, 2003. pp. 264–282. Polyakov ethnography Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1980. Orfanov on the economic and social geography of the USSR. M., 1991. Countries and peoples. Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1984. Shishov geography and regional studies. M., 1999. Shuvalov population. M., 1985. Economics of environmental management. M., 1992. Yatsunsky geography. The history of its origin and development in the XIV–XVIII centuries. M., 1955. Shirin Akiner Boundaries and Terminology: Definitions of Central Asia / Conceptual Geographies of Central Asia. Richmond, 1998, pp. 3–62.

Central Asia and the Caucasus;

Economic Review.

Internet Resources

Forms of current and intermediate control

Current control: at the beginning of each lesson, it is planned to work with maps based on the material covered, and perform practical tasks (work on filling out a contour map of the region).

Final certification form students receive credit based on the results of studying each section of the course. Reports on individual countries of the region and practical assignments on maps as assigned by the teacher are submitted for testing.

Independent work of students

Organized independent work in the amount of 24 academic hours is planned for this section. The forms of organizing the CDS are: practical work with maps and contour maps, in-depth study of individual course questions in literature (in this case, questions for self-control have been developed), preparation of information and analytical reports on the final topic of the course.

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course.

Read the literature on the topic “Central Asia: the problem of determining the boundaries of the region.”

Questions for self-control:

How did the German geographer F. Richthofen determine the borders of Central Asia? Which region was defined as “Central Asia” in Soviet historical and geographical science, and what criterion was used as the basis for the distinction? When was the definition of “Central Asia” introduced into scientific circulation? What territories are included in the Central Asia region based on the criterion of cultural and civilizational proximity of peoples? How did you define yourself? Soviet republics Central Asia after the collapse of the USSR?

Topic 2. Geography of economic zones of Central Asia from ancient times to 1917.

Mark on contour map region's main physical and geographical names. Mark on the map the main agricultural oases and their names.

Topic 4. Reconstruct and map the route of the Great Silk Road based on the description of the Chinese historian Ban Gu. “Han dynasty history describes two roads to the west – southern and northern, diverging in different directions at the exit from the Gansu corridor: “The southern road passes through Shanshan (Lake Lop Nor region) along the northern slope of the Southern Mountains (Kunlun) and further along the river to west of Shache (Yarkand).Further to the west, the Southern Road goes through Qingling (Pamir) to the Greater Yuezhi (Bactria) and Anxi (Parthia).The Northern Road, starting from Cheshi (Turfan Oasis), follows along the Northern Mountains (Tien Shan) and along the Tarim River west to Sule (Kashgar). Continuing further to the west, the Northern Road crosses Qingling and goes to Davan (Fergana Valley), Kangju (Central Asian interfluve) and to Yantsai (Lower Volga and the Urals) "" [Ban Gu, Hou Han shu, tsz.96].

Topic 7. Prepare informative and analytical reports in groups on the topic “Economic and geographical characteristics of one of the five states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan).”

Plan

Area and administrative composition of the republic under study. Brief economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Population and labor resources. Demographic problems. Location and development of the main sectors of the republic's economy. Intraregional and interregional economic relations. Communication system.

The presentation of these messages is submitted to the final control form - credit for the course.

The collapse of the Soviet empire radically changed the geopolitical situation not only in Europe, but also in Asia. Therefore, in addition to the traditional macro-regions of South-West, South, Southeast and East Asia, there is a need to highlight another region - Central Asia.

It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, Afghanistan should also be included in this region, which, both in terms of natural and socio-economic conditions, is much closer to the countries of Central than to South-West Asia.

As part of these six countries, the area of ​​the region is more than 4.6 million km2, or 10.5% of the area of ​​Asia. And its population is about 80 million people (2000), which is 2.4% of the population of Asia. Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east (3000 km) and from the marshes of Western Siberia in the north to the Hindu Kush mountain ranges in the south (almost 3000 km). Almost the entire territory is dominated by a sharply continental arid climate and desert landscapes predominate.

The remoteness of Central Asia from the seas and oceans complicates the development of foreign economic relations. The Indian Ocean ports closest to these countries are inaccessible to them, since there are no transit roads through the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush, Kopet Dag and the Iranian Plateau.

Despite the difficult natural conditions, the area has enormous natural resource potential, which can become a good base for the development of a diversified economy. Large deposits of coal, oil and gas, iron, copper and polymetallic ores, gold, phosphates, sulfur and dozens of other types of minerals have been explored and exploited here. Newly discovered oil deposits in Western Kazakhstan (formerly the Tengiz field) indicate that the countries of Central Asia will remain exporters of oil and gas raw materials for a long time. They can also play a significant role in the global market of non-ferrous metals.

The presence of powerful mountain systems with maximum heights of more than 7000 m causes a large amount of precipitation to fall on the mountain slopes compared to the adjacent plains (more than 500 and even 1000 mm). The mountain glaciers that form here give rise to full-flowing rapids rivers: Amu Darya, Syrdarya, Helmand, Gerirud, Ili. Therefore, the high mountainous regions of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Eastern Kazakhstan have great hydroelectric potential. River water flowing from the mountains in all directions serves as the basis for the development of irrigated agriculture. This explains the greatest concentration of farming in river valleys, while vast desert areas remain practically uninhabited. With the exception of the far east of Kazakhstan, the region is extremely poor in forest resources. Significant damage to forests is caused by unorganized timber harvesting for domestic needs.

Natural recreational resources regions in combination with centers of ancient culture can serve for the development of international tourism of various profiles. The area around Lake Issyk-Kul is favorable for recreational tourism, mountain ranges and peaks are covered with glaciers, attracting skiers and climbers, the architectural ensembles of many ancient cities (formerly Bukhara and Samarkand) are interesting objects for educational tourism.

The population of Central Asia, despite its small size, is very heterogeneous in terms of linguistic and anthropological characteristics. After all, the formation of the peoples of this region took place on the border of two races (Caucasoid and Mongoloid) and two large language families (Indo-European and Altai). Turkmens, Tajiks and most of the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the southern branch of the Caucasian race, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz belong to the Mongoloid race, and Uzbeks are a people of mixed origin, with certain characteristics of both races. Linguistically, the majority of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kirghiz Karakalpaks, Turkmens, etc.). They belong to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. And only the Tajiks and the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the Iranian language group of the Indo-European family.

In all the states of Central Asia that were previously part of the USSR, there was a high proportion of migrants of Slavic origin (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). Hundreds of thousands of Eastern Slavs have already returned to their homeland from Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan in recent years, and in Kazakhstan they now make up almost half of the population.

The countries of Central Asia are characterized by high rates of natural population growth (2-3% per year). Moreover, they are high in the poor countries of the region - Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and the lowest in Kazakhstan, which has a high level of urbanization and a significant proportion of the non-indigenous population.

Only in Kazakhstan the urban population predominates over the rural (58%), otherwise it is 30-45%, and in Afghanistan - 20%. The region does not have the same hypertrophied growth of large cities as other parts of Asia. Tashkent alone has more than 2 million inhabitants and Almaty - 1.5 million. By the beginning of the civil war in Afghanistan, Kabul was a millionaire city, but now its population has halved.

The low average population density of Central Asia - 18 people/km2 - says little about the real distribution of the population in this territory. Vast areas of deserts and highlands are practically uninhabited, and well-watered river valleys have a population density of 200-400 people/km2. Unique in this regard is the Fergana Valley, where the most densely populated regions of three states are located: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The economy of the countries of Central Asia was formed as a raw material appendage of the Soviet empire. Therefore, the agro-industrial complex and mining industries predominate here. Having lost traditional markets for their products, almost all countries are reducing industrial and agricultural production. Therefore, the volume of GNP in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan for 1990-1998 decreased by 1.5-2 times, only in Turkmenistan, which exports through a transcontinental pipeline system natural gas in Western Europe, GNP increased slightly. Afghanistan, which is in a civil war, remains one of the least developed countries not only in Asia but also in the world.

Most inter-industry complexes formed in the Central Asian states do not have the final stages of processing raw materials and manufacturing finished products, and this reduces the efficiency of their functioning. Complexes are fully represented here: fuel and energy, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and agro-industrial.

More hard and brown coal is mined in Kazakhstan (Karaganda and Ekibastuz basins), oil - in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, gas - in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The mountainous states of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan) are poor in fuel minerals, but have powerful hydropower potential. In Tajikistan, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations has been created on Vakhsh, and in Kyrgyzstan - on the city of Naryn, which practically meet the electricity needs of these countries and serve as the basis for some energy-intensive industries. Afghanistan has the greatest problems with the provision of fuel and energy, where only a small amount of gas is produced and there are no powerful hydroelectric power plants. Firewood accounts for a significant share of the country's fuel balance.

The countries of Central Asia are large producers of non-ferrous metals. Important areas of non-ferrous metallurgy have formed: in Rudny Altai (polymetals), in Central Kazakhstan - the cities of Balkhash and Zhezkazgan (copper, lead, zinc) in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan (polymetals, gold). Powerful aluminum smelters were built on the basis of cheap hydroelectric power in the cities of Tursun-zade (Tajikistan) and Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Taking into account the already explored raw material base, new centers of non-ferrous metallurgy may arise in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Only Kazakhstan has a well-developed ferrous metallurgy. The favorable combination of coking coal deposits in the Karaganda basin and Sokolovsko-Sarbai iron ore, as well as reserves of manganese ores, nickel, chromium and other alloying metals contribute to the production of high-quality and cheap steel. A full-cycle metallurgical plant operates in Temirtau. In other countries there are only small steel plants or workshops at machine-building enterprises.

The region has significant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry. Nowadays, those types of it that are necessary for the production of mineral fertilizers are mainly used. Based on the mining of phosphorites, the Karatau-Zhambyl industrial complex was formed in Kazakhstan, sulfur and mirabilite are mined in Turkmenistan, and there is a nitrogen fertilizer plant in the cities of Navoi and Fergana (Uzbekistan). The enormous reserves of mirabilite in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay are partially used, but its comprehensive processing is not carried out in this region.

Most machine-building enterprises in Central Asia work for agricultural needs. Tractors (Pavlodar), cotton harvesters (Tashkent) and many other types of agricultural equipment for local consumers are produced here. A more diversified structure of the mechanical engineering complex is found only in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In addition to mining equipment and machine tool manufacturing enterprises (Karaganda, Almaty), aircraft manufacturing (Tashkent), it is planned to build automobile assembly plants here and create new industries, in particular instrument making and radio electronics. New production facilities will primarily focus on cheap labor in the southern regions of these states.

But the basis of the economy of the countries of Central Asia will for a long time be agriculture, the specialization of which has been formed over millennia. The natural conditions of this territory are favorable for the development of extensive semi-nomadic livestock farming, which is combined with intensive irrigated agriculture in the oases. In the second half of the 20th century. New farming areas were created here (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) on virgin lands. But the productivity of these lands is low, and the yield is unstable - for several lean years there are one or two years with high gross yields.

Definite difference in hydration individual territories, the availability of a natural food supply determines the different specialization of livestock farming. In the north of Kazakhstan, meat predominates - dairy and beef cattle breeding in combination with sheep and pig breeding. On the desert lands of southern Kazakhstan and other countries, fine-wool and Karakul sheep, as well as camels, are grazed. In the northern foothills of the Tien Shan, especially in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Turkmenistan, horse breeding is well developed. In the foothills of the Kopetdag there is the main breeding area for the world's Akhal-Teke horses. Sericulture, beekeeping, dairy and beef cattle breeding, and poultry farming are also developing, but pig farming is practically absent, which is explained by the Islamic ban on eating pork.

In most Central Asian states, the area of ​​arable land does not exceed 10% of their territory, and in Turkmenistan - only 1%. The geography of agriculture is closely related to the availability water resources(it’s not for nothing that there is a proverb “without water there is no land”). Therefore, the main agricultural areas are confined to river valleys and well-moistened foothills. The shortage of arable land forces the local population to grow the most labor-intensive industrial crops, primarily cotton. A significant proportion of the land is occupied by melons, orchards and vineyards. Central Asia is famous for the best varieties of melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears and other fruits. The warm, dry climate contributes to the mass production of dried fruits: raisins, sultanas, dried apricots, etc.

Grain and feed crops (mainly wheat, rice, alfalfa) are mainly used in crop rotation with industrial crops. Only on the developed virgin lands of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the structure of crops is sharply dominated by grain crops: spring wheat, barley, millet, and in warmer areas - corn.

Opium poppy crops are significant; previously they were grown for medical purposes. But the lack of clear control over its processing and sale can lead (as has already happened in Afghanistan) to the production of poppy products for the needs of the drug business.

Having declared independence, the states of the region, with the exception of Afghanistan, at the same time remained committed to strengthening the CIS, that is, they remain completely under the military-political “tutelage of Russia,” which continues to consider the southern border its southern border former USSR. This explains Russia's significant military presence in the region and its involvement in local conflicts, primarily in Tajikistan. The Russian military-industrial complex still owns a huge number of objects in this territory. The Russian military, whose movements are not at all controlled by local authorities, can freely transport (as the example of Afghanistan showed) tens and hundreds of kilograms of narcotic raw materials, which contributes to the development of the drug business.

The hot spot in Central Asia remains Afghanistan, where, after decades of civil war, a precarious peace was established only in 2002. Meanwhile, the presence here of many peoples and political forces that have their own armed forces can lead to an uncontrollable spread of the conflict to other countries in the region.

The Soviet empire left local peoples with a large “bouquet” of environmental problems. Massive hydraulic engineering construction and excessive water consumption during irrigation lead to soil salinization and have given rise to the problems of the Aral and Balkhash. The Aral Sea has shrunk by more than half, and thousands of tons of salt have been blown from its dry bottom. The unique Lake Balkhash, which was fresh in one part and salty in the other, may soon turn into completely salty. In addition, the previously poor natural vegetation was destroyed over vast areas, which led to active wind erosion and dust storms.

The problem of integration of the states of the region into world economy cannot be solved without creating a completely new transport network. The existing system of railways, highways, gas and oil pipelines was created under the conditions of the empire and is mainly represented by highways going to Central Russia. The network of internal routes, especially railways, does not meet the modern needs of the economy. Central Asia is virtually cut off from the nearest Indian Ocean ports due to the complete absence of railways in Afghanistan and poor connections with the transport system of Iran. Therefore, in addition to the planned road through Iran, it would be advisable for the countries of the region to create routes to seaports through Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, in addition, may look for additional ways to export products through China and Pacific ports.

Firms from Japan and South Korea are showing great interest in this region. Of the traditional partners, besides Russia, Ukraine can also be of great importance for the region. The Ukrainian economy is in need of energy resources, non-ferrous metals, cotton and other products from Central Asian countries. On the other hand, Ukrainian enterprises can supply products from ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (oil and gas production equipment, tractors, machine tools, agricultural equipment) and food industry to this region. Projects for the construction of new gas and oil pipelines also provide for the active participation of Ukraine in them, and some of them may pass directly through the territory of our country. Such cooperation allowed the Central Asian states to find much cheaper ways to sell their products, and Ukraine received additional reliable sources of raw materials and energy. Closer cooperation between the countries of Central Asia and Ukraine requires solving certain social problems.

It is from this region that deported Crimean Tatars return to Ukraine. For now, the Ukrainian side is forced to bear all the costs of their resettlement, although in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan there remain good-quality houses and entire settlements in which the Tatars lived. The large Ukrainian diaspora requires significant support from Ukraine and assistance from the governments of Central Asian states in national and cultural development. After all, in Soviet times Even in Kazakhstan, where hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians live, as a result of the Russification policy, the educational and cultural interests of the Ukrainian settlers were not at all satisfied.

2.4. Tourism resources of Asia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR)

Recreational potential and modern development tourism in Asia. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania.

The Asia-Pacific region is the most dynamically developing region in the world. But the flow of tourists here is not yet as great as in the countries of Europe and America. It is expected that in the near future, some countries in this region will take leading positions in terms of the number of tourists visiting them.

2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Asia

The most popular Asian countries in terms of international tourism demand include Turkey, Cyprus, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Nepal, Jordan, Lebanon, and Mongolia.

Relatively recently, tourism began to actively develop in countries such as South Korea, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In Asia, you can also visit an unrecognized state - the island of Taiwan.

Türkiye is one of the most popular tourist routes for Russian tourists. The capital of Turkey is Ankara.

Turkey, like Russia, is located in two parts of the world - in Europe (Eastern Thrace) and Asia. Turkey is divided into European and Asian parts by the strategically important Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, as well as Sea of ​​Marmara. Türkiye is a predominantly mountainous country. In the west of its Asian part is the Asia Minor Plateau. The Anatolian Mountains are located in eastern Turkey. Türkiye is rich in chrome ore, but is experiencing a serious shortage of fuel and energy resources.

Continental climate, with sharp changes in winter and summer temperatures, is typical for most of the country. On the Mediterranean coast, where the most popular resorts are located, temperatures in summer reach more than 40°C. Therefore, it is not recommended to be on the beach during the daytime.

Turkey is a fairly large country in terms of population - about 65 million people. Turkey's serious national problem is the struggle of the Kurdish minority for its sovereignty. However, there is also a layer of wealthy Kurds who own hotels on the coast. And no significant violations of order at resorts associated with terrorism have been observed in the country. The course of modern Turkish history was significantly influenced by the Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (“father of the Turks” in Turkish), who managed to in a period of political and economic decline, to unite the Turkish nation, limit fundamentalist Islamic traditions and turn the country towards European development. This trend continues today. It is expressed in Turkey's persistent attempts to join the EU. Economically, Türkiye is heavily dependent on external raw materials and industrial markets. The basis of its international specialization is the mining, light and food industries, construction, active emigration of labor, and small wholesale trade with neighboring countries. The absence of a “core” in the economy leads, in particular, to high rates of inflation. The Turkish lira depreciates by an average of 100% annually.

Tourism is one of the country's international specialization options. Turkey is home to a large number of environmentally friendly resorts, which in most cases combine relative cheapness and high-quality service. Development of tourism in Turkey, comfortable stay attract tourists from European countries, especially from Germany and Russia. In addition, the Turks have traditionally been considered good traders, and tourists can make profitable and relatively cheap purchases here. This attracts travelers from many countries. The most famous resorts include Alanya, Belek, Kusadasi, etc. In hotels, holidays are often combined with various animation programs, demonstration and sale of various goods.

Kemer located on the slopes of the Tarusa Mountains close to the sea, in the shade of magnificent pine forests, where there is a network of modern hotels and clubs. Several decades ago, Kemer was a picturesque fishing village. Now here you can not only relax on the beach, but also ride a yacht. The excursion on a yacht includes fishing in the open sea, lunch, swimming. Not far from Kemer there are the ruins of the ancient city of Olympus, founded in the middle of the 1st millennium BC.

Fethiye- a young port city with a developed tourist infrastructure. It is located at the foot of mountains covered with pine and cedar forests. The city is named in memory of the famous Turkish test pilot who died in a plane crash in 1913. Fethiye is located in an area of ​​seismic activity. In its vicinity in 1956 and 1957. two major earthquakes occurred. A popular holiday destination is Kusadasi, which means “bird island” in Turkish. On the territory of this tourist area Dilek National Park is located where they live different kinds birds and animals. Kusadasi is a seaport.

Not far from the city there are open after archaeological excavations ancient Greek cities of Ephesus, Miletus, Didyma, Priene, Aphrodisias.

Pamukkale translated from Turkish means “cotton castle”. In this picturesque place, the action of hot springs containing calcium oxide led to the formation of snow-white limestone deposits of bizarre shape. Tourists admire extraordinary view these white mountains and swim in the “Cleopatra pool”, the water of which contains mineral salts. There are many treatment and health centers here. Side, with its modern tourist complexes and beautiful beaches, is today one of the busiest resorts.

Marmaris is located at the junction of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and grew up on the site of the ancient city of Physkos. Here, ancient architectural monuments are combined with luxury hotels. Numerous restaurants, bars, discos, music and dancing allow us to call this city a dancing city. Tourists come to Alanya in summer from different countries peace. In winter, famous sports teams hold training camps here.

Located south of Turkey CYPRUS- the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The distinctive features of this state are the binational composition of its population (Turks and Greeks).

Cyprus has a favorable Mediterranean type of climate and a relatively developed economy: mining, light and food industries, 150 mechanical engineering, production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the cultivation of grapes and olives. In 1974, the most economically developed areas of the country were occupied by Turkish troops under the pretext of protecting Turkish Cypriots due to an attempt by the Greek military junta to carry out a military coup on the island. This caused certain damage to the country's economy. International tourism and offshore business have become an important alternative to economic growth in these conditions. Since 1975 The country's authorities have taken a course to encourage the influx of foreign investment and develop international tourism. A favorable investment climate, low crime rate, combined with excellent recreational opportunities, contribute to the influx of capital invested in real estate, tourism infrastructure and other sectors of the economy.

Until 1960, Cyprus was a British colony. Therefore, the official language on the island is English, and the British predominate among tourists. Currently, the country's economy is heavily dependent on income from international tourism.

The largest tourist centers of Cyprus are: the capital of the state, Nicosia, located in the center of the island, but divided into two parts along ethnic lines; Limassol wine center; tourist center with Larnaca International Airport; the historical capital of the western part of the island is Paphos; youth resort Aia Napa; Famagusta, famous for its beautiful golden beaches.

In Cyprus, tourists are offered a number of excursions, in particular to Egypt, Jordan, and Israel. You can take mini-cruises and explore the beautiful shores of the island. You can get acquainted with the rich ancient history of the island by making a trip to Paphos. In Russia, Cyprus - the “island of Aphrodite” - is known primarily as a center of beach and entertainment tourism. But this is a one-sided view. In Cyprus there are numerous monuments of ancient Greek and Roman culture, as well as Christian history, many holy places of Orthodoxy, where pilgrims come, including from Russia. Pilgrimage centers include Kakkos and Limassol.

A small state in the southwestern part of Asia - it has a small population (about 5.5 million people), a predominantly binational population (Jews and Arabs).

The basis of Israel's economy is industry, in particular diamond cutting and subtropical agriculture. International tourism is of great importance for Israel, which is developing in the following directions: beach, cultural, historical and health-improving. The most famous tourist centers in Israel include the ancient religious center - Jerusalem, and the health resorts of the Dead Sea, located 395 m below sea level.

In 1996 Jerusalem celebrated its 3000th anniversary. Thirty centuries ago, King David moved the capital of his new kingdom here. The stones of Jerusalem preserve the memory of Roman, Byzantine, Arab rule, the rule of the Crusaders and Mamelukes. The status of Jerusalem as a holy city for Jews, Christians and Muslims, the abundance of historical monuments and holy places, and at the same time, the intense life of a modern multifaceted and multilingual mecca of tourism make this city one and only.

In the south, Israel has access to the Red Sea. On its coast is the resort city of Eilat. The city of Haifa is also interesting for tourists. Various layers of modern and ancient culture are represented here, among which the most famous attraction is the Bahian Temple. The capital of Israel is Tel Aviv with a large international airport, Bengurion. The Tel Aviv-Yafo resort area is located on the Mediterranean coast. The development of international tourism in Israel is constrained by the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

JORDAN- a state in South-West Asia, the capital is the city of Amman. It is predominantly an agricultural country. On the territory of Jordan there are monuments of ancient culture from the 2nd millennium BC. to 5th century AD At the end of the 19th century. In the mountains of Southern Jordan, archaeologists discovered the city of Petra - the capital of the Nabatean kingdom of the 2nd century. BC. - I century AD Tourists come here to see temples, theaters, and tombs built from pink stone. Pilgrimage to Jordan is largely associated with religious traditions. Many researchers of Sacred texts directly connect the events described in the Bible with the Jordan Valley. Therefore, more and more religious pilgrims today begin their journey to the East from Jordan, and then continue it in ancient Canaan, in the territory of modern Palestine and Israel. Moving in this way, they seem to pass through time in the footsteps of the Old and New Testaments, again consistently experiencing the entire history of the relationship between God and man from the first pages of the Book of Genesis to the present day. In biblical history, the Salt Sea, now the Dead Sea, is mentioned as a place of religious events. The Dead Sea itself is a world landmark, filled with amazing natural beauty, deep symbolic meaning and truly dramatic charm.

Today, the entire eastern coast of the Dead Sea is one of the most popular holiday destinations among Jordanian and foreign tourists. Its famous thermal springs can be easily reached from Central and Southern Jordan along any of the many roads equipped with excellent modern surfaces. In the south of Jordan is the Red Sea, also a popular holiday destination. Thus, Jordan can captivate tourists for whom seaside holidays are the main goal.

LEBANON- a parliamentary democratic republic occupying a relatively small area (10.4 thousand sq. km) with a population of 2.5 million people. Lebanon borders Israel and Syria. The capital is the city of Beirut. Lebanon is known as a major regional banking center. Banking is one of the main sectors of the country's economy. Its distinctive feature is strict confidentiality. There are more than 80 banks operating in the country. Trade and tourism are also important sectors of the country's economy.

The mild Mediterranean climate gives Lebanon a special attractiveness, but unlike most other countries in this region, the unique mountain nature provides everyone with the opportunity to admire the golden rain of leaf fall, snowstorms, the bright sunny palette of spring herbs and the sultry sunsets of endless summer. Lebanon is characterized by the development of the following types of tourism: business, cultural, historical and environmental. Business trips to Lebanon are associated with financial and credit activities and the opportunity to make profitable purchases. A relatively liberal tax system creates profitable terms for foreign investment and entrepreneurship. Cultural and historical tourism in Lebanon is associated with familiarization with ancient monuments. The country's historical attractions include the ancient cities discovered by archaeologists - Baalbek, Byblos and Anjar. The capital of the country, Beirut, combines the ancient with the modern century. Lovers active rest Numerous routes of quaint mountain trails await you, where next to your fire - who knows, maybe there was a fire of an ancient man.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)- a federation of seven Arab states located on the Arabian Peninsula. The history of the UAE goes back a little over 30 years. In a short period of time, the Emirates made an unprecedented leap into the future - in place of a waterless desert with a few settlements on the seashore, a rich and highly developed country arose. Tourists from all over the world strive to come here. Abu Dhabi is the largest emirate with a population of about 900 thousand people, the capital and residence of the president of the federation. Dubai is the second largest city and emirate of the UAE, one of the world centers of business and trade, recreation and entertainment.

Sharjah- “cultural capital” of the UAE, the third largest emirate. There are many museums, historical monuments, mosques, and bazaars. Ajman is the smallest of all the emirates, in the past it was known as a place of pearl fishing (now it is famous for its developed fishing industry and the manufacture of single-masted Arabian dhows. Umm Al Qaiwaiz is an emirate with a developed fishery and a research center for fish breeding. Ras Al Khaimah is an emirate in the northern part of the UAE. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly subject to capture and therefore received the name, which means “pirate coast.” The Emirate of Fujairah, located in the eastern part of the UAE, is recommended for recreation for nature and theme lovers who prefer secluded silence. In Fujairah there are three protected areas: El Wuraida waterfalls, An El Madhab gardens and Ain Eyay Gamur hot springs. Camel racing takes place in the deserts of the emirate.

The UAE, a country with more than two thousand years of history, has long been developed Russian tourists unlike neighboring OMAN. Oman, a country whose economy largely depends on oil production and exports, was until recently closed to tourists.

Oil deposits created prosperity for Oman. And its long-term isolation made it possible to preserve the national characteristics of the culture and life of the local population. Therefore, Oman is an amazing country that allows its guests to get acquainted with the way of Arab life and stay in prestigious international hotels. The most common activity in Oman is scuba diving. Oman's climate is desert, dry, with higher levels of humidity on the coast compared to the interior, with an average of several hundred millimeters of precipitation per year.

The average temperature in July is plus 32°C, and in January - 21°C. The capital of the country, Muscat, is considered one of the hottest capitals in the world.

SAUDI ARABIA, located north of Yemen, occupies most of the world's largest Arabian Peninsula and at the same time most of the country's territory is occupied by desert: in the north it is part Syrian Desert, and in the southeastern part of the country - the Great Desert (Rub al-Khali). The leading sector of the country's economy is the oil industry. Saudi Arabia accounts for the majority of the world's proven oil reserves (about 20%).

Saudi Arabia is a country with orthodox Islamic traditions, which is manifested, in particular, in tourist formalities: the import of alcohol is prohibited; drug trafficking is punishable by death; The import of books in Hebrew, as well as goods with Israeli markings, is prohibited; It is advisable for women going out to wear a burqa. The main type of international tourism in the country is religious, carried out in the form of pilgrimage. Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia is based on the traditions of the Islamic cult. Every Muslim must make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina at least once in his life. The city of Mecca is a place of pilgrimage, since, according to legend, the founder of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, was born here, and the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad is located in Medina.

On the territory of South-West Asia there is a state SYRIA- the last stronghold of the crusaders who marched in the Middle Ages under the auspices of the Catholic Church to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims. The impenetrable castles of the Crusaders are reminiscent of the Crusades. The capital of Syria is the city of Damascus - one of the oldest cities in the world. Among the architectural monuments of the city, the colonnade of the Sanctuary of Jupiter of Damascus, the Umayyad Mosque, and the Nur ad-Din Hospital are of interest. There are more than 200 mosques in the capital.

Syria has long been known for its handicrafts - the production of edged weapons (“Damascus blades”), copper utensils, and brocade.

The length of the coastline of the Mediterranean coast of Syria is about 200 km. In the vicinity of Syria's fourth largest city and main seaport - Latakia - is the main seaside resort of Shatt al Azraq. In Syria there are several modernly equipped mountain resorts, which include Slenfe and Mashta al Helu. The development of international tourism in Syria is hampered by a number of historical circumstances. Syria, like many other Arab countries, does not accept the existence of an independent State of Israel. In 1973 Syria and Egypt started a war against Israel, which ended with the signing of a separate peace. This historical fact led to tense relations between Syria and Israel. A visa to Syria is not issued to persons with any Israeli markings. And entry into the area along the Syrian-Israeli border is prohibited. In power in Syria is B. Assad, the son of the country's former communist dictator X. Assad. The existence of such a regime gave grounds for the United States to include this country in the so-called “axis of evil” of countries with anti-democratic regimes.

The state is located on the territory of South-West Asia IRAN.

A significant part of the territory of this country is occupied by mountains and deserts. The center of the country is occupied by the Iranian Plateau and the deserts of Dashte-Kevir (Great Salt Desert) and Dashte Lut. On the territory of Iran, three natural and climatic zones can be distinguished:.

The coasts of the Persian and Oman Gulfs with a tropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical hot climate, the central regions with an arid subtropical climate and the mountainous regions with a cool temperate climate.

Of Iran's nearly 70 million population, the majority (about 50%) are Persians. The official language is Farsi (Persian) and the predominant religion is Shia Islam.

Iran is a country with traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, where the tone is set by spiritual leaders - ayatolls.

What regional features should be taken into account when visiting this country? In Iran, there is actually a “prohibition” law - alcohol cannot be purchased in stores or even hotels. The import into the country of all types of alcoholic beverages, video products with erotic and propaganda content, and books in Hebrew is strictly prohibited. If your passport contains any marks from the state of Israel, entry into Iran is prohibited. Also, women in clothes that do not comply with Islamic rules will not be allowed across the border.

Due to the existing traditions of Islamic fundamentalism, international tourism in this country is not widespread, and Iran receives its main income from the production and export of oil and gas raw materials. The development of tourism is hampered by a number of other circumstances. Thus, the country lacks a modern hotel base. At the same time, Iran has great potential for the development of international tourism in a number of areas.

The cultural and historical direction is associated with visiting ancient cities - Tehran, the capital of the country, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz.

Here you can see many historical attractions: medieval mosques, ancient monuments, tombs of Persian scientists and artists.

Medical and health tours may also be promising for Iran. On the shores of Lake Urmia, the largest in Iran, there are balneological bathing resorts that use the properties of salt water, similar in content to the water of the Dead Sea, for treatment.

These are available in Iran medical services, such as eye surgery, orthopedics, treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Tourism for the purpose of entertainment and recreation in Iran is focal.

Most famous place holiday in Iran is a fashionable Iranian resort on the island of Kish in the Strait of Hormuz. Shopping tours to Iran are also a promising area of ​​international tourism.

There are many oriental bazaars where you can buy famous handmade Persian carpets, as well as beautiful silver items.

CHINA located in Central and East Asia, on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is the third largest country in terms of area and the first largest population (about 1.3 billion people) state in the world.

China is a multinational country. Of the 56 nationalities, the largest nationality is the Han (over 90% of the country's inhabitants). Therefore, the Chinese often call themselves "Han". Many Chinese live abroad. They are called "huaqiao". The relief of China consists of multi-stage terraces, gradually descending from west to east. Two large rivers flow through China - the Yellow River and the Yangtze. China is very rich in natural resources: hydropower and mineral raw materials (primarily, reserves of non-ferrous metal ores).

China has an ancient history. China gave the world one of the religious trends - Confucianism, which deifies the power of monarchs and preaches self-improvement. It is no coincidence that the historical tradition of China can trace a change in the reign of monarchical dynasties; the last monarchical dynasty in China was the Qing (1644-1911). During the revolutionary struggle on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Ancient China gave the world four inventions: paper, printing, the compass and gunpowder. In Europe, they first learned about China from the books and stories of the legendary Italian traveler Marco Polo. In 1271-1275 he traveled to China, where he lived for about 17 years.

The paradox of modern China is a combination of communist ideology and one of the highest rates of economic growth in the world, the economic power of the state and the poverty of the vast majority of the population. China is the world's largest producer of cotton fabrics and the world's third largest producer of cast iron. The concept is being implemented in China* territorial development, based on attracting foreign investment in free economic zones.

China is administratively divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions and four central cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing. China includes two special administrative regions: Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Macao (Macau). The capital of China is Beijing.

According to some estimates, China in the 21st century. will become the world leader in tourist visits. There are many attractions in China. One of the most grandiose architectural monuments is the Great Wall of China in Northern China. The total length of the wall is 157 6,700 km. In the II century. BC. Emperor Qin Shi Huang had the idea to protect China from the north from the Mongols, and the wall served as a huge bastion. It was built until 1911, driving a huge number of peasants and soldiers from all over the country for construction. They all died at this construction site, which is why the wall is also called the great cemetery. There are many temples around the Chinese Wall, which are still active today. Now the total preserved length of the wall is 5 thousand km.

In China, the following most popular centers of international tourism can be distinguished: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Macau, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Hainan Island, Tibet. The history of the capital of China - Beijing - goes back more than 3 thousand years. There are a large number of cultural and historical attractions here that allow you to comprehend the past, understand the present, and get an idea of ​​the future of this country. Beijing is home to China's largest state museum, Gugong - a former imperial palace, the residence of 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. 20 km northwest of the center of Beijing is the Summer Imperial Palace - Yiheyuan Park. 50 km north of the city in the Valley of the Tombs lies the ashes of most of the emperors of the Ming dynasty. On the southern outskirts of Beijing rises the Temple of Heaven (Tian Tan). Here, on the day of the summer solstice, monastic services were held with the participation of the emperor, asking Heaven to send down a good harvest. The famous Yonghegong Lamaist Temple was built in the northeastern part of the Chinese capital. In many cities of China, including Beijing, there are temples of Confucius.

Shanghai, located at the mouth of the big river China - Yangtze, better known as a business center. It is one of the largest financial and economic metropolises in Asia. In the past, 158 many Russian emigrants lived here, whose routes lay through this city to the USA, Australia and Canada. The most famous street of Nanjing stretches from the embankment through the entire city for 14 km. The best shops and restaurants in Shanghai are located here. The attractions of Shanghai include a Buddhist monastery, the Chenghuangmiao and Yufesi temples with a jade statue of Buddha, the five-tier Longhua Pagoda, the Garden of Joy, and the TV tower.

Guangzhou- a large commercial and industrial agglomeration in southeast China. Guangzhou hosts international exhibitions and fairs that allow Western firms to gain insight into Chinese products. In close proximity to Guangzhou are the former English and Portuguese enclaves of Hong Kong and Macao. Hong Kong literally means “fragrant harbor” because once upon a time fragrant spices and incense were exported from here. It is now one of the world's largest financial centers. Hong Kong's tourist attractions include zoological and botanical gardens. Macau is a former Portuguese colony that has now become a tourist mecca with casinos and gambling dens. The island of Hainan, located in southern China, has become very popular in recent years. Modern hotels have been built here, conducive to beach holidays and wellness. The climate in Hainan is tropical.

Tourists have always been attracted by Tibet and the inaccessible peaks of the Himalayas, which climbers are constantly trying to conquer.

The administrative center of Tibet is the city of Lhasa (“holy place”), located at an altitude of 3660 m above sea level.

The monasteries, centers of Buddhism and Lamanism, where solemn rituals and ceremonies are still held, brought world fame to this place. You can make profitable purchases in China.

First of all, it's worth buying here green tea, natural silk and freshwater pearls. Tourists will certainly be taken to a tea ceremony, silk and pearl factories.

TAIWAN- a state in East Asia, located on an island in close proximity to mainland China. In 1949, after the victory of the socialist revolution in China, the bourgeois Chinese government led by Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, declaring Taiwan an independent state and enlisting the support of the United States. Since then, the PRC has laid claim to the island, considering it one of its provinces.

Taiwan is a dynamically developing state. In terms of living standards (GDP per capita exceeds $12,000), Taiwan is not comparable to the mainland provinces of China. The capital of this state, not officially recognized by the world community, is Taipei (Taipei). The main attractions are concentrated in the capital. The white marble Chiang Kai-shek memorial with a park is a favorite vacation spot for townspeople. Emigrating from China, Chiang Kai-shek took some of the exhibits from the Imperial Winter Palace (Gugong) in Beijing. These priceless artistic treasures are on display at the National Taiwan Museum in Taipei. Taipei also has a traditional night market where you can try local food, get a massage, and buy a variety of local souvenirs. Russia does not have direct air links with Taiwan. Therefore, the most acceptable option for traveling to the island is to fly through Hong Kong.

MONGOLIA- a state in Central Asia. The capital of the country is the city of Ulaanbaatar. The creator of the Mongolian state is Genghis Khan. Under him and his successors in the 13th century. The Mongol Empire was created, which collapsed in the 14th century. to individual states. The economy of Mongolia is of an agrarian and raw materials nature (nomadic cattle breeding, extraction of mineral resources).

Mongolia exports a variety of products, including sheep and camel wool, leather goods, carpets, knitwear, and sheepskin and fur coats.

Mongolia, like many other countries, encourages the development of tourism.

The most promising for this country may be ecological, ethnographic and historical tours. Mongolia, spread over more than 1.5 million square meters. km, is one of the few places in the world that has a rich combination of ecosystems. The Gobi Desert, which occupies more than half of Mongolia, is distinguished by a wide variety of flora and fauna. Here you can find large rocky deserts with sparse vegetation and sand dunes. The most interesting area is the South Gobi, where the main attractions and tourist yurt centers are concentrated.

Famous Tea House and Silk Roads passed through the territory of Mongolia and since ancient times connected peoples leading a nomadic and sedentary lifestyle. Mongolia today preserves the way of life, ancient traditions and original culture of nomads. The ancient Mongol Empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the shores of the Black Sea. Mongolia is the cradle of the nomadic civilization of Central Asia, the abode of ancient history and culture. Historical tours will allow you to explore ancient burial sites and religious buildings. The history of Mongolia is known thanks to the ancient empire of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's treasures have not yet been found. Maybe you will find them in Mongolia...

JAPAN- an island state in the Asia-Pacific region with a predominantly monoethnic population of 125 million people.

Japan is attractive with its amazingly beautiful nature. The country is located on approximately 6,800 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 68% of Japan's territory is mountainous. The most high mountain Fuji is the national symbol of the country. Distinctive feature Japan is poor in mineral resources.

“Trade or die” is the Japanese slogan, stimulating the development of local industry and services. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in shipbuilding, production of radio electronics products, cars and trucks. The production of porcelain, toys and art products remains traditional.

The global energy crises of the late 20th century, associated with rising oil prices, not only did not weaken, but even united the Japanese nation, forcing the development of high-tech industries, as well as financial sector. Japan is now not only one of the world's largest industrial producers, but also the technological brain of the Asia-Pacific region and one of the world's largest financial centers.

For a long time (until 1868), Japan was a “closed” state, which determined the originality of Japanese culture. Tokyo is one of the largest metropolises in the world, the capital of Japan. Tokyo's attractions include the Buddhist temples of Kannon, Meiji, Rakanji, the Yasukuni Shinto Shrine, the Imperial Palace, the National Museum, and the Sogetsu Art Center. Osaka is the largest city in Western Japan. This city is proud of its world's largest Ferris wheel and an aquarium. Nara is the ancient capital of Japan, a city-museum, famous for its architectural monuments and imperial treasury. In the last decade, tourists have been attracted to Japan by numerous sports and entertainment events, in particular the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup.

The warm climate, many islands and long coastline make Japan a favorable destination for sea tourism. However, there are practically no coastal resorts here, unlike other countries in the world. The Inland Sea of ​​Japan is no exception, although it is often called the Mediterranean Sea of ​​Japan. To develop tourism in the country, material investments in infrastructure are needed, and the Japanese prefer holidays abroad.

INDONESIA located on a huge archipelago comparable in size to Europe. Its largest islands are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi. Life on each of the 13 thousand islands follows its own path. Muslims live on one island (Java), Hindus live on the other, and Christians live on the third (north Sulawesi). The capital of Indonesia is the city of Jakarta.

The island of Bali is one of the most important tourist centers in Indonesia.

There are ancient Hindu temples here, as well as numerous hotels with magnificent beaches. The handicraft industry is represented by embossed silver items, ceramic and wicker items, and artistic bone carvings, which are in demand among tourists.

Indonesia is of interest for eco-tourism. Here is a row national parks and nature reserves. The Gunning Holiday Park on the island of Sumatra is widely known. Tourists are attracted here by the opportunity to trek through mountain forests, as well as visit the orangutan rehabilitation center.

THAILAND Its territory is comparable to France, its population is about 60 million people. Thailand still retains its ancient Buddhist culture. The tin-tungsten belt passing through the country provides Thailand with one of the leading places in tin mining. The main crop is rice. Thailand has maintained its political independence throughout the country's centuries-old history. Close ties between Russian and Thai monarchs and friendly relations between Thailand and Russia are known in the past.

Currently, Thailand is the tourist mecca of Southeast Asia. Tourists are attracted by the favorable climate and developed tourist infrastructure, historical attractions, including Buddhist temples, and the opportunity for free and relaxed behavior. The most famous tourist centers in Thailand include the capital Bangkok, the cities of Pattaya, Phuket, and Samui. There are about 400 Buddhist temples in Bangkok. Among them, the most interesting are the Temple of Dawn with a tower 104 m high and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha.

INDIA is a huge subcontinent located in South Asia. More than a billion people live in India. Given that the country's family planning policy is not as strict as China's, demographers predict that in the medium term this country will become the most populous in the world. In addition, 162 India is considered the most multicultural country in the world. Physiographically, India can be divided into three natural regions: the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau.

Economically, India can be characterized as a “key developing country”, which in terms of macroeconomic indicators is comparable to great powers (GNP - about 500 billion dollars in 2002; 11th place in the world), and in terms of per capita income it is one of the poorest countries in the world ($480 per person in 2002; 159th place in the world). The country's agrarian-industrial economy combines the development of basic industries with diversified agriculture.

The textile industry has become widespread.

The country's subsoil is rich in a variety of minerals (coal, iron ores, diamonds, manganese, etc.).

From the point of view of tourism, the largest cities in India are of greatest interest: - the capital of India, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, the former Portuguese enclave, and now the 25th state of India - Goa; national parks Corbet, Sariska, the famous Taj Mahal mausoleum. Kolkata is the birthplace of the world famous Indian writer Rabindranath Tagore. The Tagore House is also located here. The most popular Indian resorts are located on the west coast of India, in the state of Goa. Until 1963 there was a Portuguese colony here. This area is considered the most developed in terms of tourism and is very popular among Europeans. Those who prefer a comfortable, quiet place will most likely like it here. beach holiday with lunches in hotel restaurants. But Goa is far from the only popular holiday destination in India.

The state of Kerala is famous - the southernmost state on the west coast and one of the most developed states in India.

A classic trip to India is considered a tour of the Golden Triangle with a visit to the world famous Taj Mahal - a monument of Indian architecture, a five-domed structure made of white marble with a mosaic of colored stones, as well as the ancient ghost town of Fatihpur Sikri and the exotic pink city of Rajasthan. India is also a center of religious pilgrimage. The main centers of Hindu communities are located in this country. India attracts ecotourists who dream of conquering mountain peaks.

Mountaineering ecotourism is also common in NEPAL, the world's only Hindu kingdom. Until the mid-1950s, Nepal was closed to foreigners and therefore largely retained its originality and national flavor. This is a poor country whose people do not consider themselves poor, have their own human values ​​and live by their own rules.

Tourists are attracted here by the world's highest peaks of the Himalayas, pristine jungles in the south, the picturesque Kathmandu Valley with unique pagodas and elegant architecture of residential buildings, vibrant holidays, as well as the unique culture of the population.

Another small state of South Asia is located in the spurs of the Eastern Himalayas - BUTANE(translated as “Land of Thunder Dragons”). For many centuries, Bhutan's connection with Tibet has been very close, so Lamaist Buddhism, the Tibetan national language and writing are widespread in the country. The Kingdom of Bhutan is one of the underdeveloped patriarchal states of the world, forgotten by time. Subsistence farming predominates in the country. The main production sector of the economy is agriculture. Rice, wheat, and barley are grown here. South of Bhutan, Cherrapunji (India) is the wettest place in the world, receiving over 11,000 mm of rainfall per year. The rainforests of Bhutan are poorly understood and little explored. It has the highest density of elephants per unit area.

Bhutan is still a largely closed country for travel.

Modern Bhutan is somewhat reminiscent of Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, when permission to leave had to be obtained personally from the emperor, and a foreign passport cost 500 silver rubles.

A similar situation has developed in modern Bhutan. There are a large number of places where you can only get there after a special permit signed personally by the king. In this case, you should stock up on a significant amount of money, much higher than the official cost of the trip. At the same time, only a true adventure lover can appreciate the exoticism of this country.

The main attraction of Bhutan is Buddhist monasteries, the largest of which are located in Thimphu, the capital of the country.

To the south of India there are important international tourism destinations: the island of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Since 1984 the capital SRI LANKA is Colombo. A mixture of cultures and religions, times and peoples have left their mark on the unique appearance of the city: ancient colonial-style mansions coexist with skyscrapers and ancient oriental temples. The largest number of historical and cultural monuments are concentrated in the center of the island and form a “cultural triangle”: Anuradhapura - the first ancient capital of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa - the medieval capital of the state, Kandy - the last bastion of the rulers of the independent Sinhala state. Sri Lanka is also famous for its elephant nurseries. Nowadays, the country is considered one of the leading exporters of tea, MALDIVES is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean located southwest of the island of Sri Lanka. The Maldives consists of 1,190 tiny coral islands, of which only 220 are developed. On 77 islands there are hotels ranging from 2 to 5 stars.

Maldivians are a mixed race, influenced by emigrants from Sri Lanka, India and Arab countries. The population of the islands is about 240 thousand people, a quarter of whom live in the capital of the country, Male.

It has become a well-known center of modern international tourism SINGAPORE, a major financial, industrial and transport center.

Singapore has many natural and cultural attractions.

The Singapore Zoo, Bird Park, Arts Festival, ethnic neighborhoods (Chinatown, Little India) are the sites that tourists usually visit. A very original open-air memorial museum is the “Tiger Balm Park”, created in Singapore by local Chinese financial magnates from the Au family. Singaporean Chinese businessmen - brothers Au Bin-Hau and Au Bin-Par - got rich in the production of a healing ointment - “tiger balm”, which gained great popularity not only in Singapore, but also in other countries as a treatment for rheumatism, radiculitis and others. diseases. The tiger balm business became a source of enrichment for the Au family, which became one of the largest financial groups in Singapore.

In an effort to perpetuate their name, the brothers bought a plot of land on a hillside near the sea and created a park here. The construction of the park was completed in 1937. And it was presented by the brothers Howe and Par as a gift to the city with the condition that after their death this park would become a family memorial. The will of the brothers was fulfilled. Monuments to the brothers were erected on the upper terrace of the hill, and the park was named Tiger Balm Park.

In recent years, more and more tourists have been attracted MALAYSIA- state in South-East Asia, the western part of which is located in the south of the Malay Peninsula, and East End- in the north of the island of Kalimantan (Sabah and Sarawak states). Malaysia is distinguished from other countries in the region by its unique combination of exoticism, ancient culture and the highest level of development.

Malaysia is divided into 13 states. The capital of the state is the city of Kuala Lumpur. It grew up on the site of the camp of the first tin miners. The most interesting places to visit in the capital of Malaysia are the bird park, where about 5 thousand birds live, and the deer park, where unique small birds live. mouse deer", and a butterfly park. Malaysia is a dynamically developing “newly industrialized” country in Southeast Asia. In the international division of labor, the country is known as a major producer of tin, rubber, as well as products from a number of manufacturing industries, primarily household appliances, and also as a major producer of rice.

In recent years, the country has been pursuing a policy of stimulating international tourism as a promising branch of international specialization. Many areas of Malaysia have their own unique characteristics and are attractive to tourists. The state of Kedah, with a population of over one million people, is located in the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia. The state is home to the so-called “Rice Bowl of Malaysia”. The state has many archaeological sites. Not far from the coast of Kedah there is a resort - the island of Langkawi. The island is covered with tropical vegetation, but there are beaches. About 112 km south of Langkawi, off the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Penang Island is known as the “Pearl of the Orient.” Beautiful beaches and beautiful scenery have made the island a popular holiday destination.

The state of Perak, with a population of about 2 million people, is often called the “silver state” due to its large deposits tin ore. Perak is attractive to tourists for its numerous attractions, in particular its limestone cave temples. There are a number of resort places in the state: the coastal town of Lamut, Pangkor Island, Pangkor Laut Island.

The state of Selangor is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It is the most populous state in the country and at the same time the largest industrial center. The state has resorts of Morib, Bagan Lalang, as well as on the islands of Karey, Ketam, Indah and Angsa.

The main resorts of the state of Negeri Sembilan (west coast of Malaysia) are located along a 48-kilometer coastal strip near the port of Dickson.

The state of Malacca occupies the southwest of the Malaysian peninsula and is known as a melting pot of many cultures: Indian, Chinese, European and Japanese. Therefore, the state has many historical attractions - temples, mosques, mausoleums, churches.

There are also resorts here - Tanjung Bidara, Tanjung Kling, etc.

The state of Johor is considered the southern gateway of Malaysia. There is a railway line connecting Malaysia with Singapore. The state has historical sites, 166 national parks, and resorts. The state of Pahang on the east coast of Malaysia is the country's largest state by area. There are high mountain resorts, national nature reserves, and picturesque lakes. Tioman Island is classified as a prestigious international resort. The state of Terengganu on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is the center of the country's textile industry.

Here, painted batik products and copper souvenirs are made, which are bought by tourists. This is one of the most picturesque states in the country. The natural wonders of the state include the high-mountain Lake Kunuir, as well as the Sinaya Falls. Redang Island in the state's marine area is considered one of the best places in Malaysia for snorkeling and scuba diving. The state of Kelantan, located in the northeast, on the border with Thailand, is called the “cradle of Malaysian culture.” Here, on the coast of the South China Sea, there are many resorts with golden sand beaches framed by coconut palms.

The state of Sabah is located in East Malaysia, in the northeast of the island of Borneo. It is a mountainous state with wild jungles and a long coastline with beaches dotted with coral reefs. The state of Sarawak, which literally means “land of the hornbill,” is the largest of the Malaysian states. Located on the island of Borneo, this cosmopolitan state is a country of dense jungles rich in resources such as pepper, cocoa, palm oil, timber and petroleum. The state has many national parks that offer safaris. There are beautiful beaches. Labuan State has a dynamically developing port and is one of the international financial centers. Within the state there are a number of islands, off the coast of which lie the remains of sunken ships, which are of interest to diving enthusiasts.

Malaysia is also known for its marine reserves. Marine reserves are limited areas of the sea that are considered a closed ecosystem for the purpose of preserving its flora and fauna and coral reefs with the fish and microorganisms living there.

Reserves are created to preserve and protect coral zones from the influence of industrialization, protect underwater flora and fauna, and organize recreation for people without causing damage to wildlife.

While in marine reserves, certain rules must be followed. For example, underwater photography and swimming are allowed there, but fishing, coral collecting, and speed boat racing are prohibited.

Malaysia is also a center of religious tourism. The majority of the country's inhabitants are Muslims. About 30 km from Kuala Lumpur are the Batu Caves. Every year at the end of January - beginning of February, a religious festival takes place here, attracting numerous pilgrims from Malaysia, Singapore and other countries. It is important to note that the country has a number of strict rules. Thus, the illegal import of drugs into Malaysia is punishable by death.

On the northwestern coast of the island of Kalimantan lies a thriving microstate of Southeast Asia. BRUNEI.

Brunei's prosperity is based on income from oil production. The Sultan of Brunei is considered one of the richest inhabitants of the planet. The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan. Here, on a compact territory of 6 thousand square meters. km live about 300 thousand people. The majority of residents are Malays (65% of the total population). The capital is home to one of the largest mosques in Asia - the Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque. The country also has national parks and reserves with equatorial flora and fauna. In 1994 open in the country theme park Jerudong.

MYANMAR- “the land of golden pagodas” - is known primarily as one of the most powerful enclaves of Buddhist culture in all of Asia.

The national symbol of the country is the grand Shwedagon Stupa Pagoda, built 2,500 years ago and located in the capital Yangon. In the country, power belongs to the military junta, which has ruled since 196 2. As a result, Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a poor agricultural country where automobiles are considered rare and the population continues to travel by horse and oxen. This state of affairs also hinders the development of international tourism, which, with the exception of pilgrimage and sightseeing of Buddhist culture, is practically undeveloped in the country.

However, in Myanmar there is interesting places and attractions. Mandalay is the former capital of the Burmese kings. Here, as in other parts of the country, there are many shrines of Buddhism. An extinct volcano, Mount Popa is considered one of the most mysterious mountains in the country and has been a place of pilgrimage for many hundreds of years. This place is sacred to the inhabitants of the country. There are exotic floating hotels in Yangon. These are old ships laid up along the banks of the Rangoon River and equipped as hotels.

To the northeast of Myanmar is the state of BANGLADESH - one of the poorest and most overpopulated states in the world, formed in 197 1. after separation from Pakistan.

Most of the residents are Bengalis who practice Islam. The agricultural economy of Bangladesh specializes in supplying jute to the world market. International tourism in the country is weak, as Bangladesh has a reputation for constant cyclones and floods, as well as omnipresent mosquitoes. At the same time, true travelers will appreciate the sights of this unique country.

In the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, the greatest interest for tourists is the many mosques, Hindu and Christian churches, unfinished fort Labah, noisy oriental bazaars; it is the capital of rickshaws. Dhaka is also famous for its muslin. As natural attractions, it is worth noting the evergreen mangrove forests in the southwest of the country, a population of Bengal tigers, herds of elephants and a large number of leopards. Bangladesh is a country of water transport. Common means of transportation are ferries and steamships.

The only seaside resort in Bangladesh is Cox's Bazar, located near the border with Myanmar and has a distinct Burmese flavor. The hotel infrastructure here is poorly developed. Tourists are attracted by the huge beaches and clean sea, free of sharks. Islamic moral standards do not allow women to expose their bodies. And they can swim here only by wearing bloomers.

Just outside Chittagong, Bangladesh's second largest city, lies the old Portuguese enclave of Patherhat, one of the few areas in the country that remains Christian.

PHILIPPINES- a state in Southeast Asia, located on an archipelago consisting of more than seven thousand islands. The capital of the state is Manila. A significant part of the islands is occupied rainforests. Numerous national parks (Kanlaon, Mount Apo, Volcano, etc.) make the development of eco-tourism promising in the country.

There are a number of significant milestones in Philippine history. In the 16th century F. Magellan landed on the islands with the aim of spreading Christianity here, but in a clash with local residents he was killed.

For a long time, the Philippines was a Spanish colony, and then became a dependent state of the United States. In 1946 the country gained sovereignty. The structure of the economy is dominated by the production of industrial and agricultural products. Mining and a number of manufacturing industries are mainly developed. In agriculture, the leading industry is crop production (sugar cane, tobacco, tropical fruits and citrus fruits). In the southeast of the country is the province of Davao, whose population specializes in growing abaca, a unique industrial crop used for making textiles.

Tourism in the Philippines is mainly associated with visiting exotic places as well as untouched wilderness areas. The capital Manila is a major industrial, financial and cultural center.

The city has preserved the medieval church of San Agustin and buildings from the times of the Spanish conquistadors; There are the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum of Natural History and Archeology, and the Museum of Art.

SOUTH KOREA. The Korean Peninsula was divided in 1953. after the Korean War into two parts by a demarcation line drawn approximately along the 38th parallel. To the south of the demarcation line is the Republic of Korea, and to the north is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the territory of South Korea with an area of ​​about 100 thousand square meters. km are home to about 46 million people. Administratively, the country consists of nine provinces and six metropolitan cities. The capital Seoul is a city with a special status.

The last ruling dynasty in Korea was the Lee dynasty (1392-1910), whose ancestor Lee Song Kyo founded the state of Joseon (“Land of Morning Freshness”). In 191 0 the country was annexed by Japan, after its defeat in World War II and the formation of a zone of American military responsibility in 1948. The Republic of Korea was proclaimed.

The Republic of Korea is a state with a dynamically developing economy. In terms of GNP - 473 billion dollars per year (200 2nd year) - this small industrial-agrarian country ranks 13th in the world. South Korea occupies one of the leading places in the world in tungsten mining, and is also widely known for the dynamics of development of manufacturing industries: electrical engineering, electronics, chemicals, oil refining, textiles, as well as automotive, shipbuilding, electric power and military industries.

Seoul is the center of political, economic and cultural life countries. Seoul has preserved numerous architectural monuments of the Joseon era: ancient gates, five palaces. Yeouido Island is the center of the financial and business life of the capital. The Korean Stock Exchange and the main offices of companies are located here. The best shopping can be done at Dongdaemun Market. Main products:.

Textiles, clothing, leather goods. The port city of Incheon is the western gateway of South Korea. Located in the central part of the peninsula, the city of Daejeon is a typical city of science.

Yuseong Hot Springs (11 km from the city) are famous throughout the country for their healing properties. The city of Daegu is famous for its apples and textile industry. For several centuries, the city served as the main center for the wholesale trade of medicinal drugs: honey, as well as ginseng, mushrooms, and nuts. The city of Jeongzhou is the center of Korean culture and art. Ulsan is a leading center of such branches of Korean industry as oil refining, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals, and shipbuilding. Busan is the main international trading port of South Korea. More than 90% of all container cargo turnover passes through this port.

Jeju Island is one of the nine provinces of Korea. Due to its isolated position and favorable climate, the island is a popular holiday destination. The southwestern regions of the country are famous for their fertile flooded rice fields. These places are often called the “granary” of Korea. The fields go down to the coast itself, which is indented by numerous small bays. IN southeastern The largest number of tourist attractions are concentrated in the areas of Korea. The main cities in these areas are Gyeongju, Busan and Daegu. Several hotels along the coastline, beaches and mountains make the east coast an ideal holiday destination. There are many historical monuments to be found in the small coastal towns and deep in the densely forested mountains. For lovers of active recreation, ski resorts have been built in the mountains. The central regions of South Korea are a land of wide patches of flooded rice fields set amidst numerous mountains and hills.

CAMBODIA. The Kingdom of Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, in the south of the Indochina Peninsula. Population 12.5 million people (200 0). The state religion is Buddhism. The symbol of Cambodia, Angkor Wat, is a unique complex of ancient temples. It is the towers of the temples built in the 12th century that are depicted on the country’s national flag.

Cambodia is an agricultural country (the share of agriculture in GPP is 53%, and industry - 5%). The civil war ended relatively recently, which claimed a huge number of lives. For tourists arriving in Phnom Penh, the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia, a mandatory part of the program is a visit to the “genocide museum”. In one of the four museum buildings from 1975 to 1979, when the country was ruled by the Khmer Rouge, there were torture chambers. As follows from the statistics, Cambodia is perhaps the poorest country in Asia. The per capita income is approximately three hundred US dollars per year. Cambodia's economy is based on revenues from the textile industry and tourism. The textile industry is represented mainly by small factories where windbreakers, trousers, and T-shirts are made for America, Japan, and Western Europe. The small number of tourists (about 400 thousand per year) is explained by instability, backward infrastructure, and high crime rates.

Next door to Cambodia VIETNAM tourists visit the central cities of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. One of the country's most famous landmarks is the Mausoleum of Ho Chi Minh City, the leader of the Communist Party and organizer of the liberation war against the French colonialists. Despite its preserved socialist status, Vietnam is a country with a dynamically developing economy. In the country, in particular in Hanoi, its capital, active hotel construction is underway. In recent years, Vietnam has become a leader in a number of positions, for example, coffee production.

The tourism industry is also gaining momentum. There are a number of modern resorts in Vietnam: Nha Trang, Phan Thiet, Danang, Dalat.

Nha Trang is the most famous resort in Vietnam, located on the shores of the bay of the same name. The resort is famous not only for its snow-white beaches, but also for its healing springs. Air filled with eucalyptus aroma has a beneficial effect on people suffering from respiratory diseases.

Phan Thiet is a famous resort located in the south of the country, with golden beaches and equipped golf courses.

Da Nang is a major seaport. In the vicinity of the city there is also a resort area - a place for lovers of seaside recreation. In addition to swimming in the sea, tourists can enjoy sailing, water skiing, and diving here. The alpine resort of Dalat is popular, attracting with the beauty of the local nature: waterfalls, lakes, Pinery, flower beds.

Vietnam has many architectural monuments reminiscent of the reign of the Nguyen Emperors. These are tombs, pagodas and the most famous among them is the seven-story Thien My Pagoda. A significant part of the country's territory is occupied by tropical jungle. In Vietnam, an industry of national parks is gradually beginning to take shape, where tourists can enjoy the views virgin forests and exotic animals.

Vietnam and Cambodia are countries where Buddhism is the state religion. These countries have numerous Buddhist monasteries, temples and pagodas, which are constantly visited by religious tourists.

Geographical position. Central Asia is located in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north, this country borders on Siberia, in the east on East Asia, on the south on Southeast and South Asia, and on the west on Central Asia. Within this country are the mountains and plains of China and Mongolia. The Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt passes through the central and southern parts of the country. In the center and north are the Mongolian Altai, Tien Shan, Tibet and Karakoram.

The mountains are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and the intermountain depressions and plains are composed of sedimentary rocks.

Central Asia is rich in mineral deposits.

Relief. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by contrast and diversity. The highest mountain systems (Tibet; Karakorum; Eastern, or Chinese, Tien Shan; Altai (Mongolian); Kunlun Mountains) and vast arid plains (Taklamakan, Gobi) are located here.

The highest point in Central Asia - Mount Chogori (8611 m) is located in Karakoram. The lowest point in Central Asia is the Turfan Depression (-154 m), which is located in the Taklamakan Desert.

Climate. Within Central Asia, temperate and subtropical climatic zones are distinguished.

The Central Asian Maximum ( winter month) and Pacific air masses.

The least humidified (no more than 100 mm/year) are Central Tibet, Taklamakan and Gobi. In the southeast of this physical-geographical country, on the eastern slopes of Tibet and Kunlun, precipitation falls up to 1000 mm/year.

In the north of the region, winter is cold (the average annual temperature in January is -24 °C). Summer is relatively cool (average July temperature + 16 °C). In the center (Taklamakan Desert) the average temperature in January is -8 °C, and in July +24 °C. In the southern regions, in the mountains of Tibet, the average January temperature is -20 °C, and the average July temperature is +10 °C.

The river network is well developed in the mountains, but is practically absent within the arid plains. The exception is the rivers of the internal basin, Tarim, Zulaiho, and others, which dry up in summer. The Tarim River flows into Lake Lop Nor, the outlines of which change from month to month and from year to year. The northern regions of Central Asia are rich in lakes, where Kukunor, Ubsu-nur, Orin-nur and others are located.

At the foot of Tibet, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert zones are developed, which extend to absolute elevations of 4000 m. The peaks of the mountains (starting from a height of 6000 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

On the plains there are steppe and desert landscapes. Due to low population, anthropogenic landscapes are extremely rare. The population is concentrated in areas rich in drinking water, as well as in places where the mining industry is developing.

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Central Asia is a vast region with no access to the ocean. All sources include the following countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Many include Mongolia, part of China, Punjab, Kashmir and the north here. A specific feature of the Central Asia region is its inland location with mountains along the outskirts protecting its perimeter.

Central Asia includes desert and semi-desert plains, highlands and plateaus. Limited:

• in the East by the southern part of the Greater Khingan and the Taihangshan ridge,
• in the South - the longitudinal tectonic basin of the upper Indus and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo),
• in the West and North, the border of Central Asia corresponds to the mountain ranges of Eastern Kazakhstan, Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan.

Area Central Asia by different estimates ranges from 5 to 6 million sq. km. The population of Central Asia consists of Mongolian peoples, Chinese, Uighurs, Tibetans, etc. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by significant elevations, and two main tiers are distinguished. On lower tier(500-1500 m relative to sea level ) the Gobi Desert, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and Tarim Plains are located . The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, the average heights of which increase to 4-4.5 thousand m . And the highest points of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, and Kunlun mountains reach 6-7 thousand meters.

Central Asia is unevenly populated. People have developed mainly river valleys and intermountain gorges where there is water. In the north, areas with a favorable climate have a larger area, and there is a larger area of ​​inhabited land (Kazakh virgin lands). But in general, within the region, large areas have no permanent population at all. The reason for this is the lack of water.

Scientists believe that the first nomadic state in this region was created by the Scythians. Although who these Scythians were is still being debated. According to scientists, the Scythian tribes lived in a state of fragmentation. They created a power called the Xiongnu (209 BC - 93 AD), which was the first empire of the world's nomadic peoples.

Central Asia. Climate

In winter, anticyclones predominate in Central Asia, and in summer there is low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of dry air masses that came from the ocean, but lost moisture along such a long path. The climate is sharply continental, dry, temperature fluctuations are significant both during the season and during the day. Average temperatures in January on the plains are -10 to -25 °C, in July - from 20 to 25 °C). The annual amount of precipitation on the plains in some places is sometimes less than evaporation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in summer. There is more precipitation in mountain ranges than in plains. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and sunny days (240-270 per year).

Vegetation

On for the most part plains of Central Asia, sparse vegetation cover, desert and semi-desert vegetation, its species composition poor Shrubs predominate. Significant areas of takyrs, salt marshes, and loose sands are completely or almost devoid of vegetation cover.

On the Tibetan Plateau, vegetation is often represented by creeping teresken shrubs, and in the hollows, which are sheltered from cold winds, by sedges, kobresias, reamuria, bluegrass, and fescue.

In the North, semi-deserts and deserts turn into steppes. On the northern slopes of the mountains, areas of coniferous forests of spruce, fir, and larch appear. Along the valleys of many transit rivers (Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya), in deserts and in foothill oases there are strips of tugai forests with a predominance of variegated poplar, oleaster and sea buckthorn. Along the banks of reservoirs there are reed and reed thickets.