Engineering ammunition of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. Engineering ammunition: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Painting of engineering ammunition
TM-72 - anti-tank mine. Developed in the USSR, adopted for service in 1973. TM-72 anti-tank anti-bottom mine. An explosion occurs when the projection of a tank (infantry fighting vehicle, infantry fighting vehicle, armored personnel carrier, vehicle) collides with a mine; its magnetic field affects the reacting fuse device. Vehicles are defeated by piercing the bottom with a cumulative jet when a mine charge explodes at the moment when a tank or some other vehicle is above the mine. The mine was a flat, round metal box. An explosive charge was placed inside the box and a fuse was installed on top. The mine is not intended for installation by mechanized means.
The MVN-80 fuse is designed to equip anti-tank mines of the TM-62 series and TM-72 mines and ensures their detonation under the entire projection of moving targets.
Basic performance characteristics
Type……………………......................................... ............non-contact-contact magnetic action
Fuse weight………………………………………………………...1.3 kg
Diameter……………………………………………………………………......128.5 mm
Height……………………………………………………………………......97 mm
Type of long-range cocking mechanism…………………...........hydromechanical
Long-range cocking time………………………………………………………20…400 s
The force of the fuse cover is torn off…………..........30…100 kgf
Combat work time………………………………………………………30 days.
Temperature range of application……………….........from –30 to +50 degrees. WITH
Current source…………………...................................element 154 PMC-U – 48 hours (KBU – 1.5 hours)
Kit contents
Fuse………………………………………………………………......................... ..............1
Current source………………………………………………………….…........................ ............1
Fuse with black cover for installation from a helicopter......................1
Universal key………………………………………………………………………………………… .......1/24
Key for screwing the fuse into the mine………………………………………………………..1/24
Device
On top of the fuse there are: fuse 3 with pin 4, a socket for a current source, covered with lid 2, handle 5 for transferring the fuse from the transport position to the combat position and back. The fuse uses two types of fuses: with a black cover - for laying mines from a helicopter, and with a red cover - for laying mines with a minelayer and manually. The fuse with a red cover has a 4 m long thread for remote activation of the long-range cocking mechanism (hydromechanical).
The fuse is triggered by a change magnetic field Ground caused by a target passing over a mine (tank, car, etc.).
Prohibited
1. Move ferromagnetic objects, including small ones (weapons, shovels, steel probes, safety pins, etc.) near the fuse, which has been switched to the firing position.
2. Move fuses brought into firing position.
3. Install mines with a fuse closer than 200 m from electrified power lines railways, radio and radar stations.
4. Use fuses for mining in which the height of the fuse protrusion is greater than the depth of the key fork for manually tearing off the fuse cover.
5. Install the current source into the fuse, transferred to the firing position, without a fuse or with a tripped fuse.
6. Unscrew the fuse from the fuse equipped with a current source.
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To screw the fuse into the mine, the same key is used as for the MVCh-62 fuse.
A universal key is used to replace the fuse.
Neutralization
Searching and removing mines installed with an MVN-80 fuse is allowed only with the help of the PUV-80 device.
Prohibited:
- search for mines using probes;
Remove a mine that has visible mechanical damage to the fuse;
Remove the mine if the signal from the fuse is not heard by the control device or the non-contact target sensor of the fuse is not turned off by a signal from the control device;
Move the fuse switch handle to the transport position if the fuse is not switched off by the control device.
To search and remove mines you must:
Prepare the control device for operation;
Turn on the device and, moving in the required direction, search for mines;
Having detected a mine with a fuse by a characteristic signal in the headphones, give a signal to turn off the fuse (the signal in the phones should disappear), remove the camouflage layer of soil and, holding the fuse with your hand from moving, move the fuse shift handle to the transport position and secure it with a pin;
Remove the mine from the ground.
Mines whose fuses are not switched off by the control device or are not moved to the transport position are destroyed by overhead charges.
- Purpose, main performance characteristics, general structure, procedure for installing and neutralizing the TM-83 anti-tank mine in an autonomous version.
(Figure 1.29) consists of an incompletely armed mine and a fuse.
Figure 1.29 – Mine TM-83: 1 – explosive charge; 2 – facing; 3 – bracket handle;
4 – bracket; 5 – fastening handle; 6 – fuse socket
The fuse includes an optical target sensor ODC, a seismic target sensor SDC with a device for its installation, a safety-actuating mechanism (PIM), a closing mechanism (CL), a MZU control panel, and an MD-5M igniter.
The ODC optical target sensor (Figure 1.30) provides an electrical signal to the safety actuator when the tank crosses the aiming line. The lens and electronic unit are installed in the plastic cylindrical housing of the optical target sensor. 
On the housing cover there are upper and lower terminals for connecting wires, an LED indicator for checking the serviceability of the ODC, and a socket for a current source, closed with a plug. On the side of the body there is a rod that serves to install the ODC into the sleeve of the mine body. At the end of the rod there is a washer for fixing the ODC in the bushing. The protrusion on the side surface of the rod ensures oriented placement of the ODC into the housing bushing.
To protect against precipitation and dust, the lens is covered with a protective film. On the housing cover there is an outline of the current source, showing its position in the socket.
The seismic target sensor SDC (Figure 1.31) provides closure electrical circuit between the ODC and the safety-actuating mechanism when the target (tank) approaches the mine installation site. It has a cylindrical aluminum body that contains a seismic receiver, an electronic unit and a current source. 
The seismic receiver is used to convert seismic signals caused by ground vibration into electrical signals. The electronic unit provides amplification and time-frequency processing of signals coming from the seismic receiver. On the side of the housing there are two wires with lugs for connecting the SDC to the ODC and the safety-actuating mechanism. A metal tag is attached to the wire connected to the ODC. The bottom of the case has a threaded hole for installing a speaker and a socket for a power source. The device for installing the SDC includes a tip, a column and a sleeve. The tip is designed for driving into the ground. Column – for attaching the SDC to the tip. Bushing - to protect the shank of the tip or column when driven into the ground.
The safety-actuating mechanism is designed to activate the MD-5M fuse when a signal is received from the ODC and ensure the safety of the mine installation. The PIM has a rectangular aluminum body, which houses a firing pin, an electric igniter, a filter to protect the electric igniter from interference currents on the output wires, safety contacts, and a hydromechanical timing mechanism with a rod and a contact washer. IN transport position the rod is recessed to its lowest position, the safety contacts are open, the lower end of the rod enters the firing pin channel, preventing its movement towards the fuse. In this position, the rod is held by a cover that rotates on an axis and is held in place by a pin. At the bottom of the body there is a socket for screwing in the fuse.
The wires are designed to connect the PIM to the electrical circuit of the fuse. When the pin is removed, the rod is released, which, under the action of the spring and as the rubber flows, rises upward, freeing the firing pin channel. The contact washer closes the safety contacts and connects the electric igniter to the electrical circuit of the fuse, the PIM is transferred to the firing position.
The closing mechanism is designed for remote reusable closing or opening of the electrical circuit of the fuse using the MZU control panel. The plastic cylindrical case of the MZ contains a remote switch (relay) and a unit with radio elements. At one end of the case there are two terminals for connecting wires from the SDC and PIM, from the other end there are wires of the control cable, at the end of which there is a socket for connecting the MZ to the plug of the MZU remote control.
The MZU control panel is designed to repeatedly turn the MZ on and off, as well as to check its condition.
The MD-5M fuse is designed to initiate an additional detonator when it is pierced by the sting of the PIM striker.
After removing the PIM check and turning on the MZ using the MZU remote control (for a controlled installation option), after the long-range cocking time has elapsed (1–30 minutes), the mine is transferred to the firing position.
When the tank approaches the mine installation site, ground vibration is perceived by the seismic receiver of the SDC, and the seismic signals are converted into electrical signals.
The electronic unit SDC amplifies these signals, carries out their time-frequency processing and ensures the closure of the circuit between the optical target sensor (ODS) and the PIM.
When a tank crosses the mine aiming line, the ODC lens concentrates the energy emitted by the tank infrared radiation on the receiving platform of the pyroelectric module
They are divided into means of explosion, demolition charges ( extended charge), and engineering mines.
Classification
- Explosive means are intended to excite (initiate) the explosion of explosive charges (HE) and engineering mines. These include primers, blasting caps, electric igniters, electric detonators, detonating and fire cords, incendiary tubes, fuses and mine fuses.
- Demolition charges are structurally designed quantities of explosives, determined by volume and mass, produced by industry. They are intended for blasting operations. The shapes are concentrated, elongated and cumulative. As a rule, demolition charges have shells, nests for explosive means, devices and devices for carrying and fastening on objects to be undermined.
- Demining charges intended for making passages in minefields.
- Engineering mines They are explosive charges, structurally combined with means for their explosion. They are intended for constructing mine-explosive barriers and are divided into anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-landing and special. Depending on their purpose, mines can be high-explosive, fragmentation, or cumulative. The main elements of engineering mines are an explosive charge and a mine fuse. An explosive charge is intended to hit or destroy an object.
- Mine fuze- a special device for excitation (initiation) of an explosion of an explosive mine charge. A device that has all the fuse elements except the detonator capsule (fuse) is called explosive device.
Mine fuses can be mechanical, electrical and electromechanical. They may have special elements to ensure safety of transportation and use.
Engineering mines explode when exposed to an object. Depending on the nature of the impact leading to the explosion, mines can be contact (pressure, tension, breaking, unloading action) or non-contact (magnetic, seismic, acoustic, etc.)
Precautionary measures
When handling engineering ammunition, it is prohibited:
- Throw, hit, heat, burn them.
- Use great force when installing and removing fuses, fuses and blasting caps.
- Store and transport fully equipped engineering ammunition.
- Store engineering ammunition together with fuses and detonator caps without appropriate packaging.
- Open the casings of engineering ammunition and remove explosives from them.
- Defuse and remove engineering mines. Report all cases of finding ammunition to law enforcement agencies.
Links
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See what “Engineer ammunition” is in other dictionaries:
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Not once or twice last years our mass media propaganda, especially television, hysterically informed the general public about the “criminally negligent attitude of the military towards ammunition”, about “another deadly discovery”, about those discovered in the forest (at a shooting range, an abandoned military camp, at a training site), etc. . and so on. shells, missiles, mines. Television very willingly and in detail shows these “terrible discoveries”, interviews excited ordinary people, stigmatizes “criminals in uniform”, demands to investigate the “blatant bungling” and strictly punish the perpetrators. By the way, for some reason, yesterday’s students who received a minimum of military training at military departments, but consider themselves to be major specialists in military affairs, are especially excited.
And every time my eye, as usual with boredom, fixes the white stripes on the shells of mines, the distinct inscriptions “inert”, the black coloring of “unexploded” shells. All these finds are no more dangerous than an old harrow, or, say, an old typewriter (faulty).
In this article, the author wants to try to teach non-military people to distinguish training, completely harmless engineering ammunition from truly dangerous combat mines and fuses. Maybe then no one will have to, abandoning the exciting mushroom picking or throwing down the rake, grabbing his children in his arms, and rush to the phone to notify the authorities about the find. Or, on the contrary, you won’t have to expose your life mortal danger, carrying home a small, elegant, gray projectile with black letters (to be honest, it happens that a projectile flies to the wrong place, and the valiant army lost entire missiles).
First of all, in contrast to artillery training (inert) ammunition, which, to distinguish them from combat ammunition, is painted not gray, but black, in contrast to naval ammunition, in which the warhead of training torpedoes, mines, shells, and missiles is painted red -white color, engineering ammunition, both combat and training, training and simulation, are painted the same way. The color of engineering ammunition can be different - green, black, dirty yellow, brown, gray, bare metal, etc.
You can distinguish between combat and training (inert), training and simulation engineering ammunition by markings.
Small-sized ammunition such as fuses, detonator caps, electric detonators, which cannot be placed on alphanumeric marking have the following distinctive features:
*educational (inert) - white stripe;
*training and simulation - red stripe. When triggered, these munitions produce either a flash of flame, or colored smoke, or make a sharp sound, a pop. You cannot be seriously injured by them, but you can get injured.
*combat - without colored stripes. These items are deadly.
The picture shows life-size No. 8 blasting caps. The top two are combat (aluminum above, copper below). The third from the top is educational, the bottom is training and simulation. You just want to twirl these beautiful shiny silver or golden tubes in your hands, finger them, play with them, and children often put them in their mouths. The result of an explosion in the hands of a detonator cap is three severed fingers and a broken eye (standard!). Capsules, igniters, electric detonators, and fuses have exactly the same markings.
IN Lately some small size training ammunition began to be marked with a letter AND. For example, this is how PFM-1 training mines are marked.
Anti-tank mines, metal and wood, are usually painted green (less often dirty yellow). The mines are marked on the side of the body with black paint. The top number indicates the product number. Below is the product code. Usually this is a mine brand (TM-46, TMD-B, etc.). Below that is a triple number written with hyphens. The first number is the equipment plant number, the second is the mine batch number, the third is the year the mine was equipped. At the very bottom is the code of the explosive used in the mine. Usually you can find the following ciphers: A-50, A-80, G, PVV-4, MS, TGA, TG-50, TG-30, T, Tetr, TN. These or other alphanumeric combinations indicate that this is a combat mine. The training mine has a white horizontal stripe in place of the explosive code.
Training mines TM-62M and all mines of later developments, in addition, have a black inscription on the side of the body INERT., or INERT., or INERT.
Training mines are filled with a mixture of cement and rosin. This 
the mixture is identical in weight and volume to TNT, but it is absolutely not dangerous.
The upper part of the TM-46 training mines, in addition, is painted white, as shown in the figure, where the TM-46 training mine is shown on the left, and the combat mine on the right. TM-57 and later mines do not have a white color on the upper part of the hull.
Exactly the same markings are on plastic cases. On the bodies of anti-tank mines made of polyethylene, where the paint does not adhere well, the markings may be embossed, i.e. having no color. However, a white stripe is also applied to polyethylene shells of training mines.
It is also possible to place markings on anti-tank mines in a different way (for example, on the bottom of the hull or on its upper part). However, in all cases, on the body of the training mine there will be, at a minimum, a white stripe or the inscription “inert” or both.
On anti-personnel mines the markings are the same, but they are placed locally, i.e. where it is more convenient to do this. The picture shows a training anti-personnel mine PMN. The marking is placed on the rubber cover. The inscription “inert” and the white stripe are clearly visible. The PMN combat mine has an explosive font in place of the white stripe.
Boxes with engineering ammunition are usually painted dark green, less often unpainted. Markings are applied on the side wall with black paint. The top row is the code of the product and the number of products in the box, below, separated by hyphens, the code of the manufacturer, batch number, year of manufacture, below is the code of the explosive with which the products are equipped. For boxes with training ammunition, “INERT” is written in this place and an additional white stripe is applied to the side. For boxes with imitation ammunition, the stripe is red. The lowest gross weight of the box. In addition to these mandatory markings, the boxes may be marked with cargo capacity in the form of a black triangle with a number in the center (for civil transport organizations), warning notices (such as: “When transporting by plane, pierce with an awl here”, “Afraid of dampness”, “Do not tip”, “Flammable cargo”, etc.). If different products are packed in one box (for example, TNT blocks of different nomenclature), then their codes and quantity are also indicated on the box.
In the picture on the left is a box with TM-46 combat mines, on the right with training mines.
In all cases, in one box there are inert and live ammunition don't fit together.
Anti-personnel mines (such as PMD-6M, POMZ-2M), which are manufactured or equipped with explosives and fuses in the army (and this is only allowed in wartime), may not have any markings at all. Also, any markings may be missing on Soviet engineer ammunition from the Second World War.
Sources
1. Guide to demolition work. Approved beginning Eng. USSR Ministry of Defense troops 07/27/67 Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
2. Manual on military engineering for Soviet army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
3. Engineering ammunition. Book one. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1976
4. B.V. Varenyshev and others. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1982
5. B.S.Kolibernov and others. Officer's Handbook engineering troops. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1989
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From the author An old typewriter, if it works, is much more dangerous than any mine. How deadly dangerous poison What a typewriter that has fallen into the experienced hands of a green (dollar) journalist can splash into people’s brains is impossible to imagine.
Over the past decades, the armies of developed countries have carried out large-scale measures to improve conventional weapons, among which an important place has been given to engineering weapons. Engineering weapons include engineering ammunition that creates best conditions for the effective use of all types of weapons and protection of their troops from modern means defeat, making it difficult for the enemy to inflict significant losses. The use of engineered ammunition in recent local conflicts showed their increasing role in solving operational and tactical problems.
Remote mining systems have appeared in the arsenal of the engineering troops, making it possible to lay mines during combat and at a considerable distance from the front line - on enemy territory. Engineering ammunition also makes it possible to create conditions for troops to quickly overcome enemy minefields. In this case, the most used promising ammunition volumetric explosion.
What about engineered ammunition? These are, first of all, mines for various purposes - anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-landing and recently appeared anti-helicopter mines, as well as mine clearance charges and a number of charges auxiliary purpose. A modern mine is a multifunctional device. Some samples of new mines contain the element artificial intelligence and have the ability to optimize the selection of a target from several and its attack.
Of particular note are anti-personnel mines, the prohibition of which has begun a campaign by states wishing to finally disarm Russia. Due to the sharp reduction in the size of the Armed Forces, the role of engineered ammunition is increasing. Given that engineered ammunition primarily plays a defensive role, our political and military leadership should not disarm, but promote the improvement and increase in efficiency of this type of weapon, which is quite reliable and has high performance according to the criterion “efficiency - cost”. The general direction and goal of the development of engineering weapons is mainly determined by the ability to effectively hit modern and future targets in the interests of the ground forces.
Let's look at the features and specifications engineering ammunition.
Until recently in developed countries A large number of anti-tank mines of different designs were produced, from the variety of existing designs of which three main types can be distinguished: anti-track, anti-bottom and anti-side.
Until recently, anti-track mines were considered the main ones, but are gradually losing their importance. The main disadvantage of these mines is their limited combat capability: usually only individual components of the tank’s chassis are damaged. Nevertheless, anti-track mines are still sufficiently large quantities available in the troops various countries.
Anti-track mines are designed to remove tracked and wheeled combat and transport vehicles by destruction or damage, mainly, to their chassis (caterpillars, wheels). These mines are installed using minelayers or manually (both in the ground and on its surface). Anti-tracked domestic mines are cylindrical in shape, with the exception of the TM-62D mine, which has the shape of a parallelepiped. The main characteristics of domestic anti-track mines are presented in Table 1, and foreign ones - in Table 2. Figure I, 2 shows the design diagrams of the TM-46 and TM-62T mines. Anti-track mines are equipped with mechanical push-action fuses, which are screwed into the central socket of the housing. The pressure on the fuse from the tank caterpillar is transmitted through the pressure cap. Sockets for additional fuses are provided in the side and bottom parts of the mine body. They are used when it is necessary to place mines in a non-removable position. Mainly casings and fuses modern mines made of plastic, so they cannot be detected using induction mine detectors. Due to the tightness of mine bodies, most of them can be used for mining water barriers.
Fig.1. Anti-track mine TM-46:
a) – appearance; b) – section of a mine; 1 – body; 2 – diaphragm; 3 – cover; 4 – MVM fuse; 5 – explosive charge; 6 – intermediate detonator; 7 – cap; 8 – handle.
Table 1 Main characteristics of anti-track mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions dia. x height, mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | ||||
| TM-46 | 8,5 | 5,7 | T | 300x109 | steel |
| TM-56 | 107 | 7.0 | T | 316x109 | steel |
| TM-57 | 8,7 | 5,9 | T | 316x108 | steel |
| 8,79 | 6,62 | ms | |||
| . .8,8 , | 7,0 | TGA-16 | |||
| TM-62M | 9.0 | 7.18 | T | 320x90 | steel |
| 9,6 | 7.8 | M.C. | |||
| 9.62 | 7,78 | TGA-16 | |||
| 8,72 | 6,68 | A-50 | |||
| TM-62D | 11.7- | 8.7- | 340x340x110 | tree | |
| -13,6 | -10,4 | ||||
| 12.4 | 8.8 | TGA-16 | |||
| TM-62P | 11.0 | 8,0 | T | 340 x 80 | plastic |
| 11.5 | 8,3 | M.C. | |||
| 11.5 | 8,3 | TGA-16 | |||
| 10.6 | 7.4 | A-50 | |||
| 10,0 | 6.8 | A-80 | |||
| 11.0 | 7,8 | A-XI-2 | |||
| TM-62P2 | 8.6 | 7.0 | T | 320x90 | plastic |
| 9,1 | 7,0 | MS | |||
| 9,1 | 7,0 | TGA-16 | |||
| 8.3 | 6,1 | A-50 | |||
| TM-62PZ | 7,2 | 6,3 | T | 320x90 | plastic |
| 7,8 | 6,8 | MS | |||
| 7,8 | 6.8 | TGA-16 | |||
| 7,8 | 6.8 | TM | |||
| TM-62T | 8,5 | 7,0 | T | 320 x 90 | textile |
| 9,0 | 7.5 | TGA-16 |
table 2 Foreign anti-track mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight.kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter (length x width) | height | |||
| M15 | USA | 14,3 | 10,3 | 337 | 125 | steel |
| M19 | USA | 1?,6 | 9,53 | 332x332 | 94 | plastic |
| M56 | USA | 3,4 | 1.7 | 250x120 | 100 | aluminum |
| AT-1 | Germany | 2,0 | 1,3 | 55 | 330 | steel |
| L9A1 | England | 11.0 | 8,4 | 1200x100 | 80 | plastic |
| SB-61 | Italy | 3,2 | 2,0 | 232 | 90 | plastic |
Table 3 Foreign anti-bottom mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight, kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter (length x width) | height | |||
| M70 M73 | USA | 2.2 | 0.7 | 127 | 76 | steel |
| AT-2 | Germany | 2,0 | 0.7 | 100 | 130 | steel |
| PRO | France | 6.0 | 2.0 | 280x165 | 105 | plastic |
| SB-MV/T FFV028 | Italy | 5,0 | 2,6 | 235 | 100 | plastic |
| SD | Sweden | 5,0 | 3.5 | 250 | 110 | steel |
Fig.2. Anti-track mine TM-62T:
1-body; 2- explosive charge; 3 – ignition glass; 4 – fuse MVP-62; 5 – fuse striker; 6 – spark plug; 7 – fuse transfer charge; 8 – fuse detonator capsule.
From the point of view of equipment, domestic mines are “omnivorous”. They are equipped with TNT (T), mixtures of A-IX2, MS, TM; alloys TGA-16, TG-40; ammotols A-50, A-80, etc.
The data in Table 1 indicate that most of the presented anti-track mines have significant dimensions and a large explosive mass.
The most interesting is the English anti-track mine L9AI, which has an elongated shape (its dimensions are 1200x100x80 mm). To construct an anti-tank minefield, such mines require two times less than mines with a cylindrical body. Extended mines are more convenient to store and transport. The body of the L9A1 mine is plastic. The pressure cap is located at the top of the housing and occupies two-thirds of its length. To install this mine in the ground or on its surface, a trailed minelayer is used.
In a number of countries, several types of anti-track mines have been developed for remote mining systems, designed to damage the chassis of a tank in a contact explosion. These mines are relatively small in size and weight.
The M56 anti-track mine (USA) is a component of a helicopter mining system. The body of the mine has the shape of a half-cylinder and is equipped with four drop-down stabilizers, which reduce the speed at which the mine falls (mining is carried out from a height of about 30 m). A pressure cap is located on the flat surface of the housing. The electromechanical fuse is located in the end part of the housing and has two stages of protection. The first is removed when the mine leaves the cassette installation, the second - one or two minutes after it falls to the ground. In the firing position, the mine can be turned with the pressure cover both up and down. The fuse is equipped with a self-destruct element, which causes the mine to explode after a certain time. The M56 mine is produced in three versions. The mines of the first (main) version are equipped with a single-stroke fuse, the second - with a two-stroke fuse, triggered by repeated impact on the pressure cover. The fuse of the mine of the third option is activated by shaking the body of the mine or changing its position. The mines of the last two options are intended to prevent the enemy from removing them from the passages manually or making passages into minefield using roller trawls.
West German AT-1 mines are loaded with 110-mm Lars MLRS cluster munitions. Each ammunition contains 8 mines, equipped with a pressure fuse, non-neutralization and self-destruction elements.
Italy has developed several types of anti-track mines intended for installation by helicopter systems, including the SB-81 mine, which has a plastic body and an electromechanical fuse with a pressure sensor. In addition to helicopters, this mine can be installed by a minelayer.
Anti-water mines, compared to anti-track mines, have a significantly greater destructive effect. Exploding under the bottom of the tank and penetrating it, they infect the crew and disable the vehicle's weapons and equipment. The explosion of such a mine under a tank track disables it. Anti-water mines are equipped with a shaped charge or a charge based on the impact core principle. Most anti-bottom mines have proximity fuzes with magnetic sensors that detect changes in the magnetic field as a tank passes over the mine. Such a fuse is installed on the Swedish anti-bottom mine FFV028. When a tank passes over a mine, electrical voltage is supplied to an electric detonator, which initiates an explosion of the overburden charge, and then (with some time delay) the main charge (the armor penetration of the mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm). When the overburden charge is triggered, the upper part of the fuse, the cover of the mine body and the camouflage layer of soil are discarded, thereby creating favorable conditions for the formation of an impact core. A typical layout diagram of the SB-MV/T anti-bottom mine is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig.3. Layout diagram of the SB-MV/T anti-tank mine: 1 – magnetic sensor; 2 – power supply; 3 – software element of the mine neutralization device; 4-seismic sensor; 5 – device for delaying the transfer of the fuse to the firing position; 6 – lever for moving the fuse to the firing position; 7 – fuse activation element; 8 – main charge; 9 – transition charge; 10 – detonator; 11 - igniter capsule; 12 – overburden charge.
The French anti-bottom mine HPD is equipped with a fuse with magnetic and seismic sensors. The armor penetration of the mine from a distance of 0.5 m is 70 mm. The mine explodes when both sensors are triggered simultaneously. To drop the housing cover and the camouflage layer of soil in the HPD mine, an additional (overburden) charge is used. Mining with these mines is carried out using a minelayer.
Much attention is paid to the development of anti-bottom mines for remote mining systems. In the USA, for example, dispersible anti-bottom mines have been created using artillery and aircraft mining systems (M70, M73 and BLU-91/B mines). These mines are small in size and equipped with proximity fuses with magnetic sensors and anti-removal elements. The M70 and M73 mines are components of the RAAMS artillery anti-tank mining system (for 155 mm howitzers). Cluster shells of this system contain nine M70 or M73 mines, which have shaped charges aimed at opposite sides, which does not require special orientation on the ground surface. These mines are identical in design and differ only in their self-destruction time.
Table 4 The effectiveness of anti-track and anti-bottom mines
| Anti-track mine effectiveness | Efficiency of anti-bottom mine |
| The tank lacks mobility; | The tank lacks mobility and firepower; |
| - the caterpillar is damaged; | - the bottom is broken; |
| - the roller and suspension are damaged, | - units inside the tank were significantly damaged as a result of a mine explosion and ammunition detonation, |
| - the crew is shell-shocked, but partially combat-ready. | - the crew is completely disabled; |
| - firepower saved; | - repair (if at all possible) in the factory. |
| - Can be repaired in the field |
The West German anti-bottom mine AT-2 is designed for constructing anti-tank barriers using ground, missile and aircraft mining systems. Mina has combat unit based on the impact core principle.
The comparative effectiveness of anti-track and anti-bottom mines is presented in Fig. 4 and Table 4.
Anti-aircraft mines are designed to destroy tanks and armored vehicles at a distance of several tens of meters. These mines are effective when used to block roads and create barriers in forests and populated areas. The destructive element of anti-aircraft mines is an impact core or a cumulative anti-tank grenade fired from a guide tube.
The French and British armies are armed with the MAN F1 mine (Fig. 5), which has a warhead (armor penetration 70 mm from a distance of 40 m) based on the principle of an impact core. The mine body can be rotated in a vertical plane relative to a support consisting of two posts and a support ring. The fuse is activated by a 40-meter contact wire.
The American anti-aircraft mine M24 consists of an 88.9-mm grenade (from the M29 anti-tank rifle), a guide pipe, a fuse with a contact sensor made in the form of a tape, a power source and connecting wires. The guide pipe acts as a container in which the mine is stored and transported. Place the installation at a distance of about 30 m from the road or passage. When the tank's caterpillar hits the contact strip, the fuse circuit is closed and the anti-tank grenade is fired. An improved model of this mine, the M66, has been developed. It differs from M24 in that. that instead of a contact sensor, infrared and seismic sensors are used. The mines are put into firing position after the seismic sensor is triggered. It also includes an infrared target sensor. The grenade is fired as soon as the armored target crosses the emitter-receiver line.
Anti-tank minefields (ATMP) are installed primarily in tank-hazardous areas in front of the front, on the flanks and junctions of units, as well as in depth to cover artillery firing positions, command and observation posts and other objects. An anti-tank minefield usually has a frontal dimension of 200...300 m or more, and a depth of 60...120 m or more. Mines are installed in three to four rows with a distance between rows of 20...40 m and between mines in a row - 4...6 m for anti-track mines and 9...12 m for anti-bottom mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of a minefield is 550...750 anti-track mines or 300...400 anti-bottom mines. In particularly important areas, PTMG1 can be installed with an increased consumption of mines: up to 1000 or more anti-track mines or 500 or more anti-bottom mines. Such minefields are usually called high-efficiency minefields.
Fig.5. Layout diagram of the MAN F1 anti-aircraft mine:
1-charge; 2 – copper cladding; 3 – support ring; 4 – detonator capsule; 5 – fuse; 6 – power supply; 7 – transition charge; 8 – detonator.
Fig.4. Comparative effectiveness of the destructive action of anti-niche and anti-track mines:
1 – zone of action of the anti-bottom mine;
2 – zone of action of the anti-track mine.
Table 5 Foreign anti-aircraft mines
| Mine | Country of manufacture | Weight, kg | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | diameter | height | |||
| M24, M66 | USA | 10,8 | 0,9 | 89 | 609 | steel |
| MAH F1 | France | 12,0 | 6,5 | 185 | 270 | steel |
Anti-personnel mines vary in design and are mainly high-explosive or fragmentation type. The main characteristics of some samples of domestic anti-personnel mines are presented in Table 6. The name MON-50 means that this mine has a directed fragmentation effect. These mines are in service with various countries. Typically, the plastic casings of such mines are made in the form of a curved prism, in which a plastic explosive charge with big amount fragments. For ease of installation on the ground, there are hinged legs at the bottom of the mine body. The most common way to detonate a mine is to use a standard tension-action fuze, which is triggered when the target touches a tension wire. When a mine explodes, a flat bunch of fragments is formed. Directional fragmentation mines are designed to destroy personnel, moving in deployed combat formations.
The PMN index means that this mine is an anti-personnel pressure mine. The design of the PMN anti-personnel mine is shown in Fig. 6.
Bouncing fragmentation anti-personnel mines are now widely used. Such a mine is triggered when a walking person touches a tension wire or puts pressure on special conductors connected by an explosive chain. As a result, the ejector ignites powder charge, with the help of which a mine is thrown to the height of the chest of a walking person, where an explosion occurs and people in this area are hit by fragments.
Anti-personnel minefields (APMF) are installed in front of the front edge and, as a rule, in front of anti-tank minefields in order to cover them. They can be made from high-explosive mines, fragmentation mines, or a combination of high-explosive and fragmentation mines. PPMP, depending on their purpose, is installed with a length along the front from 30 to 300 m or more, in depth - 10...50 m or more. The number of rows in a minefield is usually two to four, the distance between rows is 5 m or more, between mines in a row is at least 1 m for high-explosive mines and one or two radius of continuous destruction for fragmentation mines. The consumption of mines per 1 km of a minefield is assumed to be: high-explosive - 2000...3000 pcs.; fragmentation – 100…300 pcs. In areas where infantry advances in large numbers, PPMPs of increased efficiency can be installed - with double or triple consumption of mines.
Table 6 Main characteristics of anti-personnel mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | height | |||
| MON-50 | 2,0 | 0.7 | PVV-5A | 225x153 | 54 | plastic |
| MOH-90 | 12,4 | 6.5 | PVV-5A | 343 x 202 | 153 | plastic |
| MON-100 | 7,5 | 2.0 | T | 236 | 83 | steel |
| 7.0 | 1,5 | A-50 | ||||
| MON-200 | 30,0 | 12.0 | T | 434 | 131 | steel |
| 28,7 | 10,7 | A-50 | ||||
| PMN | 0.58 | 0,21 | T | 100 | 56 | plastic |
| LMN-2 | 0.95 | 0.4 | TG-40 | 122 | 54 | plastic |
Fig.6. Anti-personnel mine PMN:
A) - general form; b) – section; 1 – body; 2 – shield; 3 – cap; 4 – wire or tape; 5 – rod; 6 – spring; 7 – split ring; 8 – drummer; 9 – mainspring; 10 – thrust bushing; 11 – safety pin; 12 – metal element; 13 – explosive charge; 14 – MD-9 fuse; 15 – plug; 16 – cap; 17 – gasket; 18 – metal frame; 19-string.
Table 7 Main characteristics of antilanding mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | height | |||
| PDM-1M | 18,0 | 10,0 | T | 380 | 143 | steel |
| PDM-2 | 21,0 | 15.0 | T | 380 | 342 | steel |
| PDM-3Ya | 34,0 | 15.0 | T | 650 | steel | |
| YARM | 12,1 | 3.0 | T | 275 | 34V | steel |
Table 8 Main characteristics of special mines
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions, mm | Housing material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | height | |||
| ZhDM-6 | 24.2 | 14,0 | 1 | 250 | 230 | steel |
| ADM-7 | 24,2 | 14,0 | T | 215 | 265 | steel |
| ADM-8 | 24,2 | 14,0 | T | 220 | 252 | steel |
| MPM | 0.74 | 0,3 | TG-50 | 148x72 | 46 | plastic |
| SPM | 2,35 | 0,93 | MS | 248x114 | 72 | steel |
| BPM | 7,14 | 2,6 | T | 292 | 110 | steel |
| BPM | 7,44 | 2.9 | TGA-16 | 292 | 110 | steel |
Fig.7. PDM-2 mine on a low stand:
1 – rod; 2 – check; 3 – fuse; 4 – housing with explosive charge; 5 – lock nut; 6 – bopt; 7 – flange; 8 – upper beam; 9 – lower beam; 10 – steel sheet; 11 – washer; 12 – latch; 13 – handle; 14 – roller.
Fig.8. PDM-2 mine body:
1 – body; 2 – central neck; 3-glass; 4 – intermediate detonator; 5 – side neck; 6 – nipple; 7 – charge; 8 – gaskets; 9 – plugs.
Fig.9. Charge S3-3L:
a) – general view; b) – section; 1 – body; 2 – explosive charge; 3 – intermediate detonators; 4 – ignition socket for the detonator capsule; 5 – socket for a special fuse; 6 – plugs; 7 – handle; 8 – rings for tying the charge.
1 – body; 2 – cumulative lining; 3 – explosive charge; 4 – intermediate detonator; 5 – ignition socket; 6 – handle; 7 – retractable legs; 8 – plug.
Fig. 10. Charge S3-6M:
1 – nylon shell; 2 – polyethylene shell; 3 – plastic explosive charge; 4 – intermediate detonators; 5 – rubber couplings; 6 – metal clips; 7 – socket for the detonator capsule; 8 – socket for a special fuse; 9 – plugs; 10 – union nut; 11 – rings for tying the charge.
Currently, the Corps of Engineers developed countries have nuclear mines with TNT equivalent from 2 to 1000 tons.
Assessing the effectiveness of nuclear mines, foreign experts believe that they can be used as a multi-purpose weapon against advancing enemy forces. It is believed that the explosion of nuclear mines located in special concrete or ground wells creates zones of destruction and contamination that are capable of dismembering the battle formations of enemy troops, directing their advance to areas favorable for attacking them with conventional and nuclear strikes. An important direction The use of nuclear mines is considered to strengthen mine-explosive barriers in tank-hazardous directions. The defensive effect of nuclear mines is due to the creation as a result of explosions of craters, rubble, zones of destruction and contamination, which are a serious obstacle to the movement of troops.
The crater from a nuclear mine explosion is a difficult obstacle to overcome, since its large size, steep slopes and rapid filling with water greatly impede the movement of not only vehicles, but also tanks.
The size of the craters will depend on the TNT equivalent of nuclear mines, the depth of their placement and the methods of detonation. When a mine explodes on the surface of the earth with a power of 1.2 kt, a crater with a diameter of 27 m and a depth of 6.4 m is formed; the same charge, exploded at a depth of 5 m, forms a crater with a diameter of 79 m and a depth of up to 16 m, and at a depth of 20 m - with a diameter of 89 m and a depth of 27.5 m. The protective effect of a nuclear mine explosion is enhanced by the fall radioactive fallout over a large area.
To mine water lines in areas of possible landings, anti-landing mines are used to destroy landing craft and combat transport vehicles. The main characteristics of these mines are presented in Table 7, distinctive feature which is their use in a submerged position.
The design of antilanding mines and their main components are presented using the example of the PDM-2 mine in Fig. 7, 8.
For mining railway tracks (ZhDM-6), highways(ADM-7, ADM-8) and to solve other specific problems, special mines are used (Table 8). MPM, SPM, BIM mines have the property of “sticking” (using a magnet or adhesive material) and have a quasi-cumulative lining for the formation of significant holes in barriers.
To make passages in anti-tank and anti-mine fields, extended mine clearance charges are used (Table 9). They are advanced manually or mechanized, or launched into a minefield using jet engines. Therefore, explosive charges are placed in metal pipes or in flexible fabric or plastic sleeves (hoses). The charges UZ-1, UZ-2, UZ-Z and UZ-ZR are metal pipes in which pressed TNT blocks are placed. The UZ-67 charge consists of a sleeve (the material is nylon-based fabric), in which TNT blocks are strung on a flexible hose with an explosive of type A-IX-1. The UZP-72 and UZP-77 charges are based on a flexible rope with wound layers of a plastic charge made of PVV-7, placed in a sleeve made of a special fabric.
Table 9 Main characteristics of extended mine clearance charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions | mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | height | |||
| UZ-1 | 5,3 | 2,88 | T | 53 | 1200 | steel |
| UZ-2 | 10,24 | 5,33 | T | 53 | 2000 | steel |
| UZ-Z | 43 | 8 kg/p. m. | T | 53 | 1950 | steel |
| UZ-ZR | 43 | T | 53 | 1950 | steel | |
| UZ-67 | 55.5 | 41,6 | T+A-XI -1 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
| UZP-72 | 47,7 | 41.2 | PVV-7 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
| UZL-77 | 47,7 | 41.2 | PVV-7 | 80 | 10 500 | steel |
Note: p.m. – linear meter.
Table 10 Main characteristics of concentrated charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions | mm | Housing material | |
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | height | |||
| SZ-1 | 1,4 | 1,0 | T | 65x116 | 126 | steel |
| NW-W | 3.7 | 3.0 | T | 65x171 | 337 | steel |
| NW-WA | 3,/ | 2,8 | T | 98x142 | 200 | steel |
| SZ-6 | 7,3 | 5.9 | T | 98x142 | 395 | steel |
| sz-vm | 6,9 | 6.0 | PVV-5A | 82 | 1200 | textile |
| SZ-1P | 1,5 | L.b | PVV-5A | 45 | 600 | textile |
| SZ-4P | 4,2 | 4,2 | PVV-5A | 45 | 2000 | textile |
Table 11 Main characteristics of shaped charges
| Mine | Weight, kg | Explosive type | Dimensions mm | Material | ||
| general | explosive charge | (length x width) | case height | |||
| KZ-1 | 14,47 | 9.0 | TG-40 | 350 | 570 | steel |
| KZ-2 | 14,8 | 9,0 | TG-40 | 350 | 650 | steel |
| KZ-4 | 63,0 | 49,0 | TG-50 | 410 | 440 | step |
| KZ-5 | 12.5 | 8,5 | TG-40 | 215 | 280 | steel |
| KZ-6 | 3,0 | 1,8 | TG-40 | 112 | 292 | steel |
| KZ-7 | 6,5 | 4,2 | TG-40 | 162 | 272 | steel |
| KZU | 18,0 | 12,0 | TG-50 | 195x225 | 500 | steel |
| KZK | 1,0 | 0,4 | TG-50 | 52x160 | 200 | steel |
| 0,56 | 0,185 | TG-40 | 76x70 | 1507 | steel | |
| KZU-1 | 0,0 | 032 | TG-40 | 85x105 | 160 | steel |
Table 12 Characteristics of TNT blocks
Table 13 Characteristics of checkers made of plastic explosives
Table 14 Characteristics of detonating cords
Fig. 12. Cumulative charge KZU-2:
a) – longitudinal section; b) – cross section; 1 – foam insert; 2 – explosive charge (TG-40); 3 – body; 4 – plug; 5 – gasket; 6 – bushing; 7 – gasket; 8- glass; 9 – checker BB A-XI-1; 10 – cap; 11 - ring; 12 – latch; 13 – bar; 14 – bracket; 15 – leaf spring; 16 – magnet; 17 – cumulative lining; 18 – clamp.
Fig. 13. Schemes for installing KZU-2 charges (the arrow indicates the installation location of the electric detonator or fuse)
To carry out blasting operations in emergency situations, for example, when it is necessary to produce the shortest possible time homemade mine, concentrated charges are used (Table 10). Charges SZ-ZA (Fig. 9), SZ-6, SZ-6M (Fig. 10) can be used for blasting operations under water. It should be noted that the SZ-ZA, SZ-6 and SZ-6M charges can be successfully used in underwater blasting operations.
Shaped charges (Table 11) are used to pierce or cut thick metal plates when destroying armored and reinforced concrete defensive structures.
The design and elements of shaped charges KZ-2, KZU-2 are presented in Fig. 11-13.
In the engineering troops, for carrying out blasting operations, TNT and plastic explosives are used in the form of checkers, the main characteristics of which are presented in Table. 12,13.
To transmit an explosive impulse during explosions, detonating cords are widely used in the engineering troops (Table 14).
Of all the ammunition in service Russian army, engineering ammunition is remarkable in that it is dual-use ammunition, i.e. can be used when carrying out blasting operations in national economy to solve specific problems in the mining, metallurgical and oil industries. For this reason, no funding is required for their disposal. Engineering ammunition that has reached the end of its service life should be transferred to civilian organizations conducting blasting operations (for example, in the mining industry). Metallurgical plants have currently accumulated millions of tons of so-called scrubs, which are large, multi-ton objects with a significant iron content. Due to the crisis state of our metallurgical industry, these scrubs can serve as a good raw material base. But for obvious reasons, such scrubs cannot be transported and loaded into blast furnaces, i.e. they need to be cut. In this case, engineered ammunition is an indispensable tool for solving this problem. The technology for cutting such a scrub is as follows. With the help of detonation shaped charge(KZ-1, KZ-2, KZ-4) a crater (significant in depth and diameter) is created in the scrub, which is filled with explosives and detonation is carried out. As a result of these activities, the scrub is broken into pieces that can be transported and loaded into a blast furnace. This is just one of thousands of examples of the use of engineered ammunition in the national economy.
The creation of a new generation of highly effective dual-use engineering ammunition will, on the one hand, ensure fighting Ground Forces and, on the other hand, their use in the national economy (after the expiration of their service life) will significantly save the financial resources of our state.
Armed forces Russian Federation were created taking into account the situation in the world that developed after the collapse of the USSR. In addition to the combined arms, there are also special troops, which combat missions solved using special means. In the engineering troops, special equipment is engineer ammunition. Their use during combat operations causes serious losses to the enemy. You will learn more about engineering ammunition from our article.
Acquaintance
Engineer ammunition is a special means of engineering weapons, but many people confuse them with combat ammunition. Engineering ones are equipped with explosives and pyrotechnic compounds. According to the existing classification, engineered ammunition is represented by explosives, explosive or extended charges, engineered mines, mine fuses and demining charges. With the help of the latter, the military builds passages in mined areas.
About explosives
With the help of engineered ammunition of this group, the military initiates charges in explosives and engineered mines. Engineering specialists have to deal with electric igniters, electric detonators, detonating and fire cords, incendiary tubes, fuses and mine fuses.
About demolition charges
This type of engineering ammunition of the Armed Forces is a structurally designed explosive produced by the country's military industry. According to experts, when designing engineered ammunition, parameters such as the volume and mass of explosives (explosives) are taken into account. Depending on the shape, they are concentrated, elongated and cumulative. Mostly, the charges are equipped with special sockets for explosive devices, devices and devices with the help of which engineering ammunition is transferred and attached to objects.
About engineering mines
In engineering ammunition warehouses there are special explosive charges, which are structurally combined with devices designed to activate them. Such special charges are also called engineering mines. They can be of three types: high-explosive, fragmentation and cumulative. With their help, the military sets up mine-explosive barriers. Depending on their purpose, mines are anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-landing and special. The anti-landing weapon is installed underwater at a depth of two meters in coastal areas. Its target is floating military equipment and enemy landing ships.
With the help of an anti-tank engineering mine, tanks and other tanks are destroyed or disabled armored vehicles. The design of an engineering mine contains explosive and a fuse. The explosive charge affects enemy personnel or destroys objects. In Russia, engineered mines are filled with octogen, hexogen, TNT or nitroglycerin gunpowder. These substances are very powerful and inexpensive to produce.
About the mine fuse
It is a special device equipped with all fuse elements. The only exception is the detonator cap, or fuse.
With its help, explosive detonation is initiated. Mine fuses can be mechanical, electrical and electromechanical. According to experts, in order to ensure safety during the transportation of engineering ammunition and their operation, these devices are equipped with special elements. In order for the mine to explode, it will require an impact, for example, you just need to press on it. Such mines are considered contact mines. This category also includes engineering ammunition with tension, unloading and breaking action. The group of non-contact mines is represented by magnetic, seismic, acoustic, etc.
On the storage of engineering ammunition
Given the high efficiency of engineered ammunition, their handling involves certain restrictions. For example, throws and impacts are very undesirable, so experts do not advise those who install them on an object that needs to be undermined to make any effort. This recommendation also applies in cases where it is necessary to remove the fuse, fuse and detonator cap from engineered ammunition. In engineering ammunition, it is prohibited to dismantle the casing and remove the explosive. According to experts, it may happen that engineering mine discovered by a civilian. If this happens, then you cannot neutralize and dismantle the engineered ammunition yourself. After discovering a find, you must immediately contact law enforcement agencies. In order to prevent unplanned detonation, engineered ammunition is stored and transported separately from fuses and detonator caps. They must not be set on fire or exposed to high temperatures.