Why do two-color leathermen get killed? Two-color leather jacket (vespertilio murinus). Status of the species in the country and in adjacent regions
3.1 Least Concern :
Categories:
- Animals in alphabetical order
- Species out of danger
- Smooth-nosed the bats
- Animals described in 1758
- Mammals of Eurasia
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two-tone leather- dvispalvis plikšnys statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas rūšis atitikmenys: lot. Vespertilio murinus engl. frosted bat; particolored bat; particoloured bat vok. gemeine Fledermaus; großer Nachtschwirrer; Mäuseohr; Weißscheckige… … Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas
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It is difficult to imagine an animal whose appearance would be more controversial. The two-color leathern is a tiny fluffy creature that fits in a child's palm, with lively round black eyes, big ears, with a furrowed frowning forehead and an upturned black nose resembling a snout, looks cute and funny. But when this handsome fellow opens his mouth, the palisade of small, sharp white teeth will remind us that before us is a fearless night Hunter. And on its weightless membranous wings, this baby is capable of migrations of 1360 km or more.
Two-tone leather is one of bats, from time immemorial, living next to people and using rural and urban buildings as shelters. Most European peoples associate bats in one way or another with evil spirits, but in the East, on the contrary, they serve as a symbol of happiness and joy. The amazing mechanism of echolocation allows bats to perfectly navigate in space, recognizing the reflections of sound signals. Every night they destroy a huge number of insect pests Agriculture, as well as mosquitoes and other midges and therefore are among the most useful mammals.
A GIANT IN A LINE OF Dwarfs
The two-colored leatherback is considered large in its group of bats: the length of its forearm is at least 41 mm, and its wingspan is 30 cm or more. It is called two-color for its special coat color. The hairs at the roots are dark, and against this dark background the short light tips stand out in contrast, creating small silvery ripples. On the underside of the body, the light tips of the hair are longer and well camouflage the dark bases, so the overall color tone is light, yellowish-gray or light fawn. On the throat and along the edges of the body, the color may be pure white. Young animals are darker and look more elegant than adults. The ears of two-colored leathermen are short, but quite wide, thick, dark brown, like the rest of the skin on the face that is not covered with hair. The ear has a large, up to 8 mm, tragus - a cutaneous-cartilaginous outgrowth located in front of the external auditory canal, characteristic feature smooth-nosed bats.
The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The free edge of the interfemoral membrane of the wing is supported by a spur - a special osteochondral formation attached to the ankle joint. In leatherbacks, at the base of the spur there is a so-called epiblema - a fold of skin equipped with a transverse cartilaginous septum. Females of the bicolor leatherback, unlike all representatives of this genus, have two pairs of nipples located a few millimeters from each other.
WARMTH-LOVING NIGHT HUNTER
The two-color leatherback is an inhabitant of mountains, forests, forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts. It lives in tree hollows, under loose bark and in rock cracks, in caves, in attics, behind the wooden siding of houses.
Widely distributed, but scarce everywhere within its range. The two-color leatherman can be found from the Eastern and to the coasts of the Okhotsk and Japanese seas. The species gravitates to southern latitudes, the northern edge of its range is the 63rd parallel. The two-color leather jacket was recorded in Khakassia and other adjacent territories: in the Altai Territory, Tuva, Kemerovo region. On the Ukok plateau, this species lives in the rocks of the surrounding mountains and along the slopes of river valleys.
Two-color leather jackets fly out to feed 15-20 minutes after sunset and only at warm weather, and in the spring sometimes during the day. The animals hunt high, rising up to 30 m above the ground, flying along mountain gorges, over forest edges and clearings, among trees, over grassy plains of steppes or over water. Their flight is fast, similar to the flight of noctules. When hunting, leatherbacks emit ultrasonic beams with a frequency of about 25-27 kHz and record the reflection of sound from flying insects - their favorite prey. They feed on beetles, butterflies, and mosquitoes. When an ultrasonic beam hits them, the insects that are being tracked often fold their wings and fall down or try to turn sharply to the side and run away. The remains of leatherfish prey often accumulate at regular feeding sites. Two-color leatherbacks living in large cities (for example, in Kherson, Ussuriysk, Gorno-Altaisk, Arsenyev, Spassk-Dalniy, Ulan-Ude) fly to feed outside the outskirts at night, and return to the city in the morning.
THE Flaw in ECHOLOCATION
With the help of echolocation, bats not only seem to see everything around, but confidently determine the nature of the surface, and sometimes even the material of which it consists. Only fur and thick hair, which absorb ultrasound, are poorly registered by an echolocator, so a bat that flies into a room, frightened, can become entangled in a person’s hair. If you let such a mouse fly out the window calmly, it will never hurt anyone. Some insects have developed interesting mechanisms to protect themselves from bats: for example, poisonous bear butterflies, when hit by an ultrasonic beam, emit a loud ultrasonic signal, warning the bat of their inedibility. One species of harmless cutworm butterfly has learned to give the same signal, so that the deceived animals do not touch it either.
LOVER OF GOOD COMPANY
These animals can live alone, in pairs or in small colonies. Like other bats, the two-colored bat is a very sociable creature. Their colonies are permanent or temporary groups of individuals of different numbers and purposes. Scientists distinguish between rutting, brood, migratory, wintering colonies and even colonies of bachelor males. Brood colonies form in the spring and disintegrate after the end of lactation. In a ton, a group of females gathers in a daytime shelter around a reproductively active male, often on the routes of autumn migrations. Wintering colonies can also be multi-species.
Mating in bicolor leatherbacks usually occurs in late summer or autumn, but the male's sperm is stored in the female's body in a “frozen” state until spring, when fertilization occurs. Young animals usually mate only in early spring. In summer, the female gives birth to one or two, occasionally three cubs. Having been born (and feet first, which is not observed in any other mammal), the mouse ends up in the mother’s tail membrane, which is folded in a pouch. The female licks the blind and hairless cub, and at this time he squeaks subtly, and by this squeak the mother will now be able to recognize him among thousands of other babies. Interestingly, practically helpless bat cubs at birth weigh half the weight of their mother. They immediately hang on the mother's nipples, so that the female initially flies and hunts with such a load. Babies develop very quickly: on the 3-10th day their eyes open, and their fur grows from the first week. Soon they are mincing and climbing, and make their first flight after 3-5 weeks. The females leave the grown cubs in the shelter for the duration of the hunt. In August and early September, the whole company flies south for the winter. We still know very little about the migration routes of bats.
The voices of bats are absolutely individual, and each animal can easily recognize the reflection of its own signal in a cave, where hundreds of thousands of its fellows are simultaneously using the echolocator. In addition to ultrasound, bats also use regular sound signals, mainly for communication. These sounds usually lie on the edge of human perception. Children hear the whirring and squeaking of most species, older people - only a few, and therefore, among some peoples, the ability to hear the squeaking of bats serves as a measure of human age.
TWO-TONE LEATHER IN THE FOOD CHAIN
Diet of bats temperate latitudes limited to insects. The two-colored skin destroys a countless number of flying insects, including many harmful ones. It eats small insects whole, leaving larger ones with inedible wings or chitinous plates.
NUTRITION OF TWO-TONE LEATHER
Scoops
These moths are covered with thick down that does not reflect ultrasound. Bats catch such insects mainly by the sound of their own buzzing, stopping ultrasonic location when approaching the target. Having caught up with the butterfly, the kozhan knocks it down with a blow of the wing into the substituted “pocket”, the curved tail part of the membrane, and tears it into pieces.
Mosquitoes
Having caught the ultrasonic “echo” reflected from the mosquito, the two-colored leatherman becomes silent for a brief moment in order to grab its prey on the fly, and after that it calmly continues its search for the next victim. In an hour of hunting, he can eat up to 200 mosquitoes.
May Khrushchev
This beetle, also called the May beetle, is a valuable and nutritious prey item. Having discovered it, the beetle makes a sharp throw to the side or downwards by 5-10 m. Having grabbed a large beetle, it soars up, leaving behind only bitten off wing elytra crumbly drops from its mouth.
ENEMIES OF TWO-TONE LEATHER
Snakes
Zoologists note attacks by snakes on bat nests and their reproductive colonies, mainly in southern latitudes, where such aggregations are often located in tree hollows or rock crevices.
Stone marten
The worst enemy of bats. She can inflict big damage in places where its habitat coincides with the wintering colonies of the bicolor leatherback. Small voracious predators attack sleeping animals or helpless cubs in places where bats gather for wintering, or in reproductive colonies.
Long eared owl
The same as the two-tone leather, the huntress of the twilight. She grabs bats during their night flights. Owls contrast the ultrasonic echolocation of bats with perfect twilight vision, exquisite hearing and the ability to make rapid leaps. The two-color leatherman cannot escape from the claws of a feathered predator.
a brief description of
Class: mammals.
Order: bats.
Suborder: bats.
Family: smooth-nosed bats.
Type: two-tone leather.
Look: two-tone leather.
Latin name: Vespertilio murinus.
Size: body length - up to 6.4 cm, wingspan - up to 33 cm.
Weight: 12-23 g.
Color: the back is dark, brownish, the belly is white or gray.
Life expectancy of two-color leather: up to 12 years.
Dimensions two-tone (two-tone) leather average. Body length 54 - 64 mm. Body weight from 8 to 20 g. Body length 54-64 mm, forearm length 41-48 mm. Condylobasal skull length 13.9-16.2 mm, length top row teeth 5.0-6.1 mm. Females usually have two pairs of nipples. The fur color is dark with a silvery tint. The throat is white.
Spreading. From England and France to the coast Pacific Ocean. The northern border of distribution runs through Norway, the Central regions of the RSFSR, southern Siberia, the southern - through central Italy, along the Black Sea coast, Iran, Kashgaria, the Himalayas, and Northeast China. Settles in the USSR European part north to the Kalinin and Moscow regions, the Caucasus, Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asian republics and southern Siberia north to approximately the Novosibirsk-estuary line. Cupid. Within its vast range, the bicolor leathern is unevenly distributed.
Biology. Found both in forests and on open spaces; in the mountains rises to 3000 m above sea level. m. Summer shelters are varied: tree hollows, attics, voids behind wall cladding and under eaves, cracks in rocks, etc.
Two-colored leatherbacks often live in common shelters with other species of bats. During pregnancy and feeding the young, females settle in colonies of up to 40-50 individuals. Males during this period stay in small groups or alone. In June, females give birth to 2, less often 1, cubs; the latter, in the first 8-10 days of life, are clearly distinguished from the naked young of other species by the dark coloring of the ears, the tip of the muzzle and limbs. After the transition of the young to independent life brood colonies begin to disintegrate and strict separation of sexes is no longer observed.
The flight of the leatherback is fast and dexterous; they hunt all night, until dawn. They willingly feed among woody vegetation. It feeds on moths, mosquitoes, and Coleoptera. It flies out to feed after sunset and feeds throughout the night. Most of the population flies to the south outside Russia for the winter. Wintering areas are unknown. Kozherans wintering in the region gather in caves. Life expectancy is more than 5 years.
Wintering places two-tone leather unknown; single wintering individuals were noted in caves in Kyrgyzstan and, according to unverified data, Southern Urals. The bulk of animals inhabiting the European part of the USSR apparently undertake long-distance seasonal migrations. Migratory animals are regularly observed in August-September in Ukraine. A two-color leatherback ringed in western Belarus was caught in the fall in Romania, more than 1000 km from the ringing site.
No special protection measures have been developed. Together with other species of animals, it is protected in nature reserves and sanctuaries in the region.
Literature. Mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Part 1. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow-Leningrad, 1963
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern:
Area
Two-colored leather is found in Central and Western Europe and in Asia. Her natural environment habitats - mountains, steppes and forests, but also in Western Europe, they are mainly found in major cities. The species is protected as it is threatened by insecticides and changes to its habitat.
Description
The body length of the two-tone leatherback can reach 6.4 cm, the wingspan can be from 27 to 33 cm, and the weight is usually between 12 and 23 grams. Its name comes from the coloring of its fur, which combines two colors. Its back is red to dark brown, and its ventral side is white or gray. The ears, wings and face are black or dark brown. The wings are narrow, the ears are short, wide and rounded.
The longest known life expectancy was twelve years.
Behavior
These bats hunt prey, such as mosquitoes, caddis flies, and moths, using ultrasound at a frequency of about 25-27 kHz. They hunt after dusk at an altitude of 10-20 meters in open spaces above streams and rivers, above forests or in the light of street lamps. IN cold weather these bats may miss hunting.
There is not much information about the bicolor leatherback and its behavior, as they are quite rare. Females live in small groups of about 50 animals, sometimes up to several hundred adult females. In Western Europe, male groups consist of about 250 animals and gather only during spring and early summer. These bats migrate; cases of flights over distances of up to 900 km are known. The longest migration was recorded in 1989 and amounted to 1440 km.
Between October and March, bats hibernate. They hibernate alone and can tolerate temperatures down to −2.6 °C.
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An excerpt characterizing Two-Tone Leather
- No, its true.– Was he married for a long time? - she asked, - honestly?
Pierre gave her his word of honor.
– Is he still here? – she asked quickly.
- Yes, I saw him just now.
She was obviously unable to speak and made signs with her hands to leave her.
Pierre did not stay for dinner, but immediately left the room and left. He went around the city to look for Anatoly Kuragin, at the thought of whom all the blood now rushed to his heart and he had difficulty catching his breath. In the mountains, among the gypsies, among the Comoneno, it was not there. Pierre went to the club.
Everything was going well at the club as usual: The guests who had come to dine sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in the small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not arrived yet. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between talking about the weather, asked him if he had heard about Kuragin's kidnapping of Rostova, which they talk about in the city, is it true? Pierre laughed and said that this was nonsense, because he was now only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; one told him that he had not come yet, the other that he would dine today. It was strange for Pierre to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had arrived, and without waiting for Anatole, he did not have lunch and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined with Dolokhov that day and consulted with him on how to correct the spoiled matter. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister to talk with her about the means to arrange this meeting. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilich was with the countess. The Countess's living room was full of guests.
Pierre, without greeting his wife, whom he had not seen since his arrival (she hated him more than ever at that moment), entered the living room and, seeing Anatole, approached him.
“Ah, Pierre,” said the countess, approaching her husband. “You don’t know what situation our Anatole is in...” She stopped, seeing in her husband’s low-hanging head, in his sparkling eyes, in his decisive gait that terrible expression of rage and strength that she knew and experienced in herself after the duel with Dolokhov.
“Where you are, there is debauchery and evil,” Pierre said to his wife. “Anatole, let’s go, I need to talk to you,” he said in French.
Status. Common and widespread species.
Spreading. Inhabits the temperate and subtropical zones of Eurasia, from Europe through the Front and Central Asia, Southern Siberia and Mongolia to Far East and Northeast China. The range in Russia has a large area: it covers the south and southeast of the European part, Southern Siberia, and Primorye.
Geography of collections stored in the funds of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State University pedagogical university(Ilyin et al., 1998a) and the Saratov Zoological Museum state university(Zavyalov et al., 2002 a) is quite extensive. Thus, encounters of animals in the village have been reliably confirmed. Dyakovka, Krasnokutsk district and village. Oktyabrsky, Dergachevsky district (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990), village. Bazaar Karabulak, in the cities of Volsk and Saratov. In addition, it is known from numerous finds dating back to the 19th - first half of the 20th century, in the village. Pads of the Balashovsky district (Silantiev, 1894), p. Duralovka of the Petrovsky district (Bianki, 1922), the city of Pugachev and Pugachevsky district (Ognev, 1925; Bazhanov, 1930). It is quite obvious that the kozhan lives almost throughout the entire territory of the region, but avoids the highly arid Trans-Volga regions, where it is possible to meet only migrating animals. At the same time, its occurrences are most common not only in the Volga valley and the mouth of the right and left tributaries, but also in the basin of the Khopra and Medveditsa rivers in the west of the region.
Number. The two-colored bat accounts for 8.0% of all bat finds recorded in the region. Based on the number of caught or recorded individuals, the share of the species is 2.2%.
Short description. Body length 55-64 mm, forearms 40^-8 mm, weight 8-20 g. The fur is thick, the hair is distinctly two-colored: on the back - from dark to reddish-brown with almost white tips creating “frosty” ripples, on the belly - gray-whitish with brownish bases, sharply contrasting with the color of the back. There are patches of yellowish fur behind the ears and on the throat.
Habitat. It is found in a variety of landscapes, including anthropogenic ones. There is a certain connection with reservoirs of various types and forest areas with extensive clearings and edges. In treeless areas, encounters are rarer, although even in this case the proximity of a body of water is obviously a determining factor in the establishment of a settlement. With regard to shelters, the species is quite flexible, but always gives preference to human buildings; brood colonies are not known in natural shelters in the region. It does not avoid urbanized areas, for example, the city of Saratov.
Features of biology. The joint presence of adult females and males of the leatherback in the same shelter during the period of birth of offspring in the Saratov region is not known. During this period, males, as a rule, lead a solitary lifestyle and hide in natural and artificial shelters, but in adjacent areas there are examples of several dozen males living together in one settlement. Females usually form single-species brood colonies, the number of adult animals in which varies from 5 to 35 individuals. In the south of the Volga region and in other semiarid steppe regions, it is possible to encounter larger settlements, reaching 100 or more adult animals, as was, for example, recorded on the river. Eruslan in the Volgograd region (Stroganova, 1954). After the collapse of brood colonies in the second half of summer, some of the animals move to natural shelters (in crevices, behind loose bark of trees, hollows) or unite into small single-sex molting groups.
Females that appear in the reproductive areas in the second ten days of May already pregnant, give birth to one or two (less often three) cubs in the second ten days of June. The timing of the appearance of offspring is the same as for other bat species in the region, significant influence provide weather season. After young animals acquire the skills of independent living, the disintegration of brood colonies begins. We are not aware of examples of the formation of harem groups and mating in places of breeding. Most individuals leave the territory of the Saratov region at the end of August, and only a few individuals remain until the beginning of the second ten days of September. The maximum known flight range is 1440 km (Masing et al., 1999).
It has been suggested (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990) about the possibility of wintering of some individuals near their breeding sites, but specific data from the river valley. Volga, this opinion has not yet been confirmed. In the central part of Saratov, on November 22, 2002, a female two-color leatherback was found on the landing near the attic of a stone two-story building (Zavyalov et al., 2002b). Apparently, the animal spent the winter alone, since a careful examination of the place where it was found did not reveal any other animals. Kozhan was active and well fed, there were no signs of disease. The presence of reliable cases of wintering of the two-color leatherman significantly north of the city of Saratov - in Penza region(Ilyin et al., 2006), in Moscow (Morozov, 1998) and near St. Petersburg (Strelkov, 2001) - suggests that the winter discovery of an individual of this species in the Lower Volga region is not accidental. We share the opinion of P.P. Strelkova (2001) that this species tends to form sedentary populations within urbanized areas. obtains food by flying between rare trees city parks (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990). It feeds mainly on Lepidoptera from the families of Moths, Moths, Leafworms, and also mass species Diptera from the families Chironomidae and Culicidae. The maximum known life expectancy is 12 years (Schober, Grimmberger, 1998).