How nature is protected in Crimea. How is the unique Crimean nature protected? Reserves of main mineral resources of Crimea
Gubarenko S.A.
Summary of the lesson “Protection of the flora and fauna of Crimea”
NATIVE NATURE
Subject:« Protection of flora and fauna of Crimea »
Target: clarify children’s ideas about the protection of flora and fauna . To deepen children's knowledge of what it is "reserve", "reserve", "Red Book", their importance for conservation rare species plants and animals .
To consolidate knowledge about plants and animals of Crimea (3-4 representatives listed in the Red Book, as well as names largest reserves(reserves) of the peninsula.
Develop memory, thinking, coherent speech, attention.
Foster a love of nature and interest in the preservation of rare species of flora and fauna, careful attitude to their representatives.
Material: map of Crimea, illustrations of animals and plants .
Dictionary: endangered, flora, fauna, “Swan Islands”.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Introductory conversation
Educator:
Today I want to start our lesson by reading a poem. Listen carefully.
This wonderful land, where the blue of the sky is,
Blue sea and green Forest,
A ringing stream and cheerful thunder,
This is the smell of bread, this is my father's house
Our homeland is our dear side,
You are the best country on the entire planet.
Educator:
What is this poem about? What is the name of the country we live in?
Russia is a big country. What is the name of our little homeland, our native land?
Educator:
What is our name? hometown?
Educator:
Our town is small
Courtyards with flowers.
The native land smells like the sea
Sultry winds.
Educator:
The most dear place on the globe for each of us is Crimea. Our parents and friends live here, you yourself were born here. Crimea is amazing and fabulous. With the word « Crimea » people associate the hot sun, warm sea, alluring mountains, bright sunny colors of the magnificent Crimean nature. Since ancient times Crimean peninsula attracts people with its mild climate, wonderful combination of steppes, valleys, sea, mountains, rich flora and fauna. People from all over the world want to visit here. The Crimean land is small, but it happily receives guests, because its owners are hospitable people.
What else do we call those who live in Crimea?
Educator:
Yes, we are Crimeans and Crimea is our home. Many poets and writers admired the beauty of Crimea and wrote poems and stories about Crimea.
Crimea is our Motherland, remember this!
Don't spare your soul for her sake,
Let over this green island
The peaceful, kind sun is rising!
The world is beautiful at any time of the year
Caresses the gaze of the sun or bad weather
The waves beat on the rocks, the sea is fierce in the distance
Snowdrops are blooming, almonds are on the mountain slopes
Magnificent forest, beautiful mountains
Garden flowers, endless expanses...
Educator:
Let's look at the map of Crimea. Why is Crimea called a peninsula?
Educator:
What seas is Crimea washed by?
Educator:
Show on the map.
Educator:
What can you say about the Black Sea?
Educator:
What can you say about the Sea of Azov?
Educator:
What was the name of the Crimean peninsula before?
Children's answers:
-( Tavrida, Tavrika)
Educator:
What else is there on our beautiful peninsula?
Children's answers:
Forests, rocks, rivers, lakes, caves, mountains, animals , plants, etc.
Educator:
Guys, there are a lot of different plants and animals on our peninsula. Let's remember what plants grow in our area? What animals live on our peninsula? Birds? Insects? Who lives in the Black Sea?
Educator:
Well done! You know many representatives of flora and fauna. Now let's turn into white swans and fly like them for a minute!
2. Fizminutka "Swans"
Swans are flying
They flap their wings, (smooth hand movements with large amplitude)
Bent over the water
Shaking their heads (bending forward, bending over)
They know how to stand straight and proud,
Quietly they sit on the water (squats)
3. Continue the conversation
Educator:
Among those animals and plants that you named, there are some that remain in very few places. That's what they call rare. Why do you think they have become rare?
Educator:
Rare animals and plants in our country, and in other countries too, are protected by law . But unkind people often break this law. Man is often very cruel to plants and animals. Very often people do not spare them and destroy them for their own purposes. Some creatures suffer because of beautiful fur, others because delicious meat, and still others because people are afraid of them. Gradually, there are fewer and fewer plants and animals left.
Look at these pictures.
This is a monk seal, and this is a common longwing. These drawings were drawn by the artist. But no one will ever be able to photograph these animals, because people destroyed them all, they disappeared forever and will never appear again.
People are thinking: how to stop this disgrace, to prevent the disappearance of a single living creature.
Tree, grass, flower and bird
They don't always know how to defend themselves.
If they are destroyed,
We will be alone on the planet.
And so scientists decided to publish the Red Book. But why red and not some other color? Because red is the color of danger! Attention! Stop, look around, think, man! Think about nature! Are we taking advantage of nature's bounty too freely? We just take and take everything.
This is what the Red Book of Crimea looks like . And there is also the Red Book of Russia. And other Red Books.
Do you think the beauty of nature depends on humans? Does man always help nature?
Educator:
But we are tightly connected with plants and animals. We destroy the birds - insects will eat all the greens - people will not be able to eat fruits and vegetables. This always happens in nature: one disappeared, another fell ill, and a third died.
Take a look at these pictures. They depict animals, birds, insects that need protection. There are few of them left in Crimea. Who do you recognize in these pictures?
4. Didactic game "Birds-fish-beasts"
Educator:
I suggest you play the game. You need to put all these pictures into different boxes. Place pictures of insects in a box with a picture of a beetle. In a box with a picture of a woodpecker? Birds. In a box with a bunny? Animals. In a box with a dolphin? Sea inhabitants.
5. Continue the conversation
Educator:
Plants also need our protection.
Many of these plants are familiar to you. Which?
Educator:
But there are few of them left either.
In the old days, people wisely used the gifts of nature. They never killed females and babies, released young fish and fish with eggs from nets, and only cut down old and diseased trees.
Unfortunately, nowadays people have forgotten about these good traditions of their ancestors.
But the remarkable thing is that a person knows how to correct his mistakes. In addition to the Red Book, people came up with nature reserves. What is a reserve? A reserve is a place where nature has the right to live according to its own laws. But a person does not interfere with them; he occasionally comes to this place as a guest. Everything in the reserve is protected: herbs, mushrooms, birds, fish and all living things. How many of you have been to the village of Koktebel?
Educator:
There is a nature reserve near it. It is located on the extinct Kara-Dag volcano. Look at the map of Crimea. This is where the Karadag Nature Reserve is located.
Educator:
Who knows what other nature reserves there are in Crimea?
Educator:
There are currently five nature reserves on the territory of Crimea.
Kazantip Nature Reserve - state reserve. Located on the northwestern coast of the Kerch Peninsula on Cape Kazantip.
Crimean Nature Reserve is a state reserve, the largest nature reserve in Crimea. Area 44,175 hectares. The reserve includes 5 forest districts and the Razdolninsky ornithological branch “Lebyazhye Islands”, and the reserve also administers the Karkinitsky ornithological reserve of wetlands of national importance with a water area of 24,646 hectares.
The main part of the reserve occupies the center of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains.
Cape Martyan is a natural reserve in south coast Crimea, the smallest reserve - its area is 240 hectares (120 hectares of land, 120 of the adjacent water area of the Black Sea).
Opuksky Nature Reserve is a nature reserve located in the south of the Kerch Peninsula. Area 1,592.3 hectares.
Yalta Mountain Forest Nature Reserve is a state reserve, area 14,523 hectares. The reserve includes 4 forest districts (Opolznevoye, Gurzufskoye, Livadiyskoye, Alupkinskoye) and 4 observation points. On the territory of the reserve there are such interesting objects as the peak (teeth) Ai-Petri mountains (1234 m, Three-Eyes cave, Uchan-Su waterfall and Devil's Staircase pass.
The reserve stretches along the Black Sea coast in a strip from southwest to northeast from Foros to Gurzuf for 40 km, the maximum width of the reserve from north to south is 23 km. The territory of the reserve also includes a small part of the Black Sea coast.
Educator:
Do you think that nature should be protected only in nature reserves?
Educator:
That’s right, you need to protect nature anywhere. Let's remember the rules of nature conservation.
1. In nature, remember what you see.
2. Walk along the paths.
3. Do not break tree branches.
4. Do not trample flowers and herbs.
5. Do not shout or play loud music.
6. Don't climb into birds' nests.
7. Don't catch insects.
8. Do not destroy mycelium.
9. Do not catch fry or frogs.
10. Do not tear cobwebs.
11. Do not leave fires unextinguished.
12. Do not destroy anthills.
How can you and I help rare plants and animals?
Educator:
Let us never offend them ourselves and let others offend them. Let's tell everyone we know about defenseless plants and flowers.
Guys, if you want, we will make our own Red Book, which will be in our kindergarten. Every time we learn about rare plants or animals, we will update it with pictures and captions. Then everyone, both we and adults, will remember them and will not give offense.
And then our Earth will be kind and beautiful house for all people, for all animals, for all plants.
Now let's stretch our fingers, and then pick up pencils and color the rare animals and rare plants of Crimea !
6. Finger gymnastics
Spider (Hands crossed. The fingers of each hand “run” along
forearm, and then on the shoulder of the other hand.)
A spider walked along a branch,
And the children followed him. (The hands are freely lowered, we perform
shaking movement - rain.)
The rain suddenly fell from the sky, (Clap your palms on the table/knees.)
The spiders were washed to the ground. (Palms with sides pressed to each other
friend, fingers spread, shake hands - the sun is shining.)
The sun began to warm up, (We make the same movements as in the
beginning.)
The spider is crawling again ("Spiders" crawl on your head.)
And all the children crawl after him,
To walk on a branch.
7. Independent activity children
Children color pictures of rare animals and plants of Crimea.
We still do not know nature well, the level of its ability to self-heal, and often, due to departmental or other interests, we simply ignore the laws of nature, relying entirely on the omnipotence of scientific and technological progress. In an effort to improve the conditions of our lives, satisfying our growing needs, humanity has created a modern global environmental problem.
Recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased significantly, the dustiness of the air has increased, and the illumination of the Earth has decreased. Emissions of various gases into the atmosphere create Greenhouse effect, deplete the ozone layer. Millions of tons of toxic substances circulate in the natural environment. Green areas are shrinking, the humus layer is thinning, and the area of deserts is increasing. There was a problem with drinking water.
Previously, characterizing environmental situation, the reason for its deterioration was seen solely in society’s consumerist attitude towards nature.
It has been discovered that when released into the atmosphere, some substances react with each other to form more toxic compounds. Thus, the combination of the production of bromine and hydroxyacetyl compounds when released into the atmosphere produces a “cocktail”, the toxicity of which is many times higher than the toxicity of the original substances.
The volume of discharge of harmful substances into the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea is 20 million cubic meters. meters per year. Despite efforts to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water, the situation has not improved significantly.
The role and protection of soils is determined by the fact that it is the custodian of energy resources. The negative impact on the soil and environmental degradation, unfortunately, outweighs the positive impact of humans. Deterioration of soil cover and its negative changes will lead to irreparable consequences.
Lately, we are increasingly learning about emergency emissions and the regular destruction and pollution of natural objects by enterprises in the mining, heavy, chemical, energy industries, construction industries, and transport, which leads to the death of plants and various animals, causes illness and even death of people.
Forest protection is one of the main tasks set for humanity, because the forest is a living self-regulating system. The forest provides shelter for many animals living in it. It creates living conditions for many species of plants that cannot exist safely outside the forest. The forest plays a moisture-accumulating role, protects the soil from erosion, softens the climate, and makes the landscape comfortable. The deterioration of the environmental situation in Crimea requires decisive and effective measures to improve environment and its main guardian – forest ecosystems.
We are talking about creating recreational and health zones in a form where, as a result of landscaping and, above all, the creation of ecological trails, the load will not exceed acceptable standards, and the recreation area will cover no more than 10% of the forest area. Then the flow of tourists can be regulated and controlled.
The city of Saki is a region where it has long, and recently, been very intensively used for the needs National economy The groundwater.
The issue of water supply to Sak is very acute. Reserves drinking water here have been exhausted for a long time, growth and mineralization are underway. groundwater. However, the Saki City Executive Committee continues to approve the construction and location of new medical institutions with a focus on water supply from groundwater. The construction of treatment facilities lags behind here (the existing capacity of the Saki treatment plant is 4,000 cubic meters per day with a wastewater volume of 14,000 cubic meters per day; untreated wastewater is discharged into Lake Chokrak, causing its pollution). However, in recent years, in the Saki region, the largest withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation in the region has been observed.
A very acute problem is the pollution of groundwater in Crimea as a result of economic activities. Everyone participates in this “work” - industrial enterprises, agriculture, utilities, individual residents. A long-term source of manganese-alkaline contamination of groundwater is the slag storage tanks of the Saki chemical plant in the area of the village of Garshino. According to the departments, the manganese content in groundwater is almost 5 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration. The appearance of manganese at the Chebotarsky water intake in quantities exceeding the maximum permissible concentration was noted in individual samples. Despite a number of decisions on the liquidation of sludge storage facilities at the Saki chemical plant, the issue remains open to this day. Hydrogeological specialists believe that the continued existence of this source of pollution will lead to the failure of the Chebotarsky water intake, the main source of water supply to Evpatoria. This may happen in the coming years.
The Saki Feed Mill is a constant source of groundwater pollution with nitrogen compounds.
A number of measures are being taken to prevent salinization and pollution of groundwater. There has been an increased demand for the design of facilities and for carrying out environmental measures. The use of groundwater is prohibited drinking quality for industrial purposes and irrigation. Work is underway to create installations for artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves by pumping them through wells or infiltration basins.
But the measures taken are insufficient. It is necessary to carry out a set of measures - both active and passive - to restore disturbed hydrogeological conditions, namely:
Apply water-saving technologies in industry and agriculture.
Accelerate the abandonment of wells used for irrigation in the Saki region in order to improve the hydrochemical situation in centralized watersheds and the conditions of water supply to Saki.
Accelerate artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves.
In addition to pollution and changes in the qualitative composition of the runoff, in the process of economic activity its regulation and redistribution is carried out - reducing the flow fresh water in the sea. The salinity of the natural water layer of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea in summer has increased significantly over the past 30 years.
The disappearance or sharp decrease in the number of many fish is explained not only by “overfishing” or an increase in water salinity, but also by water contamination.
Man, having inhabited the peninsula for a long time, used its natural resources. With the development of modern powerful technology, human activity is becoming more and more destructive every year.
In terms of global negative impacts, two closely related measures should be put in first place: the construction of the first stage of the North Crimean Canal with a wide network of irrigation systems; and the continuous plowing of virgin steppe areas, which led to their almost complete disappearance.
Quite a lot environmental problems faces the fauna of water bodies: seas, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, rivers... Uncontrolled and unjustified use of a huge number of various pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers, excessive watering leads to the fact that a significant part of this “good” ends up in water bodies and successfully destroys all living things. Many factories and institutions make a significant contribution to such destruction by discharging untreated wastewater into the waters of rivers and seas...
Most the right way out from the current situation is the complete disposal of wastewater on land, without discharge into the sea. But it will likely take many years to fully realize this idea.
The traffic load on resort areas, which is the city of Saki, is constantly increasing. Car exhaust gases contain a lot of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen dioxide, lead compounds, etc.
Until recently, nitrogen dioxide was considered a rare component in the Earth's atmosphere. The installation of high-power engines on modern cars, which has led to an increase in the combustion temperature of fuel in them, has led to an increase in the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the air with exhaust gases.
It is necessary to scientifically develop a territorial concept for landscape protection, which should reflect the problems of preserving the stability of natural complexes and monitoring changes in their natural state under the influence of human economic activity, and determining natural potential. It is necessary to develop a landscape cadastre, compile maps of extreme natural and anthropogenic environmental uses, maps and standards for maintaining landscape-ecological balance.
In fact, the problem of landscape protection goes far beyond the borders of Crimea. Of course, a law is needed on the protection of historically developed landscapes and on liability for their violation. New and stricter standards are needed.
The general public should be involved in the protection and conservation of recreation areas. There is a lot that needs to be done. One way or another, a radical solution to environmental problems depends on improving the culture of people, on painstaking, lengthy educational and educational work.
According to the law, land cadastre data are intended for use in the process of regulating land relations, rational use and protection of land, determining the amount of payment for land and the value of land in the composition natural resources, control over the use and protection of lands, economic and environmental justification for business plans and land management projects. That is, the land cadastre should be maintained in such a way that the needs for timely, accurate and reliable information about the current state and basic trends in the use of the land fund will be satisfied to the greatest extent. High-quality cadastral information in this context becomes the basis for developing methods necessary to optimize land use effective management land resources and their assessment.
Despite the unconditional value of the information stored in the automated cadastral system, it is not sufficient to carry out an environmental assessment of territorial entities and individual land plots.
The basic basis for developing projects for the use of land improvement and conservation are soils; based on the agro-industrial grouping of soils, the landscape conditions of the territory can be assessed, since the composition and properties of soils in most cases are derived from the local topography and natural vegetation. But, even without paying attention to this, cadastral registration of land plots is quite promising for assessing and organizing the use of land.
A separate information layer must take into account the boundaries of protective, security and other zones provided for by law with special conditions of use, as well as coastal protective strips. This information is important for land valuation in two ways. On the one hand, a decrease in the monetary value of land plots that are included in these zones (strips) must be recorded due to the imposition of restrictions on their use, and on the other hand, these statements in most cases are mandatory for taking into account in the development of urban planning and land management design documentation.
When maintaining the land cadastre, it is necessary to take into account the territories of the national ecological border - a unified territorial system, which is created with the aim of improving the conditions for the formation and renewal of the environment, increasing the natural resource potential of the territory, preserving the landscape and biological diversity of habitats and the growth of valuable species of flora and fauna , genetic fund, migration routes of animals due to the unification of the territory and objects of the natural reserve fund, as well as other territories that are of particular value for the protection of the natural environment and, according to the laws, are subject to special protection.
In accordance with the projects for the formation of eco-borders, they have, among other things, to carry out measures to create objects of a natural reserve fund, preserve natural landscapes in areas that have historical and cultural value, implement programs for the ecological rehabilitation of lakes, as well as measures to create and install water protection zones on coastal protective strips of water bodies, formation of environmental areas international importance, preservation of natural landscapes on the lands of industry, transport, communications, defense.
Of course, it is impossible to implement these measures, which are very important for preserving the natural environment, without the participation of the authorities land resources. The actual formation of the territory of the ecological border and the introduction of certain regimes for their use will require clear spatial fixation of the boundaries of these territories, first of all, in land cadastral documentation.
Measures to protect vegetation include: 1. legislative measures; 2. protection of vegetation in specially protected natural areas; 3. creation of collections of rare and endangered species in Botanical Gardens and other institutions; 4. creation of “gene banks”; 5. regulation of trade in rare and endangered species.
The legislative way of protection is the adoption of laws and regulations on plant protection, incl. growing wild.
Many plants are protected in specially protected natural areas. To save natural flora and fauna, it is important to create an extensive network of natural reserves, for which it is proposed to create reserves with an area of at least 25 km2 in each time zone across 5 degrees of latitude. These reserves should include diverse landscapes with as many species of living organisms as possible. The prototype for organizing such reserves can be Japan with its system national parks and reserves.
The conservation of rare and endangered plant species is carried out in the Botanical Gardens. In the program of IUCN and the World Fund wildlife The main tasks of the Botanical Gardens are indicated:
1. improvement of collections that are important for the conservation of plants as a source of material for scientific research, gardening and education;
2. identification of plant species and areas of botanical interest that are most in need of protection;
3. carrying out basic research on plant taxonomy;
4. conducting environmental research and monitoring of endangered plant species;
5. cultivation and introduction of plants;
6. creation of protected habitat for certain species.
The importance of cultivating and preserving rare species in botanical gardens is emphasized by the fact that about 200 plant species are no longer found in nature, but exist in culture. These types include ginger and saffron.
To preserve the genetic material of plant species, seed banks are created. The FAO Council of Experts suggests two methods for storing seeds: preferred– storage in an airtight container at t = -18o C and seed humidity 1-5%; acceptable– storage in airtight or open containers with air humidity no more than 20% at t = +5o C and below. Under the preferred regime, wheat seeds are expected to last for 390 years. Such seed banks have been created in Great Britain and Switzerland.
Trade in plant species is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Convection prohibits trade in species listed in Appendices 1 and 2. The Appendices include entire families (orchidaceae, cactaceae, cycads), genera (aloe, cyclamen, spurge) and individual species. For almost all rare species grown in culture, export to other countries is prohibited.
For rational use of useful wild plants It is necessary to work in five directions:
1. development of scientifically based reserve assessment useful species plants, taking into account their placement and identification of species requiring protection;
2. development of an economically justified regime for the exploitation of natural thickets of useful plants;
3. economic use of the obtained raw materials, increasing the intensity of extraction of useful substances from them;
4. creation of additional reserves of those plants the need for which has increased;
5. development of special instructions regulating the collection of useful plants.
Reproduction forest resources. There are three main areas of forest resource reproduction: reforestation, artificial afforestation and the creation of forest plantations.
Reforestation predominates in taiga forests North America and Europe. Artificial afforestation is used in countries with cleared or low-productivity forests, which are artificially replaced by more valuable trees. This direction is typical for Central European countries, Japan, Australia, and partly for Scandinavia. Soils and trees are subjected to increased chemical treatment.
Currently, the creation of forest plantations is widespread. Fast-growing, highly productive, and in great demand forest species are grown on plantations. These species are represented by hybrid species, giving 10-12 times greater growth than conventional tree stands. IN temperate zone They plant Douglas fir and lodgepole pine (annual growth up to 10 m3/year), Sitka spruce (up to 18-22 m3/year), Weymouth pine, Japanese larch, and in the southern regions - American poplars, eucalyptus, and elms. IN tropical zone They grow radiata pine, Elliott pine, and eucalyptus. On plantations in the equatorial zone, tree stands can produce 5-10 times more wood than on plantations in the temperate zone.
FAO estimates that only 5% of the usable area is planted with fast-growing species. Latin America and in Africa it will give 150 million hectares of artificial plantings. These forests will produce 10 times more wood than all European forests. At the age of 6-10 years, tropical forest plantations can supply raw materials for the pulp and paper industry, and by 20 years - lumber and plywood. The pace of forest plantation development is insufficient to meet the demand for wood (on the world market).
Fauna protection includes:
obtaining products and raw materials (meat, furs, antlers, etc.) for human needs;
regulation of the number of species depending on their role in the life and economy of people;
preservation of species diversity and the gene pool of the animal world.
The protection of wild animals is a wide range of activities carried out by state and public organizations to preserve the species composition of the fauna and maintain the optimal number of useful animals. It includes legal regulation hunting, educational work among the population, assigning land to hunting groups, biotechnical measures aimed at preserving and increasing the number of birds and animals, organizing reserves, nature reserves, protected hunting grounds, protecting wild fauna habitats, combating poaching, regulating trapping for zoos and for export, breeding in game lands.
The protection of rare and endangered animals must be especially careful. Measures for their conservation, in addition to absolute protection, provide for strict compliance with the rules for the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, captive breeding and gradual domestication of animals, preservation of natural ecologically optimal biotopes, resettlement and acclimatization, propaganda among the population of the ideas of protecting rare species.
The goal of protecting rare game animals is to increase their numbers to a level that allows them to be used for human benefit. With an increase in numbers, animals again become commercial targets, since when their numbers exceed optimal standards they can harm adjacent sectors of the economy. Thus, in a number of regions, overly multiplying moose over large areas destroy young forests or damage the most valuable tree species in them. Wild boars damage potato fields, peas, oats, and other grain crops. Waterfowl make massive raids on fields in the fall.
In modern conditions, animal protection must be active. One of the rational ways to preserve and increase the number of valuable animals is Organization of intensive hunting AND Fisheries. At the same time, the animals are taken into account, fed, disease prevention is carried out, etc. They are shot or caught in such a way that this does not affect the state of population reproduction. The greatest effect is achieved by a complex of biotechnical measures that simultaneously affect both animals and their habitat.
TO Biotechnical These include measures aimed at preserving wild fauna, improving the conditions for its existence and reproduction: active direct protection of animals, preserving biotopes occupied by animals, increasing the protective properties of land, improving and expanding the food supply, providing conditions for nesting, combating diseases, regulating the number of predators, resettlement (acclimatization and re-acclimatization) of fauna, assistance during natural disasters (floods, snowfalls, etc.).
To save animals in distress harsh winter, intensive feeding of them is practiced, laying paths to feeding areas. During the flood period, animals are caught and transported from unflooded islands in boats. For feeding, hay, root crops, concentrated feed, grain waste, pre-cut and dried growth of woody plants are used, fodder fields are created, and salt licks are built.
During the breeding season, rest zones and periods of silence are established. When planting forests, heald (protective) areas are created from thorny and dense species, and fruit and berry plants are planted.
To prevent the death of ANIMALS in the FIELDS, harvesting begins not from the periphery, but from the center of the field; various scarecrows are used - mounted ratchets, rods with trailing chains, scarecrows made of metal plates emitting a rattling SOUND even in light winds.
Animals can die on highways. To prevent death at the crossing points of Animals, warning signs are installed and the speed of movement is limited.
All animals and birds in a state of natural freedom constitute State HUNTING Fund. This fund may only be used in accordance with the established rules.
Land and forest areas, which are the habitat of wild animals and birds, are classified as hunting grounds. In accordance with the Regulations on Hunting and Game Management, the main form of organization of hunting management is the assignment of land to state, cooperative and public organizations. Hunting groups carry out a set of measures in these areas to protect and increase WILD ANIMALS, and during the hunting season they hunt them.
Consolidation is carried out for a period of at least ten years; in the future, the assigned team is given a preferential right to use these lands.
voluntary hunting societies unite 2.5 million sports hunters
Hunters must have the appropriate Documents and strictly follow the hunting rules. Hunting weapon can be purchased only with a hunting license and special permission from the police. Hunting rules prohibit it in nature reserves and green areas of cities. It is prohibited to build traps dangerous to humans, use nets, loops, lighting devices at night, hunt for pasta, deep snow, driving animals onto smooth ice, hunting animals in plight. It is not allowed to install crossbows, use trapping pits, loops, poisons, explosives, used for hunting vehicles, to hunt beavers, otters, minks, muskrats, and muskrats with firearms.
Hunting in violation of established rules- Poaching. This is a hunt without a hunting license, with an invalid or one belonging to another person hunting license, hunting in prohibited places and at prohibited times for birds and animals prohibited for hunting, with someone else’s weapons, using general dangerous weapons and methods in violation of all other hunting rules. Products of illegal hunting are confiscated from poachers free of charge, hunting tools and means are confiscated, fines and other penalties are applied.
Prohibited methods of hunting include hunting hares in white camouflage coats; for fur-bearing and ungulate animals with greyhounds, service and yard dogs; shooting from under headlights, from any type of vehicle, including motor boats; catching with traps, snares, nets, hooks (except for animals that harm agriculture). It is also prohibited to kill birds caught in bad weather, collect bird eggs and destroy nests.
Fines have been established for damage caused to game fauna by poaching.
Hunting is the easiest way to use wild fauna. To ensure that it does not exceed the natural increase in the livestock and does not have a debilitating nature, the procurement of animals is regulated.
The next step in the rational use of wild animal resources is to provide them with shelter, shelters, and food during difficult periods of the year for protection and reproduction.
The most intensive form of use of wild fauna is Domestication, When the life of an animal is completely connected with economic activity person.
The possibilities for domesticating animals are far from exhausted. There are not many domesticated species. Now work continues on the domestication of elk, deer, some antelopes, musk ox, ostriches, partridges, quails, and bustards. In addition, wild animals are used in breeding work with livestock (sheep, goats). In particular, chain breeds of sheep have been developed.
Many game animals (for example, sable, mouflon, sika deer, European fallow deer, maned sheep, capercaillie, etc.), as well as endangered animals, are bred in nurseries and reserves, i.e. in captivity. In this way, bison, bison, David's deer, Przewalski's horse (the last two species are no longer found in natural conditions), white oryx, and Hawaiian goose were saved.
For the protection and rational use of resources Aquatic animals They establish fish protection zones, limit the fishing of especially valuable species, fight poaching, prohibit predatory fishing gear, and introduce fish. Thus, grass carp, silver carp, and Ladoga whitefish have been successfully introduced in Ukraine. The natural renewal of fish stocks itself cannot satisfy fishing needs. Therefore, in many areas of the country, fish farms have been organized and artificial spawning grounds have been created. different types, cage keeping of industrial fish (carp, etc.) is used in thermal waters of thermal power plants and enterprises. Methods for artificial breeding of trout, sturgeon, pike perch, mullet, eel, salmon, catfish, perch, shrimp, and oysters are being developed. According to forecasts, by the year 2000, aquaculture production will be comparable in scale to fisheries. Overall it's very important path preserving the diversity of aquatic fauna, the importance of which will increase.
On reservoirs with a low dam, fish ladders are built, which are a system of pools or trays in the form of a ladder, which the fish overcome while swimming upstream. Fish lifts are being built at large state district power plants. They consist of two trays - lower and upper, connected to each other by a vertical shaft.
The most effective measures are those carried out comprehensively - not only on the reservoir, but throughout the entire catchment area.
Commercial fishing is carried out in amounts not exceeding annual growth. Measures to increase growth: protection of spawning grounds, wintering pits, rescue of juveniles from drying up reservoirs, fight against winter death, creation of shelters and shelters. To enhance the growth of zoo. and phytoplankton, which serves as food for fish, fertilize water bodies with minerals. This work is technologically complex
Fertilizers can cause intensive growth of plants, worsening the living conditions of fish.
On fishing lakes and ponds the maintenance is designed waterfowl, destroying vegetation, while bird droppings serve as fertilizer.
Once upon a time, the need for fish was satisfied by simple fishing. In modern conditions, more effective and intensive forms of use of fish resources are needed: the creation of managed pond and lake fish farming systems, breeding and commercial-rearing farms, biological reclamation of reservoirs, acclimatization of highly productive fish species, breeding of new breeds, expansion of industrial methods of fish farming using thermal waters from power plants (creation of warm-water fish farms). The main objects of intensive fish farming: salmon, trout, whitefish, sturgeon, carp, perch.
It is prohibited to discharge untreated wastewater from enterprises, various wastes - wood chips, bark, sawdust, etc. into fishery reservoirs. In spawning areas, it is prohibited to extract gravel sand, dump soil removed during dredging or cleaning the bottom, unauthorized harvesting of reeds, and rafting of timber. During the spawning season, private watercraft are prohibited from staying here.
It is prohibited to catch sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, sterlet, shemai, vimba, carp, Danube salmon, trout, and grayling without permission.
Commercial fishing is carried out using nets, so legislation establishes the minimum mesh size of nets. This is the most important measure for the protection of commercial fish.
When catching small fish, juveniles of larger fish may be caught in the net. This is called “bycatch” and is also limited.
In the recreational fishing zone, the use of fixed nets is prohibited, which are destructive not only for fish, but also for aquatic fur-bearing animals - muskrats, muskrats, beavers. It is prohibited to block the beds of rivers and streams with nets, to use harpoons, hooks, or salvage, into which many young fish fall, or to use firearms, electric current, explosives, poisons.
The fishing of mollusks, which grow rather slowly, is regulated. Minimum catch sizes, restrictions on catch during the breeding season, etc. are established. In the Cherny and White Seas, and also in the Far East they create farms specializing in the cultivation of mussels, oysters, scallops, sea cucumbers and kelp algae.
Fishing rules completely prohibit the catching of fish and crayfish during the breeding season (from April 1 to June 30) During spawning, work on clearing and widening river beds cannot be carried out. The use of motor and other boats is prohibited for everyone except fishery service workers and rescue stations (on medium and small rivers).
During the year it is prohibited to fish within a 500-meter zone of dams, locks, bridges, and pumping stations. During the spawning season, fans can fish only from the shore using a fishing rod with one hook and a spinning rod with a spoon in the areas designated by the fish inspection department. The fishing rules provide for the following restrictions on the size of catch: no more than 5 kg of fish per fisherman per day (except for cases when the weight of the caught fish exceeds 5 kg). At the same time, the size of the fish should not be lower than: pike perch - 42 cm, bream - 32, carp - 35, pike - 35, catfish - 70, burbot - 20, barbel - 33, crucian carp - 15 cm. Smaller fish must be carefully removed from hook and release back into the water.
In the Ministry system fisheries the service is functioning Fishery protection. Its bodies monitor compliance by enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as officials and citizens with current standards for the conservation and reproduction of fish stocks, and regulation of fisheries. Since the state of fish stocks is closely related to the state of water bodies, fisheries authorities monitor water bodies, preventing their pollution.
Violators of fishing rules may be subject to administrative or criminal liability. In addition, they are obliged to compensate for the damage caused, the amount of which depends on the type of fish, regardless of its weight and size.
The damage caused is also compensated by enterprises that polluted the reservoir due to the discharge of sewage or other waste. Damage is defined as the sum of losses from a decrease in fish stocks in a polluted water body and a decrease in its quality.
In the northern part Pacific Ocean lives valuable fur-bearing animal - Kitty. Its excessive fishing led to a sharp decrease in numbers at the beginning of the 20th century. The measures taken by the USSR (the main rookeries are located on your territory) made it possible to preserve and increase the population, begin strictly regulated production, and restore the importance of the fur seal as a game animal. In the USSR, tens of thousands of seals are currently hunted in the United States per year.
State and interstate measures are being taken to carefully protect other valuable marine animals - walruses, seals, kalams ( sea otters). Production sea beast prohibited by private individuals in the USSR.
Since 1964, the international Convention on the regulation of Whaling. In accordance with this convention, the start and end dates for fishing are established. different kinds and for different areas, the minimum size of hunted animals is determined, and prohibited zones are designated for fishing. Since 1972, international monitoring of whale fishing has been introduced.
In 1980, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted Law on the protection and use of wildlife. Its action extends to regulating the protection and use of only wild Animals living in a state of natural freedom on land, in water, in the atmosphere and in soil*. All of them, permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the USSR, belong to natural resources state are its property, i.e. the property of the entire people. in accordance with this, the Law defines the basic requirements for the protection and use of wildlife. Thus, it is stipulated that when planning and carrying out activities that may affect the state of the animal world, the preservation of the species diversity of animals, the protection of the habitat and the integrity of their natural communities must be ensured.
The law provides the following classification of types of use of the animal world: hunting, fishing, use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, and aesthetic purposes.
It is indicated that state cooperative and other public enterprises institutions and organizations that are provided for use hunting grounds or fishing areas of fishery reservoirs are required to carry out comprehensive measures for protection and reproduction. In wild animals.
Any activity that affects the state of the animal world must be carried out in compliance with the requirements ensuring its protection. In this regard, during construction settlements, enterprises and structures, improvement technological processes, implementation of forest use and organization of places for mass recreation of the population, measures must be taken to preserve the habitat, breeding conditions and migration routes of animals.
Special measures are provided for the protection of rare endangered species of ANIMALS. A number of animal protection rules have been introduced when using plant protection products, growth stimulants, mineral fertilizers and other preparations. Unauthorized relocation and acclimatization of animals is prohibited.
The law determines the procedure for state registration and use of animals, as well as the rules for maintaining state cadastre ANIMAL WORLD.
Based on state economic plans social development ministries, departments, and enterprises must provide tasks and measures for the protection and rational use of wildlife and the protection of their habitat. All events in mandatory coordinated with special government bodies, which then monitor their implementation.
Animals located in nature reserves, sanctuaries and other areas subject to special protection are subject to special care. Hunting, fishing, other types of use of wildlife and any other activity that harms the reserve and its goals are prohibited here. Even more stringent measures have been established to protect rare and endangered animal species. In some places, for example, even approaching the habitat of such animals, photographing them, flying aircraft, etc. may be prohibited.
The law establishes and clarifies the procedure for zoological collecting. The creation and replenishment of collections of wild animals (both live and stuffed) is permitted only with the permission of specially authorized government bodies. Replenishment and creation of collections by individual citizens is prohibited. The exception is collections collected from trophies of hunting, fishing and other permitted uses of the animal world.
Those collections that are valuable for science and practice must be registered with the state. Their owners are obliged to comply with the rules of storage, accounting and use of collections.
The Law assigns a large role to the public in the protection of wildlife. The protection of nature and all its riches, promoting their increase is the constitutional duty of every citizen.
State control over the protection and use of wildlife is entrusted to the Councils of People's Deputies, their executive committees, as well as state bodies.
Violators of the legislation on the protection and use of wildlife, depending on the severity of the offense, the degree of guilt and the harm caused, are subject to criminal, administrative, disciplinary and property liability; measures of social pressure may be applied to violators.
Thanks to targeted work on the territory of the USSR, in recent years the number of bison, elk, roe deer, saiga, wild pig, sable, beaver, swan, black grouse, and a number of other animals has increased. Nowadays, up to 40 thousand valuable game animals are caught annually for resettlement, and in total, during the years of Soviet power, hundreds of thousands of animals belonging to 45 species were resettled. Muskrats, raccoon dogs, sika deer, fallow deer, herbivores are acclimatized Far Eastern fish- grass carp and silver carp, Black Sea mullet (in the Caspian Sea). Baltic herring (in the Aral Sea), American fish Gambusia (in Transcaucasia and Central Asia), are intensively devoured LARVAES Komarov.
Crimea is rightly called a museum of nature. Here in the mountains and plains of Crimea there is a complex combination of more than 200 species and varieties of rocks and minerals up to 300 million years old. In the depths of the mountains there are more than 800 karst caves, mines and wells, many of which are decorated with unique sinter formations, storing the remains of the ancient fauna of the Crimean peninsula. The largest of the caves - Kizil-Koba - has 6 floors, an underground river, lakes, and the total length of its galleries extends to 13.7 km. The mountain slopes are indented with grandiose valleys, gorges and canyons. The deepest of them - the Grand Canyon - is cut into the thickness of the mountains at 320 m. The Crimean waterfalls Uchan-Su, Golovkinsky, Dzhur-Dzhur, healing waters and silts of many lakes of the Crimean peninsula (Sakskoye, Sasyk, Chokrakskoye, etc.) are beautiful.
The richness of the flora of Crimea is well known: there are more than 2,600 species of wild plants, many of which are endemic (Steven's maple, Poyarkova's hawthorn, Crimean "edelweiss") or are relicts of past eras (tall juniper, small-fruited strawberry, yew, etc.).
All this, in conditions when about 10 million vacationers and tourists come to Crimea annually, requires exceptionally great attention to preserve the natural uniqueness of the peninsula.
The first steps to organize the protection of rare natural objects of Crimea were taken immediately after October revolution. In accordance with Lenin’s idea of transforming Crimea into an all-Union health resort, the beginning was laid for the conservation of the nature of the peninsula. In 1923, in its mountainous part the Crimean State Nature Reserve was created. V.V. Kuibysheva. (In 1957, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was reorganized into the Crimean State Game Reserve). But especially fruitful in organizing a network of specially protected natural areas in Crimea it was the 50s - 70s. Scientists have identified, described and mapped dozens of unique landscapes - a network of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and landscape gardening was gradually created to protect natural rarities. Their main goal is to preserve unique creations of inanimate nature and rare communities of living organisms for scientific, educational and educational purposes, to ensure the protection of the genetic fund of flora and fauna of landscapes as environmentally reproducing sources of nature.
The current network of protected landscapes in Crimea includes 157 objects with a total area of more than 1 thousand sq. km (3.7% of the territory of Crimea, one of the highest indicators of reserve saturation in Russia). This mosaic of landscape uniqueness unites 3 reserves (Yalta Mountain Forest State Reserve, Cape Martyan State Reserve, Karadag State Reserve) and the Crimean State Game Reserve (they occupy 58.6% of the total protected area peninsula) and 32 reserves (35% of the total protected area), including 15 of republican significance (Cape Aya, Mount Ayu-Dag, Grand Canyon, Black River Canyon, Kachin Canyon, Khapkhal Gorge with the Jur-Jur waterfall, Mount Kubalach, section Karabi-Yayly, Kanaka tract, coast of the New World, Arabat Spit, Karkinitsky Bay, Altaninsky floodplains, “Mountain Karst of Crimea”, “Weeping Rock”). In addition, there are 17 nature reserves of local importance (the Kasiel tract, the virgin steppe of the village of Grigoryevka (Krasnogvardeisky district), Karalarsky (Leninsky district), etc.). Unique smaller ones form a network of 87 protected natural monuments (3.3% of the area of the total protected territory), among them 13 are of republican significance (Mount Koshka, Cape Karaul-Oba, Agarmysh Forest, Mount Mangup-Kale, Belbek Canyon, Mt. Ak-Kaya, Demerdzhi tract, Kizil-Koba tract and cave, Soldatskaya mine, Jau-Tepe hill, Karasu-Bashi tract, Kara-Tau mountain, Karabi-Yaylinskaya basin). In addition, the protected network includes 10 protected areas (1.9% of the area of the reserve fund: Bolshoy Kastel gully, Atlesha coast, Mount Opusk, Cape Kazantip, Levadki grove, forest near Topolevka, Chatyr-Daga yayla, Laspi rocks, Satery valley, Cape Alchak). Finally, the state protects 24 Crimean parks - monuments of landscape art. Among them is the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden and 10 parks - monuments of republican significance (Forossky, Alupkinsky, Miskhorsky, Kharaksky, Livadia, Massandrovsky, Gurzufsky, Kiparisey, the park of the Utes sanatorium, Karasansky).
In conclusion, we note that, in addition to the territorial reserve protection of natural rarities of Crimea, in 1978-1984, a significant part of the peninsula’s rare plants and animals was included in the Red Book of the USSR (vascular plants - 57 species, lower plants- 6, mushrooms - 7 and animals - 58 species), in 1980 - to the Red Book of the Ukrainian SSR (66 plant species and 48 animal species). The list of specially protected representatives of flora and fauna includes species that are endangered, declining in numbers or in the area of their habitats. In total, there were 178 such species (listed according to two Red Books - the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR) in Crimea: plants - 93 species, animals - 85. In addition, 29 species of rare plants of the peninsula were taken under protection by decisions of the Crimean Regional (1974) and Yalta City (1971) Council of People's Deputies.