Method of using bacteriological biological weapons. Biological (bacteriological) weapons, their purpose and methods of use. External signs of the use of biological weapons
Methods of using bacteriological weapons, as a rule, are:
*aircraft bombs;
*artillery mines and shells;
*packages (bags, boxes, containers) dropped from aircraft;
*special devices dispersing insects from aircraft;
*sabotage methods.
In some cases, to spread infectious diseases, the enemy may leave contaminated household items when retreating: clothing, food, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case can occur as a result of direct contact with contaminated objects. Another possible form of spreading pathogens is the deliberate abandonment of infectious patients during departure so that they become a source of infection among troops and the population.
When ammunition containing a bacterial formulation ruptures, a bacterial cloud is formed, consisting of tiny droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. The cloud, spreading with the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, the area of which depends on the amount of the formulation, its properties and wind speed.
Infectious diseases
Causative agents of the following diseases can be used to equip bacteriological weapons: plague, cholera, anthrax, botulism, smallpox, tularemia.
Plague- acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that is not highly resistant outside the body; in human sputum, it remains viable for up to 10 days. The incubation period ranges from 1 to 3 days. The disease begins acutely: general weakness, chills, headache appear, the temperature quickly rises, and consciousness becomes darkened.
The most dangerous is the so-called pneumonic form of plague. It can be contracted by inhaling air containing the plague pathogen. Signs of the disease: along with severe general condition chest pain and cough appear with the release of a large amount of sputum with plague bacteria; the patient's strength quickly falls, loss of consciousness occurs; death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
Cholera- an acute infectious disease characterized by a severe course and a tendency to spread rapidly. The causative agent of cholera - Vibrio cholerae - is not very resistant to the external environment; it remains in water for several months. The incubation period for cholera lasts from several hours to 6 days, on average 1-3 days.
The main signs of cholera are: vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions; The vomit and feces of a cholera patient take the form of rice water. With liquid bowel movements and vomiting, the patient loses a large number of liquid, quickly loses weight, his body temperature drops to 35 degrees. In severe cases, the disease can result in death.
anthrax- an acute disease that mainly affects farm animals, and from them can be transmitted to people. The causative agent of anthrax enters the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and damaged skin. The disease occurs within 1-3 days; it occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and cutaneous.
Pulmonary form Anthrax is a kind of pneumonia: the body temperature rises sharply, a cough appears with the release of bloody sputum, cardiac activity weakens and, if untreated, death occurs after 2-3 days.
Intestinal form the disease manifests itself in intestinal ulcers, acute abdominal pain, blood vomiting, diarrhea; death occurs within 3-4 days.
For cutaneous form Anthrax most often affects exposed areas of the body (arms, legs, neck, face). At the site where the pathogen microbes enter, an itchy spot appears, which after 12-15 hours turns into a blister with a cloudy or bloody liquid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black scab, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the scab to 6-9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncle). The carbuncle is painful, and massive swelling forms around it. If the carbuncle ruptures, blood poisoning and death are possible. If the course of the disease is favorable, after 5-6 days the patient’s temperature decreases, the painful phenomena gradually disappear.
Botulism caused by botulinum toxin, which is one of the most powerful poisons currently known. Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes.
The incubation period is from 2 hours to a day. Botulism toxin affects the central nervous system, the vagus nerve and the nervous system of the heart; the disease is characterized by neuroparalytic phenomena. Initially, general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the epigastric region, and gastrointestinal disorders appear; then paralytic phenomena develop: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft palate, larynx, facial muscles; subsequently, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, resulting in flatulence and persistent constipation. The patient's body temperature is usually below normal. In severe cases, death can occur several hours after the onset of the disease as a result of respiratory paralysis.
Tularemia- infection. The causative agent of tularemia persists for a long time in water, soil, and dust. Infection occurs through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, mucous membranes and skin. The disease begins with a sharp rise in temperature and the appearance of headache and muscle pain. It occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and typhoid.
Smallpox caused by a virus. This disease is characterized by fever and a rash that leaves scars. Transmitted through air and objects.
Plan
Introduction
Basic concepts about bacteriological (biological) weapons
Methods of using bacteriological agents
Types and properties of basic bacteriological agents
Criteria for assessing the likelihood of using bioagents
The main signs of bacteriological damage
Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage
Prevention of bacteriological lesions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Leading epidemiologists believe that the enormous successes of molecular biology make it possible to create dangerous biological agents using genetic engineering methods. The prospect of the emergence of such pathogens means that the security of a single country is now directly related to the level of development of biological science in it.
But why have the authorities of many states still not abandoned the development of biological weapons of attack, if it is known that bacteriological (biological) weapons are equally dangerous for the initiator of their use?
The answer is quite obvious: having an effective medicine, you don’t have to worry about the reverse effect of the method used. Moreover, in the era of the 21st century there are already some types of weapons programmed to self-destruct after successfully completing their insidious task.
In this work we will consider the main issues related to the problem of bacteriological (biological) weapons.
Basic concepts about bacteriological (biological) weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are a means of mass destruction of people, animals, destruction of enemy crops and military equipment. The basis of its damaging effect is bacteriological agents, which include pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins produced by bacteria.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are special ammunition and military equipment with delivery vehicles equipped with bacteriological agents.
The following can be used as bacteriological agents:
to hit people:
causative agents of bacteriological diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera); pathogens viral diseases(smallpox, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis);
pathogens of rickettsial diseases (typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomycosis, pocardiosis, histoplasmosis);
2) to kill animals:
pathogens of foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, swine fever, anthrax, glanders, African swine fever, false rabies and other diseases;
3) to destroy plants:
pathogens of cereal rust, potato late blight, late wilting of corn and other crops; insect pests of agricultural plants; phytotoxicants, defoliants, herbicides and other chemicals.
Methods of using bacteriological agents
Methods of using bacteriological (biological) weapons, as a rule, are:
Aviation bombs
Artillery mines and shells
Packages (bags, boxes, containers) dropped from aircraft
Special devices that disperse insects from aircraft
Sabotage methods.
The main method of using bacteriological agents is contamination of the ground layer of air. When ammunition filled with a bacteriological formulation ruptures, a bacteriological cloud is formed, consisting of tiny droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. The cloud, spreading with the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, the area of which depends on the amount of the formulation, its properties and wind speed.
In some cases, to spread infectious diseases, the enemy may leave contaminated household items when retreating: clothing, food, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case can occur as a result of direct contact with contaminated objects.
Another possible form of spreading pathogens is the deliberate abandonment of infectious patients during departure so that they become a source of infection among troops and the population.
Types and properties of basic bacteriological agents
Pathogenic microorganisms are causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Depending on the size of the structure and biological properties, they are divided into the following classes:
1) bacteria
3) rickettsia
4) spirochete fungi and protozoa
The last two classes of microorganisms are of no importance as biological weapons, according to experts in the field of biological weapons.
1) Bacteria- single-celled microorganisms of plant nature, very diverse in their shape. The main forms of bacteria: staphylococci, diplococci, streptococci, rod-shaped, vibrio, spirillum.
Their sizes vary from 0.5 to 8-10 microns. Bacteria in vegetative form, i.e. in the form of growth and development, are very sensitive to high temperatures, sunlight, sharp fluctuations in humidity and disinfectants and, conversely, maintain sufficient resistance at low temperatures even down to minus 15-25 o C. Some types of bacteria for survival in unfavorable conditions capable of becoming covered with a protective capsule or forming a spore. Microbes in spore form are very resistant to drying out, lack of nutrients, high and low temperatures and disinfectants. Among pathogenic bacteria, the causative agents of anthrax, botulism, tetanus, etc. have the ability to form spores. According to literary sources, almost all types of bacteria used as means of destruction are relatively easy to grow on artificial nutrient media, and their mass production is possible with the help of equipment and processes used by industry in the production of antibiotics, vitamins and modern fermentation products. The class of bacteria includes the causative agents of most of the most dangerous human diseases, such as plague, cholera, anthrax, glanders, meliodia, etc.
4) Fungi- unicellular or multicellular microorganisms of plant origin. Their sizes vary from 3 to 50 microns or more. Fungi can form spores that are highly resistant to freezing, drying, and sun rays and disinfectants. Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are called mycoses. Among them are such severe infectious diseases of people as coccidioidomycosis, blaotomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc.
Bacteriological agents include pathogenic microbes and the toxins they produce. The following disease agents can be used to equip bacteriological (biological) weapons:
3) anthrax
4) botulism
5) meliodia
1) Plague- acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that is not highly resistant outside the body; in human sputum, it remains viable for up to 10 days. The incubation period is 1 - 3 days. The disease begins acutely: general weakness, chills, headache appear, the temperature quickly rises, and consciousness becomes darkened. The most dangerous is the so-called pneumonic form of plague. It can be contracted by inhaling air containing the plague pathogen. Signs of the disease: along with a severe general condition, chest pain and cough with the release of large amounts of sputum with plague bacteria appear; the patient's strength quickly falls, loss of consciousness occurs; death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
2) Cholera- an acute infectious disease characterized by a severe course and a tendency to spread rapidly. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, is poorly resistant to the external environment and persists in water for several months. The incubation period for cholera lasts from several hours to 6 days, on average 1 - 3 days. The main signs of cholera are: vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; The vomit and feces of a cholera patient take the form of rice water. With liquid bowel movements and vomiting, the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly loses weight, and his body temperature drops to 35 degrees. In severe cases, the disease can result in death.
3) Anthrax– an acute infectious disease that mainly affects farm animals, and from them can be transmitted to people. The causative agent of anthrax enters the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and damaged skin. The disease occurs within 1 - 3 days; it occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and cutaneous. The pulmonary form of anthrax is a kind of inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, a cough appears with the release of bloody sputum, cardiac activity weakens and, if untreated, death occurs after 2 - 3 days. The intestinal form of the disease manifests itself in ulcerative lesions of the intestines, acute abdominal pain, blood vomiting, diarrhea; death occurs after 3 - 4 days. With cutaneous anthrax, exposed areas of the body (arms, legs, neck, face) are most often affected. At the site where the pathogen microbes enter, an itchy spot appears, which after 12 - 15 hours turns into a blister with a cloudy or bloody liquid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black scab, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the scab to 6 - 9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncle). The carbuncle is painful, and massive swelling forms around it. If the carbuncle ruptures, blood poisoning and death are possible. If the course of the disease is favorable, after 5 - 6 days the patient’s temperature decreases, the painful phenomena gradually disappear.
4) Botulism – infection, caused by botulinum toxin, which is one of the most powerful poisons currently known. Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period is from 2 hours to a day. Botulism toxin affects the central nervous system, the vagus nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; The disease is characterized by neuroparalytic phenomena. Initially, general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the epigastric region, and gastrointestinal disorders appear; then paralytic phenomena develop: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft palate, larynx, facial muscles; subsequently, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, resulting in flatulence and persistent constipation. The patient's body temperature is usually below normal. In severe cases, death may occur within a few hours of onset as a result of respiratory paralysis.
5) Meliodia - an infectious disease of humans and rodents, similar to glanders. The causative agent, due to its similarity with glanders, is called the false glanders bacillus. The microbe is a thin rod, does not form spores, has mobility due to the presence of a bundle of flagella at one end, is resistant to drying, and at a temperature of 26-28 degrees remains viable in soil for up to a month, in water for more than 40 days. Sensitive to disinfectants and high temperatures - under their influence it dies in a few minutes. Meliodia is a little-known disease found in countries South-East Asia. The carriers are small rodents in which the disease occurs in a chronic form. The pus, feces and urine of sick animals contain many pathogens of meliodia. Humans become infected by consuming food and water contaminated with secretions of sick rodents. As with glanders, the disease can enter the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, etc. With artificial propagation, i.e. If this disease is used as a component of a biological weapon, meliodia microbes can be dispersed into the air or used to contaminate food and food products. The possibility of meliodia infecting humans with meliodia cannot be ruled out, although no such facts have been noted. Patients are subject to isolation due to the similarity of the symptoms of meliodia with other diseases. Manifestations of the disease in humans are varied and can occur in 3 stages. the disease begins within a few days.
6) Sap - chronic illness equines, rarely camels, felines and humans, caused by the glanders bacterium. Symptoms: specific nodules, and then ulcers in the respiratory organs and on the skin. Infection occurs through contact with sick animals. Sick animals are destroyed. On the territory of the Russian Federation, glanders has been eliminated for a long time, but there is a danger that it could be used as a bacteriological (biological) weapon.
Criteria for assessing the likelihood of using bioagents
The main part of biological agents used as bacteriological (biological) weapons can be used in connection with the following parameters:
human sensitivity
infectious dose value
routes of infection
contagiousness (infectiousness)
sustainability in environment
severity of injury
possibility of cultivation
Availability of means of prevention, treatment, diagnosis
possibility of covert use
possibility of genetic modification
Based on a set of criteria, the main bioagents pathogenic to humans (bacteria, viruses, toxins) were analyzed and the results of the analysis made it possible to assign a rating to each bioagent, i.e. the sum of points characterizing the degree of likelihood of being used as a bacteriological (biological) weapon. In accordance with the rating, bioagents were divided into 3 groups (see table): bioagents with a high probability of being used as bacteriological (biological) weapons (I-group); bioagents, the use of which as bacteriological (biological) weapons is possible (group 2), and bioagents that are unlikely to be used as bacteriological (biological) weapons (group 3).
Table of distribution of bioagents according to the likelihood of being used as bacteriological (biological) weapons:
Consequently, the main attention should be paid to bioagents of the first and partially second group. In the first group, the causative agents of contagious infections, primarily smallpox and plague, are especially dangerous, which can cause global epidemics (pandemics) with numerous victims, paralyze the activities of the country and entire continents due to the need to introduce strict quarantine.
The most threatened virus for sabotage purposes is the variola virus. As is known, the collection of smallpox virus, on the recommendation of WHO, is securely stored in the USA and Russia. However, there is information that the virus is stored uncontrolled (not destroyed) in some countries and can spontaneously (or maybe intentionally) leave laboratories.
Due to the abolition of vaccination in 1980, the world's population lost immunity to smallpox. The production of vaccines and diagnostic drugs in the required quantities has been stopped, there are practically no effective treatments, and the mortality rate in those not vaccinated is 30%. Smallpox is easily transmitted from a patient to a healthy one, and the long incubation period (up to 17 days) contributes to the spontaneous spread of infection over large regions due to modern fast and numerous means of communication.
The main signs of bacteriological damage
The use of bacteriological (biological) weapons by the enemy can be detected by the following visible external signs:
External signs of the use of bacteriological (biological) weapons include:
less sharp sounds of explosions of aircraft bombs, missiles, shells and mines, unusual for conventional ammunition, accompanied by the formation of a cloud, fog or smoke at the soil surface;
the appearance of a quickly disappearing strip of fog or smoke behind an enemy aircraft or along the path of balloons;
the presence of drops of turbid liquid or deposits of powdery substances, as well as fragments and individual parts ammunition;
the appearance on the ground of the remains of unusual bombs, missiles and shells with piston and other devices for creating aerosols;
the presence of unusual for the area accumulations of insects, ticks and rodent corpses near the site where bombs or containers fell.
Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contact with microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury from fragments of ammunition filled with biological agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with sick people (animals). A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people and cause epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).
The main sign of the use of biological weapons is the symptoms and signs of mass disease in humans and animals, which is finally confirmed by special laboratory tests.
Common signs of many infectious diseases in humans are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.
An essential feature of bacteriological (biological) weapons is the presence of a hidden period of action, during which the affected remain in service and perform their duties, and then suddenly fall ill. When affected by bacteriological means, the disease does not occur immediately; there is almost always a latent (incubation) period, during which the disease does not manifest itself by external signs, and the affected person does not lose combat capability.
The latent period can be different, for example, when infected with plague and cholera it can last from several hours to 3 days, with tularemia - up to 6 days, typhus - up to 14 days.
Pathogenic microbes cannot be detected by human senses. This is only possible with the help of technical means of nonspecific bacteriological reconnaissance.
Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage
Site of bacteriological damage- these are cities and other populated areas, national economic facilities and territories contaminated with bacteriological agents and being a source of the spread of infectious diseases. The enemy can create such a focus using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases.
The timeliness and effectiveness of taking protective measures against bacteriological agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological (biological) weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of a bacteriological attack by the enemy are studied. With some observation, you can notice: in places where bacteriological ammunition explodes, the presence
drops of liquid or powdery substances on soil, vegetation and various objects or when ammunition ruptures - the formation of a light cloud of smoke (fog); appearing behind a passing plane dark stripe, which gradually settles and dissipates; a concentration of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacteriological agents, unusual for a given area and a given time of year; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as mass mortality of animals.
Having discovered at least one of the signs of the enemy’s use of bacteriological (biological) weapons, you must immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), and, if possible, skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense (civil defense) authority. or medical facility. Then, depending on the situation, you can take refuge in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will protect against the penetration of bacteriological agents into the respiratory system, skin and clothing.
Successful protection against bacteriological (biological) weapons largely depends, in addition, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved primarily by general strengthening of the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; Even in peacetime, holding these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by vaccination, vaccination and serums. In addition, immediately if there is a threat of injury (or after injury) by bacteriological agents, antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit should be used.
In order to ensure effective protection against bacteriological (biological) weapons great importance has anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Preparation and consumption of food must exclude the possibility of contamination by bacteriological agents; Various types of utensils used in preparing and eating food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or treated by boiling.
If the enemy uses bacteriological (biological) weapons, the simultaneous appearance of a significant number of infectious diseases among people can have a strong impact psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic.
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological (biological) weapons, quarantine and observation are used by order of the heads of civil defense of districts and cities, and the tactics of national economic facilities.
Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological (biological) weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for complete isolation of the affected area from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Armed guards are installed at the external borders of the quarantine zone, a commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and facilities where quarantine is established, a local (internal) commandant service is organized, protection of infectious disease isolation centers and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. is provided.
People, animals and property are prohibited from leaving areas where quarantine has been declared. Entry into the contaminated territory is permitted by civil defense chiefs only to special units and modes of transport. Transit passage of vehicles through the affected areas is prohibited (the only exception may be railway transport).
National economic facilities that find themselves in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to special treatment work with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated premises. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is suspended.
The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine); he is not allowed to leave his apartments or debts unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to carry out urgent work outside buildings, people must wear personal protective equipment.
Every citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with security measures in the quarantine zone; control over their compliance is carried out by the public order service.
In the case where the identified type of pathogen does not belong to the group of particularly dangerous ones, the imposed quarantine is replaced by observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the implementation of the necessary treatment and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less strict than during quarantine.
In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to carry out emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment is organized by medical personnel assigned to the facility, local medical workers, as well as personnel of medical units. Each sanitary unit is assigned a part of the street, a block, a house or a workshop, which the sanitary attendants inspect 2–3 times a day; The population, workers and employees are provided with medicinal drugs. For prophylaxis, broad-spectrum antibiotics and other drugs that provide a preventive and therapeutic effect are used. The population that has AI-2 first aid kits carries out prophylaxis independently, using medications from the first aid kit.
As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prevention is carried out, which consists of the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease.
The occurrence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency preventive treatment is carried out. Under no circumstances should you avoid taking medications to prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases.
In quarantine and observation zones, disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized from the very beginning of their implementation.
Disinfection is aimed at disinfecting environmental objects that are necessary for normal activities and the safe stay of people. Disinfection, for example, of territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire-fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment; small objects are disinfected using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, Lysol, formaldehyde, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and machinery.
Disinsection and deratization are activities related, respectively, to the destruction of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases. To destroy insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfectants) and combined methods are used; extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps) various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfestants, DDT, hexachlorane, and chlorophos can be most widely used; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, scurvy phosphide, potassium sulfate.
After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, complete sanitary treatment of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.
Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, the identification of sick people and even those suspected of the disease is carried out. Signs of the disease are fever, poor health, headaches, rashes, etc. Sanitary workers and medical workers find out this data through responsible apartment tenants and house owners and immediately report to the formation commander or to a medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients .
After the patient is referred to a special infectious diseases hospital, the apartment where he lived is disinfected; The patient's belongings and clothes are also disinfected. All those in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special premises).
If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, and one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urine bag. In the morning and evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before going to bed at night - to wash and brush his teeth.
Seriously ill patients should wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; The eyes and oral cavity are wiped with swabs moistened with a 1 - 2% solution of boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to adjust the patient’s bed and help him change position, and, if necessary, use pads.
At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.
The person caring for the patient must use a cotton-gauze bandage, a gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, and emergency and specific preventive measures; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of his hands (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, you must wash your hands and disinfect them with a 3% Lysol solution or a 1% chloramine solution. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be soaked in a disinfectant solution.
Prevention of bacteriological lesions
Bacteriological reconnaissance is organized in order to timely identify the enemy’s preparation for the use of bacteriological (biological) weapons, establish the fact of their use, determine the type of agents, as well as the extent of contamination of the terrain and air in the zones of troops’ operations.
The medical service provides instructions to chemical observation posts and reconnaissance patrols on the rules of sampling for the indication of bacteriological (biological) weapons, as well as the implementation of complex tasks of bacteriological reconnaissance of foci of bacteriological contamination in the zone of military action and specific indication of bacteriological (biological) weapons.
The main activities of bacteriological reconnaissance are:
extraction and receipt of intelligence data on the enemy’s preparation for the use of bacteriological (biological) weapons;
constant monitoring of the air and terrain to detect external (direct and indirect) signs indicating the possibility of the enemy using bacteriological (biological) weapons;
indication of bacteriological (biological) weapons, aimed at detecting characteristic factors indicating the use of these agents, as well as determining the type of bacteriological formulations used;
timely detection and examination of each case of emerging infectious diseases among troops, the population, as well as among farm animals;
establishing the extent of bacteriological contamination, as well as identifying local agents that can be used for antibacterial protection.
continuous collection of intelligence data on the enemy’s preparation for the use of bacteriological (biological) weapons is ensured by the efforts of combined arms headquarters.
Constant monitoring of the air, terrain and waters is carried out by all military units.
Conclusion
At the present stage of historical development, the use of such effective and at the same time monstrous in their consequences means as bacteriological (biological) weapons is prohibited in connection with the conclusion of international military treaties. Civilized countries, for reasons of humanity, refused to use such a terrible type of weapon of mass destruction during hostilities. However, according to numerous reports, active research in the field of bacteriological means of attack is still underway in the laboratories of some states, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of previously concluded international agreements.
In these conditions, every patriot of his Fatherland, anyone who cares about his own safety, the peace of his family and friends, must have an idea of the potential threat, as well as have the necessary knowledge to prevent and eliminate it.
Bibliography
1. Atamanyuk V.G. Civil defense: Textbook for universities. – M.: Higher. school, 1986. 2. Arkhangelsky A.M. Bacteriological weapons and protection against them. – M. 1971.
3. U. Tan Chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons and the consequences of their possible use. – M, 1970.
Bacteriological weapons
Yu.G.Afanasyev, A.G.Ovcharenko, S.L.Rasko, L.I.Trutneva
Bacteriological weapons are pathogenic microbes and bacterial poisons (toxins) intended to infect people, animals, plants and contaminate food supplies and water sources, as well as the ammunition with which they are used.
When affected by bacterial agents, the disease does not occur immediately; there is almost always a latent (incubation) period, during which the disease does not manifest itself by external signs, and the affected person does not lose combat capability.
It is quite difficult to establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen, since neither microbes nor toxins have any color, smell, or taste, and the effect of their action can appear after a long period of time.
Detection of bacterial agents is possible only through special laboratory tests, which takes considerable time, and this complicates the timely implementation of measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
1 Types of pathogens
Depending on the structure and biological properties, microbes are divided into bacteria, viruses, rickettsia and fungi.
Bacteria are microorganisms of plant origin, predominantly unicellular, visible only with a microscope. Under favorable conditions, they reproduce very quickly by simple division every 20-30 minutes. When exposed to sunlight, disinfectants and boiling, bacteria quickly die, but some of them (anthrax, tetanus, botulism), turning into spores, are highly resistant to these factors. Finding conditions favorable for development, the spores germinate and turn into the vegetative (active) form of bacteria. TO low temperatures bacteria are little sensitive and easily tolerate freezing.
Bacteria cause diseases like plague, cholera, glanders, anthrax, etc.
Viruses are tiny organisms, thousands of times smaller than bacteria. Unlike bacteria, viruses reproduce only in living tissues. Many of them can withstand drying and temperatures above 100 °C. Viruses can cause diseases such as smallpox, influenza, etc.
Rickettsia are similar in size and shape to some bacteria, but they develop and live only in the tissues of the organs they affect. They cause the disease typhus.
Fungi, like bacteria, are of plant origin, but are more advanced in structure. The resistance of fungi to physical and chemical factors is much higher than that of bacteria; They tolerate exposure to sunlight and drying well.
Some microbes, for example, microbes of botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, produce powerful poisons - toxins that cause severe poisoning.
There are microbes that can cause diseases in animals. Such dangerous infectious diseases include foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, swine fever, sheep pox, glanders, anthrax, etc.
Causative agents of certain plant diseases are also dangerous, for example, pathogens of stem rust of cereal crops, potato late blight, rice blast, etc.
2 Methods of using bacteriological weapons
Methods of using bacteriological weapons, as a rule, are:
aircraft bombs;
artillery mines and shells;
packages (bags, boxes, containers) dropped from aircraft;
special devices that disperse insects from aircraft;
sabotage methods.
In some cases, to spread infectious diseases, the enemy may leave contaminated household items when retreating: clothing, food, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case can occur as a result of direct contact with contaminated objects.
Another possible form of spreading pathogens is the deliberate abandonment of infectious patients during departure so that they become a source of infection among troops and the population.
When ammunition containing a bacterial formulation ruptures, a bacterial cloud is formed, consisting of tiny droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. The cloud, spreading with the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, the area of which depends on the amount of the formulation, its properties and wind speed.
3 Infectious diseases
Causative agents of the following diseases can be used to equip bacteriological weapons: plague, cholera, anthrax, botulism, smallpox, tularemia.
Plague is an acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that is not highly resistant outside the body; in human sputum, it remains viable for up to 10 days. The incubation period ranges from 1 to 3 days. The disease begins acutely: general weakness, chills, headache appear, the temperature quickly rises, and consciousness becomes darkened.
The most dangerous is the so-called pneumonic form of plague. It can be contracted by inhaling air containing the plague pathogen. Signs of the disease: along with a severe general condition, chest pain and cough with the release of large amounts of sputum with plague bacteria appear; the patient's strength quickly falls, loss of consciousness occurs; death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
Cholera is an acute infectious disease characterized by a severe course and a tendency to spread rapidly. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, is poorly resistant to the external environment and persists in water for several months. The incubation period for cholera lasts from several hours to 6 days, on average 1-3 days.
The main signs of cholera are: vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions; The vomit and feces of a cholera patient take the form of rice water. With liquid bowel movements and vomiting, the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly loses weight, and his body temperature drops to 35 degrees. In severe cases, the disease can result in death.
Anthrax is an acute disease that primarily affects farm animals and can be transmitted from them to humans. The causative agent of anthrax enters the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and damaged skin. The disease occurs within 1-3 days; it occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and cutaneous.
The pulmonary form of anthrax is a kind of inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, a cough appears with the release of bloody sputum, cardiac activity weakens and, if untreated, death occurs after 2-3 days.
The intestinal form of the disease manifests itself in ulcerative lesions of the intestines, acute abdominal pain, blood vomiting, diarrhea; death occurs within 3-4 days.
With cutaneous anthrax, exposed areas of the body (arms, legs, neck, face) are most often affected. At the site where the pathogen microbes enter, an itchy spot appears, which after 12-15 hours turns into a blister with a cloudy or bloody liquid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black scab, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the scab to 6-9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncle). The carbuncle is painful, and massive swelling forms around it. If the carbuncle ruptures, blood poisoning and death are possible. If the course of the disease is favorable, after 5-6 days the patient’s temperature decreases, the painful phenomena gradually disappear.
Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, which is one of the most powerful poisons currently known.
Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period is from 2 hours to a day.
Botulism toxin affects the central nervous system, the vagus nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; the disease is characterized by neuroparalytic phenomena. Initially, general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the epigastric region, and gastrointestinal disorders appear; then paralytic phenomena develop: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft palate, larynx, facial muscles; subsequently, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, resulting in flatulence and persistent constipation. The patient's body temperature is usually below normal. In severe cases, death can occur several hours after the onset of the disease as a result of respiratory paralysis.
Tularemia is an infectious disease. The causative agent of tularemia persists for a long time in water, soil, and dust. Infection occurs through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, mucous membranes and skin. The disease begins with a sharp rise in temperature and the appearance of headache and muscle pain. It occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and typhoid.
Smallpox is caused by a virus. This disease is characterized by fever and a rash that leaves scars. Transmitted through air and objects.
4 Site of bacteriological damage
The source of bacteriological contamination is the territory directly exposed to bacterial agents that create a source of spread of infectious diseases and poisonings that cause damage to people.
The focus of bacteriological infection is characterized by the type of bacteriological agents used, the number of affected people, animals, plants, and the duration of preservation of the damaging properties of pathogens.
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, localize and eliminate zones and foci of bacteriological damage, quarantine and observation are established.
Quarantine is a system of measures taken to prevent the spread of infectious diseases from the source of infection and to eliminate the source itself. Security is installed around the outbreak; entry and exit, as well as the removal of property, are prohibited.
In the territory where quarantine is introduced, the work of all enterprises and institutions ceases, except those that are of particular importance for the economy or for defense. The work of educational institutions, schools, childcare centers, markets, etc. is suspended.
Observation is special measures to prevent the spread of infection to other areas. These measures include: maximum restrictions on entry and exit, as well as removal of property from the outbreak without prior disinfection and permission from epidemiologists; strengthening medical control over food and water supply and other measures.
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| Signs of the use of biological weapons and their features Bacteriological (biological) weapons - these are biological agents (bacteria, rickettsia viruses, fungi and toxic products of their vital activity), and delivery vehicles Signs of the use of bacteriological (biological) weapons include: attribute the dull sound of shells and bombs exploding(unlike conventional ammunition), the presence of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition in places of explosions. In addition, the appearance of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the ground, an unusual accumulation of insects and mites in places where ammunition exploded and containers fell, mass illnesses of people and animals. ^ :
Flood Floods most often occur as a result of heavy precipitation, intensive melting of snow (glaciers), and a surge of water from the sea into river mouths. As a rule, floods are predicted and the population is notified in advance. If you receive a warning about the threat of flooding, immediately go to a safe place - to higher ground. If the flood develops slowly and you have time, take measures to save property and material assets: move them to a safe place, and occupy the upper floors (attics) and roofs of buildings. Use existing floating devices or construct them from logs, boards, inner tubes, barrels, cans, wineskins, dry reeds tied into bundles. Once in the water, take off your heavy clothes and shoes, use objects floating nearby or rising above the water and wait for help. An earthquake is one of the most destructive natural phenomena occurring as a result of seismic waves and movements of certain areas earth's crust, which causes warping of the earth, the formation of giant cracks, collapses, landslides, etc. Very often earthquakes are accompanied by fires. You were notified in advance of his threat. Before leaving your home or workplace, turn off the electricity and gas. Take the necessary things and documents, food supplies, and medical supplies. If an earthquake finds you indoors, beware of falling plaster, fittings, cabinets, and shelves. Stay away from windows, mirrors, lamps, stoves. Stand against the inside wall in the doorway. As soon as the shaking subsides, leave the building as quickly as possible. While on the street, run to the middle of it, to a square, a vacant lot, away from buildings and structures, poles and power lines. Asphyxiating agent - phosgene, diphosgene affects the respiratory organs. Signs of damage are a sweetish, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, and general weakness. After leaving the source of infection, these sensations disappear, and the victim feels normal within 4-6 hours. He does not suspect that he has received a lesion, while he experiences a period of latent action of the agent, during which pulmonary edema develops. Then the temperature rises and a cough with copious sputum appears. Remember! If you are affected by this type of toxic substance, artificial respiration should not be performed under any circumstances. It is urgent to put on a gas mask and remove the person from the contaminated area. ^ They are very toxic and are considered lethal substances. When inhaling contaminated air, a metallic taste in the mouth, dizziness, weakness, nausea, severe convulsions and paralysis appear. Even a dose of 1 mg/kg entering the body is fatal. To help the victim, you need to crush the ampoule with the antidote (antidote) and insert it under the gas mask helmet. In severe cases, the victim is given artificial respiration, warmed up and sent to a medical center as quickly as possible. People come to shelters with personal protective equipment. Shelters are filled in an organized and quick manner. First of all, children, women with children and the elderly are allowed through. They are placed in the places designated for them. The person taking refuge must have with him a two-day supply of food in plastic packaging, toilet accessories, documents, a minimum of personal belongings and personal protective equipment. It is prohibited to bring flammable and strong-smelling substances, bulky things into the protective structure, bring pets, walk around the premises unnecessarily, light kerosene lamps, candles and homemade lamps without permission. Those taking refuge must comply with all the requirements of the commandant and personnel service level. Those taking refuge are removed from the shelter (shelter) on the instructions of the service flight commander after the “Air raid all clear” signal or in the event of an emergency condition of the structure that threatens people’s lives. If the main exits from the shelter (shelter) are blocked, those taking shelter are taken out through an emergency exit, and if there is none, measures are taken to open the doors independently. Shelters are special structures designed to protect people sheltering in them from all damaging factors. nuclear explosion, toxic substances, bacterial (biological) agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases formed during fires. The shelter consists of main and auxiliary premises. In the main room, intended to accommodate those being sheltered, two- or three-tier bunks-benches for sitting and shelves for lying down are equipped. The auxiliary premises of the shelter are a sanitary unit, a filter-ventilation chamber, and in large-capacity buildings - a medical room, a food pantry, premises for an artesian well and a diesel power plant. As a rule, the shelter has at least two entrances; in low-capacity shelters - entrance and emergency exit. The emergency exit is equipped in the form of an underground gallery ending in a shaft with a head or hatch in a non-collapsed area. Civil defense is an integral part of the system of national defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime. The main tasks of civil defense are:
Civil defense is organized according to the territorial-production principle. The objects of the national economy are enterprises, collective farms, state farms, institutions, and educational institutions. The head of civil defense of a national economic facility is its director (director). |
He carries full responsibility for the organization, condition and constant readiness of civil defense at the facility subordinate to him.
To ensure the implementation of civil defense measures, civil defense headquarters and services are created at the site.
The work of the civil defense headquarters is headed by the chief of staff, he is the deputy head of the civil defense of the facility.
For the direct implementation of civil defense measures, non-military civil defense formations are created.
Non-paramilitary formations of Civil Defense NPK
- Radiochemical observation post (RCS)
- Communication and notification link
- Public order group
- Sanitary squad
- Unit for issuing personal protective equipment
- Fire extinguishing unit
- Rescue Team
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Biological weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons, their characteristics. Methods of its use.
Bacteriological weapons are pathogenic microorganisms and the toxins they produce. As well as their means of delivery, intended to infect people, farm animals and crops.
Signs of the use of bacteriological weapons are:
1) the dull sound of shells and bombs exploding, unusual for conventional ammunition;
2) the presence of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition in places of explosions;
3) the appearance of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the ground;
4) unusual accumulation of insects and mites in areas where ammunition ruptures and containers fall;
5) mass diseases of people and animals.
BO feature:
- high potential effectiveness (ability to infect with small doses)
- presence of a latent (incubation period)
- contagiousness (ability to be transmitted from sick to healthy)
- duration of action (the ability of some organisms to persist in the environment for a long time)
— difficulty of detection (lack of instruments)
— selectivity presence large number pathogens and the possibility of their choice. diseases of animals, humans, humans and animals, leading to fatal outcome or temporarily incapacitating people)
— strong psychological impact (panic when using even pathogens that are not dangerous to humans)
- relative low cost of production
— possibility of using pathogens of several infections simultaneously
— use of nonspecific vectors (also resistant to disinfestation agents)
- resistance to modern means prevention and treatment
According to the epidemic danger, there are 3 groups: highly contagious, low contagious, non-contagious.
The enemy can use BO using different ways, which will complicate anti-epidemic measures:
1) creation of bacterial aerosols (simultaneous infection of a large number of people, changes in the clinical and epidemic picture)
2) use of infected vectors (the boundaries of the outbreak when using infected vectors will not be clear. The incidence increases slowly)
3) sabotage method
Zone of bacteriological (biological) contamination of the area and its characteristics. The source of bacteriological (biological) damage, its characteristics and impact on the organization of medical care for the population.
When the enemy uses biological weapons, a zone of bacterial contamination arises, which is formed as a result of contamination of the area by pathogenic microorganisms. Within this zone, a focus of bacteriological infection occurs.
The source of bacteriological (biological) damage is the territory with populated areas and national economic facilities. Within which mass casualties of people, farm animals, and plants occurred as a result of the impact of enemy weapons.
The entire infected area has the same epidemiological significance. Of particular importance is the area where people live and where they work. The territory in which there are no places of residence of people is not of great epidemiological significance; it is fenced off with signs and remains for self-disinfection. All anti-epidemic measures are being carried out in the rest of the territory. The outbreak boundary should also include populated areas adjacent to the city. Associated with it by a single economy, management and transport. The primary morbidity when using BW can be 25-50% of the number of people in the outbreak.
With the aerosol method, infection of the territory will be continuous, total, the disease will manifest itself in a large number of people and will have a severe course.
When using infected vectors, the boundaries of the outbreak will not be clear, and the incidence increases slowly.
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Signs of use
The main sign of the use of biological weapons is the symptoms and signs of mass disease in humans and animals, which is finally confirmed by special laboratory tests.
Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contact with microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury from fragments of ammunition filled with biological agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with sick people (animals).
A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people and cause epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).
The main means of protecting the population from biological weapons include: vaccine-serum preparations, antibiotics, sulfa and other medicinal substances used for special and emergency prevention of infectious diseases, personal and collective protective equipment, chemicals used to neutralize pathogens.
The source of biological damage is considered to be cities, towns and national economic facilities that have been directly exposed to bacterial (biological) agents that create a source of spread of infectious diseases.
The main forms of combating epidemics, in the words of doctors and military personnel, are observation and quarantine.
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MOSCOW, April 7. (ITAR-TASS). As a result of the negotiations held in Sochi, the presidents of Russia and the United States adopted a Declaration on the Strategic Framework. The Russian Federation and the United States reaffirm that the era when Russia and the United States viewed each other as an enemy or a strategic threat is over.
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Specific features of bacteriological weapons.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons (WW): special ammunition and combat devices equipped with biological (bacteriological) agents, as well as means of their delivery and use. It is based on pathogenic microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi and bacterial poisons (toxins).
Biological agents applied in the form biological
recipes– mixtures of a biological agent and special preparations that provide favorable conditions for the bacterial agent during storage and use.
Possible methods of application bacteriological weapons:
§ aerosol– contamination by aerosol of the ground layer of air;
§ transmissible– dispersion of artificially infected blood-sucking insects – ticks, fleas, mosquitoes;
§ diversionary– deliberate hidden contamination of closed spaces of air, water, food with biological agents.
As biological agents can be used: pathogens of plague, smallpox, anthrax, cholera, tularemia. TO dangerous diseases animals include: foot and mouth disease, plague cattle, glanders, sheep and swine plague.
Rapid development molecular genetics V last years creates conditions for the creation of fundamentally new types of biological agents.
Zone of biological (bacteriological) contamination – area of terrain and airspace infected with pathogens.
The focus of biological (bacteriological) damage – a territory in which mass destruction of people, animals and plants occurred as a result of the influence of biological (bacteriological) weapons.
It can form both in the infection zone and outside it due to the movement of infected people and animals.
§ routine immunization of the population with vaccine-serum preparations, emergency prophylaxis with antibiotics, sulfonamide and antiviral agents;
§ use of individual and collective protective equipment;
§ sanitary treatment of people and disinfection of environmental objects;
§ extermination of insects and rodents – disinsection and deratization;
§ to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, regime and restrictive measures are taken: "observation" or "quarantine".
Observation – enhanced medical surveillance of the outbreak.
Quarantine – provides complete isolation of the lesion from
the surrounding population.
Conclusion:
The modern world is characterized by pronounced political instability, the presence of significant contradictions and often a sharp increase in tension in relations between different states. Under these conditions, the possibility of direct armed conflicts, including the use of weapons of mass destruction, cannot be ruled out in certain regions.
This necessitates knowledge of the features similar weapons, the nature and degree of danger of its damaging factors, means and methods of protecting the population during its use.
Test questions and assignments:
1. What types of weapons are classified as “weapons of mass destruction”?
2. How does the damaging and destructive effect of the “shock” manifest itself?
waves" of a nuclear explosion?
3. How to protect yourself from its effects?
4. What is the source of “light radiation” during a nuclear explosion?
5. How does the radiation impact of a nuclear explosion manifest itself?
6. Methods of protection against “penetrating radiation”?
7. What are the consequences of using chemical weapons?
8. Indicate actions aimed at protecting against chemical damage:
at least 4-5 points.
9. What are the consequences of using biological
(bacteriological) weapons?
10. How does the “massiveness” of the injury affect medical work?
Topic No. 8: “Organization of the protection of the population and territories in emergency situations in peacetime and wartime.”
Study questions:
Tasks and organization of the United state system
Emergency prevention and response (RSChS).
And emergency response (RSChS).
Civil defense of the Russian Federation (RF Civil Defense), its purpose, structure.
4. Organization of Civil Defense of the Medical College of SSMU.
Tasks and organization of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS).
The most important element of the Russian security system is the system prevention and response to emergency situations(RSChS).
Topic 4.3. Bacteriological weapons
It was created in 1992 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 261. It is from this day that RSChS exists as complete system. In 1994, the Federal Law was adopted “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies”, which is regulatory framework activities of RSChS.
It is intended to combine efforts and coordinate the activities of all forces and means, resolving issues protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies in Peaceful time.
IN formation RSChS is attended by executive authorities at all levels, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, including the State. fire service, Ministry of Health, Min. Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Min. transport, Min. construction and housing and communal services, Min. natural resources and ecology, Federal Atomic Energy Agency, federal Service on veterinary and phytosanitary supervision and a number of other ministries, committees and departments.
The RSChS is responsible for the following tasks:
§ monitoring (forecasting) the possibility of an emergency;
§ notifying the population about the threat and occurrence of emergency situations;
§ preparing the population for actions in emergencies;
§ providing the population with individual and collective means of protection;
§ conducting search and rescue activities, providing medical assistance;
§ provision of temporary housing and food.
RSChS can operate in three modes:
§ everyday activities - under normal industrial, radiation, chemical, hydrometeorological and seismic conditions;
§ high alert– when the situation worsens and a forecast about the possibility of an emergency is received;
§ emergency- in the event of an emergency.
Forces and means of the Unified State Warning System
And emergency response (RSChS).
Management of the entire RSChS system is entrusted to the Ministry of Civil Defense Affairs
and emergency situations - Ministry of Emergency Situations.
RSChS has five levels of operation, respectively
state administrative structure of the Russian Federation: federal, regional, territorial (regional), local and facility.
The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into administrative-territorial districts - “regions”. Each district has its own regional level of RSChS with regional center. Our Privolzhsky RC is located in the city. Nizhny Novgorod. At the level of region, territory, republic, territorial subsystems RSChS.
The most important part of the RSChS are strengths and means:
a) monitoring and control; b) emergency response.
— Forces and means of surveillance and control include:
§ units for monitoring the condition of potentially dangerous objects;
§ control and inspection service;
§ condition control units natural environment;
§ veterinary service;
§ food quality monitoring units;
§ units for monitoring civil defense facilities.
- IN forces and means of liquidation Emergency situations include:
§ formations, units and subdivisions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations;
§ search and rescue units of other ministries and
departments: Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs;
§ non-paramilitary civil defense formations.
Deserves special attention State Central Airmobile Rescue Squad.
Designed to quickly respond to natural and man-made disasters not only in Russia, but also beyond its borders. The detachment can immediately assemble several groups of rescuers, ready to simultaneously operate in several parts of the globe.
Some others also have significant forces for rapid response in emergency situations. ministries and departments:
—Russian Railways: have recovery and fire trains;
—Ministry of Internal Affairs: V extreme situations ensures law and order, preserves material values;
—Ministry of Health care: In case of emergency, it has its own Disaster Medicine Service. Part All-Russian Service for Disaster Medicine (VSMK) certain forces and resources are allocated by other ministries, committees and departments that have a significant number of medical workers: the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Russian Railways, Rosatomenergo.
Biological (bacteriological) weapons are understood as means of mass destruction of all living things: people, animals and plants. Its action is based on various options for using the pathogenic properties of microorganisms, such as bacteria, rickettsia, fungi, as well as toxins produced by some bacteria. Biological weapons include various formulations of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as means of delivering them to the target - these can be missiles, aerosol sprays, aerial bombs, which we talked about earlier, etc. In connection with this definition, a few more should be given important definitions, which are directly related to biological weapons.
A biological formulation is a specific multi-component system that contains pathogenic microorganisms or, more simply put, toxins, fillers and additives that increase their stability during various uses: storage, application and being in an aerosol state, such as in cans, for example. Also, depending on the agricultural state, the formulations can be liquid or dry.
Biological agents are a generalized concept of biological formulations as well as infectious vectors. Based on their effect, they are divided into lethal: based on the pathogens of plague, smallpox and anthrax, and incapacitating, for example, based on the pathogens of brucellosis and cholera.
Delivery vehicles are combat vehicles that ensure the delivery of technical equipment to the intended target (object of destruction). This includes: aviation, ballistic cruise missiles, sabotage groups, which deliver special containers with radio command or timed opening systems to the area of application.
Thus, bacteriological weapons have a high combat activity, which affects large areas with little effort and resources. But at the same time, its predictability and controllability are significantly lower than those of chemical or nuclear weapons.
Methods of using bacteriological agents
Various variations in the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere are known. Thus, methods of using bacteriological weapons include:
aircraft bombs and shells;
artillery mines;
packages, including bags, boxes and containers, dropped from aircraft or helicopters;
special devices that disperse infected insects;
sabotage methods.
And yet, the main way attackers use bacteriological agents is to infect atmospheric air. The mechanism is as follows: when ammunition pre-loaded with a bacteriological formulation ruptures, a so-called bacteriological cloud (fog) is formed. Spreading in the wind, it dissipates and then settles on the surface of the earth, forming a contaminated area, the area of which directly depends on the composition and amount of the formulation, as well as on wind speed.
There are other ways to infect an enemy, for example, in some cases, an ill-wisher may leave contaminated household items in public places: clothes, bags, food, etc. In this case, the disease can occur as a result of direct contact with a contaminated object.
Another possible form of dissemination of bacteriological weapons is the deliberate abandonment of infected patients as they leave. He in turn infects everyone else and becomes a source of infection among the entire population.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons
Introduction
Bacteriological weapons (biological) are a means of mass destruction of people, animals and destruction of agricultural crops. The basis of its damaging effect is bacterial agents, which include pathogens (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins produced by bacteria.
Bacteriological reconnaissance is organized in order to timely identify the enemy’s preparation for the use of BS, establish the fact of their use, determine the type of agents, as well as the extent of contamination of the terrain and air in the zones of military action.
The medical service provides instructions to chemical observation posts and reconnaissance patrols on the rules of sampling for indication of BS, as well as the implementation of complex tasks of bacteriological reconnaissance of foci of bacterial infection in the zone of action of troops and specific indication of BS.
The main activities of bacteriological reconnaissance are:
mining and obtaining intelligence data on the enemy’s preparation for the use of bacteriological weapons;
constant monitoring of the air and terrain to detect external (direct and indirect) signs indicating the possibility of the enemy using BS;
indication of BS, aimed at detecting characteristic factors indicating the use of these drugs, as well as determining the type of bacterial formulations used;
timely detection and examination of each case of emerging infectious diseases among troops, the population, as well as among farm animals;
establishing the extent of bacterial contamination, as well as identifying local agents that can be used for antibacterial protection.
Continuous collection of intelligence data on the enemy's preparation for the use of bacteriological weapons is ensured by the efforts of combined arms headquarters.
Constant monitoring of the air, terrain and waters is carried out by all military units.
External signs of the use of bacteriological weapons include:
less sharp sounds of explosions of aircraft bombs, missiles, shells and mines, unusual for conventional ammunition, accompanied by the formation of a cloud, fog or smoke at the soil surface;
the appearance of a quickly disappearing strip of fog or smoke behind an enemy aircraft or along the path of balloons;
the presence of drops of turbid liquid or deposits of powdery substances, as well as fragments and individual parts of ammunition in places where ammunition explodes on the ground and surrounding objects;
the appearance on the ground of the remains of unusual bombs, missiles and shells with piston and other devices for creating aerosols;
the presence of unusual for the area accumulations of insects, ticks and rodent corpses near the site where bombs or containers fell.
Under conditions of the enemy's use of bacteriological weapons, the possibility of infectious diseases appearing earlier than the fact of a bacteriological attack is established, and earlier than bacterial disease-causing agents are detected in the external environment, cannot be ruled out. In these conditions, the medical service is obliged to conduct a detailed epidemiological examination of the outbreak of diseases and organize the necessary set of anti-epidemic measures.
Emergency prevention begins immediately after the fact of the use of bacteriological weapons or the appearance of mass infectious diseases of unknown etiology among personnel is established.
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are special ammunition and military devices with delivery systems, equipped with bacterial (biological) agents.
to affect people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera); pathogens of viral diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis);
pathogens of rickettsial diseases (typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomycosis, pocardiosis, histoplasmosis);
Historical reference
The history of mankind has preserved information about the poisoning of wells during numerous wars, the infection of besieged fortresses with plague, and the use of poisonous gases on the battlefield.
Back in the 5th century BC. The Indian Law of Manu prohibited the military use of poisons, but in the 19th century AD. e. The civilized colonizers of America gave contaminated blankets to the Indians to cause epidemics in the tribes.
The only proven fact of the deliberate use of biological weapons in the 20th century was the Japanese contamination of Chinese territories with plague bacteria in the 30-40s.
The International Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 prohibited their production and use in any form. In 1980, the United States argued that the only country violating the convention was the USSR.
In 1995, the American list of violators already included 17 countries (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, South Africa, Northern and South Korea, China, Taiwan, Israel, Egypt, Cuba, Bulgaria, India, Vietnam, Cuba).
The “black list” of Americans, according to observers, is biased: it includes almost all known American enemies, but for some reason does not include America itself.
Some experts believe that the United States used biological weapons during the Vietnam War, where over 100 thousand tons of herbicides and defoliants were sprayed, primarily affecting vegetation (the Americans tried to destroy the greenery on the trees in order to see partisan detachments from the air).
This has been called an example of ecosystem biological warfare: since pesticides are not completely selective, damage was caused in Vietnam freshwater fish, the catch of which was until the mid-80s. remained 10-20 times lower than before the use of pesticides for military purposes.
The soil fertility of the affected lands is also several times lower. As a result, 12% of forests, 40% of mangroves and more than 5% of the country's farmland were destroyed.
Direct health damage was caused to 1.6 million Vietnamese. More than 7 million people were forced to flee areas where pesticides were used.
After several years since President Richard Nixon officially abandoned the development of biological weapons (BW), some military experts in the United States have again begun to openly express interest in this type of weapon.
Since the early eighties, experts have paid attention to the rapid development of military biological programs in different countries peace.
Protocol on the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases and bacteriological agents in war.
Geneva, June 17, 1925
The undersigned Plenipotentiaries on behalf of their respective Governments:
considering that the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases, as well as any similar liquids, substances and processes, was rightly condemned public opinion the civilized world;
Considering that the prohibition of this use has been formulated in treaties to which most of the powers of the world are parties;
in order to be universally recognized as included in international law this prohibition, equally binding on the conscience and practice of peoples;
declare:
that the High Contracting Parties, in so far as they are no longer parties to treaties prohibiting this use, recognize this prohibition, agree to extend this prohibition to bacteriological means of warfare and agree to consider themselves bound to each other by the terms of this Declaration.
The High Contracting Parties shall make every effort to encourage other States to accede to this Protocol. This accession will be notified to the Government of the French Republic, and lastly to all signatory and acceding powers. It will come into force on the date of notification made by the Government of the French Republic.
This Protocol, French and English lyrics which will be considered authentic will be ratified as soon as possible. It will bear the date of this day.
Ratification of this Protocol shall be communicated to the Government of the French Republic, which shall notify each signatory or acceding Power of its acceptance of the same.
Instruments of ratification or accession will be deposited in the archives of the Government of the French Republic.
This Protocol will enter into force for each signatory power on the date of receipt of ratification, and from that moment such power will be bound in relation to other powers that have already submitted their ratifications.
In witness whereof the authorized persons have signed this Protocol.
Done in Geneva in one copy on the seventeenth of June one thousand nine hundred and twenty-five.
Types of BS
The following can be used as bacterial (biological) agents:
to affect people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera);
pathogens of viral diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis);
pathogens of rickettsioses (typhoid fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Cholesterol fever); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomycosis, pocardiosis, histoplasmosis);
to infect animals: pathogens of foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, swine fever, anthrax, glanders, African swine fever, false rabies and other diseases;
for the destruction of plants: pathogens of cereal rust, late blight of potatoes, late wilting of corn and other crops; insect pests of agricultural plants; phytotoxicants, defoliants, herbicides and other chemicals.
An essential feature of bacteriological (biological) weapons is the presence of a hidden period of action, during which the affected remain in service and perform their duties, and then suddenly fall ill.
The latent period can be different, for example, when infected with plague and cholera it can last from several hours to 3 days, with tularemia - up to 6 days, typhus - up to 14 days.
To deliver bacterial (biological) agents, the same carriers are used as for nuclear and chemical weapons (aircraft bombs, shells, mines, missiles, aerosol generators and other devices). In addition, bacterial (biological) formulations can be used by sabotage.
The main method of using bacterial (biological) agents is contamination of the ground layer of air. When ammunition explodes or generators are triggered, an aerosol cloud is formed, along the path of which particles of the formulation contaminate the area. It is possible to use bacterial (biological) agents using insects, ticks, rodents, etc., infected with pathogenic microbes.
The use of bacteriological (biological) weapons by the enemy can be detected by the following visible external signs:
the formation of an aerosol cloud after the explosion of ammunition or when generators are triggered;
detection of remains of special containers, ammunition and other types of weapons;
the presence of a large number of insects, ticks, rodents unknown to the area, etc.
Pathogenic microbes cannot be detected by human senses. This is only possible with the help of technical means of nonspecific bacteriological (biological) reconnaissance.
Prevention of lesions.
Pathogens can enter the human body in various ways: by inhaling contaminated air, by consuming contaminated water and food, by microbes entering the bloodstream through open wounds and burn surfaces, by the bite of infected insects, as well as by contact with sick people, animals, infected objects and not only at the time of use of bacterial (biological) agents, but also for a long time after their use, if sanitary treatment of personnel was not carried out.
Common signs of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid spread, which leads to the occurrence of focal diseases and poisoning.
Direct protection of personnel during a bacteriological (biological) attack by the enemy is ensured by the use of individual and collective protective equipment, as well as the use of emergency prevention equipment available in individual first-aid kits.
Features of damage by bacterial agents
When affected by bacterial agents, the disease does not occur immediately; there is almost always a latent (incubation) period, during which the disease does not manifest itself by external signs, and the affected person does not lose combat capability.
Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person and, spreading quickly, cause epidemics.
It is quite difficult to establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen, since neither microbes nor toxins have any color, smell, or taste, and the effect of their action can appear after a long period of time. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only through special laboratory tests, which takes considerable time, and this complicates the timely implementation of measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
Bacterial agents include pathogenic microbes and the toxins they produce. Causative agents of the following diseases can be used to equip bacteriological weapons:
- plague
- cholera
- anthrax
- botulism
a) Plague is an acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that is not highly resistant outside the body; in sputum secreted by a person, it remains viable for up to 10 days. The incubation period is 1 - 3 days. The disease begins acutely: general weakness, chills, headache appear, the temperature quickly rises, and consciousness becomes darkened.
The most dangerous is the so-called pneumonic form of plague. It can be contracted by inhaling air containing the plague pathogen. Signs of the disease: along with a severe general condition, chest pain and cough with the release of large amounts of sputum with plague bacteria appear; the patient's strength quickly falls, loss of consciousness occurs; death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
b) Cholera is an acute infectious disease characterized by a severe course and a tendency to spread rapidly. The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, is poorly resistant to the external environment and persists in water for several months. The incubation period for cholera lasts from several hours to 6 days, on average 1 - 3 days.
The main signs of cholera are: vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; The vomit and feces of a cholera patient take the form of rice water. With liquid bowel movements and vomiting, the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly loses weight, and his body temperature drops to 35 degrees.
In severe cases, the disease can result in death.
c) Anthrax is an acute disease that mainly affects
farm animals, and from them can be transmitted to people. The causative agent of anthrax enters the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and damaged skin. The disease occurs within 1 - 3 days; it occurs in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and cutaneous.
The pulmonary form of anthrax is a kind of inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, a cough appears with the release of bloody sputum, cardiac activity weakens and, if untreated, death occurs after 2-3 days.
The intestinal form of the disease manifests itself in ulcerative lesions of the intestines, acute abdominal pain, bloody vomiting, diarrhea; death comes through
3 - 4 days. With cutaneous anthrax, exposed areas of the body (arms, legs, neck, face) are most often affected. At the site where the pathogen microbes enter, an itchy spot appears, which after 12 - 15 hours turns into a blister with a cloudy or bloody liquid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black scab, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the scab to 6 - 9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncle). The carbuncle is painful, and massive swelling forms around it. If the carbuncle ruptures, blood poisoning and death are possible. If the course of the disease is favorable, after 5 - 6 days the patient’s temperature decreases, the painful phenomena gradually disappear.
d) Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, which is one of the most powerful poisons currently known.
Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period is from 2 hours to a day.
Botulism toxin affects the central nervous system, the vagus nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; The disease is characterized by neuroparalytic phenomena. Initially, general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the epigastric region, gastrointestinal disorders appear, then paralytic phenomena develop: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft palate, larynx, facial muscles; subsequently, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, resulting in flatulence and persistent constipation. The patient's body temperature is usually below normal. In severe cases, death can occur several hours after the onset of the disease as a result of respiratory paralysis.
Extract from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Article 67.1. Use of biological weapons
Use of biological weapons is punishable by imprisonment for a term of eight to twelve years. The same action resulting in the death of a person is punishable by imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years.
Article 67.2. Development, production, acquisition, storage, sales, transportation of biological weapons
Development, production, acquisition, storage, sale, transportation of biological weapons - is punishable by imprisonment for a term of up to five years. The same actions that resulted in the death of a person, causing harm to his health or other grave consequences, or committed by prior conspiracy by a group of persons or by a person to whom biological agents or toxins were entrusted as part of his service or who had access to them in connection with the work performed, -
shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of three to ten years. Providing assistance to a foreign state or foreign organization in the development, production, acquisition, storage, sale, or transportation of biological weapons is punishable by imprisonment for a term of five to eight years.
Note. Biological weapons in Articles 67.1 and 67.2 mean any living organism, including a microorganism, virus or other biological agent, as well as any substance produced by a living organism or obtained by genetic engineering, or any derivative thereof, as well as means of their delivery created with the aim of causing death, illness or other defective functioning of a human or other living organism, contamination of the natural environment, food, water or other material objects. Biological weapons do not mean biological agents, toxins or their delivery systems developed, produced, acquired, marketed, transported or used for peaceful purposes, such as preventive or medical protection.
(introduced by the Law of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1993 N 4901-1 - Gazette of the SND of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 22, Art. 789)
List of used literature:
A. M. Arkhangelsky “Bacteriological weapons and protection against them”, Moscow, 1971;
Yu. V. Borovsky, R. F. Galiev “Bacteriological weapons of a potential enemy and protection against him”, Moscow, 1990;
Medical Encyclopedia;
Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary.
“Civil Defense” / Edited by Army General A. T. Altunin - M.: Military Publishing House, 1982.
Wu Tang. Chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons and the consequences of their possible use. M., 1970
Content
Introduction 1
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons 2
Historical background 4
Types of BS 6
Prevention of lesions 7
Types and main properties of biological warfare agents 8
Main signs of biological damage 12
Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 13
Methods of using bacterial agents 17
Features of damage by bacterial agents 18
Extract from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation 20
References 21