Mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops and the history of the Egyptian pyramids

3-04-2017, 11:17 |

Egyptian pyramids- these are the wonders of the world that have riveted the attention of man for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the more interesting is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.

It is known that Napoleon in the XVIII century. not yet being the emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted during the Egyptian campaign by mystical tales. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very puzzled and even a little scared, silently, with difficulty, sitting on his horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then, he took this secret with him.

And for a long time now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built and what they were intended for.

Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt

Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has greatly increased. But it is still not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions, and some of them are able to change the idea of ​​modern man about ancient civilizations. remain for man big mystery, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.

One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same century claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to store books and other valuable items.

In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no confirmation in the form of hieroglyphic inscriptions or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.

On September 17, 2002, a message appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone was waiting for the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But disappointment awaited all x, it was not possible to penetrate far. It has to do with the design of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.

The secret of the inner contents of the pyramids

In 1872, the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called queen's chamber. When tapping, he found voids, then with a pick he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.

Already in 1986, French specialists applied special apparatus and with the help of technology, they also discovered cavities that were thicker than other masonry made of stone. Then specialists from Japan used special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the whole and the rest of the area to the Sphinx. Studies have shown many voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get there. And those rooms that scientists could explore did not give results. No mummy was found there, or even any remnants of material culture.

So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after a few centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.

The Caliph's Entry into the Egyptian Pyramid

In proof of the theory that it was initially empty, one historical fact can be cited. In IX, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun with his detachment penetrated into. When they got inside the king's chamber, they were supposed to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything seemed to have been cleaned up, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.

This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all built by the III and IV dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial were ever found. Some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is also another secret.

In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. It contained a sarcophagus. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it was empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then came out already deified. However, this does not seem like a rational assumption. Most of all, faith is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.

This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - the Damascus Tables. Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the bowels of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.

An Alternative Approach to the Study of the Egyptian Pyramids

There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to geologists' research, a pyramid is a clot of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many people are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid became sharp again for some time.

It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for processing energy into another more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.

This theory goes far beyond official science. However, it still exists and it has its followers. Various scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures. different ways. Many ambiguities remain. Even elementary - how such massive structures have been preserved for thousands of years. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.

It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long since collapsed. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the top lining fell off the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.

The secret of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

Since the 19th century many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they came to amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the plates is matched to the nearest millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not allow even a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants of that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.

The width between granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. This is ingenious and incomprehensible. This is the accuracy that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. Still striking are the right angles and the exact symmetry between the four sides. But even more main secret is who, after all, brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built the pyramids. But there is a problem with evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is not clear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.

The secret of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids

Assumptions are made that simply a modern person does not even know what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible to build what has been built without modern jacks and other tools.

Sometimes versions are put forward that are simply absurd at first glance - what kind of technologies were they, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations. Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such construction. This could be done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.

Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved in Right place. Yes, and 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians. On the territory of Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.

It is also interesting that no even hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption about the levitation technique is put forward. Based on the myths and traditions of the ancient peoples, in this regard, you can extract a lot useful information. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, such a theory explains a lot.

Egyptian pyramids and mysteries around them

Of course, even alternative versions, if we are to be objective, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what kind of structures these are. It immediately becomes clear that this is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by hand. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again not a simple one. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.

Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses who are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But they then put forward other versions. They accurately determined that in order to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription with a length of more than 1.5 km would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would be three times the volume of the pyramid itself. There is also the question of what to build. It would be impossible to build with simple soil, as they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.

Another mystery is what tools were used to build the blocks. Yes, and generally built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version in this matter. There are many mysteries still inaccessible to man. Here were given both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And so such alternative versions also have the right to exist.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video

In the distant hot sands of Egypt, a man-made wonder of the world has been created, exciting the minds of researchers from different times. How many theories and hypotheses about their construction and purpose have already been expressed! The mysteries and mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids disturb not only scientists, but also ordinary people. How were such gigantic structures erected in antiquity? Involuntarily you begin to think about the intervention of extraterrestrial civilizations.

Who built the Egyptian pyramids

The Soviet occultist H. P. Blavatsky believes that the pyramids were built not 2500 BC, but 75 years earlier. And they were supposed to store the gene pool of humanity - the Atlanteans, who erected the pyramids.

Nostradamus also expressed his opinion that the people of Atlantis built the pyramids, but they did it not by mechanical influences on the blocks, but mentally acted on gravity.

Thanks to scientific research, we know about the voids under the pyramids, as well as under the Sphinx. Scientists launched a robot into the mines lower tier, but he did not go far - every now and then he came across limestone doors.

Giant structures are literally riddled with mines, channels and voids along their entire length! And it has already been scientifically proven that all mines and canals were laid according to maps of the starry sky. By center line there is a vertical channel - supposedly for communication with the ancestors or the universal mind.

There are also a large number of rooms that have nothing to do with the burial rite. During the excavations, lanterns of weak light were found - they were used in painting and arranging inside the pyramids.

The mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids are directly connected with Imhotep. His activities left an imprint on the entire history of Egypt - from 2630 BC. e. It is he who is the high priest and chief adviser to the pharaoh. It was he who created the project of the first pyramid of stone blocks. He was considered the god of medicine, architecture and philosophy.

Who actually built them? This question worries every person who is at least somewhat interested in the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Slave labor, primitive tools and less than 40 years of construction for each - and such a result ?! After all, they did not even have modern technology ...

And pyramids were built from stones mined in the Aswan quarries, which are located in the Macedonian mountains - tens of kilometers from Giza. The Egyptians indicated that they transported the stones along the Nile in boats, and then rolled them to the construction site. But the boats are light - they would easily sink from the weight of at least one such block. And even if the stones would roll, there would be a road and pieces breaking off from the blocks.

Date palms with very soft wood would not hold a single block, and there were not enough palms themselves to support such a large-scale construction.

The weight of the pyramid is 6500 billion tons. The construction took 2,300,000 stone blocks. Not only did the blocks have to be mined and delivered to the appointed place, they had to be dragged to great height. According to scientists, it turned out that 20,000 workers, placing 10 monoliths each, would have spent 664 years to complete the construction of a giant structure. But it’s not realistic for a pharaoh to live a good six hundred years!

The frescoes of Khufu's pyramid depict figures very similar to airplanes, helicopters, ships and submarines. But how could the Egyptians know about such technologies? How was it possible to carve images so similar to modern technology? Here it remains only to shrug. So far, we don't know the answer.

There are more than seventy Egyptian pyramids, but only three of them have become the most famous. These are the tombs of the pharaohs located in Giza - the pyramids of Khafre (Khafra), Cheops (Khufu) and Mekerin (Menkaur). It is with them that most of the mysterious legends and inexplicable incidents are associated.

It is impossible to say with certainty that today all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have been unraveled, because their priests were very resourceful and resourceful. Perhaps our researchers have yet to unravel the mysteries of the Sphinx, and penetrate into the very essence of Egyptian architecture, science and magic...

Secrets of the Pyramid of Khafre

The height of this structure is 136.5 meters. Its structure is relatively simple - two entrances located on the north side and two chambers. Khafre's pyramid was built from stone blocks of different sizes, and lined with white limestone slabs. The top of the pharaoh's tomb is made of beautiful yellow limestone.

It is not safe to try to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids! Proof of this is the event that happened to tourists in 1984. An impressive line stood in front of the entrance to the tunnel leading deep into the pyramid of Khafre. Everyone was waiting for the arrival of the group, which went to a compact room with a sarcophagus - the tomb of Pharaoh Khafre, in which the lord's mummy was once sealed. It is believed that this pharaoh, in addition to his pyramid, built a mysterious man-lion - Great Sphinx.

Finally the tourists returned, but what happened to them! People were choking with coughs, staggering from weakness and nausea, their eyes reddened. Later, the tourists said that all at the same time felt irritation in the respiratory tract, pain in the eyes, and experienced severe lacrimation. The victims were given medical assistance, they were examined, but... No abnormalities were found. People were told that the tomb of the pharaoh was probably filled with some mysterious gas that had leaked into the tomb in an unknown way.

The tomb was closed, and a commission was urgently convened to solve this mystery of the Egyptian pyramid. Experts put forward several working versions - the appearance of caustic gases from faults in the bowels earth's crust, the actions of unknown intruders and even intervention. But according to the most interesting version, one of the ancient traps equipped by priests against robbers could be located in the tomb of the pharaoh.

Tomb of the pharaoh Menkaure

The Greeks called the son and heir of Khafre Mykerin. To this ruler belongs to the smallest of the famous great pyramids. The original height of the structure was 66 meters, today's - 55.5 meters. Side length - 103.4 meters. The entrance is located on the northern wall, part of the cladding has been preserved there. The tomb of Menkaure also contributed to the formation of legends about the Egyptian pyramids.

In 1837, the Pyramid of Menkaure was discovered by the English Colonel Howard Vance. In the golden chamber of the tomb, he discovered a sarcophagus made of basalt, as well as a wooden coffin lid carved in the form of a human figure. This find has been dated as belonging to the era of early Christianity. The sarcophagus was never delivered to England - the ship carrying it from Egypt sank.

There is a legend that the Egyptians adopted some secrets from the Atlanteans who arrived in their country. So, for example, it is believed that the effect it has on the cells of a living organism depends on the mass and shape of the pyramid. The pyramid can both destroy and heal from diseases. It is known that the influence of the field of the Mykerin pyramid is so great that tourists who have been in its critical zone for a long time,. Some people entering the tomb of Pharaoh Mikerin faint, and feel a sharp deterioration in well-being. You should not try to unravel the mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids by trial and error.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

The records of the Greek historian Herodotus indicate that the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops was being built for more than 20 years. During this period, approximately 100,000 people were permanently employed at the construction site. The body of the legendary pyramid of Cheops consists of 128 layers of stone, the outer edges of the structure were lined with snow-white limestone. It should be noted that the facing plates are fitted with such precision that even a knife blade cannot be inserted into the gap between them.

Many researchers tried to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Egyptian archaeologist Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim discovered an ancient Egyptian pyramid with an alabaster sarcophagus inside. When the excavation was coming to an end, one of the stone blocks collapsed, taking several workers with it. There was nothing in the sarcophagus raised to the surface.

The Englishman Paul Brighton, having heard that many tourists visiting the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops, complain about the deterioration of health, decided to experience the influence of the pyramid on himself. The indefatigable researcher penetrated directly into the burial room of Cheops, which ended very badly for him. After some time, Brighton was discovered and removed from there. The Englishman was in a semi-conscious state, he later admitted that he had lost consciousness from indescribable horror.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamen

The autumn of 1922 forever left its mark on the history of the development of archaeological science - the English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the pyramid of Tutankhamun. On February 16, 1923, Carter and Lord Carnarvon (the philanthropist who financed this enterprise) opened the tomb in the presence of several witnesses.

In the room of the sarcophagus there was a tablet containing an inscription in ancient Egyptian, which was later deciphered. The inscription read: "Anyone who disturbs the peace of the Pharaoh, death will overtake with quick steps." When the archaeologist deciphered the tablet, he hid it so as not to embarrass his companions and workers with this warning.

Further events developed at a rapid pace. Even before the pharaoh's tomb was opened, Lord Carnarvon received a letter from Count Haimon, an English clairvoyant. In this letter, the count warned Carnarvon that if he penetrated the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamun, then he would face a disease that would lead to death. This message greatly alarmed the lord, and he decided to seek advice from a famous fortuneteller named Velma. The clairvoyant repeated Count Haimon's warning almost word for word. Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the excavations, but preparations for them had already gone too far. Involuntarily, he had to challenge the mystical forces guarding the pharaoh's tomb...

Lord Carnarvon, 57, suddenly fell ill just six weeks later. At first, doctors believed that this disease was the result of a mosquito bite. Then it turned out that the lord cut himself while shaving. But be that as it may, the lord soon died, and the cause of his death remained unclear.

This incident is not limited to the death of Lord Carnarvon alone. During the year, five more members of this expedition die, having penetrated the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Among them were conservation specialist Mace, English literature professor La Fleur, Carter's secretary Richard Befil, and radiologist Wood. Mace died in the same hotel where Carnarvon died, also of an unexplained cause. Before his death, he began to complain of bouts of weakness, experienced melancholy and apathy. Within a few years, 22 people died suddenly and transiently, in one way or another related to the excavations and research of the tomb of the pharaoh.

Strange, but true: Lord Canterville transported on the Titanic the perfectly preserved mummy of Amenophis the Fourth, an Egyptian soothsayer who lived during the time of Amenhotep the Fourth. This mummy was removed from a small tomb, over which a temple towered. Her peace was protected by those who accompanied the mummy on this journey. Under the head of the mummy was a tablet with the inscription and the image of Osiris. The inscription read: "Wake up from the swoon in which you are, and triumph over all sorts of intrigues against you."

Why were the pyramids of Giza built?

Such majestic structures could be not only the tombs of the pharaohs. The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not been solved to this day. And yet there are some assumptions regarding their purpose. Pyramids can be
- encyclopedias of knowledge, a kind of treasure trove of Egyptian wisdom ();
- astronomical observatories;
- barriers against the sands coming from the desert;
- standards of architecture;
- alien information capsules;
- frontier fortresses and even a mooring for Noah's ark.

And this is only a small part of the assumptions made regarding these architectural structures. As you can see, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not yet been unraveled...

One of these unsolved mysteries- the fantastic speed of construction with which each tomb of the pharaoh was built. Scientists calculated it based on the life expectancy of the rulers, the time of the Nile flood, and other factors. It turned out that every minute 4 blocks were mounted, and every hour - 240! And this is only with the help of primitive mechanisms - levers, ropes, etc. There is even an incredible suggestion that the Egyptian priests possessed the secret of overcoming the law of attraction.

Who will master all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids? What power lies within these timeless walls? Perhaps we have yet to witness the discoveries of modern researchers. Or maybe the tomb of the pharaoh is waiting for you?

pyramids ancient egypt: secrets, riddles, structure, architecture and internal structure of the pyramids of ancient Egypt

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Pyramid of Djoser

Deciding on this trip is definitely worth it, if only out of curiosity. After all, the pyramid of Djoser is recognized as the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid. Yes, yes, this is the first pyramid in Egypt, and it was built in honor of the ruler Djoser by the architect and close associate of the pharaoh Imhotep.

Pyramids of Egypt - unique monument architecture, which has remained for centuries thanks to the mysterious builders who managed to create structures so strong that no natural disasters and destructive wars could completely destroy these ancient Egyptian necropolises. The riddle of the pyramids has not yet been solved: it is impossible to speak with confidence either about the method of their construction, or about who acted as the main labor force. Now in Egypt there are about 118 pyramids, the largest of which were built during reign III and IV dynasties of the pharaohs, that is, during the period of the so-called Old Kingdom. There are two types of pyramids: stepped and regular. The structures of the first type are considered the oldest. For example, the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser, dating back to 2650 BC. e.

Necropolis in Greek means "city of the dead" and is a cemetery, usually located on the outskirts of the city. Egyptian pyramids - one of the varieties of this kind of burial - served as monumental tombs for the pharaohs.

What do we know about the pyramids of Egypt?

For the first time, they learned about the pyramids thanks to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. Traveling in Egypt, he was struck by the famous pyramids of Giza and immediately ranked one of them, dedicated to Cheops, among the seven wonders of the world. Moreover, it was Herodotus who created the legend about how these structures were built. As soon as the pyramids became the object of research by scientists, and this happened only two hundred years ago, this legend immediately became a historical truth, the reliability of which was refuted not so long ago.

How were the ancient pyramids built?

Until our time, safe and sound, not so much has come down as we would like. Numerous vandals who plundered the pyramids for the treasures hidden inside, and locals, who broke out stone blocks for the construction of palaces and mosques, destroyed part of the external and internal appearance. So, the Pink or Northern Pyramid from Dahshur (26 km south of Cairo) got its name because of the color of the stone, turning pink in the rays of the setting Sun. However, she wasn't always like this. Previously, the structure was covered with white limestone, which was completely used to build houses in Cairo.

For a long time it was believed that people who violate the peace of the pharaohs, the ancient gods doom to death. This was confirmed by the legend of the curse of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, according to which everyone who participated in the opening of the grave had to die within a few years. And indeed, by 1929 (the tomb was opened in 1922), 22 people, one way or another involved in the autopsy, died. Whether the reason was the magic of Ancient Egypt or the poison laid in the sarcophagus during burial, it remains to be seen.

It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs.

Architecture and internal structure of the pyramids

Pyramids were only part of the ritual-burial complex. Next to each of them were two temples, one side by side, and the other much lower, so that its foot was washed by the waters of the Nile. Pyramids and temples were connected by alleys. An analogue of an alley of a similar plan can be seen in Luxor. The famous Luxor and Karnak temples were united by an alley of sphinxes that has partially survived to our time. The pyramids of Giza practically did not preserve their temples and alleys: only the lower temple of Khafre, the pharaoh of the IV dynasty, remained long time believed to be the temple of the Great Sphinx.

The internal structure of the pyramids implied the obligatory presence of a chamber where the sarcophagus with a mummy was located, and cut passages to this chamber. Sometimes religious texts were placed there. Thus, the interior of the pyramids in Saqqara, an Egyptian village 30 km from Cairo, contained the oldest works of funeral literature that have come down to us.

It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs. The ancient Egyptian name for this first monumental sculpture in the world has not survived to our time. Only the Greek version of the designation remained in history. Medieval Arabs called the Sphinx "the father of horror."

Modern Egyptologists suggest that the construction of the pyramids was carried out in several stages. Moreover, sometimes the size of the tomb in the process of creation increased several times in comparison with the original project. Pharaohs built their tomb for many years. Only earthworks and leveling the site for the future construction required at least ten. Pharaoh Cheops took twenty years to build the largest pyramid to date. The workers who built the tombs were not at all slaves tortured to death. Moreover, archaeological excavations have shown that they were kept in fairly decent conditions, treated and fed normally. However, it is still not known exactly how the huge stone blocks got to the very top. It is only obvious that the construction technique has changed over time, and later buildings were built differently than the first ones.

At the end of the 20th century, architects established that the pyramids were perfect structures, with mathematically correct proportions.

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The Egyptian pyramids - the only one of the "seven wonders of the world" that has come down to us - for many centuries not only cause surprise, but also attract researchers from around the world. Archaeologists, Egyptologists, mathematicians, and today physicists, chemists and architects put forward various hypotheses and assumptions, trying to understand the purpose of the pyramids and explain how 5 thousand years ago, builders, possessing only primitive tools and tools, were able to erect megaliths, striking even our contemporaries with its grandiosity and accuracy of engineering calculations. This is the opinion of official or, in other words, orthodox Egyptology...

More than 90 pyramids have survived to our time. Some of them have collapsed over time, despite the fact that there is such an Arabic proverb: “Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of the pyramids!” Part of the pyramids is currently covered with sand. The pyramids are located on a rocky plateau that separates the fertile Nile Valley from the dead Libyan wasteland.

neither. They rise, lined up for 65 kilometers from Cairo to Fayum, as if on a huge front square, where the Egyptian god of the Sun conducts a daily review of them,

Scientists believe that there were much more pyramids in ancient Egypt than have been discovered today. In this regard, in recent decades, international scientific expeditions have carried out intensive excavations, for example, in the Saqqara region (south of Cairo), where the most ancient pyramid pharaoh Djoser.

According to indirect data, it is there that similar structures should be hidden. Back in the early 1980s, attempts were made to carry out excavations in the depths of sand deposits, but they did not lead to anything. Success came when archaeologists decided to demolish the top of one of sand hills. Beneath it was masonry, and soon another stepped pyramid was discovered, built of massive monoliths. According to preliminary data, this tomb was built 4700 years ago. On her full study it will take a lot of time...

None of the monuments of antiquity, in all likelihood, was the subject of such reverent attitude, and none of them was heaped up with so much pseudo-scientific and almost mystical nonsense, as about the three pyramids - Cheops (Khufu), Khafre (Khafra) and "Mykerin". (Menkaura).

In a burst of enthusiasm never seen before or since, the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty are believed to have built these pyramids between 2700 and 2550 BC. To implement their plans, 11 million cubic meters of stone were broken out in quarries, delivered to the construction site and laid in the bodies of the pyramids, in temples and pavements.

Granite for finishing the pyramids in Giza was transported, for example, from the Aswan region, 1000 kilometers away. Meanwhile, Egypt of the era of the Ancient and Middle Kingdom did not yet know the wheel. It appeared in this country only in the 17th century BC.

AD, during the era of the Hyksos invasion. But the wheel would still be of little use, since under such a weight it would bog down on its hub in soft muddy soil ...; In spite of Scientific research, carried out for more than one century, despite numerous excavations and a whole stream of highly scientific works, no one to this day knows exactly how the ancient Egyptians delivered

stone blocks from the quarries to the pyramids, what methods of organization of work and geodetic techniques they used to achieve incredible accuracy in the construction of these gigantic structures.

A lot of controversy has happened and is happening now about the purpose of the pyramids, but for some reason, the pyramid of Cheops alone has always served as the starting point for both numerous studies and for formulating various hypotheses, conjectures and even fictions ... Such an assumption, however, has certain grounds, since there is an opinion that all the other pyramids of Egypt are just an attempt to imitate it without understanding and intention to put some special scientific meaning into their construction.

It is strange that the pyramid of Cheops is not mentioned in the early Egyptian written sources. The first mention of it is found among the Greeks and Romans who traveled through Egypt. However, there is an alternative point of view that, it would seem, there is no reason to believe that this pyramid had a different purpose than the other 90 of its smaller and even very small “sisters”...

And yet, numerous circumstances make it possible to give the pyramid of Cheops the “palm tree” among other contenders for research. First of all, it is really a “pyramid of pyramids” (or the Great Pyramid). For example, it is built so carefully that the gaps between its stone blocks are no more than 5 millimeters wide; one side of the base is only 20 centimeters longer than the other - this is an error of only 0.0009%! .. Its faces are quite accurately oriented to the cardinal points, and the deviation from the true north-south direction is approximately only 5 minutes of arc.

The Pyramid of Cheops was built from two and a half million blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons (the heaviest about 15 tons); its height is 147 meters, the length of the side of the base is 230 meters; volume - more

2.5 million cubic meters; this structure weighs more than six million tons ...

Many people came to the pyramids. You can’t count how many there were - conquerors and adventurers, ordinary robbers and civilized marauders who transported the treasures of ancient Egyptian culture to European museums and private collections, scientists and madmen, travelers and military intelligence officers ... severity, and silent beauty...

INCIDENT IN THE PYRAMID OF KHEFREN

The event, which will be discussed below, occurred in April 1984. As always, the Pyramid of Khafre - the second largest on the Giza plateau after the majestic Great Pyramid - were tourists. A rather impressive line stood at the entrance to the tunnel leading into the bowels of the pyramid. They were waiting for a group of tourists to appear from the dark passage, who had gone earlier to the burial chamber of Khafre - a small room with an empty sarcophagus, where the mummy of the ruler once was, who, in addition to his pyramid, is believed to have built the Great Sphinx - the mysterious “human kolva".

And finally they appeared, but in what form! People climbed out of the tunnel, choking with coughs, red-eyed, staggering with nausea and weakness. Then the tourists said that they all felt pain in the eyes, irritation in the respiratory tract, severe lacrimation. Many later claimed that it was difficult for them to breathe.

They tried to provide first aid to the injured tourists, during which it turned out that the best medicine is fresh air. Nevertheless, they were subjected to a rigorous medical examination, but no concrete results, despite numerous

analyzes, it did not give. It was announced that a mysterious gas had leaked into the pyramid through unknown means.

The pyramid was closed to visitors, a special commission was urgently created. She had to determine the source and chemical composition of the gas, which, it was believed, had neither color nor smell and spread throughout the few rooms of the pyramid. Those responsible for tourism in Egypt only shrugged their shoulders, and the local and world press once again remembered the “curse of the pharaohs”, which we will talk about a little later...

Immediately after the incident with tourists in the pyramid of Khafre, several working hypotheses were put forward, trying to explain what happened. According to one of them, gases dangerous to humans could emerge from the bowels of the earth through faults in the earth's crust; on the other - it was caustic gases from the Cairo sewer, somehow penetrated into the pyramid; according to the third, these are the actions of a certain intruder who released an unknown gas into the premises of the pyramid and whose handkerchief with a suspiciously irritating smell was allegedly found...

However, the most interesting version for historians is the one that claims that the unknown gas that appeared in the pyramid is clearly artificial. In other words, that he is one of the traps that the ancient builders built on the path of the robbers who attempted on the tombs of the pharaohs, their relatives, high officials and generally rich people.

This version has the right to exist. The fact is that the ancient Egyptians really robbed their rich dead. There are a large number of papyri from the end of the New Kingdom, telling about lawsuits over the defilers of tombs, who were a constant object of desire for treasure hunters of all stripes and ranks. Judging by the testimonies of the defendants and witnesses, everyone was robbed - from priests and superiors to simple slaves.

Gangs of robbers literally followed on the heels of the funeral processions, hoping to profit at the expense of the pharaohs... The builders secretly made plans for the tombs, colluded with the guards, and sometimes with the priests. And calmly carried the treasures out. If it was not possible to agree, such plans were left as a legacy to the children, who later carried out what their fathers had planned.

As an example, we can recall the robbery in Giza of the tomb of Queen Hetep-Heres, the mother of Pharaoh Cheops. She was robbed almost the day after the funeral. But the dignitaries in charge of security were afraid to tell the truth to the ruling pharaoh. They only reported that there was an attempted robbery, but everything remained untouched. And then, in the dead of night, secretly from everyone, including the pharaoh, they transferred all the valuables that were still in the tomb to another place...

Historical facts show that, despite the blind walling up of the tombs and all kinds of traps (“wolf pits”; labyrinths; stone blocks falling from above that blocked entrances and exits; filling the premises with tons of sand falling from above, etc.), almost all the ancient tombs were robbed...

But let's get back to our story... The Egyptian Ministry of Culture and the Department of Antiquities "liked" the version of the intruder, which was immediately adopted by them. True, representatives of the Chefren pyramid were also summoned to the area chemical service Egyptian army. They took air samples from all the corridors, manholes and interior of the pyramid for the necessary analyzes, but no official results were reported.

From this, conclusions were drawn that there really was a dangerous basin in the pyramid; but they do not want to report this, so as not to allegedly scare off visitors. Now the Khafre pyramid has long been “rehabilitated” and, as before, accepts tourists. However, although a small, but unresolved mystery at the pyramid of Khafre still remains ...

ASPERGILUS FLAVUS - “CURSE OF THE PHAROAHS”

For a long time there have been legends that the pharaohs take revenge on people who risked violating their eternal peace ... These legends about the so-called curse of the pharaohs are usually associated with the famous Valley of the Kings, which is located near the present Luxor and which the rulers of Ancient Egypt chose during the New Kingdom as his final resting place. About eighty years ago, in November 1922, a certain Howard Carter, a young and ambitious English archaeologist, was excavating the tomb of Tutankhamen. He managed to open the only burial chamber in it, almost untouched by robbers. The word “almost” is used here because next to the tomb were three skeletons of ancient robbers who did not have time to carry away the rich booty...

Until recently, it was believed that the scientist and his titled patron Lord Carnarvon, who paid for the expenses of the expedition for many years, only looked through the well at the found tomb and immediately called the Egyptian authorities. It turned out, however, that before the arrival of the officials, Carter and Carnarvon managed to “add” the most valuable things to their personal collections. This belated but sensational statement was made by the former director of the American Metropolitan Museum of Art Hoving in the book “In Search of Tutankhamun” published in the late 70s of the 20th century. Its author notes that subsequently the stolen treasures were sold to American museums, whose directors diligently concealed the origin of these exhibits... But let's return to the tomb of Tutankhamen,..

From the bottom to the very top, it was filled with wonderful works of art of the ancient Egyptians. With the accuracy of a scholar, Carter later described this historical event, each of the things found and handed over to the Egyptian authorities. But missed two details, although they are,

according to some witnesses, they immediately catch the eye. The first of them is a clay stele, or, more precisely, the inscription on it:

"Death on its wings will come to those who disturb the rest of the pharaoh."

No less sinister was the second inscription - on the statue of the guardian angel at the entrance to the tomb:

“It is I who drives away the tomb robbers with the flames of the desert, I am the guardian of the tomb of Tutankhamun.”

And then the incomprehensible happened: within a few months, out of the twenty who were present at the opening of the seals, thirteen people left for another world. And mostly under strange circumstances...

On November 26, 1922, Carter, together with Carnarvon, who financed the excavations, opened the pharaoh's sarcophagus, and on April 6, 1923, Lord Carnarvon died unexpectedly at the Continental Hotel, suffering from a fever caused by a mosquito bite.

In the same Continental Hotel, the American archaeologist Arthur Mace, who was present at the sacrament and the feast of the opening of the tomb, died of an unknown transient disease. The first victims were followed by others: the wife of Carnarvon died from an insect bite, the radiologist View, who shone through the pharaoh's mummy right in the tomb, the English writer La Fleur, the conservation specialist Mace and Carter's secretary, Richard Befil. By 1930, of the direct participants in the excavations, only Howard Carter survived ...

And in the early 1980s, this sad list of “victims of the tomb” was replenished. On this list were the pilot and flight engineer of the English military aircraft, on which the treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun were delivered in 1972 to London. Both died of heart attacks. Other members of the crew were also injured": one broke his leg,

the house of another burned down, the only woman on board became seriously ill, and her husband divorced her ...

Soon another "victim" was found, this time on the American continent. It turned out to be San Francisco police lieutenant George Lebarsh, who guarded the exposition of Tutankhamun's treasures in 1978 when she was in the United States. His post was just opposite the golden mask of the Egyptian pharaoh. A year later, the policeman was paralyzed, and three years later, Lebarsh filed a claim with the San Francisco courts for damages in the amount of about 20 thousand dollars. He claimed that the cause of his illness and disability was “the curse of the pharaoh.”

“The Egyptians believe in a curse placed by the god of death, Osiris, on anyone who disturbs the dead,” Lebarsh's lawyer said. “Was my ward another victim?” Deputy City Attorney Dan Maguire called the argument "far-fetched" and adjourned the hearing. Lebarsh, apparently, still lost his claim, since a positive court decision in this case would have become a “world sensation” ...

Attempts to explain the mysterious series of deaths associated with the "curse of the pharaohs" on a scientific basis have not yielded results. He remembered, of course, that the priests supplied the tombs with various traps against those who encroached on the wealth of the deceased pharaohs. The notorious “bioenergy”, which the ancient Egyptians allegedly owned, did not go unnoticed. But all these assumptions did not explain the main thing: what caused the death of many researchers?

Some scientists expressed the opinion that pathogens unknown to science, in particular viruses, which have amazing vitality, became the cause of death. This hypothesis was recalled when a similar incident occurred in Poland.

A mysterious death befell most of the fourteen who participated in the 1973 autopsy in the crypt of the Wawel Castle of the tomb of the Polish King Casimir IV

Jagiellon, who ruled from 1447 to 1492. The procedure was not very long, but its results were deplorable: soon after it, of those who were present in the crypt, only two survived. The rest died from lung diseases or from general poisoning (intoxication) of the body.

The Krakow version of the “curse” prompted scholars to study in detail the circumstances of this drama. As a result of the analysis, not only unknown bacteria were found in the sarcophagus, but also one particularly aggressive microbe, which is usually found in swampy areas and buildings rotten from moisture. This microbe was found in the tissues of the body of King Casimir IV, and later in many ancient Egyptian mummies.

Previously, scientists did not assume that this microbe, whose Latin name is “aspergilus flavus”, can live hundreds of years underground without air access and retain its qualities.

The microbes in question are ubiquitous: they are in spoiled food products, in soil and water. They don't do much harm to humans. However, their colonies, living for hundreds of years in one place and systematically poisoning their habitat, gradually become poisonous themselves. This microbe is especially dangerous for people whose body is already weakened by the disease ...

So, for example, French researchers found that almost everyone who fell victim to the “curse of the pharaohs” suffered from pulmonary or bronchial diseases. Lord Carnarvon's lungs were damaged after a car accident, and therefore he spent winter months in the warm and mild climate of Egypt.

In fact, "Aspergilus flavus" always attacks the weakest organ in the human body, and since everyone dies from various causes - hemorrhage, heart attack, cancer - no one associates the consequences with a common cause. When they tried to unravel the "curse of the pharaohs", the mechanism of action of this microbe was not yet known. So far, the question of whether “Asper-

gilus flavus” in Jagiellonian’s phobic by accident or it was placed there deliberately.

This is the topic of special studies, which, perhaps, would confirm the hypothesis that both in Ancient Egypt and in the era of the Jagiellonian, there was special method protection of the perishable remains from future robbers, who will sooner or later be punished. Some Polish researchers claim that similar methods were used, for example, during the burial of Lithuanian princes.

So, for a long time, the “curse of the pharaohs” remained an unsolved phenomenon, but then an alleged “beam of light in the dark kingdom” appeared, namely: the microbe “Aspergilus flavus” ... However, several decades later it turned out that the terrible “curse of the pharaohs” protects not only ancient tombs ... For example, the Soviets suddenly began to feel it, and now Russian soldiers and officers who are in underground bunkers launchers strategic missiles.

High fever, headache, chills, and then loss of consciousness - in general, everything that archaeologists from the “Lord Carnarvon team” felt before they died. True, mortality was not total, as in the case of the expedition of the English lord ... When the unconscious duty officers were raised to the surface, they were gradually cured with antibiotics. But this unusual and inexplicable phenomenon gave rise to mystical fear among rocket scientists. The microbiologists, who came to the rescue here, found that the “curse of the pharaohs” that manifested itself in rocket scientists is the result of exposure to a microscopic pathogenic fungus that lives mainly in the dark ...

In the early 90s of the 20th century, a professor of medicine from the University of Cairo, Seind Mohammed Sabet, made a discovery that, to a certain extent, sheds light on the problem of the “curse of the pharaohs”.

Accidentally walking with a radioactivity counter through the Mummy Gallery in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, he discovered

lived that the counter began to register an increase in the level of radiation. Subsequent studies of two dozen mummies confirmed that each of them is a source of radioactivity. What could this mean?..

According to the assumption of Professor Sabet, the radioactive substance is contained either in the "stone heart" of the pharaoh, or in the so-called heart scarab - a small box that is necessarily present in every mummy. As an indirect confirmation of his hypothesis, Sabet refers to the fact that when he tried to examine the mummies using X-rays, it did not work: the film behaved as if in the presence of an intense source of radioactivity.

According to atomic scientist Luis Bulgarini, “the inexplicable weakness and impairment of brain activity that many pyramid explorers suffered from is a consequence of exposure to radiation.” Apparently the priests used uranium ore(which is still mined in Egypt today) for lining the tombs of the pharaohs.

It turns out that the legend of the “curse of the pharaohs” has a real basis: a substance that emits deadly rays was known to the Egyptians five thousand years ago? ..

“JAPANESE” MINI PYRAMID OF GIZA

To unravel the secrets of the creation of the pyramids, Egyptologists have tried many different methods. But perhaps the most unusual and expensive was the method proposed in the late 1970s by the Japanese television company Nippon. In collaboration with researchers at Waseda University, the company built a fourth mini-pyramid next to the three famous ones in Giza.

It was assumed that the purpose of this scientific experiment would be to find out how the ancient Egyptians were able to create these wonderful structures. In the same

time in Egypt, it became known about the discovery of a group of archaeologists who were excavating in the area of ​​​​the burial place of Pharaoh Amenemhat II. Inside his tomb, belonging to late XIX century BC, they discovered ... a model of a pyramid unknown to this day with all the interiors and passages. This find undoubtedly helped to understand the secrets of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and, of course, was used by Japanese specialists to implement their project.

The “Japanese” pyramid was built of granite and reached a height of about 20 meters, and its width was about 29 meters. It took several months to build the Japanese “wonder of the world of the 20th century”, several thousand people were employed in all these “events”.

During the construction, following the recommendations of historians, the techniques used, as it was believed, were used in the time of the pharaohs. So, for example, more than 70 Egyptian workers, using primitive tools, hewn stone blocks delivered from Helwan; a gentle sand embankment was erected, along which these blocks were lifted up on special carts, and successively formed more and more new rows of mini-pyramids, etc.

However, contrary to the intentions of Japanese scientists, they were by no means able to follow the methods of the ancient masters exactly at all stages of construction. Firstly, facing slabs were hewn not with stone, but with metal tools. Secondly, a crane had to be used in the final stages of construction, as the inclined plane was too steep to pull the stone blocks of the last tiers up it.

Nevertheless, cameramen carefully recorded on film every stage of the construction of the mini-pyramid, details of the life of Egyptian workers, and so on. It was assumed that no matter how much this unusual project would expand our understanding of ancient Egypt, the television films filmed here will

five expensive experiment. This was especially important because, under the terms of the contract, the Nippon company was obliged to dismantle the mini-pyramid immediately after shooting. last frame about its construction.

The Egyptian press recognized the Japanese construction of a mini-pyramid as a failed experiment and almost immediately started talking about the notorious “curse of the pharaohs”, which is allegedly experienced by all those who are trying to unravel the secrets of the ancient Egyptian pyramids and tombs. . If in the 20s and subsequent years of the 20th century, after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the Egyptian newspapers reported, the “anger” of the pharaohs turned against English archaeologists and their assistants, now the “curse” has fallen on Japanese specialists who built a small copy of this next to the pyramid of Cheops wonders of the ancient world. So, the head of construction was paralyzed, and two other Japanese specialists received serious head injuries under mysterious circumstances.

Cairo newspapers saw the result of the "curse of the pharaohs" in the fact that Japanese scientists and builders did not fulfill their task: they did not answer the main questions that were put before them.

The Japanese “wonder of the world of the 20th century” was dismantled in accordance with the agreement, and the mystery of the construction of the great pyramids remained, as before, unsolved ...

WHEN AND WHO BUILT THE PYRAMID OF CHEOPS?

The Great Pyramid... The Pyramid of Cheops... It is strange, but not a single archaeological structure in the whole world has been studied for such a long time and so scrupulously as this artificial “stone mountain”... Basically, the article answers the questions posed in the title of this subsection A. Petukhov "Pyramids - anti-nuclear shelters?", with the main theses of which we will acquaint readers.

Describing the Great Pyramid - this is a miracle of the Ancient World, Herodotus (V century BC) and other travelers who visited Egypt at different times, referring to the testimony of local priests, certainly noted that the most enormous stone pyramid was built in the era of the Old Kingdom by order of Pharaoh Cheops. It happened over 4500 years ago. This opinion is so well established in our minds that few people ask themselves the question: “Is this true? Could this particular pharaoh have built it by the day of his death?”

As Herodotus writes, 100,000 people worked in hard labor conditions for the construction of this pyramid-tomb for ten years, and it took ten years to build access roads alone. According to our current understanding, all this work was 95% done by hand, and the total weight of the processed and laid stone blocks is 6.5 million tons! Calculations of the effectiveness of the use of muscular strength show that even a 100,000-strong army of builders would not be able to cope with this work in 30 years ...

As you can see, the riddle in this case is not so much the parameters as the timing of the construction of the pyramid.

It turns out that Cheops ruled for only 23 years ... Here is a problem: he couldn’t give the order to build his own tomb without becoming a pharaoh? If he gave the order to start construction work on the day of accession to the throne, then where was his mummy kept for seven years? After all, according to ancient Egyptian customs, the soul of the deceased pharaoh found peace in the afterlife only after performing honors corresponding to his rank during the funeral and burying the body in a pyramid specially designed for this.

About 140 years ago, some Egyptologists expressed doubts that the Great Pyramid of Giza is related to Pharaoh Cheops: The fact is that in 1850 a stone stele was excavated near the pyramid, which, in addition to self-praise to Cheops, contained information that the Great Pyramid and

The Great Sphinx had long been standing in its place by the time the pharaoh appeared on the historical arena...

Immediately, a group of scientists formed who unequivocally declared the stele a fake, since the information contained on it in no way fit into long-established dogmas. Moreover, about a decade and a half earlier, inscriptions were “opened” inside the pyramid of Cheops, which were interpreted as the “brands” of masons, allegedly “stamped” on stone in the 18th year of the reign of Cheops.

It is possible that until now there would have been endless disputes over whose hieroglyphs are “true” (on the stele or blocks of the pyramid), if not for the research of the amateur historian Zakhary Sitchin. He proved that the main organizer of the falsification with “brands” was ... an English millionaire, Colonel of the colonial troops R. Howard Wiese, who was infected with the fever of archaeological discoveries.

It must be said that the forgery of the "brands" recorded in the diary entries of the colonel's assistant-secretary was very rude. So, for example, the inscriptions were made in “hierarchical writing”, which appeared only several centuries after the reign of Cheops; gross errors were made in them that were not characteristic of the scribes of the pharaoh - the most literate people of that time, and, finally, the “primary source” was established, which Howard Wiese used to apply “his hieroglyphs”.

This source turned out to be D. Wilkinson's book "Matter of Hieroglyphs", which, by the way, contained all the inaccuracies and mistakes made by the English falsifier of history. Huf (grandfather of the first), from which the paradox followed: the grandfather continued the construction begun by his grandson!?

Thus, the conclusions from the studies of Z. Sitchin and other Egyptologists related to some features of the Great Pyramid indicate that its binding

by the time of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops, it has no reliable justification.

Of undoubted interest in this regard is the message of the Arab scholar of the 9th century, Abu Zeid-al-Balkhi, who says that on the facing slabs of the Great Pyramid, now not preserved, inscriptions were forced out, from which it followed that since the construction of the giant pyramids of Giza many thousands of years have passed...

Apparently, "traces of their true creators must be sought in extremely distant prehistoric eras ... Today, many scientists do not exclude the possibility that once upon a time there was a very advanced civilization on Earth, which, in particular, had access to many achievements that seem fantastic to us today .

No wonder some popular science sources connect them with the time of the existence of the legendary Platonic Atlantis (approximately 13.5 thousand years ago). Representatives of such a civilization could, for example, create “libraries” from Ica stones, and build pyramids in Giza, and even fly into near and far space...

Let's turn to a relatively recent study of the Cheops pyramid, carried out in March 1983 by robotics engineer Rudolf Gantenbrick, who sent a controlled robot into the southern shaft of the Queen's Burial Chamber. After walking 65 meters, which was about half the way, the robot transmitted an image of the door ... This undoubtedly indicates the existence of something special there (perhaps more important than the supposed presence of the pharaoh's mummy somewhere in the pyramid) and that the ancient Egyptians tried carefully hide...

From this, the assumption naturally arises that the Great Pyramid was built for some other purpose and is not an ordinary tomb of a royal person ... It also became clear that the main purpose of the pyramid shafts is not ventilation at all, but orientation to

constellations, which may have been associated with religious beliefs Egyptians.

In 1996, the book "Secrets of the Pyramids" by Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert was published in Russia; and in 1997, Graham Hancock's book Footprints of the Gods. From these books it follows that as a result of many years of studying the Great Pyramid, the Belgian civil engineer R. Bauval (taking into account the measurement of the angles of the pyramid shafts carried out by R. Gantenbrick) made an amazing discovery in 1993.

He established that the southern shaft of the Pharaoh's Burial Chamber is directed to the stars of Orion's Belt, associated with the god Osiris, who brought civilization to the Nile Valley, and the shaft from the Queen's Chamber is oriented to Sirius, the star of the goddess Isis. This situation is by no means accidental, but, apparently, is connected with the purpose of the pyramids of Giza.

Bauval saw in the sky what Egyptologists, accustomed to looking only at the ground under their feet, overlooked in the sky, namely: the two lower stars of Orion's belt, Al-Nitak and Al-Nilam, form a perfect straight line, and its third star, Mintaka, turns out to be displaced to the left of the observer, that is, to the east. This is how the three most famous pyramids were placed on the Giza plateau. Bauval found that on the plan of the Giza necropolis, the pyramid of Cheops corresponds to the position of Al-Nitak, the second pyramid of Khafre occupies the place of Al-Nilam, and the third pyramid of Menkaure is displaced to the east with respect to the diagonal formed by the other two.

Thus, the three pyramids of Giza are a kind of map of the three stars from Orion's Belt, and they not only accurately reflect their relative position, but also characterize their stellar magnitude with their relative sizes.

Further research has shown that the monuments of Giza as a whole are placed so that they form a map of the sky. But this map does not look at all the way it should have looked in the era of the IV dynasty (2500 BC), but the way it looked (and only that way!)

about 10450 BC (it seems to us that more precisely - in 10478 BC. - A.V.). In other words, this sky map takes into account the changes that occur as a result of the precession...

Recall that precession is the extremely slow movement of the Earth's axis of rotation along a circular cone, the cycle of which lasts 25,980 years. It is clear that this phenomenon is hardly noticeable and can be recorded during long-term observations of the stars.

Surprisingly, the “true builders” of the pyramids of Giza, orienting the shafts of the burial Chambers of the Queen’s Chamber and the Chamber of the Pharaoh of the Great Pyramid strictly to certain stars, knew that these stars would change their position over time, but their orientation would be repeated after a certain time according to the cyclic law as a result of precession .

And the “true builders” also knew that this orientation of the shaft would, as it were, “fix” some “temporal point” from general cycle time... But why did they mention 10450 (or 10478) BC? Why did the “true builders” of the pyramids of Giza want to attract someone's attention to this date? ..

R. Bauval found that the position of the pyramids of the Giza complex always approximately reproduces the position of the stars of Orion's Belt, but exactly corresponds to it, as Bauval said, only in one case:

“In 10,450 BC - and only! -the location of the pyramids on Earth exactly reflects the location of the stars in the sky... Firstly, completely by chance, the Milky Way as it was seen in Giza in 10450 BC, exactly; second, west of Milky Way the three stars of Orion's Belt were at their minimum height according to the precession cycle...”

Let's say a few words about a date very close to the above, namely 10,478 BC. In the book "Secrets of Atlantis", published by the publishing house "Veche"

The reason for this was the approach of Halley's comet to the Earth and the intense "bombardment" of the latter by fragments - the comet's companions. So, the date 10,478 BC is also the time of the next subsequent approach of the two above-mentioned celestial bodies, which apparently coincided with lowest point precessional cycle of the constellation Orion.

Perhaps the “true builders” of the pyramids, who decided to create an eternal memorial in Giza in 10478 BC, were representatives of a highly developed human civilization, which could also be called ... Platonic Atlantis!

And the gap of 8000 years between the dating of the beginning of the construction of the pyramids and, possibly, its completion is, of course, a long time. However, it is not too long for a purposeful cult that has set itself the goal of passing on to its descendants information about the global cataclysm that happened on Earth about a thousand years earlier, and that the almost complete destruction of humanity is an integral part of its life on our planet, what is the event has apparently happened many times already and will probably happen again ...

WHY WERE THE PYRAMIDS BUILT?

At first glance, it may seem strange to pose the question: why was it necessary to build pyramids? Orthodox Egyptology gives an unequivocal answer to it: for the burial of the mummy of the deceased pharaoh, so that his soul finds eternal rest after death.

Yes, there is no doubt that the pyramids built earlier were used by the Egyptians as tombs. But were they originally intended for this? .. And this is far from an idle question, "because they have-

There are sufficient weighty grounds, if not to refute, then at least to doubt the Egyptologists' assertion...

So, for example, there is a fairly widespread opinion that such giants as the Great Pyramid (and others like it) served not only as the tombs of the pharaohs. Many ancient authors believed that in terms of the size, shape, and wall inscriptions of the pyramids, their builders, who had a deeper knowledge of the Universe than we, the people of the 21st century, tried to preserve them for future generations.

Some modern researchers agree with this point of view, who sincerely doubt that such a gigantic and complex structure as the Cheops pyramid was built only as a tomb, even if one of the greatest and most powerful pharaohs.

If we assume that the Great Pyramid is a tombstone, then it should contain the pharaoh's mummy, its accompanying treasures and utensils, which the ancient Egyptians usually placed next to the deceased in the belief that it would be useful to him in the afterlife. At the same time, it is known that the first “cracker” of the Cheops pyramid, the Baghdad caliph al-Maamoun, did not find anything of the kind in it. However, as noted above, it is not clear whether all the premises of the pyramid are known today ...

The mysticism of the pyramids for many centuries was fueled, as it was believed until recently, by the unbridled imagination of Herodotus, who is “guilty” of spreading the legend that the pyramid of Cheops was erected over an underground lake, in the middle of which there is an island where the pharaoh and his countless treasures are buried. . By the way, in last years XX century Russian builder A.A. Vasiliev put forward a hypothesis that confirms ... the correctness of Herodotus.

At the end of November 1986, Moskovsky Komsomolets published an article by N. Bondrovsky and S. Kashnitsky “The Last Riddle of the Sphinx”, which refers to

hypothesis A.A. Vasiliev. This researcher suggested that the pyramid of Cheops was not built at all as Herodotus tells (from hundreds of thousands of individual blocks), but is, in essence, a built-up rock.

A. Vasiliev reconstructed the pyramid construction technology, from which it followed that in addition to the well-known galleries, the pyramid should also have a hidden tunnel. It is he who, as the author of the hypothesis believed, can lead researchers to the tomb of the pharaoh and his treasures. A. Vasiliev offered to test his hypothesis and pointed out several “distinctive points” in the pyramid, the study of which could confirm it (the hypothesis).

So, Nikolai Bondrovsky decided during his trip to Egypt to tackle the “Vasilyev problem”. It should be noted that Bondrovsky was very lucky in this regard, because, thanks to the support of the Egyptian authorities, he "ended up in the pyramid not as a tourist, but as a researcher." He calmly photographed everything and visited places where “mere mortals” were not even allowed to come close.

Bondrovsky, unfortunately, neither confirmed nor refuted the hypothesis of our compatriot. It turned out that Vasiliev was mistaken in some of his assumptions. Some of the “points” proposed for verification simply turned out to be inaccessible. But it was confirmed that "the passages in the pyramid are punched in the rocky ground." True, to determine to what height this is true, it turned out to be impossible. In addition, Bondrovsky “managed to see the block that, according to Vasiliev, closes the entrance to the secret gallery. This is an amazing discovery!”...

In an interview with S. Arsenyeva (“If the Sphinx laughs ..,” “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, December 16, 1994), to her question: “Why haven’t you organized a serious expedition yet?”, N. Bondrovsky answered:

“Having devoted several years to this problem, I realized that attempts of this kind are ineffective. It's funny, you know

Many people believe that the Egyptian pyramids are in the desert. Dig to your health ... Nothing like that!

The pyramids are located on the outskirts of Cairo, in a residential area called Giza. The Pyramid of Cheops... is guarded better than our mausoleum. And I have not the slightest doubt that the EGYPTIANS KNOW PERFECTLY WHAT AND WHERE IT IS. It would be strange to think that they just sit and wait for the smart Japanese, Americans or French to discover their secrets! The pyramid is regularly repaired and restored, and EGYPTIAN SCIENTISTS KNOW EVERYTHING THAT IS PUBLISHED ON THIS THEME IN THE WORLD, ALL OUR HYPOTHESES AND FANTASIES... Getting permission to conduct an expedition is a whole problem. There are dozens of world-famous universities in line. I suspect that IF SOMETHING REALLY CAPABLE OF LEADING TO THE PYRAMID MYSTERIES IS IN THE APPLICATION, THE EXPEDITION WILL NEVER HAPPEN. There are several reasons for this. First, the simplest: tourism is not the last source of income for the country, and the pyramids are a magnet for tourists. Especially when they keep their secrets. Agree: a gutted treasury, despite all its antiquity, is much less attractive. Another reason is less obvious. There are legends (not only in Egypt) that the discovery of the secret of the Sphinx and the pyramids is directly connected ... with the end of the world ... It is quite natural that there is hardly an eccentric who will allow anyone to conduct such risky experiments in his house . There are also technical difficulties: Egyptian scientists are well aware of how quickly the most valuable finds turn into ashes, except, probably, gold, if they are not immediately conserved on the spot. So far it's too hard.

In short, the DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITS IS VERY CAREFUL THAT NOBODY FINDS ANYTHING OUT OF THING. All research results must be made available to scientists, and ONLY THE DEPARTMENT DETERMINES WHAT PART OF THE INFORMATION CAN BE PUBLISHED.”

The opinion of N. Bondrovsky can be trusted. This is evidenced by this fact...

It is known that in China, near the city of Xian, Europeans at the end of the 20th century “discovered” several dozen pyramids. The German archaeologist Hartwig Hausdorff and his Austrian colleague Peter Krass visited this region of China and drew attention to the fact that the Chinese had been planting the slopes of earthen pyramids with fast-growing trees and shrubs for several years.

As the pyramids were studied, scientists came to the conclusion that these landings were carried out deliberately in order to “disguise” the pyramids as natural hills. P. Crass asked one of the leading Chinese archaeologists, Professor Qia Nai, why scientists do not open the pyramids to study their contents.

“This is a matter for future generations,” Qia Nai replied. It is possible that the Chinese do not dare to undertake such studies for fear of discovering in the pyramids certain material evidence of events that can “overturn” today's ideas about the history of China, and even about the ancient history of mankind!..

However, let's go back to Egypt and try to sum up some results...

Yes, the pyramids at Tiza are grandiose... But they are not inferior to the “pyramids” of hypotheses and assumptions about their true purpose and role in the ancient history of mankind that have appeared over many centuries, as well as in recent decades. Already a simple list of some of the versions put forward, and sometimes speculation, says a lot ...

So, what are the Egyptian pyramids of Giza? They may be:

Tombs or cenotaphs (false tombs) of the pharaohs,

encyclopedias of knowledge,

Stone textbooks on astronomy, geometry, etc.,

astronomical observatories,

Solar temples (clocks), annually marking the periods of equinoxes,

Theodolites for taking plans of the area,

Barrages against the advancing desert sands,

border fortresses,

Shelters from floods and floods,

- "beacons" of the desert,

Granaries (granaries of the biblical Joseph),

Anti-nuclear shelters from the effects of "divine weapons",

Moorings for the biblical ark of Noah,

lightning rods

Architectural standards containing a specific building module,

Temple of the Grail

Alien information capsule

UFO landing pad, etc.

So, everything that is known about the pyramids has been known for a long time. We know everything or almost everything about them ... It is today that scientists come up with various useful applications for them to justify the appearance of the pyramids, argue fiercely about whether they were granaries, observatories or a UFO dock ...

However, more than a hundred years ago, books were published in which the pyramids are called, for example, places for various magical and religious ceremonies, including initiations and initiations. But even now orthodox scientists treat this mystical literature with disgust...

“As follows from the analysis of the composition of the pyramids in Giza, they thought and were designed in the form of a single interconnected complex structures that have a common multi-purpose purpose, and at the same time, each of the objects performed its own functions peculiar only to it ...

In my work ... I made an assumption that, apparently, the previous civilization (possibly Atlantis) prepared drawings, technology and the place for the construction of the pyramids 10 thousand years ago, and possibly made some breakdown of them on the ground , and found a way to pass documents to their descendants for millennia to come. The coincidence of the configuration of the pyramids with Orion's Belt indicates that underground work and work of the zero cycle were carried out on the Giza plateau 12,500 years ago ...

Approximately 12.5 thousand years ago, there was a transition from the era of the Virgin to the era of the Lion... Preparations for laying the foundations of the pyramids and the creation of the Great Sphinx were carried out about 13,000 years ago... The Sphinx was carved at a turning point - with its head to the east. That is, where after 13 thousand years will happen new transition, but already points autumn equinox from the constellation Virgo to the constellation Leo. The cycle of precession will end, and this end will be as difficult and unimaginably dangerous for mankind as the previous one, which entailed the death of Atlantis.

Thus, from the foregoing, it can be concluded that any Egyptian pharaoh, who built the pyramid, did not determine its purpose and did not choose the place for its installation. In fact, it was not the pharaoh who built the pyramid: he only exercised control over the construction.

At the same time, the powerful apparatus of the priests, as it were, supervised its creation, although it is very likely that the priests also did not know the ultimate goals of construction ...

As if confirming everything said above and developing further, A. Chernyaev in his latest book“The time of the pyramids is the time of Russia. A single concept”, published in collaboration with S.N. Udalova in 2000, expressed the following idea:

“... The fields of the pyramids, erected for almost a millennium, formed on the surface of Ancient Egypt the CONTOUR OF A GIANT EGG, about 85 kilometers long, and the sharp end of this contour is directed strictly to the south.

This is the main goal of the Creator, which, unconsciously or consciously, painfully and joyfully, the people of Egypt have been fulfilling for many centuries, creating “separate”, “accidentally planted” pyramids in the desert, as if by the will of their “tormentors” - pharaohs ... That is why the peak of the giant pyramid building ends with Giza, and subsequent pyramids became qualitatively different - imitators. IN ORDER TO DIVERSE ATTENTION FROM THE CONFIGURATION FORMED BY THE PYRAMIDS, THEY STARTED TO BE BUILT STRUCTURALLY POOR-QUALITY, TRANSFERING THE ATTENTION OF FUTURE GENERATIONS OF RESEARCHERS FROM THE EXTERNAL PART OF THE PYRAMIDS TO THE INTERIOR, FILLING IN THE INTERIOR ROOM FOR THIS ROOM…”

“All... factors turn out to be unproven, when it turns out that the “random” method of erecting the pyramids “outlined”, in the end, on an area - 85x55 kilometers.

GO EGGS - a symbol of the rebirth of life, thereby proving that the construction of the pyramids was carried out by the hands of people according to the Creator's outline and with a specific purpose”...

A. Chernyaev speaks about the “giant” or “huge” contour of the egg, which forms the complex of pyramids in Egypt, but he does not explain in any way the prerequisites for the “origin” of this pyramidal formation ... Perhaps, to some extent, for the first time discovered by A. Chernyaev “PYRAMID EGG” is associated with the representation of the African Dogon tribe, about which A. Chernyaev writes in his book:

“... In this description ( we are talking about the formation by the Dogon deity Amma of all the spiral stellar worlds of our world. - A. V. ^ two things are striking: the creation of a “living spiral Universe - the “Egg of the World”, “infinite, but measurable” ... and the unity of all living things. it was sucked in by the so-called Big Bang theory, or, which is the same thing, the dead universe theory.”

So, despite their venerable age, or perhaps just because of this, the Egyptian pyramids continue to turn heads today to those scientists and adventurers who are sincerely convinced that not all the secrets of these colossi have been revealed. Whether such a statement is justified - will be shown by further research, if no one interferes with them, of the Egyptian pyramids ...