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The genres of the journalistic style are reportage and travel writing. Genres of journalistic style of speech. Problem essay. The main features of a journalistic style of speech

Topic: Reporting as a genre journalistic style

Target: Learn to use the reportage genre in speech.

Tasks:

To develop the ability to prove that the text of a report belongs to the journalistic style (to determine the speech situation, conditions of communication, functions of communication).

To develop the ability to determine linguistic features reportage.

To develop the ability to identify linguistic means and establish their dependence on non-linguistic means.

Develop the ability to distinguish a report from a note.

Detailed lesson plan

P: Early in the morning, millions of people pick up newspaper sheets that smell of printing ink...

What? Where? When? The whole life of our country, the whole life of our planet is on these sheets. Events of different nature and unequal significance are reflected on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Is it only on the pages of newspapers and magazines that the life of the country and the world is reflected?

U: The life of the country and the world is also represented on television.

P: Of course, television actively and quickly responds to the life of the country and the life of the world. What style is in demand on the pages of newspapers, magazines and television?

U: Journalistic style.

P: Open your notebooks with supporting notes, recall the features of a speech situation, communication in which involves the use of a journalistic style.

U: This is a situation in which the writer addresses information to a wide audience of the reader, because it informs the reader and represents social significance. It concerns the entire country and the life of every person.

P: Right. What two functions does the journalistic style perform?

U: The journalistic style performs 2 functions: informative - to convey objective, verified information and influencing - to evoke a certain attitude towards the problem or topic under discussion.

You already know how to write an informational note. Now you have another goal - to learn how to compose the text of a report.

Reporting is one of the brightest, most popular genres of journalism, as it helps the reader “experience” the situation reflected in it, and visually imagine what happened.

Introductory conversation (the goal is to prepare for the perception of new material).

P: You've probably heard the word "reporting". What do you think is being reported in the report?

P: In what situations can the reporting genre be used?

P: When watching what TV shows did you come across the reportage genre?

Linguistic stylistic analysis of the sample text (the goal is to identify non-linguistic and linguistic features).

P: V.A. Gilyarovsky, author of the books “Moscow and Muscovites”, “Moscow Newspaper” and many others, V.A. Gilyarovsky was the generally recognized “king” of newspaper reporting. At any time of the day or night, in the rain or in the cold, “Uncle Gilyai” was ready to rush to the scene of the incident so that his interesting and truthful report would appear in the next issue of the newspaper. This is how, for example, Gilyarovsky tells in his report “Hurricane” about the storm that broke out over Sokolniki in 1904 and caused terrible destruction:

“... I was lucky enough to be in the center of a hurricane. I saw its beginning and end: the sky darkened, bronze clouds flew in, the light rain changed large hail, the clouds turned black... The ensuing darkness was immediately replaced by an ominously yellow color. A storm struck and it became cold.

A black cloud descended over Sokolniki - it grew from below, and another similar one descended above it. Suddenly everything started to spin. Lightning flashed inside this spinning black mass. Quite a picture of the destruction of Pompeii according to Pliny! In addition, heavy lights flashed among the zigzags of lightning, and a crimson-fiery yellow pillar spun in the middle. a minute later this horror rushed past, destroying everything in its path.” (selected works in 3 volumes. M., 1960, vol. 2, p. 220).

P: So, you've seen an exemplary report. To learn how to write a report, you need to know the signs of reportage as a genre of journalistic style. For this purpose, we will analyze the text of the report.

P: What is described in this fragment of the report? Find sentences that describe what, where, when happened?

U: A description of the hurricane over Sokolniki is given.

P: Who is the text addressed to?

U: The text is addressedmass addressee.

P: What are the terms of communication?

U: The text can be used in a formal setting.

P: On whose behalf is the presentation being made?

U: 1st person

P: Find words that prove that the author was at the scene of the incident.

U: I was lucky enough to be in the eye of a hurricane .

P: The presence of the author is also expressed in the fact that we perceive what is being described and what is happening through his eyes. How does the author manage to create a visual image of what happened earlier, to make the event more picturesque?

U: 1. The author uses words that name color:darkened, bronze, black, yellow, crimson-fiery.

2. Metaphors –zigzags of lightning .

P: What words do not express the attitude or state of the author, but “influence” the reader?

U: Black, ominous, crimson-fiery, heavy.

P: What can you say about V.A.’s impression? Gilyarovsky from a natural phenomenon he saw?

U: A thunderstorm causes a feeling of fear and anxiety.

P: What technique used by the author enhances the manifestation of feelings and experiences?

U: Inversion:a storm broke out, a cloud descended, lightning flashed, lights flashed, etc.

P: By what means does the author create a dynamic picture?

U: 4 simple sentences, connected by a non-union connection, add dynamism to the narrative. (the sky darkened ), ( bronze clouds rolled in ), ( light rain gave way to large hail ), ( the clouds turned black ).

P: Pay attention to the type of verbs used in the sentences. What type of verbs convey dynamics, swiftness of actions?

U: Perfective verbs convey speed of action.

P: Re-read the beginning of paragraph 2. Which word emphasizes the abrupt change of events?

U: Abrupt change events are conveyed by an adverball of a sudden .

P: Which sentence contains the author's attitude?

U: Quite a picture of the destruction of Pompeii.

Teacher's message about the main features of the report text.

The report has the following non-linguistic features: documentary (precise indication of the place, time, participants in the events), logic. The personality of the author is always present in the report (“presence effect”), his attitude to the event is revealed (joy, pride, sympathy, etc.). Such non-linguistic features of reporting as expressiveness, emotionality, motivation, and evaluativeness lead to the widespread use of lexical, phraseological and syntactic means of expression (tropes and stylistic figures).

Filling out the “Report” table (the goal is to systematize the acquired knowledge).

P: We continue to fill out the table. Open notebooks with supporting notes. What is the purpose of the report?

P: Is the author present and does he express his attitude to the event?

P: Who is the text of the report addressed to?

P: In what setting can the text of the report be used?

P: What type of speech should you use when composing the text of a report?

P: Is the information conveyed in the report condensed or expanded?

P: What questions can you ask about the text of the report?

Presentation of the material

Reportage

Target

Report something new, influence, evaluate an event

Destination

Designed for a specific circle of people

Terms of communication

Official setting

Speech type

Combination of speech types: narration, description, reasoning

Requirements for information transfer

Deployment:

(What? Where? How? When? Which?

What? Where? How? When? Why?)

Exercise No. 1. Linguistic analysis of the reporting text (the goal is to identify linguistic features in the text of the report).

P: Let us prove that this text is a report.

P: Find sentences that indicate what, where, when happened.

Text

At a speed close to the second cosmic speed, the descent module is rushing home.

They are already waiting for him. Here is a ball with a precious burden crashing into the dense layers of the atmosphere, rushing towards the Earth through a raging flame. Somewhere in the sky hanging from a parachute. And plunges into a snowy whirlwind.

At 22:12 Moscow time on February 25, the return vehicle made a soft landing 40 kilometers northwest of Dzhezkazgan. Exceptional, truly sniper accuracy!

P: How does the author create a visual image of what happened earlier?

U: The text uses expressive means of speech: personification -the ball crashes, plunges, breaks ; epithet –raging flame .

P: What is the role of inversion in 1 sentence?

U: Inversion transfers the statement from a neutral plane to an expressive-emotional one.

P: What tense form predominates in the report?

U: Present tense imperfective verbs.

P: Replace present tense verbs with past tense verbs. Which text seems more dynamic to you - the given one or the transformed one?

U: This text is more dynamic.

P: For what purpose does the author resort to division of sentences?“Here is a ball with a precious burden crashing into the dense layers of the atmosphere, rushing towards the Earth through a raging flame. Somewhere in the sky hanging from a parachute. And plunges into a snowy whirlwind.”

U: This technique enhances the expressiveness of the text.

P: Do we feel the presence of the author - a participant in the events? Which particle indicates this?

U: Yes, because the author gives us the details of the event and evaluates the actions. ParticleHere .

P: What is the author's attitude towards the event? Which sentence contains the author's attitude?

U: Exceptional, truly sniper accuracy!

Exercise No. 2. Determining the genre of the text (the goal is to determine the differences between a report and a note).

Using the table, determine which of the texts belongs to the genre of note, which – to reportage.

Text No. 1

The ice trek is completed

Today, a nuclear-powered icebreaker returned to the port of Murmansk from a voyage to the high latitudes of the Polar Basin.

An unprecedented campaign in the history of Arctic exploration has been completed. In a conversation with a correspondent, the captain of the nuclear icebreaker Boris Makarovich Sokolov said:

– In the difficult conditions of the polar winter and polar night, the nuclear icebreaker traveled more than eight thousand miles, of which over five thousand were in heavy ice. Icebreakers have never sailed in these latitudes before. The nuclear installation worked flawlessly, the ship demonstrated excellent performance.

All tasks have been completed.

Text No. 2

Ice astern

The nuclear icebreaker completed the expedition.

On the bridge of the nuclear-powered ship, clinging to the oak handrails, the navigator on watch stands and quietly hums a song that was loved on the ship:

“The ship rushes on the wings of the short word “Forward!” But now the last word in it sounds differently: instead of “forward,” the navigator sings “home.”

Yesterday morning, in the pitch-black polar night, we rounded Novaya Zemlya from the north. Along the left bank, twelve miles away, the Oran Island and the polar station of Cape Zhelaniya were hidden. At sixteen hours of ship's time, minute by minute during the change of watch, when the bells rang, the ship crossed the ice edge.

Certainly! Ice astern!

Ahead - all the way to Murmansk - the Barents Sea rolls waves in masses of seething foam... Sailors, polar explorers of the nuclear-powered ship, will soon set foot on their native land. They should now starch their shirts, iron their jackets... But a storm is not an easy task, even when it is favorable. Sometimes the ship tilts so that the waves, one after another, roll over the bow and walk like an icy river along the decks. There is a “war” going on in the cabins with table lamps, armchairs, books - with all household items that do not want to stand still...

The storm is complicated by snow. Its continuous curtain sometimes hides the sea. The locator is always on. Let's go, signaling with the horn. On the forecastle there is a forward lookout. He returns from duty in a peacoat, wet, shiny with a crust of ice from frozen splashes and salty foam...

P: How does the information contained in a note differ from the information in a report?

U: In a note the information is presented concisely, in a report it is expanded. From the report, the reader learns not only about the route and duration of the trip, but also gets an idea of the situation in which the voyage took place.

P: By what means is the “effect of presence” of the reader on the ship achieved?

U: Use of pronouns:we went around ; verb form:let's go .

P: From what details in the text of the report can we conclude that the author was directly involved in the expedition?

U: Sometimes the ship tilts so that the waves, one after another, roll over the bow and walk like an icy river along the decks; the lookout returns from his watch in a pea coat shiny with a crust of ice.

P: The report, unlike the note, seems to take the reader on board the ship; we seem to see people, hear their voices, feel the rocking of the ship and the splashes of icy water.

Exercise No. 3. Constructing sentences (the goal is to prepare for creating your own texts).

P: In addition to the usual “text” reporting, you can find photo reports in newspapers and magazines. The main content is expressed in photographs, and the captions are explanatory. Here are several sports photo reports.

Construct sentences explaining the content of the photographs.

Sentences must form a coherent text.

Express your attitude towards what is shown in the photographs.

P: What language means will help you convey your attitude to what is happening?

U: Evaluative words expressing emotionality, exclamatory sentences, introductory words and sentences, appeals.

Exercise No. 4. Compiling report texts (the goal is to develop the ability to construct a report text).

P: We work in groups. Your task is to model a speech situation using 1 – 2 photographs. Using the sentences you have compiled, come up with the text of the report.

P: What did you learn about the reporting?

P: What did you learn in this lesson?

P: What work in class was the most interesting?

P: In what situations do you think the knowledge gained in this lesson will be in demand?

P: Outstanding sports commentator Nikolai Nikolaevich Ozerov was in our country. At home you will need to read the text of ex. 361, in which N.N. Ozerov appeals to novice journalists to draw up a memo for those writing a report. Don't forget to use words“observe”, “don’t forget”, “try”.

P: What type and style of speech will you use when writing your note?

P: Find reports in recent newspapers and indicate the characteristic features of one of them.

Genres of journalistic style

– certain “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types” of works” ( MM. Bakhtin) operating in the media. Typically, three groups of genres are distinguished: informational (note, report, interview, report); analytical (conversation, article, correspondence, review, overview, review) and artistic-publications. (essay, sketch, feuilleton, pamphlet). In the listed genres, those features and characteristics that the function contains are realized. style.

Journalistic texts perform two main functions: communicating information and influencing the mass addressee. The complex stylistic picture of this style is due to the duality of its functional nature. This duality predetermines the basic stylistic principle of journalism, which V.G. Kostomarov calls unity, the combination of expression and standard. The first, informing, function is manifested in such style features as documentary, factual, formal presentation, objectivity, restraint. Another influencing function is determined by open, social evaluation (see. social evaluation) and emotionality of speech, appealing and polemic, simplicity and accessibility of presentation. Information genres are characterized to a greater extent by the function of message, while analytical genres are characterized by the function of influence.

However, the listed features give rise to many variations in different genres. The expression of the author's origin is modified in genres. For example, the note genre does not imply an open manifestation of the author's presence, while in the reportage genre the event is conveyed through the author's perception of it. The action of the constructive principle varies in different genres. So, for example, expression increases from information materials to artistic and journalistic materials, while, accordingly, the standard decreases.

Due to such differences, some researchers deny the unity of newspaper-publics. style and consider public. only analytical and artistic-publications. texts, excluding them from publication. informational texts, however, it seems that this approach is inappropriate. One cannot but agree with the statement: “The basis for the distinction between the concepts of journalistic style - the language of journalism is a narrow understanding of style, in which the relationship of the named units turns out to be more quantitative than qualitative. A broader interpretation of style, taking into account two types of indicators (intralinguistic and extralinguistic - auto), turns out to be preferable, since it allows us to characterize linguistic entities in detail and thereby establish their similarities and differences, as well as what is specific in their composition" ( I.A. Veshchikov, 1991, p. 24). Consequently, not only analytical and artistic-journalistic texts, but also informational texts are journalistic: “The long-standing debate - whether news information is journalism - is meaningless: any message published in the media, designed for a certain perception by the audience and bearing the stamp of the author’s personality - journalistically" ( Kroychik, 2000, p. 141). Thus, despite the fact that stylistic differences between genres can be quite significant, this does not contradict the idea of unity of journalistic style. On the contrary, the function style “specifies the general setting for the use of linguistic means and the method of speech organization” ( G.Ya. Solganik), therefore, without such a general approach to research that allows us to implement the concept of functional. style, it is impossible to reveal the characteristic features of individual genres. But, on the other hand, reveal the features functional style in general is possible only as a result of a thorough study of the specifics of its genre implementation.

Let's consider the stylistic features of the most common genres of newspaper journalism.

Chronicle– a genre of news journalism, secondary text, which is a collection of messages stating the presence of an event in the present, near past or near future. A chronicle message is a text of one to three or four sentences with the general meaning of “where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen.” The main indicators of time are the adverbs “today”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”, which allow us to correlate an event with the date it was reported. The timing signal may be implicit: meaning" just now, now, soon" is given by the genre itself, its stating content. In the same way, an indication of the place may be implicit; for example, in a chronicle of city events there is no need to mention the name of the city in every message (an expression like " There will be a bike ride today"will be clearly understood as" will take place in our city", if the message contains one or two more sentences, a more specific indication of the place of action may appear). The presence of an event is recorded by an existential verb in different forms (took place, will take place, open, planned, happening, going to, will gather, working, etc. .). Typical formulas at the beginning of the chronicle message: “Yesterday an exhibition opened in Moscow”, “Today a meeting is being held in Yekaterinburg”, “Tomorrow there will be an opening in Perm”.

A selection of chronicle messages is compiled on a thematic or temporal basis, for example: "Crime Chronicle", "Relevant", "Official Chronicle", "News in the middle of the hour" etc. The title very often represents the name of the section and moves from issue to issue, from issue to issue.

The X genre is used in all media, i.e. in newspapers, radio and television. Announcements and conclusions of television and radio news are drawn up in the form of this genre. Ascertaining messages are often introduced into the headline complex of newspaper materials, so a newspaper page can be read as a kind of scattered chronicle recording the main current events.

Reportage- in the narrow sense of the word, this is a genre of news journalism in which a story about an event is conducted (in electronic media) or, as it were, conducted (in the press) simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. In radio and television reporting, all means that convey the presence of the speaker at the scene of the event are used naturally, as the only possible ones, for example: “we are in the hall of the regional museum”, “now the rescuer is attaching the ladder”, “right in front of me” etc. In written speech, the same means are used to imitate the simultaneity of an event and a story about it: this is present. verb tense in combination with the perfect, such as "I see that the rescuer has already climbed to the third floor", elliptical and one-part sentences ( we are on a rocky plateau, today it is cloudy), the author's "I" or "we" in the meaning of "me and my companions."

R.'s composition provides for recording the natural course of an event. However, very few events, and even then only in electronic media, are transmitted in real time from beginning to end (football match, military parade, presidential inauguration). In other cases, time has to be compressed by selecting episodes. This raises the problem of editing episodes. A complex event consisting of a number of parallel actions such as the Olympics is transmitted in real time as a sequence of episodes of different actions, for example: “Russian gymnasts are now doing floor exercises, they’re going out on the mat...”, “and now we’re being shown the performances of Romanian gymnasts on the uneven bars.”. In the recording, the event is also conveyed as a sequence of edited episodes; through editing, it is possible to achieve clear emphasis on important points events and expand the author's commentary. A written text, in principle, is not capable of reflecting the entire event, so the author of the report has to present only the most striking episodes of the event, trying to convey this brightness in words by selecting the most significant details. And the greater the role of editing, the more increasing the possibility of including a detailed and extensive author’s commentary in the text, as a result of which a special type of genre may appear - analytical R. Such a text is an alternation of reported fragments of an event and various kinds of commentary inserts, reasoning, which, however, should not obscure from the reader the moment of the journalist’s presence at the scene of the event. The reporter can entrust the commentary to a specialist who is a participant in the event, then the report contains an element of an interview about the current event as a whole or about its individual moments. This is an important way to dynamize the presentation, enrich the content and form of the text. Using linguistic means, the addressee can be involved in the presentation, for example: "you and I now...".

IN modern journalism A report is often a text of an analytical nature that emphasizes the active actions of the journalist taken to clarify the issue - even if there is no attempt language means create the effect of the speaker’s presence at the scene of the action. Such a work includes interviews with experts, presentation and analysis of documents, often with a message about how the author managed to obtain them, stories about a trip to the scene of the event, and meetings with eyewitnesses. Since R. presupposes the active actions of the author, the compositional core turns out to be event elements, although the content of the text is aimed at analyzing the problem. This technique of dynamization in presenting a problem enriches the arsenal of ways to present analytical material to the reader.

Interview– multifunctional genre. These can be texts of news journalism, i.e. dialogic form representations of a just completed or current event. These can be analytical texts that present a dialogic discussion of the problem. All these works, which are far from each other in content (just as a note is far from an article), are united by only one thing - the form of dialogue conducted by a journalist with an informed person.

“News”, information information is essentially a short or extended note, i.e. it states an event and provides brief information about its details. The journalist asks questions about some details of the event, and the informed person answers them briefly.

Analytical I. - a detailed dialogue about the problem. In his questions, the journalist asks different aspects of its consideration (essence, causes, consequences, methods of solution), an informed person answers these questions in detail. The role of the journalist is by no means passive. His knowledge of this problem helps him pose substantive questions and thus participate in the formation of the concept of the text, in the formulation of theses, which are formed from the premise of the journalist’s question and the interlocutor’s answer.

Between the described extremes there is an infinite variety of information, different in topic, in volume and quality of information, in tone, etc. For example, portrait interviews and interviews that combine the characterization of a person and the disclosure of a problem are popular in all media (the hero against the backdrop of the problem, the problem through the prism of the hero’s character).

I. in electronic media is a dialogue that implements the laws of public spontaneous speech. From the journalist’s side, this is a combination of prepared and freely arising questions during the conversation; expression of evaluation of the answers, a lively, often very emotional reaction to them (agreement, disagreement, clarification, etc.); expressing your own opinion on the topic under discussion. The journalist makes sure that the interlocutor does not deviate from the topic and explains details (including terms) that might be incomprehensible to listeners or viewers. On the part of the interviewee, this is a deep awareness of the problem, ensuring the formation of the substantive side of the speech, the spontaneity of which is manifested only in the lack of preparation of a specific form of answer. The answer is structured in accordance with the current conversation, depends on the form of the question, on what was said earlier, on the momentary remark of the journalist. At the level of form, all the features of dialogic spontaneous oral speech: a special rhythm provided by syntagmas that are close in length, pauses, word search, incomplete syntactic structures, repetitions, picking up cues, asking questions, etc.

I. in the press is a written text that conveys oral dialogue and retains some signs of spontaneous oral speech. For example, at the junction of replicas, the structural incompleteness of the second replica, repetition of the first replica, and the use of demonstrative pronouns, the meaning of which is revealed in the previous alien replica, are preserved. Moments of word search, understatement, etc. are stored inside the replicas.

I. very often is an integral part of a journalistic text of another genre: a report, article, essay, review.

Article– an analytical genre in which the results of a study of an event or problem are presented. The main stylistic feature of the genre is the logical nature of the presentation, reasoning that unfolds from the main thesis to its justification through a chain of intermediate theses with their arguments, or from premises to conclusions, also through a chain of secondary theses and their arguments.

In linguistic terms, at the syntax level, there is an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions, introductory words of a logical nature, words and sentences denoting the type logical connection, such as “let’s give an example”, “consider the reasons”, etc. At the level of morphology, the genre is characterized grammatical means, allowing you to express the formulation of patterns: present abstract, singular with a collective meaning, abstract nouns. At the level of vocabulary, we observe the use of terms, including highly specialized ones with explanations, as well as words naming abstract concepts. Thus, language means are used to formalize the result of the author’s analytical activity, which reveals the patterns of development of the phenomenon, its causes and consequences, its significance for the life of society.

Publ. S., however, this is not scientific. articles. These are works whose forms are varied. The main sources of variation in the form of a newspaper text are the composition and stylistic orientation of the text. A argument can be constructed as a reasoning from thesis to evidence or from premises to conclusions. Compositionally, C. is enriched by various inserts in the form of vividly written episodes of an event, included as factual arguments and reasons for reasoning, or in the form of a mini-interview, which also performs an argumentative function, cf., for example, the argument “to authority.”

S. are especially diverse in style orientation. S., oriented towards a scientific style, most often maintain this orientation only in terms of the logical nature of the text. The reasoning in them can be emotionally colored. In accordance with the general bookish nature of the presentation, figures of oratorical syntax appear, but not for the sake of whipping up pathos, but for the sake of emphasizing the idea. Bookish emotional and evaluative vocabulary is also included.

Acceleration orientation is widely used. style. At the same time, in S. the number of techniques imitating friendly, interested oral communication with the reader on a serious issue sharply increases. In the syntax, constructions appear that imitate colloquial speech: non-union sentences conveying cause-and-effect relationships, colloquial-type additions. The length of sentences is reduced. The text is saturated with colloquial vocabulary expressing emotional assessment subject of speech.

Analytical texts of a critical nature can combine oratorical syntax and irony, elements of conversational syntax and reduced emotional-evaluative vocabulary, comic techniques (puns, parody of famous texts, etc.).

Feature article– artistic-publicist. a genre that requires a figurative, concrete, sensory representation of a fact and problem. Thematically, the essays are very diverse: they can be, for example, problematic, portrait, travel, event. Since O. is a work with a high degree of generalization of life material, the hero and the event are drawn by the author in the process of analyzing a current social problem. O.'s text harmoniously combines vividly, expressively conveyed events, convincingly drawn images of heroes and deep, demonstrative reasoning. The combination of event, subject and logical elements of essay content depends on a number of factors. First of all, it is determined by what type of composition is chosen by the essayist. If an event composition is used, then the story is constructed as a story about an event, in the presentation of which, as in a fiction story, the plot, the development of the action, the climax, and the denouement are distinguished. The author's reasoning and description of the characters interrupt the action for some time, but then the unfolding of the text again obeys the course of the event. If logical composition is used, the construction of the text is determined by the development of the author's reasoning, episodes of one event or several various events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning, a thesis argument, an association by similarity or contrast, etc. Occasionally, essayistic composition is used in O., in which the development of the text is carried out through associations and sharp transitions from one subject of speech to another. It must, however, be taken into account that the seemingly chaotic presentation hides the purposeful development of the author’s thought, the course of which the reader must understand through the interpretation of the associative connections of text elements.

In addition to the type of composition, the type of narrator influences the combination, as well as the linguistic design of the meaningful elements of the story. Narration is used in third and first person form. In third person form, the narrator may act as a voiceover observer or voiceover commentator. In the first case, the event being narrated appears to the reader as occurring as if by itself, the author’s presence is revealed only indirectly - in the choice of words denoting the details of the essay world and evaluating them, in pausing the narrative to introduce formulations that reveal the journalistic concept. The narrator - voice-over commentator is more active. Without revealing himself in the form of “I,” he can energetically interfere with the action, interrupting it with retreats into the past (retrospections) or looking ahead (prospections, i.e., a statement of future events that the hero cannot yet know about). Such a narrator often comments at great length on what is happening and evaluates it.

The most diverse functions of the narrator are in the first person form. Sometimes the journalist uses the hero's "I", i.e. O. is constructed as the hero's story about himself. But most often the author’s “I” is used, in which the narrator acts as a textual embodiment of the real personality of the journalist. The functions of such a narrator are varied. Thus, he can act as a participant in the event, the analysis of which O is dedicated to. What attracts journalists most of all is the form of a narrator-researcher. In this case, the basis for the composition of the essay material is a story about the study of an event, which, as a result, unfolds before the reader not as it actually happened, but in the order in which the researcher learned about it.

Thus, O. can be built, firstly, as a story about real event, which unfolds in its natural sequence or with its violation in the form of retrospections and prospections and which is interrupted or framed by the author’s reasoning, conveying the journalistic concept to the reader. In this case, the author can act as an off-screen observer, a voice-over commentator, a participant in the event, or an interlocutor of the hero talking about the event. Secondly, an O. can be constructed as a story about a journalistic investigation, and in the form of a presentation of conversations with the characters, the content of documents read and thoughts on what he saw, the reader learns about the events and people who participated in them, as well as about the problem that the journalist sees in given facts. Thirdly, O. may represent an emotionally charged reasoning by a journalist about a problem. In the course of the argument, events are presented and characters are described, which allows such a reflective narrator to reveal the problem using visual material from life.

O. is characterized by visual writing: to represent the hero and the event, specific, vivid, visual details are required, which in some cases are depicted as actually observed by the narrator during research, travel, meeting with the hero, etc.

And the narrator observing, commenting, participating in the event, and exploring the situation cannot be dispassionate. Current social problems, events and people appear before the reader in the light of the author's emotional assessment, as a result of which the essay text is colored in one tone or another.

At different types narrators communicate with the reader differently. Presentation in the form of a third person or in the form of the hero’s “I” dispenses with direct appeal to the reader. On the contrary, the author’s “I” is most often combined with active communication with the reader, especially in the form of “we” with the meaning “I, the author, and my reader.”

Various combinations of types of composition, types of narrator, tonality and ways of communicating with the reader create a wide variety of essay forms.

Feuilleton– an artistic-public genre that presents an event or problem in a satirical or, less commonly, humorous light. F. can be targeted, ridiculing a specific fact, and unaddressed, exposing the negative social phenomenon. The text may consider one event or several events, attracted by the author on the basis of the similarity between them and thereby demonstrating the typicality of the analyzed phenomenon.

F.'s form is determined by several factors. Its composition is determined by which content component of the text becomes the basis of the presentation. If the author makes an event the core of the text, we get an eventful feuilleton, which is a story about an incident filled with comic details. If reasoning becomes the basis of the presentation, event elements are introduced as arguments to the author’s judgments. In both cases, events can be not only real, but also imaginary, often fantastic. Between event-based and “reasoning” f. there are a lot of texts that combine analytical and event-based elements in different ways.

The connection of content elements and their linguistic design depend on the type of narrator. For example, a f. can be constructed as a story about an event with a final formulation of the author’s assessment of what was stated. The author chooses the form of a third person and does not seem to interfere with the course of the event. F. can be constructed as a story about the study of an event. In this case, a first-person narrator is used, subordinating the presentation of information about the event and the expression of assessment to the story about the progress of the investigation. The first-person narrator can also be a participant in the event. The reflective narrator constructs the text as a reasoning about a phenomenon, while, as it were, recalling the events that led him to this or that thought.

All these compositional and speech techniques determine the general structure of the text and in themselves do not contain anything comic, which is why they are used not only in feuilleton, but also in other genres, for example, in an essay, report, review. But F. is a comic genre, and he resorts to various sources of comic effect. The main ones are comic narrator, situation comedy and verbal comedy.

A comic narrator can be a participant or researcher of an event, appearing in the mask of a simpleton, a loser, a bungler, a fool and other unsympathetic personalities; his absurd actions make it possible to reveal the real shortcomings of those situations that are condemned by the feuilletonist. The comic reasoning narrator builds his reasoning as proof by contradiction, i.e. he warmly praises what is actually exposed in the feuilleton. The comedy of situations is either discovered in a real situation, or is achieved by transforming a real situation through exaggeration, emphasizing its shortcomings, or is introduced into the text by creating an imaginary situation that models the shortcomings of a real situation. Verbal comedy is irony, sarcasm, pun, stylistic contrast, parody of styles and famous works, and other techniques for creating a comic effect. It is necessarily present in feuilleton of any type and any composition.

In the last decade and a half, significant changes have occurred in the genre system of the newspaper (see Linguistic and stylistic changes in modern media).

Journalistic style occupies a special place among functional styles, since the main functions it performs are those of influence and message.

The journalistic style is implemented in the media (this is the language of newspapers, radio, television, etc.) and artistic and journalistic texts. The journalistic style uses the resources of all other styles, primarily scientific and artistic. The genres of journalistic style include: essays, articles, feuilletons, reports, interviews, advertising, etc.

The journalistic style reflects socially significant phenomena, events, problems, and facts of today. The desire for emotional richness of language determines the use of all possible figurative and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, personification, etc.). However, these techniques turn into language stamps, if they are repeated, they are replicated in various journalistic texts.

The journalistic style is most clearly presented in written form on the pages of newspapers. Therefore, one of its varieties is newspaper-journalistic style. The journalistic style quickly reacts to everything new. Many neologisms appear on the pages of newspapers for the first time. For example, in June 2003, newspapers registered such a new word as rover(cf. Lunokhod).

The genres of the newspaper-journalistic style include reports, articles, reviews, interviews, notes, reports, reviews, etc. The genres of the artistic-journalistic style include sketches, essays, feuilletons.

Article- journalistic or scientific text, analyzing any processes, phenomena, facts. For the article it is important to have actual problem and arguments, conclusions and recommendations for solving the problem. The article also uses extensive factual material.

Review- a written analysis of the critical nature of a literary work, film, etc. In a review, it is necessary to evaluate the work, its advantages and disadvantages. The objectivity of the review and the fairness of the assessment are of great importance. In the review there is no need to retell the work in detail, it is enough to indicate the main plot in no more than 2-3 sentences, it should be noted the relevance of the work, the meaning of the title, theme, idea, problems, features of the composition, the author’s style, means of creating images, etc. In conclusion of the work the summary is summed up, a general objective assessment of the work is given, it is also important to note not only its shortcomings, but also its advantages: the entertaining plot, the innovation of the author.

Essay- prose essay with free composition. An essay reflects the individual impressions, thoughts, and feelings of its author on a specific topic. An essay, as a rule, is presented in free form, does not have strict requirements for composition and style of presentation, and is based on creative thinking. The approximate composition is as follows: 1) introduction - statement of the problem; 2) main idea - justification and argumentation of the problem; 3) conclusion - summing up the results of the work. The presentation of the material is accompanied by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. The core of the essay is to raise an issue and present an argument.

Essay writing rules:

1) formulate the topic, purpose and objectives of the essay;
2) formulate a problem (several problems), select an argument (at least three arguments);
3) write an essay based on the recycled material.

Feature article- a small genre of literature based on the descriptive nature of an object or phenomenon. The essay is divided into types: portrait, problem, travel. Portrait sketch- analysis of the hero’s personality and his worldview, which includes a description of appearance, actions, and biographical information. Problem essay- a presentation of a socially significant problem, where the author shares his opinion on the formulated problem and argues for it. Travel essay- travel impressions, which include descriptions of cities, countries, their inhabitants, morals, traditions, etc.

Reportage- a message about something from the scene of an event. The main task of a report is to create the effect of the presence of a reader, listener, or viewer. For a television report, efficiency is important: the events taking place are presented by the author as they unfold; a printed report describes the plot of the event, conveying significant information. The encyclopedic dictionary of the media, edited by A. Knyazev, emphasizes the importance of emotionality when compiling a report, the foreground of which “necessarily comes to the forefront of personal perception, selection of facts and details.”

Texts of a journalistic style, like a work of fiction, reflect the individuality of the author, therefore the journalistic style is often confused with the style of fiction. Unlike the scientific and official business styles, the journalistic style is not strictly regulated and allows for variations in norms.

533. Read the texts. Explain their names. Using the facts presented in the texts, prepare for a debate on the topic “Russian language and us.”

WEED TONGUE

In conclusion, I would like to say something about the trashy language that people are complaining about in our country now. What is true is true, especially among refugees, where everyone introduces Russian into their speech from a foreign language, so you can’t always make it out.

So this is not news, and before they complained about the same thing and even gave examples. So, for example, in the famous book of Kurganov (although the author is not listed on the cover) - “Russian Universal Grammar, or General Writing”, published “in the city of St. Peter” in 1769, we find a sad reproach to the weeders of the Russian language, namely, writes Kurganov, Nikolai Gavrilych:

“The funniest thing is,” he writes, “someone who has confused, having adopted several other people’s words, considers it an honor to reintroduce them in a “demonic” way, interfering with the Russians like this: “I am distracted and desperated; My amantha gave me an infidelite, and I, and ku sur, will revenge against my rival.”

And he is very angry that they introduced such nasty words as “lorgnette” and “imitation”, and even promoted the mother to “governess”.

And truly, as if the phrase that I quoted was heard by Nikolai Gavrilovich not in the city of St. Peter and not 160 years ago, but today in Passy or on Mozar - in a word, in the Russian settlements of Paris. And to be honest, this weedy language penetrates into Russian literature, both there and in exile.

Watch out, O Russian writer! and remember the beautiful verse of the first “Epistola” of the famous piita Sumarokov:

NOT OUR RUSSIAN

Behind last years The Russian language has turned into a cacophonous mixture of obscene language, gangster jargon, distorted “Americanisms” and illiterately used Russian words. People who continue to speak the “archaic” Russian language often do not understand their compatriots. For example, how does “cool” differ from “cool” or “in kind” from “purely concrete”? Nowadays you don’t hear the combination “in life,” but for some reason only “in life.” The previously used verb “count” has turned into a kind of word link. But another Russian verb “put” disappeared altogether and was almost universally replaced by the ugly “lay”.

Any language changes, is updated, enriched. But there must be logic, common sense, and a sense of proportion in everything.

And if all this is the great, mighty Russian language, then is it not possible to organize a short “educational program” for the insufficiently “advanced” media to study this new formation with the participation of specialists?

(From the newspaper “Arguments and Facts”)

Write an essay on one of the topics (optional):

1. To what extent, from your point of view, is it acceptable to use elements of conversational style in public speech?
2. To what extent should or can written speech reflect the characteristics of oral speech?
3. Who and on what basis can draw conclusions about the admissibility or inadmissibility of certain colloquial elements in an official communication situation, including in written texts?
4. Who is responsible today in media editorial offices for the quality of the text (for compliance with standards)? Journalist? Editor?
5. Who determines the linguistic tastes of the media - the owner, Chief Editor, readers or journalist?
6. Do the media today reflect or shape linguistic taste?

534. Read the text. Give it a title.

Closed in itself, Kitay-Gorod represented an original whole, completely different from the Kremlin. The Kremlin is the center of the boyars and clergy, the ruling classes. Kitai-Gorod is a concentration of the townspeople, the tax class; Boyar courts met in Kitai-Gorod only as an exception. The difference in appearance corresponded to this social difference.

Already the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) was immediately distinguished by its bizarre architecture from the Kremlin churches. Built in memory of the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, which gave trade routes to the Caspian Sea and Siberia into the hands of the Moscow settlement, it was made up of eight original temples, one stone and seven wooden, that previously stood in its place - hence its bizarre versatility, corresponding to its numerous altars. And as a “votive” temple, connected with the growth of the Moscow Posad, and not the boyars, which was in decline at that time, it was moved, in defiance of the boyars, outside the Kremlin, to the posad, on the ditch that separated Red Square from the descent to the Moscow River. The Execution Place standing nearby is the platform from which the Tsar's decrees were announced to the Moscow people. Unnecessary in the Kremlin, where the rulers lived, it was necessary in the suburbs, where the governed lived.

Behind Red Square there were commercial premises and then merchant houses. Until the end of the 17th century, trading premises were almost exclusively wooden: the largest houses were two-story log buildings, where the merchant himself lived upstairs, and below, under a canopy, his trade was located; but there were few such houses, and one-story houses or simply tents knocked together from boards predominated. Stone rows were built in 1596, after a terrible fire in 1595.

Log pavements and barrels of water at the corners of the streets in case of fire completed the picture of the “wooden” Kitai-gorod. The streets and alleys ran in an intricate labyrinth, crossing several passages at once at one point, in the so-called sacrums. At night, the streets were blocked off with slingshots and bars, the gates were locked tightly, and watchmen walked around all night with hammers. The same night barriers were used in other parts of Moscow; they existed until the end of the 18th century.

Along Red Square and the alleys of Kitai-Gorod, in addition to constant trading in shops, street trading was carried out in different time a wide variety of goods. Among the trade of Kitay-Gorod already in the 16th century one could meet many out-of-town and foreign merchants. Elijah the Prophet had a Novgorod courtyard on Ilyinka for a long time, and not far from it there was a Pokrovsky courtyard. Next to the Tatar, Caucasian, Persian and Bukhara merchants in Kitay-Gorod one could meet Greeks, Germans, Swedes, English and Italians.

The picture of Kitai-Gorod changed greatly in the 18th century: residential merchant houses in Kitai-Gorod became fewer and fewer every year. Merchants move to live in Zamoskvorechye.

In Kitai-gorod, almost exclusively retail premises are concentrated, arranged in regular rows. In the 17th century there were 72 rows here, and they were named after the items of trade: fish, crystal, rags, gold, icons, candles, wax, and so on. There was even a crummy aisle where they sold second-hand clothes, obviously extremely dirty.

The division of shops in Kitay-Gorod into rows according to specialties remained until the 60s of the 19th century. The names of some of these rows are preserved in the names of the lanes: Rybny, Khrustalny, Vetoshny.

(N. Nikolsky)

1. Determine the main idea. Specify its microthemes. Write down the keywords and phrases of each micro-topic.
2. Write an essay on the topic “Favorite corner of my city”, using materials from your city’s website.
3. Determine the type and style of speech. What genre does the text belong to?

535. Write down the text using punctuation marks. How many paragraphs does the author highlight in this text? Why does the author use this division?

What style of speech would you classify the text as? What signs will you look out for? And what genre? Describe the stylistic features of this text, giving examples.

Memory is one of the most important properties of existence, any existence of a material, spiritual human...

Memory is possessed by individual plants - stone on which traces of its origin and movement remain. glacial period glass water, etc.

And what can we say about “ genetic memory» memory embedded in centuries, memory passing from one generation of living beings to the next.

Moreover, memory is not mechanical at all. This is the most important creative process: it is a process and it is creative. What is needed is remembered; through memory, good experience is accumulated, a tradition is formed, everyday skills are created, family skills, labor skills, public institutions...

Memory resists the destructive power of time.

This property of memory is extremely important.

Memory, overcoming time, overcoming death.

This is the greatest moral significance memory. An “unmemorable” person is, first of all, an ungrateful, irresponsible person and, therefore, incapable of good, selfless deeds.

Irresponsibility is born from the lack of awareness that nothing passes without a trace. A person who commits an unkind act thinks that this act will not be preserved in his personal memory and in the memory of those around him. He himself is obviously not used to preserving the memory of the past, feeling a sense of gratitude to his ancestors, their work, their cares, and therefore he thinks that everything will be forgotten about him.

Conscience is basically a memory to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is accomplished is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.

(According to D. Likhachev)

536. Write a review of D. Likhachev’s text (see exercise 535) in the form of a reasoning, consisting of a thesis, evidence and conclusion. Remember that the review does not include an analysis of the text, but gives its overall assessment.

537. Read the text. Determine his speech style and genre. Highlight the grammatical basics and draw a conclusion about the use of the main members of the sentence in newspaper-journalistic style texts.

Today on Yauzsky Boulevard in Moscow there is a monument to the great Dagestan poet and public figure Rasul Gamzatov. Speaking to the audience, the guests highly appreciated the activities and creativity of the Dagestan poet and noted that Rasul Gamzatov was an outstanding person.

It should be noted that the opening of the monument is timed to coincide with the 90th anniversary of the poet’s birth, which will be celebrated in September. The initiator and sponsor of the construction of the monument was the International Public Foundation of Rasul Gamzatov. The monument is engraved with lines from the famous poem “Cranes” by Rasul Gamzatov, which has become an immortal song: “Sometimes it seems to me that the soldiers who did not return from the bloody fields did not once die in this land, but turned into white cranes.”

A kind smile, a penetrating look, humor that scattered around the world with aphorisms - this is how the poet’s contemporaries remembered him.

(From the newspaper “Stolichnost”)

538. Write a report about your class doing something cultural event(going to a museum, excursions, visiting the theater).

539. Read an excerpt from the travelogue “Along the Ussuri Region” and determine the style of the text.

After lunch, the people went to rest, and I went for a wander along the bank of the river. Wherever I turned my gaze, I saw only grass and swamp. In the distance to the south(west), misty mountains were barely visible. In some places along the treeless plains, patches of small shrubs grew dark like oases.

While making my way towards them, I accidentally scared away a great short-eared owl, a nocturnal bird of open spaces that always hides in the grass during the day. She scaredly shied away from me and, having flown away a little, sank again into the swamp. I lay down to rest near the bushes and suddenly heard a faint rustling. These were warblers. They fluttered through the reeds, constantly twitching their tails. Then I saw two (three) wrens. These cute reddish (variegated) birds constantly hid in the thickets, then suddenly jumped out somewhere on the other side and hid again under the dry grass.

An hour and a half later I returned to my people. Having quenched our thirst with tasteless slurry and snacked on potatoes baked over a fire, we boarded the boats and sailed on.

In the afternoon we covered a distance of eleven (thirteen) kilometers and bivouacked on one of the many islands.

Today we had the opportunity to observe the shadow segment of the Earth in the north (east). The evening dawn shimmered with special colors. At first it was pale, then it became emerald (green), and against that green background, like diverging pillars, two light (yellow) rays rose from (beyond) the horizon. After a few minutes, the continuation of which ray after ray disappeared, green light the dawn turned bright (orange), then dark (red). The most recent phenomenon was that the crimson (red) horizon became dark, as if from smoke. Simultaneously with sunset, the shadow segment of the Earth began to appear on the north (eastern) side. One end of it touched the northern horizon, the other - the southern. The outer edge of this shadow was crimson, and the lower the sun descended, the higher the shadow segment rose. Soon the purple stripe merged with the thick (red) lightning in the west, and then a dark (dark) night came.

(According to V. Arsenyev)

1. Find epithets in the text. How does their use help create an artistic image? Are there comparisons in the text? Name them. How are they expressed? What function do they perform?
2. Write out sentences with isolated circumstances from the text. Indicate how they are expressed.
3. Identify the types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

Just like fiction, journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is enormous. The genres of journalistic style include speeches of lawyers, speakers, appearances in the press (article, note, report, feuilleton); and travel essay, portrait sketch, essay. Today we will dwell in detail on the features of the essay genre and its varieties. Journalism, which is called the chronicle of modern times, since it fully reflects current history, is addressed to topical problems of society - political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., is close to fiction.

The word "essay" came into Russian from French and historically goes back to the Latin word exagium (weighing). The French ézai can literally be translated by the words experience, trial, attempt, sketch, essay. This is a prose work of small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and considerations on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

The main purpose of an essay is to convey information or explain something. The essay accomplishes this task through the author's direct statement, which means that neither characters nor plot are created in the essay. Typically, an essay assumes a new, subjective opinion about a situation and can be of a philosophical, journalistic, critical, popular science, etc. nature.

The presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be written in the essay genre. Some characteristics of an essay An essay expresses individual impressions and considerations on a specific topic or issue and does not purport to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. As a rule, an essay involves a new, subjectively colored word about something; such a work can be philosophical, historical-biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular science or purely fictional in nature. in the content of the essay, the personality of the author is assessed primarily - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

An essay topic should serve its purpose of provoking thought. This may be a controversial thesis or a well-known saying. Therefore, the formulation of the essay topic usually contains a question and a problem, for example: “Smart vote-getters become rulers.” K. Pobedonostsev, “What is more important: guns or butter?” Essay topic

In an essay, an object or phenomenon serves as a pretext for the writer’s thoughts. Or the writer walks in circles around a specific topic, as if “weaving lace” or a “web” of a narrative. This quality can be observed by analyzing the names. Often the preposition “O” appears in them, since the title only approximately reflects the content of the work, or is the initial point for the author’s reasoning, or is not directly related to the topic of the essay. It is no coincidence that the conjunctions “AS” and “OR” are present. (“On Conscience”, “On the Nature of Words”, “How to Read a Book”). The essay can be devoted to philosophical and historical problems, critical and literary issues, autobiographical facts and much more.

An essay can be embodied in various literary forms: a moral sermon, an article, a diary, a story, a confession, a speech, and many others. Using their capabilities and crossing genre boundaries, the essay retains its genre independence. (“Political confession young man", "Sketch of the Poet's Knowledge", "Unsent Letter to the Singer").

1. Title page (used mainly in student essays). 2. Introduction of the essay. The essence and rationale for the chosen topic. At this stage, it is necessary to formulate a question that will be answered during the writing of the essay. In addition, it is important to determine the relevance of the topic and the terms necessary to disclose it 3. The main part of the essay. Statement of the answer to the main question. This part contains an analysis of available data and argumentation of the author’s point of view. Depending on the question, analysis can be carried out on the basis of various philosophical categories, for example: cause - effect, form - content, part - whole, etc. Each paragraph of your essay should contain only one complete thought. 4. Conclusion of the essay. Summarizing the conclusions already made, summing up the general results. In addition, you can once again repeat the main points of the essay, make an illustrative quote, or end the essay with sublime notes. Essay structure

The structure of the essay is determined by the requirements for it: The essay author's thoughts on the issue are presented in the form of brief abstracts (T). The idea must be supported by evidence - therefore the thesis is followed by arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena public life, events, life situations and life experiences, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis: one argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can “overload” a presentation made in a genre focused on brevity and imagery . Essay structure Thus, the essay acquires a ring structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of the development of thought): introduction, thesis, arguments, conclusion.

1. The introduction and conclusion should focus attention on the problem (in the introduction it is posed, in the conclusion the author’s opinion is summarized). 2. It is necessary to highlight paragraphs, red lines, and establish a logical connection between paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. 3. Style of presentation: the essay is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. Experts believe that the desired effect is ensured by short, simple, varied intonation sentences, and the skillful use of the “most modern” punctuation mark - the dash. However, style reflects personality characteristics, it is also useful to remember this. When writing an essay, it is also important to consider the following points: Classification of essays From the point of view of content, essays can be: philosophical, literary-critical, historical, artistic, artistic-journalistic, spiritual-religious, etc.

1. Small volume. Of course, there are no hard boundaries. The volume of the essay is from three to seven pages of computer text. For example, at Harvard Business School, essays are often written in just two pages. IN Russian universities Essays up to ten pages are allowed, albeit typewritten. 2. A specific topic and a distinctly subjective interpretation of it. The topic of the essay is always specific. An essay cannot contain many topics or ideas (thoughts). It reflects only one option, one thought. And develops it. This is the answer to one question. Features of an essay

3. Free composition is an important feature of the essay. Researchers note that the essay, by its nature, is structured in such a way that it does not tolerate any formal framework. It is often constructed contrary to the laws of logic, is subject to arbitrary associations, and is guided by the principle “Everything is the other way around.” 4. Ease of storytelling. It is important for the essay writer to establish a trusting style of communication with the reader; in order to be understood, he avoids deliberately complicated, unclear, and overly strict constructions. The researchers note that good essay can only be written by someone who is fluent in the topic, sees it from various angles and is ready to present to the reader not an exhaustive, but a multidimensional view of the phenomenon that became the starting point of his thoughts.

5. Tendency to paradoxes. The essay is designed to surprise the reader (listener) - this, according to many researchers, is its mandatory quality. The starting point for reflections embodied in an essay is often an aphoristic, vivid statement or a paradoxical definition, literally confronting at first glance indisputable, but mutually exclusive statements, characteristics, theses. 6. Internal semantic unity. Perhaps this is one of the paradoxes of the genre. Free in composition, focused on subjectivity, the essay at the same time has an internal semantic unity, i.e. consistency key points and statements, internal harmony of arguments and associations, consistency of those judgments in which the author’s personal position is expressed.

7. Focus on spoken language. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid using slang, cliched phrases, abbreviation of words, and an overly frivolous tone in the essay. The language used in essay writing should be taken seriously. So, when writing an essay, it is important to determine (understand) its topic, determine the desired volume and goals of each paragraph. Start with a main idea or catchy phrase. The task is to immediately capture the attention of the reader (listener). Comparative allegory is often used here, when an unexpected fact or event is associated with the main theme of the essay.

1. A mandatory formal requirement for this work is the title. The rest: content, way of presenting thoughts, statement of the problem, formulation of conclusions, etc. - written at the discretion of the author. 2. The main requirement of a substantive nature is to express the author’s view on the problem under consideration. Options are possible here: a comparison of already known points of view and the opinion of the writer, or only the expression of the author’s subjective thoughts on the issue under consideration. General recommendations:

3. As a means of artistic expression when writing an essay, the use of various metaphors, associations, comparisons, aphorisms, quotes is encouraged (however, do not forget that an essay is still a personal opinion and you should not get carried away with quoting), drawing parallels and analogies, etc. Liveliness and dynamism are usually added to the text of an essay by questions, unexpected transitions, and unpredictable conclusions. 4. When writing an essay, you should avoid phrases such as “In this essay I will talk about...”, “This essay addresses the problem...”, etc. It is much better to replace them with questions, a statement of a problem, or an appeal to the reader, because the main goal of the essay is to interest the reader, convey to him the author’s point of view, make him think about what he read, and draw his own conclusions on the issues under study. The main thing when writing an essay is to express YOUR point of view.

The dynamism of today's life and the high pace of all processes occurring in society have also affected the sphere of education. The most important requirements for the level of education modern man are not only deep knowledge of professional orientation, but also the ability to competently, coherently, accessiblely and beautifully formulate one’s thoughts. Therefore, one of the most frequently used ways to monitor students’ knowledge is writing an essay.

Dictionary. Essay – 1. short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant).2. A general statement of a question. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Essay – 1. in fiction, one of the types of story, characterized by great descriptiveness, affects mainly social problems. 2. a journalistic, including documentary, essay presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author.

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America.” An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s, “District Everyday Life.” There are books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

Travel essays and travel sketches are very popular. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for telling stories about interesting people, their everyday life, for thinking about life. Characteristic feature The essay is documentary, the reliability of the facts and events that are discussed. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action, the essay, as in work of art, expressive means are also used, an element of artistic typification is introduced. An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem. There is a distinction between a travel essay, which tells about impressions on the road: sketches of nature, people’s everyday life are given. A portrait essay reveals a person’s personality, his character, and a problematic essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: a travelogue contains portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

How would you title the text? Ex. 411 Which genre of journalistic style of speech would you classify this text as? (Travel essay.) Signs of what style are manifested? (Artistic.) (Theme is the place of the family in society; the main idea is the family is the basis of society.) Ex. 429 What socially significant issue is discussed in this text? (Moral and ethical.) Determine the topic and main idea.

(Description of the hero’s appearance; a story about his business, profession, creativity; individual biographical facts; a description of the character traits of the hero of his speech; an episode (or several episodes that reveal the main thing in the hero.) Exercise 416 What did you learn from the essay about the Russian writer, master of oral storytelling Irakli Andronikov? How do you imagine this person? What do you think are the main parts of an essay?

As the beginning of an essay, a description of the hero’s appearance, a description of the scene, or a description of the environment can be used. The beginning can also be narrative if the author decided to start the essay with some episode that clearly characterizes the personality of the hero. Everything depends not only on the writing style, but also on the problems that the author solves in his essay. How to start a portrait sketch? An essay is a genre form in which the engine of plot development, the main organizing factor of the material, is the author’s “I”, the image of the author (his attitude to reality, to the subject of the image). Essays can be more or less restrained, strict in the degree of self-expression, in tone (this depends on individual taste and manner), but a mandatory feature of the genre remains the close connection of the presentation with the author’s “I”. What do you think is the place of the author’s position in a portrait sketch?

Card 2 How do you imagine a person in Ancient Rus', keeping in mind his most typical, characteristic features? Write the beginning of a essay about a person you know well. Where do you start? Individual work Ex. 419, 420, 421,422. Card 1 Select and write down adjectives that characterize a person’s physique, his figure, posture, gait, face, look, hair, hands.

What is the place of the author's position in the essay? Let's repeat What genres of journalistic style do you know? What is an essay? What is special about a problem essay? What type of speech is used to construct a problem essay? What is a travelogue? Give examples. What is the difference between a portrait sketch and a portrait characterization in a work of art?

Genres of journalistic style

– certain “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types” of works” ( MM. Bakhtin) operating in the media. Usually there are three groups of genres: informational (note, report); analytical (conversation, article, correspondence, review, overview, review) and artistic-publications. (essay, pamphlet). In the listed genres, those features and characteristics that the function contains are realized. style.

Due to such differences, some researchers deny the unity of newspaper-publics. style and consider public. only analytical and artistic-publications. texts, excluding them from publication. informational texts, however, it seems that this approach is inappropriate. One cannot but agree with the statement: “The basis for the distinction between the concepts of journalistic style - the language of journalism is a narrow understanding of style, in which the relationship of the named units turns out to be more quantitative than qualitative. A broader interpretation of style, taking into account two types of indicators (intralinguistic and extralinguistic - auto), turns out to be preferable, since it allows us to characterize linguistic entities in detail and thereby establish their similarities and differences, as well as what is specific in their composition" ( I.A. Veshchikov, 1991, p. 24). Consequently, not only analytical and artistic-journalistic texts, but also informational texts are journalistic: “The long-standing debate - whether news information is journalism - is meaningless: any message published in the media, designed for a certain perception by the audience and bearing the stamp of the author’s personality - journalistically" ( Kroychik, 2000, p. 141). Thus, despite the fact that stylistic differences between genres can be quite significant, this does not contradict the idea of unity of journalistic style. On the contrary, the function style “specifies the general setting for the use of linguistic means and the method of speech organization” ( G.Ya. Solganik), therefore, without such a general approach to research that allows us to implement the concept of functional. style, it is impossible to reveal the characteristic features of individual genres. But, on the other hand, it is possible to reveal the features of the functional style as a whole only as a result of a thorough study of the specifics of its genre implementation.

Let's consider the stylistic features of the most common genres of newspaper journalism.

– a genre of news journalism, secondary text, which is a collection of messages stating the presence of an event in the present, near past or near future. A chronicle message is a text of one to three or four sentences with the general meaning of “where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen.” The main indicators of time are the adverbs “today”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”, which allow us to correlate an event with the date it was reported. The timing signal may be implicit: meaning" just now, now, soon" is given by the genre itself, its stating content. In the same way, an indication of the place may be implicit; for example, in a chronicle of city events there is no need to mention the name of the city in every message (an expression like " There will be a bike ride today"will be clearly understood as" will take place in our city", if the message contains one or two more sentences, a more specific indication of the place of action may appear). The presence of an event is recorded by an existential verb in different forms (took place, will take place, open, planned, happening, going to, will gather, working, etc. .).Typical formulas at the beginning of a chronicle message: “Yesterday an exhibition opened in Moscow”, “Today a meeting is being held in Yekaterinburg”, “Tomorrow there will be an opening in Perm”.

- in the narrow sense of the word, this is a genre of news journalism in which a story about an event is conducted (in electronic media) or, as it were, conducted (in the press) simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. In radio and television reporting, all means that convey the presence of the speaker at the scene of the event are used naturally, as the only possible ones, for example: “we are in the hall of the regional museum”, “now the rescuer is attaching the ladder”, “right in front of me” etc. In written speech, the same means are used to imitate the simultaneity of an event and a story about it: this is present. verb tense in combination with the perfect, such as "I see that the rescuer has already climbed to the third floor", elliptical and one-part sentences ( we are on a rocky plateau, today it is cloudy), the author's "I" or "we" in the meaning of "me and my companions."

R.'s composition provides for recording the natural course of an event. However, very few events, and even then only in electronic media, are transmitted in real time from beginning to end (football match, military parade, presidential inauguration). In other cases, time has to be compressed by selecting episodes. This raises the problem of editing episodes. A complex event consisting of a number of parallel actions such as the Olympics is transmitted in real time as a sequence of episodes of different actions, for example: “Russian gymnasts are now doing floor exercises, they’re going out on the mat...”, “and now we’re being shown the performances of Romanian gymnasts on the uneven bars.”. In the recording, the event is also conveyed as a sequence of edited episodes; through editing, one can achieve clear emphasis on important moments of the event and expand the author’s commentary. A written text, in principle, is not capable of reflecting the entire event, so the author of the report has to present only the most striking episodes of the event, trying to convey this brightness in words by selecting the most significant details. And the greater the role of editing, the more increasing the possibility of including a detailed and extensive author’s commentary in the text, as a result of which a special type of genre may appear - analytical R. Such a text is an alternation of reported fragments of an event and various kinds of commentary inserts, reasoning, which, however, should not obscure from the reader the moment of the journalist’s presence at the scene of the event. The reporter can entrust the commentary to a specialist who is a participant in the event, then the report contains an element of an interview about the current event as a whole or about its individual moments. This is an important way to dynamize the presentation, enrich the content and form of the text. Using linguistic means, the addressee can be involved in the presentation, for example: "you and I now...".

In modern journalism, a report is often called an analytical text that emphasizes the active actions of the journalist taken to clarify the issue, even if there is no attempt by linguistic means to create the effect of the speaker’s presence at the scene of the action. Such a work includes interviews with experts, presentation and analysis of documents, often with a message about how the author managed to obtain them, stories about a trip to the scene of the event, and meetings with eyewitnesses. Since R. presupposes the active actions of the author, the compositional core turns out to be event elements, although the content of the text is aimed at analyzing the problem. This technique of dynamization in presenting a problem enriches the arsenal of ways to present analytical material to the reader.

– multifunctional genre. These can be texts of news journalism, i.e. a dialogical form of presenting a just-completed or current event. These can be analytical texts that present a dialogic discussion of the problem. All these works, which are far from each other in content (just as a note is far from an article), are united by only one thing - the form of dialogue conducted by a journalist with an informed person.

I. in electronic media is a dialogue that implements the laws of public spontaneous speech. From the journalist’s side, this is a combination of prepared and freely arising questions during the conversation; expression of evaluation of the answers, a lively, often very emotional reaction to them (agreement, disagreement, clarification, etc.); expressing your own opinion on the topic under discussion. The journalist makes sure that the interlocutor does not deviate from the topic and explains details (including terms) that might be incomprehensible to listeners or viewers. On the part of the interviewee, this is a deep awareness of the problem, ensuring the formation of the substantive side of the speech, the spontaneity of which is manifested only in the lack of preparation of a specific form of answer. The answer is structured in accordance with the current conversation, depends on the form of the question, on what was said earlier, on the momentary remark of the journalist. At the level of form, all the features of dialogical spontaneous oral speech are manifested: a special rhythm provided by syntagmas that are close in length, pauses, word search, incompleteness of syntactic structures, repetitions, picking up cues, asking questions, etc.

I. very often is an integral part of a journalistic text of another genre: a report, article, essay, review.

In linguistic terms, at the syntax level, there is an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions, introductory words of a logical nature, words and sentences denoting the type of logical connection, such as “let’s give an example”, “consider the reasons”, etc. At the morphological level, the genre is characterized by grammatical means that allow expressing the formulation of patterns: present abstract, singular with a collective meaning, abstract nouns. At the level of vocabulary, we observe the use of terms, including highly specialized ones with explanations, as well as words naming abstract concepts. Thus, language means are used to formalize the result of the author’s analytical activity, which reveals the patterns of development of the phenomenon, its causes and consequences, its significance for the life of society.

Acceleration orientation is widely used. style. At the same time, in S. the number of techniques imitating friendly, interested oral communication with the reader on a serious issue sharply increases. In the syntax, constructions appear that imitate colloquial speech: non-union sentences conveying cause-and-effect relationships, colloquial-type additions. The length of sentences is reduced. The text is filled with colloquial vocabulary that expresses an emotional assessment of the subject of speech.

– artistic-publicist. a genre that requires a figurative, concrete, sensory representation of a fact and problem. Thematically, the essays are very diverse: they can be, for example, problematic, portrait, travel, event. Since O. is a work with a high degree of generalization of life material, the hero and the event are drawn by the author in the process of analyzing a current social problem. O.'s text harmoniously combines vividly, expressively conveyed events, convincingly drawn images of heroes and deep, demonstrative reasoning. The combination of event, subject and logical elements of essay content depends on a number of factors. First of all, it is determined by what type of composition is chosen by the essayist. If an event composition is used, then the story is constructed as a story about an event, in the presentation of which, as in a fiction story, the plot, the development of the action, the climax, and the denouement are distinguished. The author's reasoning and description of the characters interrupt the action for some time, but then the unfolding of the text again obeys the course of the event. If logical composition is used, the construction of the text is determined by the development of the author's reasoning; episodes of one event or several different events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning, a thesis argument, an association by similarity or contrast, etc. Occasionally, essayistic composition is used in O., in which the development of the text is carried out through associations and sharp transitions from one subject of speech to another. It must, however, be taken into account that the seemingly chaotic presentation hides the purposeful development of the author’s thought, the course of which the reader must understand through the interpretation of the associative connections of text elements.

Thus, an O. can be constructed, firstly, as a story about a real event, which unfolds in its natural sequence or with its violation in the form of retrospections and prospections and which is interrupted or framed by the author’s reasoning, conveying the journalistic concept to the reader. In this case, the author can act as an off-screen observer, a voice-over commentator, a participant in the event, or an interlocutor of the hero talking about the event. Secondly, an O. can be constructed as a story about a journalistic investigation, and in the form of a presentation of conversations with the characters, the content of documents read and thoughts on what he saw, the reader learns about the events and people who participated in them, as well as about the problem that the journalist sees in given facts. Thirdly, O. may represent an emotionally charged reasoning by a journalist about a problem. In the course of the argument, events are presented and characters are described, which allows such a reflective narrator to reveal the problem using visual material from life.

Different types of narrators structure communication with the reader differently. Presentation in the form of a third person or in the form of the hero’s “I” dispenses with direct appeal to the reader. On the contrary, the author’s “I” is most often combined with active communication with the reader, especially in the form of “we” with the meaning “I, the author, and my reader.”

Various combinations of types of composition, types of narrator, tonality and ways of communicating with the reader create a wide variety of essay forms.

– an artistic-public genre that presents an event or problem in a satirical or, less commonly, humorous light. F. can be targeted, ridiculing a specific fact, or unaddressed, exposing a negative social phenomenon. The text may consider one event or several events, attracted by the author on the basis of the similarity between them and thereby demonstrating the typicality of the analyzed phenomenon.

Lit.: Solganik G.Ya. Reporting style. – M., 1970; Vlasov V.I. Newspaper genres. – M., 1971; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. – M., 1971; Rogova K.A. Syntactic features of journalistic speech. – L., 1975; Vakurov V.N., Kokhtev N.N., Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of newspaper genres. – M., 1978; Glushkov N.I. Essay prose. – Rostov n/d., 1979; Tishchenko V.A. Interview in the newspaper: Theory and practice of genre development. – M., 1980; Language and style of media and propaganda. – M., 1980; Stylistics of newspaper genres. – M., 1981; Vasilyeva A.N. Newspaper and journalistic style. – M., 1982; Konkov V.I., Krasnova T.I., Rogova K.A. The language of artistic journalism. – L., 1983; Information genres of newspaper publication. – M., 1986; Stylistics of the Russian language: Genre-communicative aspect of text stylistics. – M., 1987; Maydanova L.M. Structure and composition of newspaper text: Means of expressive writing. – Krasnoyarsk, 1987; Hers: Practical stylistics of media genres: Note, article. – Ekaterinburg, 1996; Tertychny A.A. Analytical journalism: cognitive-psychological approach. – M., 1987; Modern newspaper journalism. – L., 1988; Kholmov M.I. Artistic and journalistic genres of the newspaper: , . – L., 1988; Lysakova I.P. Type of newspaper and style of publication: Experience in sociolinguistic research. – L., 1989; Mazneva O.A. Objective and subjective in the essay: (Towards the theory of genre). dis. Ph.D. Philol. n. – M., 1989; Hers: The structure of the newspaper genre. – M., 1990; Veshchikova I.A. Journalistic style as a unit in the system of functional varieties of language. // Bulletin of Moscow State University, Ser. IX, Philology. – 1990. – No. 1; Streltsov B.V. Fundamentals of journalism: Genres. – Minsk, 1990; Reader and newspaper: problems of interaction. – Sverdlovsk, 1990; Argumentation in a journalistic text. – Sverdlovsk, 1992; Kaida L.G. Author's position in journalism (functional-stylistic study of modern newspaper genres). Author's abstract. doc. dis.– M., 1992; Gorokhov V.M. Newspaper and magazine genres. – M., 1993; Shostak M.I. Information genres. – M., 1998; Hers: A journalist and his work. – M., 1998; Hers: Reporter: professionalism and ethics. – M., 1999; Boykova N.G., Bezzubov A.N., Konkov V.I. Journalistic style. – St. Petersburg, 1999; Kroichik L.E. System journalistic genres// Fundamentals of creative activity. – St. Petersburg, 2000; Smelkova Z.S., Assuirova L.V., Savova M.R., Salnikova O.A. Rhetorical foundations of journalism. Working on newspaper genres. – M., 2000; Kim M.N. Essay: theory and methodology of the genre. – St. Petersburg, 2000.

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