Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Dmitry Mendeleev: interesting facts from the life of the Russian scientist What is Mendeleev famous for?

On October 19, 1875, in a report at a meeting of the Physical Society at St. Petersburg University, Dmitry Mendeleev put forward the idea of ​​​​a balloon with a pressurized gondola for studying the high-altitude layers of the atmosphere. Dmitry Mendeleev was a fantastically erudite person and scientist, a researcher in many sciences. During his life, Mendeleev made many great discoveries. Today we decided to make a selection of the five main achievements of Dmitry Mendeleev.

Creation of a controlled balloon

Dmitry Mendeleev studied gases in chemistry. Mendeleev was also interested in the projects of stratospheric balloons and balloons. So in 1875, he developed a project for a stratospheric balloon with a volume of about 3600 m3 with a sealed gondola, implying the possibility of rising into the upper atmosphere; later he designed a controlled balloon with engines.

Creating a periodic table of chemical elements

One of the main achievements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was the creation of the periodic table chemical elements. This table is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the relationship various properties elements from the charge of the atomic nucleus. The table is a graphic expression of the periodic law, which Mendeleev himself established. It is also known that the periodic table, developed by Mendeleev more within the framework of chemistry, was a ready-made systematization of the types of atoms for new branches of physics.

Discovery of critical temperature

Another significant achievement of Mendeleev was the discovery of the “absolute boiling point of liquids,” that is, the critical temperature. Mendeleev discovered the critical temperature in 1860, having set up laboratories in his house, with the help of which he studied surface tension liquids at different temperatures. In thermodynamics, “critical temperature” itself means the value of the temperature at the critical point, that is, at a temperature above the critical point, the gas cannot condense at any pressure.

Discovery of the general equation of state for an ideal gas

The ideal gas equation of state is a formula that establishes the relationship between pressure, molar volume and the absolute temperature of an ideal gas. This equation is called the Clayperon-Mendeleev equation precisely because both of these scientists contributed to the discovery of the equation. If Clapeyron's equation contained a non-universal gas constant, the value of which had to be measured for each gas, then Mendeleev found the coefficient of proportionality of what he called the universal gas constant.

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich(February 8, 1834, Tobolsk - February 2, 1907, St. Petersburg) - Russian scientist-encyclopedist, public figure. Chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker. Professor of St. Petersburg University; Corresponding Member in the “Physical” category of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Among the most famous discoveries is the periodic law of chemical elements, one of the fundamental laws of the universe, integral to all natural science.

He was a member of the committees that developed the plan and project for the construction of Tomsk University and the Tomsk Institute of Technology.

At the beginning of 1906, at the request of the rector of the Tomsk Technological Institute E. L. Zubashev, the scientist’s wife, Anna Ivanovna Pavlova, painted a portrait of her husband for the institute.

Mendeleev's sister, Ekaterina, was the mother of Tomsk University professor Fyodor Yakovlevich Kapustin.

Biography

1841 - entered the Tobolsk gymnasium.

1855 - graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.

1855 - senior teacher of natural sciences at the Simferopol men's gymnasium.

1855-1856 - senior teacher of the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa.

1856 - defended his dissertation “for the right to give lectures” - “Structure of silica compounds”; assigned on October 10 academic degree Master of Science in Chemistry.

1857 - confirmed with the rank of privat-docent of the Imperial St. Petersburg University in the Department of Chemistry.

1857-1890 - taught at the Imperial St. Petersburg University (since 1865 - professor chemical technology, from 1867 - professor of general chemistry) - lectures on chemistry in the 2nd cadet corps.

In 1863-1872. - Professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, in 1863-1872 he headed the chemical laboratory of the institute, and also simultaneously taught at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy and School; - at the Institute of the Corps of Railway Engineers.

1859-1861 - was on a scientific trip to Heidelberg.

1860 takes part in the first International Chemical Congress in Karlsruhe.

On January 31, 1865, at a meeting of the Council of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water,” which laid the foundations of his doctrine of solutions.

On December 29, 1876 (January 10, 1877) he was elected a corresponding member in the “physics” category of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

1890 - left St. Petersburg University due to a conflict with the Minister of Education, who, during student unrest, refused to accept a student petition from Mendeleev.

1892 - scientist-custodian of the Depot of Model Weights and Scales, which in 1893, on his initiative, was transformed into the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (now the All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after D. I. Mendeleev).

1893 - worked at the chemical plant of P.K. Ushkov (later named after L.Ya. Karpov; Bondyuzhsky village, now Mendeleevsk) using the plant’s production base to produce smokeless gunpowder (pyrocollodia).

1899 - heads the Ural expedition, which involves stimulating the industrial and economic development of the region.

1900 - participates in the World Exhibition in Paris

1903 - first chairman of the State Examination Commission of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, in the creation of which the scientist took an active part.

Scientific activity

Early scientific works were devoted to the study of isomorphism and specific volumes (1854-1856), where a number of important generalizations were made. Discovered (1860) the “absolute boiling point of liquids.” Wrote (1861) the first Russian textbook on organic chemistry. Author of the fundamental work "Fundamentals of Chemistry", which went through eight editions during the life of D.I. Mendeleev (1st 1868-1871; 8th 1906). While working on the 1st edition, I came up with the idea of ​​a periodic dependence of the properties of chemical elements on their atomic weights. In 1869-1871 laid out the foundations of the doctrine of periodicity, discovered the periodic law and developed the periodic system of chemistry. elem. On the basis of the system, he first predicted (1870) the existence and properties of several elements that had not yet been discovered, including “eka-aluminum” - gallium (discovered in 1875), “ekabor” - scandium (1879), "ekasilicia" - Germany (1886). He developed the doctrine of periodicity until his death. He carried out a fundamental cycle of work (1865-1887) on the study of solutions, developing the hydration theory of solutions. Created (1873) a new metric system for measuring temperature. While studying gases, he found (1874) general equation state of an ideal gas, generalizing the Clapeyron equation (Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation). Expressed (1877) a hypothesis about the inorganic origin of oil from carbides of heavy metals; proposed the principle of fractional distillation in oil refining. He put forward (1888) the idea of ​​underground gasification of coal. Made (1887) flight on hot-air balloon for observation solar eclipse. Developed (1891 -1892) the technology for manufacturing a new type of smokeless gunpowder. Working in Ch. Chamber of Weights and Measures, significantly contributed to the development of metric business in Russia, and also developed a broad program of metrological research, in particular, with a view to clarifying the nature of mass and the causes universal gravity. He came up (1902) with an original concept of the chemical understanding of the world ether, proposing, among other things, one of the first hypotheses about the causes of radioactivity.

He created the periodic table at the age of 35. As a teacher, Mendeleev did not create or leave behind a school, like A. M. Butlerov; but entire generations of Russian chemists can be considered his students. Mendeleev's lectures were not distinguished by their outward brilliance, but they were fascinating, and the entire university gathered to listen to him. He knew almost all the outstanding artists and writers of his time. His only daughter Lyuba was the wife of A. Blok. Mendeleev had almost no friends; he was openly at odds with many. His main opponent, Leo Tolstoy, wrote: “He has a lot of interesting materials, but his conclusions are terribly stupid.” Mendeleev himself wrote almost the same thing about Tolstoy: “He is a genius, but stupid.”

Was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, universities different countries. Mendeleev's name is given to chemical element No. 101 (mendelevium), an underwater mountain range and a crater on back side Moons, row educational institutions And scientific institutes. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 the name of Mendeleev was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier.

Proceedings

He left more than 1,500 works, including the classic “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (parts 1-2, 1869-1871, 13th edition, 1947) - the first harmonious presentation of inorganic chemistry.

Election as the first honorary member of TTI

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was elected the first honorary member of the Tomsk Technological Institute by the TTI Council on January 22, 1904 in gratitude for his assistance in building the institute and organizing laboratories, as well as in recognition of his services in the development higher education in Siberia.

At a time when the issue of opening a technological institute and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Tomsk University in Tomsk had already been decided and all that remained was to formally pass the matter through the legislative authorities, the Ministry of Public Education received a memorandum from D.I. Mendeleev about the possibility of training engineers at the technical department of the university, which prompted the Minister of Public Education I.D. Delyanov to discuss again the issue of training engineers in Siberia.

Mendeleev’s proposal contradicted the views established in those years about the inadmissibility of any mixing of “pure science” taught at universities with the applied knowledge that students received at institutes. Later, the commission decided that the training of engineers should be carried out at an independent technological institute. The contingent of students for this institute should be provided by Siberian real schools and their number should expand in the future in connection with the needs of the railway.

DI. Mendeleev took an active part in the development of the Tomsk Technological Institute - he was a member of the committees that developed TTI construction projects, helped equip the institute's laboratories and offices with the latest equipment, and selected professional scientific personnel.

In gratitude for the great help of the scientist, in recognition of his services in the development of higher education in Siberia, on the eve of his 70th anniversary, January 22, 1904, the TTI Council, on the initiative of director E.L. Zubashev was elected by D.I. Mendeleev's first honorary member of the institute.

Awards

• Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class

• Order of St. Vladimir, II degree

• Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

• Order of the White Eagle

• Order of St. Anne, 1st class

• Order of St. Anne, 2nd class

• Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class

• Legion of Honor.

Literature

A.V. Gagarin "Tomsk Polytechnic University 1896-1996: Historical sketch." Tomsk: TPU, 1996. – 448 p.

Ilya Repin “Portrait of Dmitry Mendeleev in the robe of a professor at the University of Edinburgh”, 1885

Outstanding scientist Dmitry IvanovichMendeleev made epoch-making discoveries that brought worldwide fame Russian science

Dmitry Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in the Siberian city of Tobolsk.

He was the seventeenth child in the family. On his father's side, Mendeleev's ancestors were priests; they served in the north of the modern Tver region, in the vicinity of the city of Udomlya.

Father Ivan Pavlovich, as a representative of the clergy, studied at a theological school, here, according to the then existing tradition, he received the surname Mendeleev. Ivan Pavlovich did not become a priest, but decided to become a people's teacher. By the time of birth last son Dmitry, he served as director of the Tobolsk classical gymnasium.

When the head of the family became blind, all care for the children fell on the shoulders of mother Maria Dmitrievna, née Kornilieva, a woman of outstanding intelligence and energy. In addition to the pension, the family’s livelihood came from profits from a small glass factory.

Throughout his life, Mendeleev retained a grateful memory of his mother. He introduced one of his scientific works preface:

“This study is dedicated to the memory of the mother of her last child. She could grow it only with her labor, running a factory; She raised her by example, corrected her with love, and in order to give to science, she took her out of Siberia, spending her last resources and strength. Dying, she bequeathed: to avoid Latin self-delusion, to insist in work, not in words, and to patiently seek divine or scientific truth...”

The Mendeleevs lived more than modestly, but all the children in the family received an excellent education. Dmitry Ivanovich graduated from the Tobolsk gymnasium, and then in 1850 he entered the department of natural sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.

It is noteworthy that in the first year Mendeleev received unsatisfactory grades in all subjects except mathematics, but then the future scientist corrected the situation and graduated from the institute with a gold medal.

For two years he taught natural sciences, first at the Simferopol gymnasium, and then at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa. In 1856 he defended his master's thesis at St. Petersburg University and in 1857 he was approved as a privat-docent.

In January 1859, Mendeleev was sent on a two-year foreign business trip. Such famous naturalists as Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff and Hermann Helmholtz worked at the famous University of Heidelberg (Germany). In a rented apartment, Mendeleev set up his own laboratory. Spent his leisure hours among young Russians scientists Sergei Botkin, Ivan Sechenov, Alexander Borodin and others who also studied here.

In 1861, Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, where he resumed lecturing on organic chemistry at the university and published the first Russian textbook " Organic chemistry”, reprinted only during Mendeleev’s lifetime 8 times (the last edition was in 1947).

At the age of thirty, Dmitry Ivanovich became a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, and in 1865 he defended the famous dissertation “Discourse on the compounds of alcohol with water.” In Russia, this work brought him, perhaps, no less fame than the discovery of the Periodic Law. It must be said that later it was joined by the myth that Mendeleev determined the optimal strength of vodka, although in fact, there is not a word about this in the work.

In 1867, Mendeleev received the department of inorganic chemistry at the university, and from that moment began the thirty-year period of his heyday. scientific creativity. The full list of Dmitry Ivanovich’s discoveries and scientific achievements is immense, but his most important achievements are known throughout the world.

The year 1869 was a triumphant year for the scientist - at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society, he read a report “Relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements” on the periodic table of elements, which he refined over the course of two years. The honor of discovering the fundamental law of nature - the Periodic Law belongs to the Russian scientist.

In 1871, using the principle underlying his system, he predicted the existence of the then unknown elements eka-aluminium, eca-boron and eca-silicon. These elements were later discovered and named gallium (1875), scandium (1879) and germanium (1886).

The creative heritage of Dmitry Mendeleev is extremely extensive; he is the author of more than 500 scientific works in many branches of science: chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, public education.

Dmitry Mendeleev in his office (Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, St. Petersburg), 1897.

Most of Mendeleev's works, in addition to the fundamental scientific significance It also had an important, innovative applied nature. He laid the foundations for the theory of solutions, proposed a method for the fractional separation of oil, invented a type of smokeless gunpowder, worked on the production and implementation of mineral fertilizers, promoted irrigation of dry lands.

Mendeleev pays a lot of attention to Russian oil industry; in 1876, on behalf of the government, he made a trip to America to familiarize himself with the organization of the oil business there, and repeatedly visited the Caucasian fields for the same purpose.

In 1888, Mendeleev studied the economic state of the Donetsk coal region, clarified its enormous importance for Russia and proposed a number of measures for rational use“the future power resting on the banks of the Donets.”

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was a patriot of Russia and a man of high moral qualities. In the 1870s, he publicly exposed spiritualism, which was then widespread in Russia, and argued that spiritualists and mediums were trying to reconcile “fairy tales with science.”

Dmitry Ivanovich enjoyed great authority among students. In 1890, participants in student unrest turned to him with a request to become a mediator in negotiations with the Minister of Education, Count Delyanov. The minister refused dialogue, which was the reason for a new outbreak of unrest. As a result, Mendeleev resigned and left the university.

From this moment on, Mendeleev moved on to social and practical activities. He takes part in the creation of the Russian Chemical Society (1863; now named after D.I. Mendeleev) and becomes its president; creates the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (1893) and becomes its first custodian.

Mendeleev was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. Being a scientist with encyclopedic knowledge and a unique outlook, Dmitry Ivanovich stood on a par with the greatest natural scientists of all time. In 1964, Mendeleev's name was included on the honor roll of the University of Bridgeport in the USA, along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton and Lavoisier.

Dmitry Ivanovich died on January 20, 1907 in St. Petersburg. Publicist Mikhail Menshikov responded to the death of the great scientist with heartfelt words: “There are people with whose death a part of Russia seems to die.”

http://rusplt.ru/special/hero/

What kind of problems did the scientist touch upon: the finest chemical research and cheese making, a pulsating pump and the effect of fertilizers, temperature upper layers atmosphere and the most convenient designs of kerosene lamps. He flew in a hot air balloon and was interested in the problems of navigation and shipbuilding, was involved in the development of customs tariffs, and worked in the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures. Mendeleev wrote about the world ether and about the painting of Kuindzhi, about the icebreaker "Ermak" and about the development of Donetsk coal...

A letter from Dmitry Ivanovich addressed to the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte has been preserved. The letter was written several months before the author's death and was not sent to the addressee. This is what the scientist says about himself, summing up his life: “Having started (1855) as a teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, I served 48 years for my Motherland and Science. The fruits of my labors, first of all, are in scientific fame, which constitutes pride - not just my personal , but also the general Russian one, since all the main scientific academies, starting with London, Rome, Belgium, Paris, Berlin and Boston, elected me as their co-member, like many scientific societies of Russia, Western Europe and America, more than 50 societies and institutions in total.

Best time life and her main force took teaching in the 2nd cadet corps, in Engineering Academy, at the Institute of Railways, at the Institute of Technology and at the University. Of the thousands of my students, many are now prominent figures everywhere, professors, administrators, and when I met them, I always heard that I believed the good seed in them, and was not simply serving a duty.

My third service to the Motherland is the least visible, although it worries me with youth still. This service, to the extent possible, benefits the growth of Russian industry, starting with agricultural industry, in which he personally acted, showing in practice the possibility and profitability of intensive farming back in the 60s and organizing our first experimental studies on grain cultivation. Personal efforts convinced me, however, very soon that with agriculture alone Russia would not move towards the progress, wealth and strength it needed, it would remain a poor country, and that what was most urgent was the growth of other types of industry: mining, factories, factories, communications and trade. My, so to speak, theoretical efforts began with persistent propaganda in favor of the possibility of developing - under certain conditions - the production of Baku oil in an era when millions of pounds of American kerosene were imported to us."

“I’m surprised myself - what haven’t I done on my scientific life. And I think it was done well,” the scientist once remarked.

The compilers of the two-volume book used the memories of people who knew Dmitry Ivanovich closely. “If in any specialty you reach the essence of the matter,” Mendeleev said to his niece, “you climb the ladder of all preliminary knowledge, and then work independently yourself, then you will achieve the fact that everything will be easy and the essence of any science will be easy to assimilate.”

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a Russian scientist, a brilliant chemist, physicist, researcher in the field of metrology, hydrodynamics, geology, a deep expert in industry, instrument maker, economist, aeronaut, teacher, public figure and original thinker.

Childhood and youth

The great scientist was born in 1834, on February 8, in Tobolsk. Father Ivan Pavlovich was the director of district schools and the Tobolsk gymnasium, descended from the family of priest Pavel Maksimovich Sokolov, Russian by nationality.

Ivan changed his last name in childhood, while a student at the Tver Seminary. Presumably this was done in honor of him godfather, landowner Mendeleev. Later, the question of the nationality of the scientist’s surname was repeatedly raised. According to some sources, she testified about Jewish roots, according to others - about German ones. Dmitry Mendeleev himself said that his last name was assigned to Ivan by his teacher from the seminary. The young man made a successful exchange and thereby became famous among his classmates. With two words - “to do” - Ivan Pavlovich was included in the educational record.

Mother Maria Dmitrievna (nee Kornilieva) was involved in raising children and housekeeping, had a reputation as an intelligent and smart woman. Dmitry was the youngest in the family, the last of fourteen children (according to other information, the last of seventeen children). At the age of 10, the boy lost his father, who became blind and soon died.

While studying at the gymnasium, Dmitry did not show any abilities; Latin was the most difficult for him. His mother instilled a love for science, and she also participated in the formation of his character. Maria Dmitrievna took her son to study in St. Petersburg.

In 1850, in St. Petersburg, the young man entered the Main Pedagogical Institute at the department of natural sciences, physics and mathematics. His teachers were professors E. H. Lenz, A. A. Voskresensky and N. V. Ostrogradsky.

While studying at the institute (1850-1855), Mendeleev demonstrated extraordinary abilities. As a student, he published an article “On Isomorphism” and a series of chemical analyzes.

The science

In 1855, Dmitry received a diploma with a gold medal and a referral to Simferopol. Here he works as a senior teacher at the gymnasium. With the beginning Crimean War Mendeleev moved to Odessa and received a teaching position at the Lyceum.

In 1856 he was again in St. Petersburg. He studies at the university, defends his dissertation, teaches chemistry. In the fall, he defends another dissertation and is appointed as a private assistant professor at the university.

In 1859, Mendeleev was sent on a business trip to Germany. Works at the University of Heidelberg, sets up a laboratory, studies capillary liquids. Here he wrote articles “On the temperature of absolute boiling” and “On the expansion of liquids”, and discovered the phenomenon of “critical temperature”.

In 1861, the scientist returned to St. Petersburg. He creates the textbook “Organic Chemistry”, for which he was awarded the Demidov Prize. In 1864 he was already a professor, and two years later he headed the department, teaching and working on the “Fundamentals of Chemistry.”

In 1869, he introduced the periodic system of elements, to the improvement of which he devoted his entire life. In the table, Mendeleev presented the atomic masses of nine elements, later adding a group of noble gases to the table and leaving room for elements that had yet to be discovered. In the 90s, Dmitry Mendeleev contributed to the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity. The periodic law included evidence of the connection between the properties of elements and their atomic volume. Now next to each table of chemical elements there is a photo of the discoverer.

In 1865–1887 he developed the hydration theory of solutions. In 1872 he began to study the elasticity of gases, and two years later he derived the ideal gas equation. Among Mendeleev's achievements of this period was the creation of a scheme for fractional distillation of petroleum products, the use of tanks and pipelines. With the assistance of Dmitry Ivanovich, the burning of black gold in furnaces completely stopped. The scientist’s phrase “Burning oil is like burning a stove with banknotes” has become an aphorism.

Another area of ​​activity of the scientist was geographical studies. In 1875, Dmitry Ivanovich attended the Paris International Geographical Congress, where he presented his invention - a differential barometer-altimeter. In 1887, the scientist took part in a balloon trip into the upper atmosphere to observe a total solar eclipse.

In 1890, a quarrel with a high-ranking official caused Mendeleev to leave the university. In 1892, a chemist invents a method for producing smokeless gunpowder. At the same time, he is appointed keeper of the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures. Here he renews the prototypes of the pound and arshin, and makes calculations comparing Russian and English standards of measures.

On the initiative of Mendeleev in 1899, an optional metric system measures In 1905, 1906 and 1907, the scientist was nominated as a candidate for Nobel Prize. In 1906, the Nobel Committee awarded the prize to Mendeleev, but the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences did not confirm this decision.

Mendeleev, who was the author of more than one and a half thousand works, had enormous scientific authority in the world. For his services, the scientist was awarded numerous scientific titles, Russian and foreign awards, and was an honorary member of a number of scientific societies at home and abroad.

Personal life

In his youth, an unpleasant incident happened to Dmitry. His courtship with the girl Sonya, whom he had known since childhood, ended in an engagement. But the pampered beauty never went to the crown. On the eve of the wedding, when preparations were already in full swing, Sonechka refused to get married. The girl thought that there was no point in changing anything if life was already good.

Dmitry was painfully worried about the breakup with his fiancée, but life went on as usual. He was distracted from his heavy thoughts by a trip abroad, lecturing and faithful friends. Having renewed his relationship with Feozva Nikitichnaya Leshcheva, whom he had known previously, he began dating her. The girl was 6 years older than Dmitry, but looked young, so the age difference was unnoticeable.

In 1862 they became husband and wife. The first daughter Masha was born in 1863, but lived only a few months. In 1865, a son, Volodya, was born, and three years later, a daughter, Olya. Dmitry Ivanovich was attached to children, but devoted little time to them, since his life was devoted to scientific activity. In a marriage concluded on the principle of “endure and fall in love,” he was not happy.

In 1877, Dmitry met Anna Ivanovna Popova, who became for him a person capable of Hard time support smart word. The girl turned out to be a creatively gifted person: she studied piano at the conservatory, and later at the Academy of Arts.

Dmitry Ivanovich hosted youth “Fridays”, where he met Anna. “Fridays” were transformed into literary and artistic “environments”, the regulars of which were talented artists and professors. Among them were Nikolai Wagner, Nikolai Beketov and others.

The marriage of Dmitry and Anna took place in 1881. Soon their daughter Lyuba was born, son Ivan appeared in 1883, twins Vasily and Maria - in 1886. In his second marriage, the scientist’s personal life was happy. Later, the poet became Dmitry Ivanovich's son-in-law, having married the daughter of the scientist Lyubov.

Death

At the beginning of 1907, a meeting between Dmitry Mendeleev and the new Minister of Industry Dmitry Filosofov took place in the Chamber of Weights and Measures. After touring the ward, the scientist fell ill with a cold, which caused pneumonia. But even being very ill, Dmitry continued to work on the manuscript “Towards the Knowledge of Russia”, the last words he wrote in which were the phrase:

“In conclusion, I consider it necessary, at least in the most general outline, express..."

Death occurred at five o'clock in the morning on February 2 due to cardiac paralysis. The grave of Dmitry Mendeleev is located at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

The memory of Dmitry Mendeleev is immortalized by a number of monuments, documentaries, the book “Dmitry Mendeleev. The author of the great law."

• Many interesting biographical facts are associated with the name of Dmitry Mendeleev. In addition to his activities as a scientist, Dmitry Ivanovich was engaged in industrial exploration. In the 70s, the oil industry began to flourish in the United States, and technologies appeared that made the production of petroleum products cheaper. Russian manufacturers began to suffer losses in the international market due to their inability to compete on price.
• In 1876, at the request of the Russian Ministry of Finance and the Russian Technical Society, which collaborated with the military department, Mendeleev went overseas to an exhibition of technical innovations. On site, the chemist learned innovative principles for making kerosene and other petroleum products. And using ordered reports from European railway services, Dmitry Ivanovich tried to decipher the method of making smokeless gunpowder, which he succeeded in.

• Mendeleev had a hobby - making suitcases. The scientist sewed his own clothes.
• The scientist is credited with the invention of vodka and the moonshine still. But in fact, Dmitry Ivanovich, in the topic of his doctoral dissertation “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water,” studied the issue of reducing the volume of mixed liquids. There was not a word about vodka in the scientist’s work. And the standard of 40° was established in Tsarist Russia back in 1843.
• He came up with pressurized compartments for passengers and pilots.
• There is a legend that the discovery periodic table Mendeleev happened in a dream, but this is a myth created by the scientist himself.
• He rolled his own cigarettes using expensive tobacco. He said that he would never quit smoking.

Discoveries

• He created a controlled balloon, which became an invaluable contribution to aeronautics.
• He developed a periodic table of chemical elements, which became a graphic expression of the law established by Mendeleev during his work on the “Fundamentals of Chemistry”.
• He created a pycnometer, a device capable of determining the density of a liquid.
• Discovered the critical boiling point of liquids.
• Created an equation of state for an ideal gas, establishing the relationship between the absolute temperature of an ideal gas, pressure and molar volume.
• Opened the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures - the central institution of the Ministry of Finance, in charge of the verification department Russian Empire, subordinate to the trade department.

Ministry of General and vocational education RF

Gymnasium No. 12

abstract

on the topic: Life and work of D.I. Mendeleev

Completed by: 8th grade student

Krutko E.A.

Checked by: Kolobova O.I.

Tyumen 1999

PLAN.

1. The first scientific works and definitions of the path of life.

2. Speech by D.I. Mendeleev at the World Congress of Chemists.

3. Proof of the existence of atomic masses and their location.

4. D.I. Mendeleev develops the chemical theory of solutions.

5. The first step towards the discovery of the periodic law.

6. The combination of theory and practice in the works of D.I. Mendeleev.

7. D.I. Mendeleev’s departure from St. Petersburg University.

8. Development of scientific and technical ideas of D.I. Mendeleev.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in 1834 into the family of the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium. After graduating from high school, he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. Here D.I. Mendeleev’s passion for chemistry arose, he completed his first scientific works and decided life path. After graduating from the institute with a gold medal, D.I. Mendeleev taught for two years, and then taught a chemistry course at St. Petersburg University.

An important event in his life there was a business trip abroad. Here the young scientist attended the historic World Congress of Chemists in Karlsruhe. Dalton put forward the idea of ​​atomic mass, but his method of determining atomic masses turned out to be erroneous. This gave rise to even more irreconcilable disagreements between chemists, even to the point of denying the existence of atoms. To resolve disagreements, a congress was convened in Karlsruhe. Opponents of the atomistic doctrine were defeated there: indisputable methods for determining the relative atomic masses of elements were found.

Soon D.I. Mendeleev defended his dissertation “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water.” Starting from this scientific work, D.I. Mendeleev develops the chemical theory of solutions, which explains dissolution by the formation of fragile compounds of the dissolved substance with the solvent.

But the discovery of the periodic law in 1869 brought worldwide fame to D.I. Mendeleev.

The first steps towards this discovery were taken by him as a student. The approval at the congress in Karlsruhe of the true relative atomic masses of the elements brought required material, although by this time the relative atomic masses of many elements remained uncorrected.

Theory and practice were inextricably combined in all the works of D.I. Mendeleev, no matter what issues he touched on. A scientific interests his were unusually wide. He left a deep mark on the technology of precise measurements, in the theory of aeronautics, in physics and chemical technology. D.I. Mendeleev devoted a lot of effort to the struggle for the comprehensive and reasonable use of Russia’s wealth, to promoting the rational location of factories in the country, as well as pedagogical activity, which he called his second service to the Motherland. As a scientist, D.I. Mendeleev saw the goal of science in scientific foresight and practical use her achievements, and the goal of his service to science is the feasible prosperity of the Motherland, its economic and political independence.

As a strange patriot, D.I. Mendeleev had many enemies among scientists - officials, servants of tsarism. This was one of the reasons for the rejection of the candidacy of him, an internationally recognized scientist, Honorary Member of almost all academies of the world, during the elections to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

During student unrest in the 90s of the last century, D.I. Mendeleev tried to stand up for students before the Tsarist Minister of Education, for which he received a rebuke.

And he was forced to leave the university.

In 1907, D.I. Mendelev died. A huge crowd saw him off last way. In front they carried a huge periodic table of chemical elements. The scientific and technical ideas of D.I. Mendeleev are developed and pretended in numerous works of Soviet and foreign scientists.

List of used literature

1. Encyclopedia of a young chemist.