Educational organizations of higher professional education. Main types of educational institutions

Subtopic 2.1. Levels of educational programs

Article 9 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" determines that in Russian Federation educational programs are being implemented, which are divided into general education (basic and additional) and professional (basic and additional).

The main general education programs include:

Basic general education;

Secondary (complete) general education.

In accordance with Article 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", general education includes three levels corresponding to the levels of educational programs:

Scheme 3. Levels of general education

The main professional educational programs ensure the consistent improvement of professional and general educational levels, the training of specialists of appropriate qualifications

The main professional programs include:

Secondary vocational education;

Higher professional education;

Postgraduate professional education.

Higher education programs are implemented by levels. The federal law "On Higher and Postgraduate Education" (Article 6) distinguishes the following levels of higher professional education:

Scheme 4. Levels of higher professional education

A characteristic feature of educational programs is their orientation. The widest range of areas have programs that are implemented in preschool institutions and institutions of additional education. At the present stage, the regulatory framework does not contain an exhaustive list of areas of additional education programs.

The letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 01.01.01 No. 06-1844 indicates ten possible areas of educational programs, according to which activities can be carried out in institutions of additional education for children: scientific and technical, sports and technical, artistic, physical culture and sports, tourist local history, ecological and biological, military-patriotic, socio-pedagogical, socio-economic, natural science.

The model regulation on a preschool educational institution, approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, provides for the possibility of the functioning of groups that have a general developmental, compensatory, health-improving or combined orientation. In addition, when characterizing these groups, the features of the programs implemented in them are noted. So, it is indicated that in groups of compensating orientation, qualified correction of deficiencies in physical and (or) mental development and pre-school education of children with disabilities in accordance with the educational program of the educational institution.

Educational programs of special (correctional) educational institutions (groups, classes) for students, pupils with disabilities are developed on the basis of basic general education programs, taking into account the characteristics of psycho physical development and opportunities of students, pupils. In this case, it is legitimate to talk about the correctional or correctional-developing orientation of the programs.

Subtopic 2.3. Types of educational institutions

The main requirement for a license applicant (licensee) is to conduct educational activities according to educational programs that are provided for the corresponding type of educational institutions, educational, scientific and other organizations.

An educational institution is an institution that carries out the educational process, that is, it implements one or more educational programs and (or) provides the maintenance and education of students and pupils.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (Article 12) defines a list of types of educational institutions:

preschool;

General education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

Institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education;

Institutions of additional education for adults;

Special (correctional) for students, pupils with disabilities;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

Institutions of additional education for children;

Other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Other institutions include institutions for children of preschool and primary school age, cadet schools and cadet boarding schools, etc.

In addition, paragraph 13 of Art. 50 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" provides for the right of state authorities and local governments to create non-standard educational institutions of the highest category for children, adolescents and young people who have shown outstanding abilities.

§ 2.4. Educational programs implemented by various types of educational institutions and educational, scientific and other organizations

Regulatory documents establish an exhaustive list of educational programs that can be implemented in a particular type of institution (organization).

A preschool educational institution is being created to implement the main general education program preschool education different directions, and, if necessary, additional general education programs (clauses 3, 22 of the Model Regulation on a preschool educational institution).

In general educational institutions (state, municipal, non-state) general educational programs, additional general educational programs and vocational training programs can be implemented (clause 1 of the Model Regulation on a general educational institution, articles 19, 21, 26 of the Law "On Education").

The widest range of programs can be implemented in a higher educational institution.

In accordance with the Federal Law of 01.01.01 "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" (Article 5) scientific organization can carry out training in educational programs of postgraduate professional education, as well as in educational programs of additional professional education.

Legislatively established the right of other organizations, including commercial ones, to conduct educational activities under vocational training programs (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"). A prerequisite is the presence in this organization of an educational unit (center, training center, etc.)

Public organizations (associations), the main statutory purpose of which is educational activities may implement additional educational programs (Article 12 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").

Topic 2 security questions

1. What are the levels of general education, higher professional education?

2. What regulatory legal acts regulate the list of programs that can be implemented in a particular educational institution?

3. What programs can a non-state educational institution, an elementary school, be able to implement?

Article 23 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" specifies all types of educational organizations, their features, goals and objectives. Next, we will analyze this article and clarify its details.

Criteria for dividing educational institutions into separate types

When dividing all educational institutions into types, general education programs selected for their activities are taken into account. In addition, the division is carried out taking into account the type of programs. It could be:

1. Basic educational programs.
2. Additional education programs.

General education programs include vocational and general education. The Law provides for six different types of educational organizations: four that involve the implementation of basic educational programs, and two types aimed at the additional development of schoolchildren.

All institutions that implement educational programs are further divided into 4 types:

• 2 types of general education institutions (general educational organizations and organizations of preschool education);
• two types of organizations providing vocational training (a higher education institution and an educational professional institution).

According to the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992, only two types of educational institutions were supposed, and they were not clearly indicated in the article. Special education in the Law was assigned to institutions of a correctional type, it was their duties to educate children with disabilities. Institutions for the upbringing and education of orphans were also singled out separately.

Features of correctional institutions

Regarding special institutions, we note that the current renaming of them into general educational organizations does not imply their liquidation.

The law provides for education government bodies subjects of the Russian Federation such educational organizations in which training would be conducted according to special programs adapted for blind, hard of hearing, mentally retarded or deaf children, as well as for students with problems of the musculoskeletal system, speech disorders, autism and other health defects.

Vocational training for children with disabilities physical condition, is also carried out on the basis of special programs that are adapted for these categories of students.

On the procedure for the implementation of educational activities

Article 23 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the existence of four options for educational institutions that have the right to implement basic educational programs.

The first of these is called educational preschool organization- an institution whose main purpose is to care for and look after children, as well as the implementation of training and education in educational programs for preschoolers.

On August 30, 2013, the Order of the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation (No. 1014) approved a special Procedure, according to which all educational work for the main programs. Their preschool options are designed for those organizations that provide care for babies, including both private kindergartens and day care groups.

preschool education

It is important to remember that children can count on preschool education not only in specialized children's institutions, but also in the family. Clause 6 states that in the organization care, supervision, preschool education, are carried out from 2 months until the complete cessation of relations (if the pupil reaches 6-7 years of age). Groups created to achieve this goal can be health-improving, compensatory, general developmental and combined orientation.

The order of the Ministry of Education and Science of October 27, 2011 was declared invalid. A letter dated August 8, 2013 from the Ministry of Education and Science contained Recommendations from the Department of State. policies regarding the acquisition of those educational institutions that are engaged in the implementation of the main general educational programs of preschool education and training. Moreover, the letter dealt with the creation of unified approaches to the number of children who need to attend preschool educational institutions.

There were recommendations in the letter to the municipal authorities on the creation of a single information resource " electronic queue» in kindergartens. The deadlines for providing information on the number of applications (movement) for the current academic year. For registration in the register, parents or legal representatives of a preschooler fill out a form on the Internet that is freely available, or use the advice of a specialist from the municipality's MA. You can also personally apply to the authorized body with a written application for a place in a preschool institution.

School education

A general educational organization is an institution that sets as its main goal the implementation of the primary and secondary programs, and their functioning is subject to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2001. Despite the fact that the document was published a long time ago, is periodically updated and republished, it has not lost its force and is currently in use.

According to this document, general educational organizations include:

• primary general education school;
• basic general education school;
• secondary school;
• mid-level institutions with in-depth study of certain subjects;
• gymnasiums that train schoolchildren in the natural sciences, technical, and humanitarian areas;
• lyceums implementing programs of secondary and basic education in profiles (directions).

The specifics of Art. 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"

The described Law does not imply a separate division into types of educational organizations that provide in-depth (additional) training for schoolchildren, like a lyceum or gymnasium, and therefore questions arose even before its introduction.

There were fears that it did not provide for the development of gifted (talented) children. But in fact, everything is not so, this law on education in the Russian Federation is aimed precisely at the formation of talented youth. Regardless of the status of the educational institution, the teaching staff creates favorable conditions for schoolchildren.

Different types of educational organizations imply differences not only in status, but also in special funding conditions. The new law provided for the transition and classic version financing for financing based on the results of the implementation of the municipal (state) order. All requirements for a school graduate are spelled out in the standards of the new generation: education of citizenship, patriotism, the ability to self-development, self-improvement.

Professional education

A vocational educational organization is an institution whose main purpose of functioning is educational activities in accordance with special programs of vocational secondary education.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 543 of July 18, 2008 regulates these types of educational organizations. The main tasks of the educational institution are:

• realization of the needs of the individual in cultural, intellectual, moral development, by obtaining a professional secondary education;
• saturation of the market with specialists with secondary vocational education;
• development in the younger generation of industriousness, citizenship, responsibility, creative activity, independence;
• preservation of cultural and moral values ​​of society.

According to this law, the following types of medium-level educational organizations are provided:

1. A technical school that implements basic training programs.
2. A college offering advanced degree programs.

Name of educational institutions

Higher education

Considering various forms, types of educational organizations, one cannot ignore higher educational institutions. Their main purpose is to educate and scientific activity under special programs. According to the model regulation on the structure of higher education, standards are gradually being introduced for each area of ​​study and for higher-level specialties.

Additional education

Additional education centers have been created to organize extracurricular activities for preschoolers and school-age children. The law on education of the Russian Federation provides clarifications on the size of groups, sections, circles, normative and financial support for activities. Recently, interest in such institutions has been growing, in each district center there is at least one center for additional education, and most of the sections, circles offered to children are free.

The educational process in the CDO is carried out on the basis of individual curricula. Groups are created according to interests, age, direction of activity. A variety of laboratories, sections, clubs, circles, ensembles, orchestras, studios, theaters: all this is offered to children outside the school walls. In addition to group options, additional education also offers individual forms of work.

Additional professional education

The purpose of creating such organizations is to carry out activities under special professional programs. According to the Law on Education, they perform the following functions:

1. Assistance to specialists in mastering information about the latest achievements in science and technology, advanced foreign and domestic experience.
2. Advanced training and retraining of specialists from institutions, organizations, laid-off workers, civil servants, unemployed specialists.
3. Holding scientific research and experiments, implementation of consulting activities.
4. Full scientific expertise of individual projects, programs, other documents on the profile of the organization

Conclusion

Article 23 of the Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" fully explains the entire classification of educational institutions, their goals and objectives, funding features and legal form. The types of educational programs are also indicated in it. Besides, Russian legislation will determine the order of establishment of institutions public education different kind and type.

In accordance with the above definition of the education system, educational programs must be implemented by educational institutions. More precisely, “non-profit organizations”, since “establishment” is one of the forms of non-profit organizations, and the law “On Education” (as amended by the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122 FZ) states that “State and non-state educational organizations can be created in the organizational and legal forms provided for by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation for non-profit organizations”.

Thus, an educational institution is only one of the organizational and legal forms in which non-profit educational organizations can exist. In accordance with Civil Code and the Federal Law "On Non-Commercial Organizations", registration of an educational organization in the form of an educational institution presupposes the presence of a founder. It is assumed that this organization will be subsequently financed by the founder, as well as the existence of subsidiary liability of the founder for the debts of the organization. (Recall that subsidiary liability is a kind of unlimited liability. Subsidiary liability arises when one person is liable for the debts of another due to the insufficiency of the property of the direct debtor).

The founder of the main part of non-profit educational organizations (institutions) is, as you know, the state.

Types of educational institutions

Detailed information about the types and types of educational institutions is contained in the information classifiers as part of the Integrated Automated Information System (IAIS) in the field of education (Appendix to the letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 09. 03.2004 No. 34-51 -53in / 01-11)

Depending on their purpose, the following types of educational institutions are distinguished:

1. Preschool educational institutions.

2. Educational institutions for children of preschool and primary school age.

3. Educational institutions of additional education for children.

4. Interschool educational complexes.

5. Educational institutions.

6. General education boarding school.

7. Cadet schools.

8. Evening (shift) educational institutions.

9. Educational institutions for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance.

1. Special educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant behavior.

II. Special (correctional) institutions for students, pupils with developmental disabilities.

12. Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives).

13. Health-improving educational institutions of the sanatorium type for children in need of long-term treatment.

14. Suvorov military, Nakhimov naval schools and cadet (sea cadet) corps.

15. Educational institutions of primary vocational education.

16. Educational institutions of secondary vocational education (Secondary specialized educational institutions).

17. Educational institutions of higher professional education (Higher educational institutions).

18. Military educational institutions of higher professional education (Higher military educational institutions).

19. Educational institutions of additional professional education (advanced training) of specialists.

Types of educational institutions

Preschool educational institutions:

Kindergarten;

Kindergarten of a general developmental type with the priority implementation of one or more areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic and aesthetic, physical, etc.);

Kindergarten of a compensating type with the priority implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils;

Kindergarten of supervision and improvement with priority implementation of sanitary-hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures;

Kindergarten of a combined type (combined kindergarten may include general education, compensatory and recreational groups in different combinations);

The Child Development Center is a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and rehabilitation of all pupils.

Institutions for children of preschool and primary school age:

Initial school-kindergarten;

Elementary school-kindergarten of a compensating type - with the implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils and students;

Progymnasium - with the priority implementation of one or more areas of development of pupils and students (intellectual, artistic and aesthetic, physical, etc.).

Institutions of additional education:

Center (additional education for children, development of creativity;

Children and youth, creative development and liberal education, children's and youth, children's creativity, children's (teenager), out-of-school work, children's ecological (health, ecological and biological), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), children's (youthful) technical creativity (scientific and technical, young technicians), children's maritime (youthful), aesthetic education of children (culture, arts or by types of arts), children's recreational and educational (profile));

Palace of Creativity for Children and Students, Pioneers and Schoolchildren, Young Naturalists, Sports for Children and Youth, artistic creativity(education) of children, children's culture (arts);

House (children's creativity, childhood and youth, student youth, pioneers and schoolchildren, young naturalists, children's (youth) technical creativity (young technicians), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), artistic creativity (education) of children, children's culture (arts);

Club (young sailors, rivermen, aviators, cosmonauts, paratroopers, paratroopers, radio operators, firefighters, motorists, children's (teenage), children's ecological (ecological and biological), young naturalists, children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists), children's youthful physical training);

Station (young naturalists, children's (youth) technical creativity (scientific and technical, young technicians), children's ecological (ecological and biological), children's and youth tourism and excursions (young tourists));

School (in various fields of science and technology, in various types arts, children's and youth sports (sports and technical, including the Olympic reserve);)

Children's health-improving and educational camp;

Interschool educational complex.

General educational institutions:

Primary school

Basic comprehensive school

middle School of General education

Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects

Gymnasium

General education boarding school

Gymnasium-boarding school

Lyceum boarding school

General education boarding school with initial flight training

cadet school

Cadet boarding school

Evening (shift) general education school

Open (shift) general education school

Education Center

Evening (shift) general education school at corrective labor institutions (ITU) and educational labor colonies.

Educational institutions for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance:

Diagnostic and Counseling Center

Center for Psychological, Medical and Social Support

Center for Psychological and Pedagogical Rehabilitation and Correction

Center for Social and Labor Adaptation and Career Guidance

Center for Curative Pedagogy and Differentiated Learning

Special educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant behavior:

Special comprehensive school

Special Vocational School

A special (correctional) general education school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities (mental retardation and mild forms of mental retardation) who have committed dangerous acts.

Special (correctional) vocational school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities (mental retardation and mild forms of mental retardation) who have committed dangerous acts

Special (correctional) elementary school-kindergarten

Special (correctional) general education school

Special (correctional) boarding school

Institutions for orphans left without parental care:

Orphanage (for children of early (from 1.5 to 3 years old), preschool, school age, mixed)

Orphanage-school for orphans and children left without parental care

Boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care

Special (correctional) Orphanage for orphans and children left without parental care, with developmental disabilities

Special (correctional) boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities.

Health educational institutions:

Sanatorium boarding schools

Sanatorium forest schools

Sanatorium orphanages for orphans and children left without parental care.

Suvorov, Nakhimov, cadet institutions:

Suvorov Military School

Nakhimov Naval School

Cadet (Naval Cadet) Corps

Military Music School

Musical cadet corps.

Institutions of primary vocational education:

Professional institute

Vocational Lyceum - Center for Continuous Professional Education

Training and production center

Technical school (mining and mechanical, nautical, forestry, etc.)

Evening (shift) educational institution

Institutions of secondary vocational education:

1. Technical school (school)

2. College

Institutions of higher professional education:

Institute

academy

University

Military Academy

Military University

Military Institute.

Institutions of additional professional education:

academy

Institutes for advanced training and professional retraining (improvement) - sectoral, intersectoral, regional

Courses (schools, centers) for advanced training

Employment service training centers

Citizens of the Russian Federation have constitutional law to receive education. In the country, this area is recognized as a priority, the government pays special attention to it.

The legislation contains normative legal acts that spell out the types of educational institutions, their structure, and functional responsibilities.

The specifics of education policy

In this area public policy is based on the following principles:

• Humanization of education. The priority is universal human values, health and life of a modern individual, free formation personal qualities, the development of diligence, civic responsibility, respect for other people, family, homeland, nature.
• The relationship of educational and cultural federal space. Preference given to conservation national culture, traditions, given the multinationality of the Russian state.
• Adaptation of the educational process to the level and specifics of the training and development of pupils, students.
• Lack of religion in education for municipal and state educational institutions.
• Pluralism and freedom in OU.
• State-public management option educational process.

Characteristics of modern educational institutions

Article 12 of the Federal Law "On Education" states that educational institutions different type carry out the learning process with the implementation of one or more types of educational processes, full-fledged education, development. The OS is a legal entity that may have a different organizational and legal form: state, municipal, non-state (private, religious, public).

All municipal and state types of educational institutions operate on the basis of the basic provisions on educational institutions, which are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Non-governmental institutions are not subject to such Decrees, they can only become models (recommendations) for them.

Establishment of the state status of an educational institution (kind, type, category of educational institution) is carried out taking into account the direction of its activities during the official state accreditation. Structural divisions, departments, branches of an educational institution by proxy may have full or partial powers legal entity. It is also allowed for the subdivision to use its own accounts, an independent balance sheet in credit and banking organizations.

Similar types of educational institutions in Russia are created in order to improve and develop the educational and extracurricular process. The law fully regulates the procedure for the creation, as well as the activities of such MAs.

Classification

Types of preschool educational institutions operating on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Kindergarten of improvement and supervision.
• An institution with a national (ethno-cultural) educational component.
• preschool educational groups public institutions according to the "garden - school" type.
• child development centers.
• Progymnasium at OS.
• Centers for the education of schoolchildren.

Let us consider in more detail all types of preschool educational institutions.

The specifics of kindergartens

They are the most common institutions for providing preschool public education. It assumes full-fledged care, supervision, rehabilitation, education, training of kids. These are the most massive and accessible types of educational institutions. Types of educational programs may vary depending on the direction of activity chosen in kindergarten.

In such an institution of the combined type, there are several different groups:

• compensatory;
• general developmental;
• wellness

There are such types of educational institutions in every regional center of the Russian Federation; they are designed to raise children from three to seven years old.

Characteristics of different types of preschool educational institutions

IN preschool There are also certain types of special educational institutions of a compensatory (correctional) nature. Such institutions are visited by children with various pathologies: mental retardation, problems with the musculoskeletal system, tuberculosis intoxication, impaired hearing and vision, intellectual development disorders, and speech defects.

These types of educational institutions mainly operate around the clock, they are located outside the cities. Special conditions are created here for kids: swimming pools, diet food, massage rooms. Highly qualified educators work in kindergartens, medical workers, psychologists. In order for the child to easily adapt among peers, the size of the groups does not exceed 15 people.

In addition to the treatment of babies in such preschool institutions of a compensatory type, a teaching and educational process is carried out, special programs are developed for classes. Special counseling centers created at the preschool educational institution help parents cope with difficult situations and solve problems that arise in a timely manner. In order to get into such an institution, you need to have a referral from a pediatrician, as well as certificates of the established form, corresponding to the profile of the kindergarten.

General developing preschool institutions choose intellectual, physical, aesthetic, artistic as a priority direction of their activity. These types of public educational institutions are attended by kids from three to seven years old.

Health and care gardens operate with an emphasis on health, preventive, sanitary and hygienic procedures and activities.

If we consider educational institutions of a new type in the preschool environment, it is necessary to single out kindergartens with an ethno-cultural component. Their main task is to form in pupils respect for different cultures, tolerance for representatives of other nationalities, careful attitude To family values.

Educators help children learn cultural traditions, reveal the origins of folk rituals, beliefs, etc. In the classroom, special attention is paid to respect for the older generation.

There are also such types of educational institutions as child development centers in the system of preschool education. They have special sports, health, gaming complexes, art studios, computer classes, swimming pools, children's theaters. The use of an integrated approach in organizing work with preschoolers in such centers allows for the comprehensive development of the child's personality. Particular attention is paid to the artistic, aesthetic and intellectual development of children.

There are new types and kinds of preschool educational institutions, for example, gymnasiums.

The main contingent of such institutions are children of primary school and preschool age. The difference is that certain subjects are systematically studied here: Russian, mathematics, oral reading, the basics of the English language. Also in the program of pre-gymnasium education there are special subjects of aesthetic orientation, which allow to fully develop the personality of the child: rhetoric and rhythm, swimming and outdoor games, drawing and modeling, choreography and music.

Parents who choose a pro-gymnasium for their children should first familiarize themselves with the list of offered subjects. There, classes are held mainly in the form of a game, project, research activities. Between the ages of three and seven, children learn about the world around them through play. Such preschool institutions allow children to get used to learning, gradually immerse them in the educational environment. Such “little gymnasium students” have no problems with discipline, homework, attending classes at school.

The earliest version of preschool education is a nursery-kindergarten. In such an institution, babies are looked after from two months. In the nursery there is a special daily routine, there are also developmental activities. A toddler who attends a nursery must have elementary skills appropriate for his age.

School educational institutions

IN modern Russia exist different forms, types of educational institutions:

• primary comprehensive school;
• basic school;
• complete (secondary) school;
• institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects;
• shift (evening) school;
• gymnasium;
• education Center;
• cadet schools;
• ITU (institutions at corrective labor institutions).

Educational institutions for children of primary school age operate on the basis of a specially developed program. The purpose of such institutions is to create optimal conditions for the development harmonious personality students.

Schools are the main types of educational institutions in Russia, strengthening the physical and mental health of children. Primary are for children from three to ten years old. In such an educational institution, teaching staff, parents (or legal representatives) and pupils themselves.

Between preschool institutions and the initial stage of education there is continuity in the physical, artistic, aesthetic, intellectual direction. It is at the very beginning of training that it is important to form in the children curiosity, communication, cognitive ability. For such purposes, federal state standards of the second generation have been introduced. According to them, a graduate of the 4th grade (elementary education) must have his own civic position, be a patriot of his country, take care of traditions, nature, family values. junior schoolchildren are required to acquire the skills of independent thinking, to represent the integrity of the picture of the world.

In schools, there is also a second stage of education - a general nine-year education. There are already other types and types of educational institutions: gymnasiums, lyceums. The former involve in-depth training in one or more subjects. In the Russian Federation, gymnasiums are often interconnected with higher professional education; teachers from academies and universities work in such educational institutions.

Children from the fifth grade are involved in the project and research activities, conduct experiments on the basis of research laboratories. In lyceums, in addition to classical educational programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, additional specialized training is being implemented. Diligence is formed in gymnasium students, respect for the older generation, love for their native language, the rights and freedoms of the individual are brought up. Graduates of these elite institutions easily adapt to modern society, enter prestigious universities, find their professional and life path faster.

The goal of any public educational institution is considered to be the formation of a full-fledged personality on the basis of mastering the minimum according to the second generation of the Federal State Educational Standard. All the main types of educational institutions operating in Russia are free of charge, accessible to citizens of our country aged 7 to 17 years.

If there is a request from parents, schools open special after-school groups. Under the supervision of experienced mentors, schoolchildren do their homework, visit exhibitions in museums, and dine in the dining room. In addition, with appropriate coordination in the educational institution, special classes of compensatory education can be opened.

Stages of general education

Depending on the level of educational programs chosen in the educational institution, three levels of education are assumed:

• general elementary education(initial stage), designed for 4 years;
• general basic education (second stage) - 5-6 years;
• complete (secondary) education - 2 years of study

General primary education is aimed at mastering the students of counting, the basics of reading, writing, mastering theoretical thinking, elements of self-control, the basics of hygiene, project and research skills.

It is this stage that is the basis, the foundation for the formation and development of personality, social self-determination.

Secondary (complete) education involves the development creativity schoolchildren on the basis of an individual and differentiated approach to each child. In addition to compulsory subjects, students themselves have the right to choose elective and optional courses in order to correctly determine their future profession.

Taking into account the requests of parents, specialized and basic classes can be introduced at the senior level of education. The programs used at this stage are created and implemented on the basis of educational state standards of the second generation. Elective and optional courses are also taught according to special programs approved in the prescribed manner.

In all types of state educational institutions, students use library and information resources free of charge, freely participate in the work of educational institutions, attend sports clubs, study in a computer class.

Replaceable (evening) OS

In such educational institutions, Russian citizens, regardless of age, have the right to receive secondary (general) and basic general education. It is here that the basis for further self-development is created, a conscious choice is made. future profession, a cultural personality is formed. There are two stages in such OUs:

5 years for general basic education;

3 years for general (secondary) education

boarding school

This type of educational institution is created primarily to help in the upbringing of talented and gifted children. Among the principles used in the educational process, the following are distinguished: humanism, democracy, universal values, autonomy, a secular version of education. Such schools can be of several types: lyceums-gymnasiums, gymnasiums-boarding schools. To enroll a child in such an institution, parents (legal representatives) write an application for admission. In exceptional cases, a child becomes a student of a boarding school by decision of municipal authorities, guardianship authorities. In boarding schools created for the development of talented Russian schoolchildren, a certain direction of activity is chosen: physical, musical, intellectual.

Orphanages

For orphans in the Russian Federation, there are such types of educational institutions as orphanages, boarding schools. The main task of such institutions is to create favorable conditions for the mental, physical, emotional development of the child's personality. The state assumes all material costs associated with food, accommodation, education of orphans and children left without parental care.

Conclusion

In the Russian Federation on this moment There are different types of educational institutions. Despite the serious differences in the educational programs used, areas of work, all of them are aimed at the formation of a harmonious personality of the child.

The type of educational institution is determined in accordance with the level and focus of the educational programs it implements. Today we can talk about the existence of the following types of educational institutions:

preschool;

General education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

Primary vocational education;

Secondary vocational education;

Higher professional education;

Postgraduate professional education;

Additional adult education;

Additional education of children;

For orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

Special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);

Other institutions carrying out the educational process.

The first five types of educational institutions are the main and most common, in this regard, we will briefly consider some of their features.

Preschool educational institutions (DOE) - this is a type of educational institution that implements general educational programs of preschool education of various kinds. The main tasks of preschool educational institutions are: ensuring the upbringing and early education of children; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the physical and mental health children; ensuring the development of individual abilities of children; implementation of the necessary correction of deviations in the development of children; interaction with the family to ensure the full development of the child.

Traditionally, preschool educational institutions meet the needs of children aged 3 - 7 years. The nursery-garden is intended for visiting by children 1-3 years old, and in some cases - from 2 months to a year. Preschool educational institutions, in accordance with their focus, are divided into five main types

Kindergarten of a general developmental type- with the priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic and aesthetic, physical, etc.).

Kindergartens and kindergartens of a general developmental type are traditional preschool educational institutions in which the main programs of preschool education are implemented in accordance with established state standards. The main goal of the implementation of these educational programs is the intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, moral and physical development of young children. Depending on the capabilities of a particular preschool institution (material and technical equipment, educational and pedagogical staff, etc.), they can carry out not only traditional educational programs of education and training, but also select any other priority educational areas (teaching drawing , music, choreography, language skills, foreign languages).

Compensatory Kindergarten- with the priority implementation of qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils.

Kindergartens of this type are specialized and are created for children with various disabilities in physical and (or) mental development (including deaf, hard of hearing and late deaf, blind, visually impaired and late blind children, children with severe speech disorders, with disorders of the musculoskeletal apparatus, with mental retardation, for mentally retarded and other children with developmental disabilities). Children with developmental disabilities can also be admitted to preschool educational institutions of any other type, provided there are conditions for corrective work. At the same time, admission is carried out only with the consent of the parents (legal representatives) at the conclusion of the psychological-pedagogical and medical-pedagogical commissions. Educational programs, methods (technologies) of education, correction and treatment in preschool educational institutions of this type are developed taking into account the specific specifics of the deviations in children. The material and technical equipment of such kindergartens is somewhat different from the usual ones, since these children need special care. For children, physiotherapy, massage, speech therapy and other rooms are being created; pools; phytobars and dietary canteens; special devices and equipment in groups, etc. The number of correctional groups and their occupancy in kindergartens, both compensatory and normal look are determined by the charter of the preschool educational institution, depending on the sanitary standards and conditions necessary for the implementation of the process of education, training and correction. As a rule, the maximum occupancy of the group (depending on the specific type) should not exceed 6-15 people.

Kindergarten supervision and rehabilitation- with the priority implementation of sanitary-hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures.

Such kindergartens are mainly designed for children under the age of three. The main attention is paid to sanitary and hygienic conditions, prevention and prevention of children's diseases. Health-improving and strengthening and basic educational and training activities are carried out.

Kindergarten of combined type. Children's educational institutions of this type may include general education, compensatory and recreational groups in various combinations.

Child Development Center- a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and rehabilitation of all pupils.

Child Development Centers focus on individual approach to every child. The priority areas are the intellectual and artistic and aesthetic development of children: the development of personal motivation for knowledge and creativity; strengthening health and meeting the needs of children in physical education and sports. To implement the educational process and promote health in real educational institutions, gaming, sports and recreation complexes are being created; pools; computer classes. Art studios, children's theaters, various circles, sections can be organized - and all this within the framework of one child development center. In addition to educators, psychologists, speech therapists, and other specialists work with children. In such an institution, the child can stay both the whole day and a certain number of hours (attend any separate classes) - at the discretion of the parents.

Most kindergartens are municipal and/or state educational institutions. However, for last years many private (non-state) preschool educational institutions appeared.

If parents believe that the standard set of offered educational services is sufficient for the child, as well as in the case of a difficult material family or for other reasons (for example, the choice of a preschool educational institution is limited), then it makes sense to place the child in a state or municipal preschool institution. The procedure for staffing a preschool educational institution is determined by the founder. In budgetary preschool educational institutions, children of working single parents, mothers of students, disabled people of groups I and II are accepted first of all; children from large families; children under guardianship; children whose parents (one of the parents) are on military service; children of the unemployed and forced migrants, students. The number of groups in such preschool educational institutions is determined by the founder based on their maximum occupancy, adopted when calculating the budget funding standard. As a rule, groups (depending on the type of group) should not contain more than 8-20 children.

When parents have in cash, and impose increased requirements on the organization of the educational and health-improving process in kindergarten and an individual approach to the child, it is worth choosing a non-state (private) preschool institution. Such preschools have at their disposal swimming pools, sometimes saunas, large playrooms, expensive educational and playful material, superior sleeping rooms, the highest quality and extremely varied diet, as well as other benefits, the provision of which, of course, requires significant material costs. . The size of the groups usually does not exceed 10 people, and the ongoing educational programs are focused on more in-depth and varied education of children.

However, all the amenities listed above, as well as additional educational and educational programs, can currently be offered on a paid basis by state and municipal preschool institutions that have the right to provide additional paid educational and other services, subject to their licensing. As for the process of upbringing and education, in almost any preschool institution, the main comprehensive educational program established by law is taken as the basis. There are a lot of preschool educational programs and technologies at present, these are the programs: "Origins", "Rainbow", "Childhood", "Development", "Kindergarten-House of Joy", "Golden Key" and others. All of them are focused on the proper provision of upbringing and early education of children, the development of their individual characteristics. Thus, it is not at all necessary to look for a private kindergarten, but you can use the services provided by a state or municipal preschool educational institution for an additional fee. In any case, when choosing a preschool institution, one should take care of the interests of the child, taking into account his wishes, and not about satisfying his own ambitions in the prestige of the educational level provided to him. Those parents who prefer to raise and educate the child at home (personally or with the help of tutors who come teachers), you should seriously think about how right they are when making such a decision .. So that in the future, when adapting such a child to school life, there will be no problems, it is recommended that at least a short visit to kindergarten is recommended. After all, it is in a preschool institution that a child acquires communication skills with peers, learns to navigate in a group, and compare collective interests with his own. All this happens under the direct supervision of educators and teachers. No matter how high-quality home education is, it cannot fully give everything that a child could receive by attending kindergarten.

In addition to the actual preschool educational institutions, there are educational institutions for children of preschool and primary school age. In such institutions, both general educational programs of preschool education and programs of primary general education are implemented. Such educational institutions are created for children from 3 to 10 years of age, and in exceptional cases - from an earlier age. It can be:

Kindergarten - primary school;

Kindergarten of a compensating type (with the implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils and students) - elementary school;

Progymnasium (with the priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils and students (intellectual, artistic and aesthetic, physical, etc.)). In pre-gymnasiums, children are prepared for entering the gymnasium

General educational institutions Depending on the levels of educational programs being implemented, they are divided into the following types.

Primary school- R It implements a general education program of primary general education (the normative term for mastering is 4 years). Primary school is the first (initial) stage of school education, at which children acquire basic (fundamental) knowledge for further education - obtaining basic general education. The main tasks of institutions of primary general education are the upbringing and development of students, their mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills learning activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle life.

At present, the primary general education school is represented by three main government systems education: traditional, the system of developmental education L. V. Zankov and the system of developmental education D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov. In educational institutions of the initial level, such experimental programs as Harmony, Primary School of the 21st Century, Perspective, School of Russia, etc. are being implemented. All of them are aimed at in-depth study of academic subjects and expanded intellectual and moral development of students.

Basic comprehensive school- implements general educational programs of basic general education (the normative term for mastering is 5 years - the second (main) stage of general education). The tasks of basic general education are to create conditions for the upbringing, formation and formation of the personality of the student, for the development of his inclinations, interests and ability for social self-determination. Basic general education is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, primary and secondary vocational education. Primary general education programs may be implemented in the basic general education school.

middle School of General education . - implements general educational programs of secondary (complete) general education (the normative term for mastering is 2 years - the third (senior) stage of general education). The tasks of secondary (complete) general education are the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. Secondary (complete) general education is the basis for obtaining primary vocational, secondary vocational (according to reduced accelerated programs) and higher vocational education.

In accordance with the Modernization Concept Russian education for the period up to 2010, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001 No. 1756-r, at the third stage of a general education school, specialized education is provided, implemented through the creation of specialized schools. Profile training- this is a means of differentiation and individualization of education, which allows, due to changes in the structure, content and organization of the educational process, to take into account the interests, inclinations and abilities of students to the fullest extent, create conditions for teaching high school students in accordance with their professional interests and intentions in relation to continuing education. Profile training is aimed at the implementation of a student-centered educational process and the socialization of students, including taking into account the real needs of the labor market. Profile school- this is the main institutional form of realization of the goal of specialized education. In the future, other forms of organizing specialized education are envisaged, including those that lead the implementation of relevant educational standards and programs beyond the walls of a separate general education institution. For the most effective implementation of the process of profile education, direct contact of the profile school with institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education is envisaged.

The preliminary stage for the introduction of profile education is the beginning of the transition to pre-profile education in the last (9th) grade of the main stage of general education.

In secondary general education schools, educational programs of primary general and basic general education can also be implemented.

Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects- implements general education programs of secondary (complete) general education, providing additional (in-depth) training of students in one or more subjects. Can implement educational programs of primary general and basic general education. The main task of such schools (sometimes referred to as special schools) is teaching (in addition to the basic educational subjects) within the framework of a narrow specialization in a separate subject(objects). This significantly distinguishes special schools from gymnasiums and lyceums, which offer a wide range of additional academic disciplines. For the most part, these are sports special schools, schools with in-depth study foreign languages and physical and mathematical schools.

Gymnasium- general educational programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education are being implemented, providing additional (in-depth) training of students, as a rule, in humanitarian subjects. Significant attention is paid to the study of foreign languages, cultural and philosophical disciplines. Gymnasiums can implement general educational programs of primary general education. In most cases, children with increased motivation for learning study in gymnasiums. Gymnasium classes can also be organized in ordinary general education schools.

Lyceum- an educational institution that implements general education programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education. In lyceums, an in-depth study of a group of subjects in a specific profile (technical, natural science, aesthetics, physics and mathematics, etc.) is organized. Lyceums, like gymnasiums, can implement general education programs of primary general education. Lyceums are designed to create optimal conditions for the moral, aesthetic, physical development of students with established interests in choosing a profession and further education. Lyceums widely practice individualized curricula and plans. Lyceums can be created as independent educational institutions, or they can function as lyceum classes of ordinary general education schools, cooperating with higher educational institutions and manufacturing enterprises. Currently, some lyceums have the status of experimental educational institutions with author's models and teaching technologies.

Institutions of primary vocational education. More recently, in our country, negligent students were frightened: “If you study poorly, you don’t take up your mind, you will go to vocational school!” At the same time, this "horror story" was more than real. After graduating from basic school, teenagers from disadvantaged families (underachievers and others like them) “went” straight to vocational technical schools (vocational schools), where they were instilled with work skills and tried to raise “pedagogically neglected” children as worthy citizens of our society. Since school graduates often received a “ticket” to vocational schools, not of their own free will, they studied through the sleeves - only a small part of vocational school students after graduating from college found a job in their specialty. Because of this, these educational institutions did not have the best reputation, and the percentage of vocational school graduates retained in the workplace barely exceeded 50%. However, time does not stand still, and, as statistics show, at present the percentage of employment in working specialties of this group of young people is approaching 80%. And given that unemployment in Russia is still very high, then it is worth considering what is better: higher education from scratch (immediately after high school) and the possible status of the unemployed upon completion of studies at the university or a diploma of a vocational school graduate, guaranteed earnings, work experience and the possibility of further education? Working specialties have always been needed, and today, when a significant part of the younger generation dreams of becoming businessmen and managers, looking for easy ways to earn money, the need for qualified workers is only increasing.

The main goal of primary vocational education institutions is to train qualified workers (workers and employees) in all main areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general and secondary (complete) general education. It should be noted that such a formulation of the main goal of primary vocational education is somewhat outdated. At present, it can be formulated in a new way - the maximum satisfaction of the needs of all sectors of the domestic economy by qualified professional workers and specialists.

Primary vocational education is a good start for continuing education in the chosen specialty or obtaining a new one with the already existing baggage of professional knowledge and practical labor skills.

Primary vocational education institutions include:

Professional institute;

Professional Lyceum;

Training and course combine (point);

Training and production center;

Technical School;

Evening (shift) school.

Vocational schools(construction, sewing, electrical engineering, communications, etc.) - the main type of primary vocational education institution, in which the most massive training of qualified professional workers and specialists is carried out. The normative terms of training are 2-3 years (depending on the level of education upon admission, the chosen specialty, profession). On the basis of vocational schools, innovative methods can be developed and implemented in the field of primary vocational education in the relevant profile of training qualified personnel, providing a high level of vocational education and training, satisfying the needs of the individual and production.

Professional lyceums(technical, construction, commercial, etc.) - a center of continuous professional education, which, as a rule, provides intersectoral and interregional training of qualified specialists and workers in complex, science-intensive professions. In vocational lyceums one can get not only a specific profession of an advanced level of qualification and complete a secondary (complete) general education, but also, in some cases, acquire a secondary vocational education. This type of institution is a kind of support center for the development of primary vocational education, on the basis of which scientific research can be carried out to improve the content of the educational process, educational and program documentation, which ensure the training of competitive personnel in the conditions of market relations.

Training course complex (point), training and production center, technical school(mining and mechanical, nautical, forestry, etc.), evening (shift) school carry out the implementation of educational programs for retraining, advanced training of workers and specialists, as well as training workers and specialists of the appropriate skill level in an accelerated form of training.

In addition to the fact that education in budgetary (state and municipal) institutions of primary vocational education is free, their students are guaranteed scholarships, places in hostels, preferential or free food, as well as other types of benefits and material assistance in accordance with the competence of the educational institution and applicable regulations.

Educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). The main goals and objectives of the activities of educational institutions of secondary vocational education are:

Training of mid-level specialists on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education;

Satisfying the needs of the labor market (taking into account the industry needs of the economic sector) in specialists with secondary vocational education;

In the presence of an appropriate license, educational institutions of secondary vocational education may implement educational programs of primary vocational education and additional professional educational programs of secondary vocational and primary vocational education.

Secondary specialized educational institutions include a technical school and a college.

Technical school (school)(agricultural, irrigation and drainage technical school; river, pedagogical school, etc.) - implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education at the basic level.

College(medical, economic, etc.) - implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic and advanced levels.

In technical schools and colleges professional training a more complex level than in institutions of primary vocational education, and, accordingly, it is much more difficult to enter them. The main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education can be mastered in various forms of education, differing in the volume of classroom studies and the organization of the educational process: full-time, part-time (evening), correspondence forms or in the form of an external student. A combination of different forms of education is allowed. The normative terms of training in educational programs of secondary vocational education are established by the state educational standard of secondary vocational education. As a rule, training lasts 3-4 years. If necessary, the terms of study for specific educational programs of secondary vocational education can be increased in comparison with the standard terms of study. The decision to increase the duration of training is made by a public authority or a local government in charge of the secondary specialized educational institution. For persons with initial vocational education of the appropriate profile, secondary vocational or higher vocational education, or another sufficient level of previous training and (or) abilities, training is allowed under reduced or accelerated educational programs of secondary vocational education, the procedure for the implementation of which is established by the federal education authority.

A large number of graduates of educational institutions of secondary vocational education receive a fairly high theoretical level knowledge, skills and abilities, which allows them to work in their specialty for several years in the future without receiving a higher professional education. In some cases, a diploma of secondary specialized education gives the right to receive higher professional education (usually in the same specialty, but more high level) within a shorter period (up to three years). Middle students professional institutions can combine work with education, and, if education of this level is acquired for the first time, and the educational institution has state accreditation, enjoy the benefits established by the labor legislation of the Russian Federation (study leave, free travel to the place of study, etc.).

By the way, this rule applies to students of educational institutions of primary vocational education. Full-time students who receive secondary vocational education at the expense of budgetary funds are provided with scholarships in the prescribed manner. A secondary specialized educational institution, within the limits of available budgetary and extrabudgetary funds, independently develops and implements measures in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation social support students, including, depending on their financial situation and academic success, scholarships and other social benefits and. For success in the development of educational programs, in experimental design and other work, various forms of moral and material incentives are established for students. Students in need of living space are provided with places in a hostel if there is an appropriate housing stock of a secondary specialized educational institution.

Educational institutions of higher professional education (higher educational institutions). It makes no sense to talk specifically about the priority of higher education, since it was, is and always will be. The development of a market economy, scientific and technological progress dictate new requirements, which cannot be met without a high level of education. In recent years, it has become the norm to have two or more higher educations.

The problem of obtaining a higher education is solvable, the only question is its quality. Of course, you can buy a diploma of graduation from a particular university, such services, unfortunately, take place now, but it is impossible to acquire true knowledge for a fee without the due desire of the student himself and the corresponding efforts of a higher educational institution.

The goals and objectives of educational institutions of higher professional education are:

Training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education;

Meeting the needs of the state in qualified specialists with higher education and scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification;

Training, retraining and advanced training of specialists and managers;

Organization and conduct of fundamental and applied scientific research and other scientific and technical, experimental design work, including on educational issues;

Satisfying the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on education, the following types of higher educational institutions are established: institute, university, academy . These higher educational institutions (each in accordance with its own specifics) implement educational programs of higher professional education; educational programs of postgraduate professional education; carry out training, retraining and (or) advanced training of employees for a certain area of ​​professional, scientific and scientific-pedagogical activity. On the base universities And academies university and academic complexes can be created that unite educational institutions that implement educational programs at various levels, other institutions and non-profit organizations or separated from them structural units. higher educational institution of any kind (including their branches) can implement educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, primary and secondary vocational education, as well as additional vocational education if they have the appropriate license.

ON THE. Ageshkina

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