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1. Invasion

1.1 List of invasive species

1.2 Invasive species

2. Introduction

2.1 Nature of introduction

2.3 Accidental introduction

2.4 Ecological introduction

1. Invasion (ecology)

Invasion (from Latin invasio - invasion, attack) in ecology and biology is an invasion of any territory or ecosystem by a biological species that is not typical for them, which, unlike introduction, occurs without conscious human participation.

Alien species invasions are now part of global environmental changes and can often cause significant losses of biological diversity and are characterized by the economic importance of ecosystems affected by such biological invasions. Sometimes such invasions can cause significant economic damage and pose a danger to human health.

Examples of invasive species include: Colorado potato beetle, chestnut leaf miner, Nile perch, ragweed, Sosnowski's hogweed, etc.

To date, there are no universal methods to stop the invasion of aggressive species. The development of measures to prevent biological invasions, mitigate all their consequences and monitor them is the responsibility of countries that signed the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.

1.1 List of invasive species

The list of invasive species includes species of animals and plants that were accidentally introduced by humans into new regions, where they successfully take root, begin to reproduce and invade new territories.

Invasive (“aggressive”) species negatively affect the local fauna and flora, which is why they become pests and quarantine objects. There is some confusion as to whether the terms “invasive” and “introduced” species are complete synonyms. The randomness of introduction and damage to native ecosystems distinguishes invasive species from introduced ones.

Animals

Arthropods: Chinese mitten crab. Crustaceans: Chinese mitten crab. Insects: Harmonia axyridis, Colorado potato beetle, Chestnut leaf miner. Ants: Argentine ant, Argentine ant, Red fire ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Lesser fire ant. Molluscs: Crassostrea gigas, Crepidula fornicata, European zebra mussel Ensis directus, Ferrissia fragilis, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Melanoides tuberculatus, Rapana venosa. Chordates: Canada goose in England. Birds: Nile goose, Great-billed goose, Bar-headed goose, Canada goose, House crow, Monk parakeet, American duck, Cramer's ring-necked parrot. Mammals: Gray rat, American mink, Nutria raccoon dog, Muskrat, Gray rat, Black rat

Plants

Edible carpobrotus: Ailanthus alta, Amorpha fruticosa, Edible carpobrotus, Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa taxifolia, Crassula helmsii, Elodea canadensis, Fallopia japonica, Three-spined honey locust, Mantegazzi hogweed, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Impatiens glandu-lifera, Myriophyllum a quaticum Rhododendron ponticum, Robinia pseudoacacia.

Animals

Insects: Tobacco whitefly, Fire ants, German wasp.

Mammals

European rabbit, dromedary camel, domestic dog, domestic goat, African donkey, donkey, domestic horse, cat, house mouse, European rabbit, small rat, gray rat, Red fox, Koala on the island. Kangaroo

In Russia, the organization that controls the import of invasive species is the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor).

1.2 Invasive species (botany)

Invasive species, or invasive species.

There is no unambiguous and correct definition. In Russian, the term “invasive species” is a morphological transfer from the English phrase invasive species.

In a Western school studying invasive species deals with a special discipline, defined as invasive plant ecology; in Russia, these species are studied by florists as part of adventive floras of regions and separately by specialists in other areas from the point of view of biology and ecology of such species.

As a rule, a set of species defined as “invasive” is part of a vast alien or adventitious element of the flora, among which they stand out, first of all, by their ability to quickly spread and invade Various types cenoses.

“Invasive alien species are non-native organisms that cause or may cause damage environment, economy or human health.

Conditions that allow specific types of flora to be classified Central Russia to the category of invasive:

*the species is alien (adventive) to most regions of Central Russia;

*the species must be noted in at least 70% of all regions that make up Central Russia;

*in regions where the species is present, it must be at the epe-cophyte or agriophyte stage in at least part of the territory. It is extremely rare, but it happens that colonophytes that reproduce in large numbers in cultural areas (for example, Sorbaria sorbifolia) should also be classified as invasive species;

*according to the results of many years of observations since the first discovery, the species shows a tendency to actively disperse;

*species can be a source of economic damage (but not necessarily).

1.3 List of invasive plants

According to the site Black book flora of Central Russia. Alien plant species in the ecosystems of Central Russia.

Ash-leaved maple, white aster, upturned acorn, Sosnovsky's hogweed, common calamus, ragwort, willow aster, foliage, fragrant chamomile. Small-petaled Canadian, Cyclachaena cocklebur, Annual Small-petaled, Galinzoga small-flowered, Galinzoga four-rayed, Tuberous sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, Sticky ragwort, Canadian goldenrod, or Canadian goldenrod, Giant goldenrod, or Giant goldenrod, Elbian cocklebur, Impatiens iron-bearing, Impatiens small-flowered, Caucasian comfrey, Common cardaria, French staghorn, Dense-flowered bug, Volzhsky gooseberry, Tatarian quinoa, Echinocystis spinosa, Elk angustifolia, Sea buckthorn, Euphorbia buterlak, Lupine multifolia, Elodea canadensis, Elodea slender, Elsholtia ciliated, or Patrena, Pennsylvania ash, Cyprus th glandular stem , False reddened willowherb, Evening primrose, or Autumn biennial, Oxalis erecta, Roofing brome, Rough-leaved fescue, Maned barley, Poa squat, Spreading grass, Reinutria japonica, Reinutria bohemiana, Irga spicata, Irga alnifolia, Hawthorn monopistil, Rowanberry deciduous, white poplar

Other famous invasive plants in the territory

Robinia false acacia, Honey locust, Amorpha fruticosa, Ailanthus tall.

List of the most dangerous invasive species:

Introduced species

2. Introduction

Introduction (biological) (from the Latin Introductio - “introduction”) is the deliberate or accidental relocation of individuals of any species of animals and plants outside their natural range to new habitats. In other words, introduction is the process of introducing alien species into a certain ecosystem.

An introduced or alien species (in biology) is a non-indigenous species, unusual for a given territory, intentionally or accidentally introduced to a new place as a result of human activity.

The process of development of an introduced species in a new place (adaptation to new environmental conditions) is called acclimatization.

Often introduced species can significantly change the existing ecosystem of a region and cause a significant reduction or even extinction of certain species of local flora and fauna.

Corn is an introduced species only in a broad sense, since outside natural habitat does not grow in the wild

The term introduced species is often applied to related but different concepts for a number of reasons. In the same way, when describing the same case, other terms are used that are similar or close in meaning: they talk about species of acclimatized, adventitious, alien, exotic, invasive, naturalized, non-native, feral, xenobiotic, etc. However, There is a certain difference between some of these concepts.

Most often, the concept of “introduced” is used as a synonym for the word “alien”, and in this sense, according to the above definition, many horticultural and agricultural crops, such as potatoes, corn, etc., widely distributed in the world, can be classified as introduced plants. However, some sources add “... and reproducing in the wild” to this definition, which leaves out of the definition all cultivated crops that are not able to reproduce without human intervention. For such plants the term “cultivated” or “ornamental” species is used.

There is some confusion as to whether the terms "invasive" and "introduced" species are completely synonymous. Literally, invasive are those species of organisms that, being introduced, capture new territories in a new place, causing harm to the existing ecosystem, that is, they become pests. The term implies both actual and potential danger. Some challenge the concept of invasiveness, arguing that the extent of damage is usually incalculable and organisms continue to spread into areas where they have never existed, often without considering whether they may or may not cause harm.

2.1 Nature of introduction

The tiger ambistoma (Ambystoma tigrinum) owes its distribution in California to fishing, in which it was used as bait. invasion acclimatization introduction

By definition, a species is considered introduced if it has been transferred from its native range to a new area as a result of human activity. Introduction can be either intentional or accidental. The deliberate introduction of new species was motivated by the fact that these species would be useful to humans in a new place and would increase their well-being. Thus, in connection with the development of new territories, agricultural crops, livestock and wild animals were imported, capable of diversifying the local fauna. Accidental introduction was a by-product, often unwanted, of human activity - thus, the Colorado potato beetle, rats, cockroaches and synanthropic species of Drosophila became widespread. Further spread of introduced species in a new territory can occur either with the help of humans or independently.

2.2 Intentional introduction

Organisms deliberately transported by humans can adapt to a new location in two different ways. In the first case, they are specially released into the wild. It is often difficult to predict whether a plant or animal will survive in a new location or not, and sometimes, if the first failure occurs, repeated attempts at introduction are made in the hope that new individuals will improve the survival and reproduction of the species. In the second case, the spread in the wild outside the natural range occurred against the will of man: animals ran free and ran wild, and plants began to grow outside gardens, household plots and agricultural land.

The most common motivation for conscious introduction was to increase economic income from local biocenoses. During the period of great geographical discoveries, Europeans transported cultivated plants and livestock with them. For example, for the purpose of breeding, carp (Cyprinus carpio) came to the American continent and then spread into the wild. Apple snails (Ampullariidae), as a product rich in protein, were brought to Southeast Asia, and from there they came to the Hawaiian Islands, where they founded an entire industry Food Industry. In 1905, muskrats were transported to Europe from North America for the sake of valuable fur - first they were released near Prague, and then they settled over the vast territory of Eurasia, even ending up in China, Korea and Mongolia. In exactly the same way, arctic foxes appeared on many islands off the coast of Alaska.

Norway maple behaves quite aggressively on the American continent, displacing indigenous plant species

Sometimes alien species of animals appear due to the hobby of sport hunting and fishing - thus, the species of salamander used for bait, Ambystoma tigrinum, appeared in California, where it displaces the local endemic species California Ambystoma californiense. Sometimes common domestic animals such as cats, goats, pigs and parrots become wild. Such a new neighborhood does not always benefit the local fauna and flora: for example, feral cats on islands where seabirds unaccustomed to land predators nest, cause a sharp decline in the population and even extinction of local species such as albatrosses and petrels. Goats that have settled on the Galapagos Islands since the time of pirates eat the vegetation on which local iguanas survive.

Among plants there are also a large number of deliberately introduced species, especially ornamental ones. For example, the European Norway maple (Acer platanoides) came to the American continent in the form of green spaces in gardens and parks, while the ash maple (Acer negundo), on the contrary, is widely cultivated in Europe, including Russia. Norway maple is known to be an aggressive, invasive species that threatens native species. Ash maple in Europe is also considered an aggressive weed species.

The timber industry has contributed to the spread of unusual southern hemisphere North American radiata pine (Pinus radiata).

Cornflower (Centaurea solstitialis), which has a long root that allows it to compete with other plants for water, is threatening the natural ecosystem of Yosemite National Park in the United States.

2.3 Accidental introduction

The Colorado potato beetle gained a foothold in Europe during the First World War and since then began its victorious march across the continent

Sometimes organisms travel with a person and, independently of him, enter a new environment for them.

For example, three species of rats (black, gray and small) lived in the holds of ships until they landed in a new territory for them. As a result, they are now found even on remote islands, which has a negative impact on the birds nesting there.

Large numbers of marine organisms, such as the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), accidentally ended up in the new location along with transported water used as ballast.

About 200 alien organisms have established themselves in San Francisco Bay, making it the most intruded estuary in the world.

In the first half of the 20th century, along with transported potatoes, the Colorado potato beetle first came to France, and then it took hold throughout Europe, causing considerable damage to agriculture.

Through botanical gardens and collectors of exotic plants, the North American Echinocystis lobata penetrated into Europe; with peasant settlers he ended up in Central Asia; In Siberia, the routes of penetration of this species are associated with the development of tourism and the intensive development of gardening. Sometimes it occupies quite large spaces, both in the vicinity of populated areas and quite far from them, and has a high activity of renewal and reproduction.

2.4 Ecological introduction

A special place in the deliberate relocation of species is occupied by reintroduction, which consists in the return of species that previously lived in a given area, but then disappeared due to human fault. Reintroduction is carried out by interstate and local environmental organizations. One example of such relocation is the reintroduction of the Davidan deer into the territory of the Dafeng Milu Reserve near Beijing. This deer was practically exterminated in China in the Middle Ages, and the last individuals remaining in the emperor’s garden died in late XIX century during floods and civil unrest. Miraculously preserved in the courts of Europe, 16 deer marked the beginning of the restoration of the population, part of which was returned to the places where they once lived.

In addition, sometimes, due to a particularly alarming situation that threatens the existence of a species, some animals are relocated to similar climatic conditions for the purpose of preserving it. This happened with the Chinese alligator, which, due to loss natural places habitat in the Yangtze River valley was on the verge of extinction. To create a reserve for the species, several alligators were relocated to the Rockefeller Wildlife Sanctuary in American state Louisiana.

2.5 Invasive (invasive) species

The Global Invasive Species Program website gives the following definition:

“Invasive alien species are non-native organisms that cause or have the potential to cause harm to the environment, the economy, or human health.”

2.6 Invasive exotic diseases

Among the introduced species there are not only animals and plants, but also various microorganisms - viruses, bacteria and fungi, including pathogenic ones. The most widely known spread of the smallpox virus to the American continent along with the first conquistadors in the process of the so-called Columbus Exchange, as a result of which entire Indian civilizations were destroyed even before Europeans saw them.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the spread of fungi such as Endothia parasitica, which causes endothial cancer of chestnuts, and Ceratocystis ulmi, which causes elm disease, poses a serious threat.

To implement the phytosanitary principles of plant quarantine and protection, which are combined in the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and specified in its International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, each country has an official national organization on Quarantine and Plant Protection (NPPO).

In Russia, the organization corresponding to the status of an NPPO is the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor).

List of used literature

1.“Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Phylogeny, morphology, physiology, ecology, adaptation, natural enemies.” M., “Science”, 2011. 375 p.

2. Elton Ch. Ecology of invasions of animals and plants = The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London, 2012/ Charles Elton / Trans. from English edited by N. P. Naumova. -- M.: Foreign Literature Publishing House, 2012.

3. Dgebuadze Yu. Yu. Problems of invasions of alien organisms // Ecological safety and invasions of alien organisms: Collection of materials from the round table within the framework of the All-Russian Conference on Environmental Safety of Russia (June 4-5, 2002). - M.: IUCN, IPEE RAS, 2002.

4. Vinogradova Yu. K. Code for managing the behavior of invasive alien species in botanical gardens // Botanical gardens in the modern world: theoretical and applied research: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference / Demidov A.S. - M.: Partnership of Scientific Publications KMK, 2011.

5.Introduction and methods of culture of floral ornamental plants. - M.: Nauka, 2000. -- 168 p.

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1.4. Ecological introduction/reintroduction……..………...…….10

Chapter 2. Characteristics of invasive species………………………………12

2.1. The most dangerous invasive species in the world….…………………..…… 12

2.2. The most aggressive invasive species……………….……..……… 15
2.3. Invasive species of Russia………………………………………………………..…… 22

Chapter 3. Expansion of alien species………………………...………… 29

Conclusions 33

References 35
Applications……………………………………………………………………………….37

Introduction

IN presently as a result Due to anthropogenic activities, tens of thousands of species of animal and plant organisms move across our planet every day. However, many of them lead to very serious environmental, social and economic consequences.

Aggressive alien species introduced from other regions (often even from other continents), which spread due to human fault, produce offspring in very large numbers and spread over a considerable distance from their parent individuals, are called invasive species. They are characterized by active penetration into local communities, during which they often displace local plant species. Invasive species invasion - serious ecological problem all over the world, leading to the so-called« floristic pollution of the territory", is rightfully considered the second most important threat to biological diversity (after habitat destruction).

Studying the process and results of naturalization of alien species isurgent task of our time and became the reasonchoosing a topic my work: " Invasive Species: Territory Invaders.”

Object of study: fauna – like historically formed set of speciesanimals, living in this area and included in all itsbiogeocenoses.

Subject of research are animals (organisms that form part of the organic world).

Target: conduct a comprehensive analysis of the study of invasive animal species.

Tasks:

Study the etymology of the concepts “invasive species” and “introduction”.
Identify the most dangerous and aggressive invasive animal species.
Determine the consequences of the introduction of invasive species.

Novelty of the work. The work examines the most dangerous and aggressive invasive species that can change the composition of communities, examines some terminological aspects, as well as the features and consequences of the introduction of alien organisms, which often acquire the character of biological pollution.

Practical significance of the study. The obtained materials can be used in biology course(botany and ecology), to expand the ecological culture of schoolchildren and will be transferred to Rospotrebnadzor of the Tver region to increase the attention of relevant organizations to preserve the uniqueness of the flora and fauna of the Tver region.

Main method of work became a method of selection, systematization and classification scientific articles dedicated to this topic.

The work is 39 pages long and consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, and appendices.

Chapter 1. Invasive (invasive) species

Etymology of the concept “invasive” species

There is no unambiguous and correct definition. In Russian, the term “invasive species” is a morphological transfer from the English phrase invasive species.

In the Western school, the study of invasive species is carried out in a special discipline, defined as invasive plant ecology; in Russia, these species are studied by florists as part of the adventive floras of the regions and separately by specialists in other areas from the point of view of the biology and ecology of such species. As a rule, a set of species defined as “invasive” is part of a vast alien or adventitious element of the flora, among which they stand out primarily ability to spread quickly and be introduced into various types of cenoses. The website of the Global Invasive Species Program gives the following definition: “invasive alien species are alien ( non- native) organisms that cause or may cause damage to the environment, the economy or human health.”

Thus, an invasive alien species means an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threatens biological diversity (species, habitats or ecosystems)¹.

Introduction- means the anthropogenic movement (direct or indirect) of an alien species outside its natural range.

Invasive (“aggressive”) species negatively affect the local fauna and flora, which is why they become pests and quarantine facilities.²

_________________

² Negrobov S. O., Filonenko Yu. Ya.Ecological Dictionary.- Lipetsk, LEGU, 2001.

1.2. Introduction

Introduction (biological) (from lat. Introduction- “introduction”) is the deliberate or accidental relocation of individuals of any species of animals and plants outside their natural range to new habitats. In other words, introduction is the process of introducing alien species into a certain ecosystem.

Introduced or alien species (in biology) (eng. Introduced species) - non-indigenous, unusual for a given territory, intentionally or accidentally brought to a new place as a result of human activity.

The process of development of an introduced species in a new place (adaptation to new environmental conditions) is called acclimatization.

Often introduced species can significantly change the existing ecosystem of a region and cause a significant reduction or even extinction of certain species of local flora and fauna.

Term introduced species for a number of reasons, it is often applied to related but different concepts. In the same way, when describing the same case, other terms are used that are similar or close in meaning: they talk about species of acclimatized, adventitious, alien, exotic, invasive, naturalized, non-native, feral, xenobiotic, etc. However, There is a certain difference between some of these concepts.

Most often, the concept of “introduced” is used as a synonym for the word “alien”, and in this sense, according to the above definition, many horticultural and agricultural crops, such as potatoes, corn, which are widespread in the world, can be classified as introduced plants. However, some sources add “... and reproducing in the wild” to this definition, which leaves out of the definition all cultivated crops that are not able to reproduce without human intervention. For such plants the term “cultivated” or “ornamental” species is used¹.

There is some confusion as to whether "invasive" and "introduced" species are complete synonyms. Literally invasive are those species of organisms that, having been introduced, capture new territories in a new place, causing harm to the existing ecosystem, that is, they become pests.. The term implies both actual and potential danger. Some dispute concept of invasiveness, arguing that the extent of damage is usually incalculable, and organisms continue to spread into areas where they never existed, often without paying attention to whether they can cause harm or not².

1.3. Accidental and deliberate introduction

________________

¹ http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/294598

² Introduction and methods of culture of floral and ornamental plants. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 168 p.

Accidental introduction was a by-product, often undesirable, of human activity - thus, the Colorado potato beetle, rats, cockroaches and synanthropic species of Drosophila became widespread. Further spread of introduced species into a new territory can occur either with the help of humans or independently.

Deliberate introduction. Organisms deliberately transported by humans can adapt to a new location in two different ways.

In the first case, they are specially released into the wild. It is often difficult to predict whether a plant or animal will survive in a new location or not, and sometimes, if the first failure occurs, repeated attempts at introduction are made in the hope that new individuals will improve the survival and reproduction of the species.
In the second case, distribution in wildlife beyond the natural habitat occurred against the will of man: animals ran away to freedom and ran wild, and plants began to grow outside gardens, household plots and agricultural land.

The most common motivation for conscious introduction was to increase economic income from local biocenoses. During the period of great geographical discoveries, Europeans transported cultivated plants and livestock with them. For example, for the purpose of breeding, carp came to the American continent and then spread in the wild ( Cyprinus carpio); apple snails ( Ampullariidae), as a product rich in protein, were introduced into Southeast Asia, and from there we got to Hawaiian Islands, where they founded an entire industry Food Industry. In 1905 to Europe from North America For the sake of valuable fur, muskrats were transported - first they were released near Prague, and then they settled over the vast territory of Eurasia, even ending up in China, Korea and Mongolia. In exactly the same way, arctic foxes appeared on many islands off the coast of Alaska.

Sometimes alien species of animals appear due to the hobby of sport hunting and fishing - thus the species used for bait tiger ambystoma salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) appeared in California, where it displaces a local endemic species Californian ambistioma (Ambystoma californiense). Sometimes common domestic animals such as cats, goats, pigs and parrots become wild. Such a new neighborhood does not always benefit the local fauna and flora: for example, feral cats on islands where seabirds unaccustomed to land predators nest cause a sharp decline in the population and even the extinction of local species such as albatrosses and petrels. Goats, which have settled since the time of the pirates, Galapagos Islands They eat vegetation, due to which local iguanas survive. The Colorado potato beetle gained a foothold in Europe during First World War and since then began his victorious march across the continent

Sometimes organisms travel with a person and, independently of him, enter a new environment for them. For example, three species of rats (black, gray and small) lived in the holds of ships until they landed in a new territory for them. IN As a result, they are currently found even on remote islands, which negatively affects the birds nesting there.

A large number of marine organisms such as shellfish zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) accidentally ended up in a new place along with transported water used as ballast.

About 200 alien organisms have established themselves in San Francisco Bay, thus making it the most intruded estuary in the world.

In the first half of the 20th century, along with transported potatoes, it first came to France, and then the Colorado potato beetle took hold throughout Europe, causing considerable damage to agriculture.

Through botanical gardens and collectors of exotic plants, North American Prickly carp (Echinocystis lobata); with peasant settlers he came to Central Asia; in Siberia, the routes of penetration of this species are associated with the development of tourism and the intensive development of gardening. Sometimes it occupies quite large spaces, both in the vicinity of populated areas and quite far from them, and has a high activity of renewal and reproduction.

1.4. Ecological introduction/reintroduction

A special place in the deliberate relocation of species is occupied by reintroduction, which consists in the return of species that previously lived in given area, but then disappeared due to human fault. Reintroduction is carried out by interstate and local environmental organizations. One example of such relocation is the reintroduction of David's deer into the territory of the Dafin Milu Nature Reserve. Dafeng Milu Reserve) near Beijing. This deer was practically exterminated in China in the Middle Ages, and the last individuals remaining in the emperor’s garden died at the end of the 19th century during floods and popular unrest. Miraculously preserved in the courts of Europe, 16 deer marked the beginning of the restoration of the population, part of which was returned to the places where they once lived.

In addition, sometimes, due to a particularly alarming situation that threatens the existence of a species, some animals are relocated to similar climatic conditions in order to preserve it. This happened with Chinese alligator, which, due to the loss of natural habitats in the Yangtze River valley, was on the verge of extinction. To create a reserve for the species, several alligators were relocated to the reserve. Rockefeller Wildlife in the US state of Louisiana.

Among the introduced species there are not only animals and plants, but also various microorganisms - viruses, bacteria and fungi, including pathogenic ones. The most widely known spread of the virus smallpox to the American continent along with the first conquistadors in the process of the so-called Columbus exchange, V resulting in whole Indian civilizations were destroyed even before Europeans saw them.

In the 20th-21st centuries, the spread of fungi such as Endothia parasitica, which causes chestnut endothium cancer, and Ceratocystis ulmi, which causes elm disease ¹´²´³.

_____________

¹http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

³Primak R. Fundamentals of biodiversity conservation M., Publishing house of the scientific and educational methodological center, 2002, 256 p.

Chapter 2. Characteristics of invasive species

2.1. The world's most dangerous invasive species

The list of the top 100 most dangerous invasive species was compiled by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Invasive Species Specialist Group. It includes organisms that have had the greatest Negative influence on human activities and native species.¹ The list includes 56 animal species ( see table 1.), 36 species of plants, 3 species of fungi, 3 species of chromists, 1 species of protozoa and 2 viruses.

Table 1. Most dangerous species animals

Russian Name	Classification	Natural range
Achatina giant	Gastropods: Achatinidae	East Africa
Common myna	Birds: Starlings	Central and South Asia
White-spotted biter	Insects: Mosquitoes	Southeast Asia
Four-spotted malaria mosquito	Insects: Mosquitoes	North America
Amur starfish	Sea stars: Asteriidae	Far East
Tobacco whitefly	Insects: Whiteflies	Asia
Brown boiga	Reptiles: Colubridans	Southeast Asia, Australia
Domestic goat	Mammals: Bovids	Asia
Noble deer	Mammals: Deer	Eurasia
Aphid	Insects: True aphids	Southern Europe
Froghead catfish	Ray-finned fish: Clariids	Southeast Asia
Carp	Ray-finned fish: Cyprinidae	Europe
Dreissena river	Bivalve: Dreissenidae	Europe
Koki	Amphibians: Eleutherodactylidae	South America
Chinese shaggy crab	Higher crayfish: Varunidae	Asia
Cat	Mammals: Felidae	Africa
Common Gambusia	Ray-finned fish: Poeciliaceae	North America
Small mongoose	Mammals: Mongoose	Asia
Nile perch	Ray-finned fish: Latidae	West Africa
Argentine ant	Insects: Ants	Argentina
Bullfrog	Amphibians: Real frogs	East North America
Gypsy moth	Insects: Volanids	Eurasia, North Africa
Crab-eating macaque	Mammals: Marmosets	Southeast Asia
Largemouth Bass	Ray-finned fish: Centrarchs	North America
House mouse	Mammals: Mouse	Asia
Ermine	Mammals: Mustelidae	Eurasia, North America
Nutria	Mammals: Bristly rats	South America
Black Sea mussel	Bivalves: Mussels	Europe
Mikizha	Ray-finned fish: Salmonids	Western North America
Mozambican tilapia	Ray-finned fish: Cichlids	South Africa
Wild rabbit	Mammals: Hares	Southern Europe
Corbula Amur	Bivalve: Corbulidae	Far East
Pink-bellied true bulbul	Birds: Bulbuls	Asia
Black rat	Mammals: Mouse	India
Toad-aha	Amphibians: Toads	Latin America
Brown trout	Ray-finned fish: Salmonids	Eurasia, North Africa
Carolina squirrel	Mammals: Squirrel	East North America
Fire ant imported red	Insects: Ants	South America
Common starling	Birds: Starlings	Eurasia, North Africa
Boar	Mammals: Pigs	Eurasia
Pond slider	Reptiles: American freshwater turtles	East North America
Fox body	Mammals: Cuscus	Australia
Grain carpet beetle	Insects: Carpet beetles	India
Common wasp	Insects: True wasps	Eurasia, North America
Common fox	Mammals: Canids	Eurasia, Africa, North America
Small fire ant	Insects: Ants	Latin America

¹http://www. priroda. su/item/1772

2.2.The most aggressive invasive species
Cane toads . In 1935, in Queensland, Australia, 60,000 cane toads were released to control sugar cane pests, but the sugar cane thickets as a habitat did not suit these amphibians, and they scattered everywhere, leaving the pest insects in full health.
Some cane toads can reach 40 cm in length. These amphibians also do not complain about poor appetite; literally everything goes to waste. Unfortunately, the toxic secretions of the toads’ skin were not to the taste of Australian predators, and the driest continent on the planet was once again faced with an uncontrolled increase in the number of aliens. Which onesways to control cane toadsthe Australians did not undertake. Even cat food was used to combat these amphibians. By scattering cat food near the “place of deployment” of toads, scientists attracted the attention of ants, which attacked the amphibians and their offspring. As a result of ant attacks, about 80% of all offspring of cane toads died.

Snakehead fish ( snakehead ). This fish, reaching a length of one meter, was brought to Europe from East Asia. The European reservoirs in which this voracious creature found itself instantly lost all life. The most unpleasant thing turned out to be that this fish is capable of crawling on its belly over land from one body of water to another and at the same time breathing atmospheric air for four days.

Common Starling . Our compatriot Evgeniy Schieffelin, a major producer, was involved in the appearance of the European starling on the North American continent. medical supplies and a Shakespeare lover. In 1890, he released 60 birds in New York's Central Park, and the next year 40 more. The starlings liked it in the New World. Forming numerous groups with bird numbers reaching up to a million, they make devastating raids on agricultural land, causing $800 million in damage to the American economy annually. Birds also cause many plane crashes.

Burmese python . Burmese pythons, brought to the United States, have bred in the south of the country. There are already 30,000 of them in the Florida National Park. Such a large snake, reaching a length of 6 meters, has no natural enemies on the North American continent. IN in the stomach of these snakes they even find alligators. According to American Naturalists,global warmingwill contribute to the further advancement of these snakes to the north of the country.

Eastern gray squirrel . EThis type of squirrel was brought to Great Britain from North America. Native British red squirrels are smaller in size and have proven unable to compete with their larger, more aggressive counterparts from overseas. In addition, foreigners brought from the New World deadly virus, which began to “mow down” the population of red squirrels in Great Britain. British authorities are doing their best to encourage the hunt for foreign squirrels, praising the taste and health benefits of squirrel meat.

African bees . Aggressive African bees were introduced to Brazil from Tanzania as a replacement for European honey bees. African bees liked the conditions of the New World and they spread throughout Brazil and even crossed all countries Central America, finding himself in the southern states of the USA. A large number of animals and people become victims of their aggression every year.
Asian or Silver carp. The weight of individual Asian carp can exceed 45 kilograms. Initially, this fish was introduced into one of the ponds in the USA, but as a result of a flood it ended up in the waters of the Mississippi River, where it successfully reproduced, “eating” local fish species.
Rats. Rats have already settled on 90% of the islands of the World Ocean. As a result, 60% of bird and reptile species on most islands have disappeared forever. A classic example of such an island is Rat Island.. In 1789, as a result of the wreck of a Japanese ship, Norwegian rats ended up on the shores of this island. Just a few years later, many species of seabirds disappeared from the island. In 2008, American authorities scattered bags of rat poison throughout the island and thus stopped the rat rampage.
Starfish. Looking like an alien invader, the starfish is a nightmare with skin covered in sharp spines. Typically, sea stars reach 33 cm in diameter and have five arms protruding from the body, which are covered with razor-sharp spines, protecting them from most predators. The stars themselves feed coral polyps. Starfish have become a problem in their native ecosystem due to environmental changes. Thanks to their voracious appetite and rapid rate of reproduction, each star in the herd can consume up to six square meters of coral reefs per year, destroying massive areas. Scientists believe that the too rapid increase in the number of starfish is caused by human-induced changes in the ocean ecosystem, primarily associated with an increased content of biogenic pollutants.

Giant Canada goose. Although Canada does not have a national bird, the vast majority of bird lovers wildlife would attribute this role to the Canada goose, since there are more birds of this species in Canada than all others. Canada geese are responsible for the gradual destruction coastline along the mouth of the Gulf of Georgia. This area has great value, because many species of migratory birds stop here, in addition, it is the main habitat of salmon, an endangered game fish. Geese destroy natural environment habitats of many animals and cause disturbances in the food chain.

Dark tiger python. Most invasive species are small animals, but dark tiger pythons- huge and potentially deadly giants. They first appeared in national park Everglades (Florida), a world famous wetland region. This monster, brought to America by the conquistadors, is one of largest snakes on the planet, it grows up to five meters in length and weighs about 90 kg. Now the number of snakes in the Everglades reaches several thousand individuals, and this is more than in their original habitat in South Asia. Giant pythons, with powerful jaws and sharp teeth, are threatening to devastate the wetland ecosystem as they rapidly decimate native species, including the normally invulnerable American alligator.

Brown boiga. If a predatory invasive species ends up on an island, native species typically lack the ability to cope with a threat they have never faced before. Coupled with the lack of predators higher up the food chain, this could cause native species to become extinct.

When brown boigs arrived on the island of Guam after World War II, in the cargo holds of ships, they caused the largest environmental disaster caused by an introduction. Poisonous snakes destroyed most of the vertebrates originally living in forests of the island, they also bite people, and their bites are quite painful. In addition, the boigs caused frequent power outages as they invaded human settlements. In safe conditions, boigs grow up to three meters in length due to the unnaturally large amount of food. Reptile populations are controlled by injecting toxins into dead mice, which the snakes like to feed on.

Domestic cat. Cats are considered man's second best friend, but they also have a reputation for being dangerous invasive predators because they aggressively destroy native fauna when they find themselves in an alien environment. Thanks to direct and indirect human assistance, stray cats have caused the deaths of millions of continental songbirds ill-equipped to fend off the stealth attacks of a growing number of predators.

The presence of cats on the islands has catastrophic consequences: in an unprecedented case, one person’s cat caused the complete extinction of one of the bird species in New Zealand - the Stefanovo bush wren. On many islands and continents, invasive cats have caused declines in bird populations and small mammals. However, there is a downside: some scientists believe that cats can help people control the population of small predators such as rats.

Crab-eating macaque. Most often, ecologists call humans the main invasive species on the planet, but we rarely imagine monkeys in this role. However, cynomolgus macaques are included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's list of the 100 most dangerous invasive species. Crab-eating macaques are carnivorous primates that have invaded a number of islands in an unnatural habitat thanks to human assistance. Like many terrestrial predators, cynomolgus macaques, which also have the rudiments of intelligence, threaten reproduction tropical birds and, according to some experts, may be responsible for the rapid extinction of already endangered species.

Macaques can also pose a risk to humans because they carry a deadly strain of the herpes virus, which has symptoms similar to herpes simplex but can lead to brain damage and death if left untreated.

Cow corpse. Initially, cow corpses lived on the plains of North America, where they coexisted with buffalos and ate the trees that hovered around these large herbivores by insects. However, the increase in the number of buffaloes began to interfere with the birds' ability to build nests and raise offspring - then the cow corpses began to throw their eggs into the nests of other birds, which is why the own chicks of these species cannot develop normally.

In addition, the reduction forest areas in some areas, the habitat of truials led to their spread over thousands of km2 of forests, where they caused a decline in the number of forest songbirds, whose own chicks were doomed to starvation. However, the cow troop has managed to reduce the numbers of even the rare Kirtland's woodies.

Colorado potato beetle- one of the most unusual in their active species of insects, which, already in human memory, has switched to feeding on the leaves of cultivated potatoes (and to a lesser extent, tomatoes, eggplants, etc.) and wild nightshades. The harmfulness of the beetle is determined by several factors. The beetle's fecundity is very high, with one female typically laying about 700 eggs, and the maximum recorded fecundity was 3,382 eggs. Moreover, depending on climatic and geographical conditions, up to 3 generations of insects can be replaced during the warm period. In this case, theoretically, the offspring of one female can reach 30 million individuals by the end of the season. In a month, each beetle destroys more than 4 g of leaf mass, the larva - about 1 g. Depending on the degree of damage to the potato tops by pests, the yield can be significantly reduced. Thus, during the period of tuber formation, which is the most sensitive to leaf damage, only 10 Colorado potato beetle larvae on a bush can reduce the yield by 10-15%, 15 larvae - by 50%, 40-50 larvae - by 100%. Uncontrolled reproduction of the pest can completely destroy the potato crop¹´².

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¹http://www.priroda.su/item/1772

²http://www.publy.ru/post/4985

2.3.Invasive species of Russia

The territory of Russia, of course, is no exception; it is also subject to invasions of alien species of plants and animals. In some cases, deliberately imported (introduced) species gradually acquire the status of pests (more often this applies to vertebrates and ornamental plants). Typically, potentially dangerous species are introduced accidentally with various products and goods, with transport (or on it), with personal luggage of passengers, as a result of ill-conceived imports for the purpose of study and even smuggling.

There are conditionswhich allow us to classify specific species, for example, the flora of Central Russia, as invasive:

the species is alien (adventive) to most regions of Central Russia;
the species must be recorded in at least 70% of all regions that make up Central Russia;
in regions where the species is present, it must be at the epe-cophyte or agriophyte stage in at least part of the territory;
according to the results of long-term observations since the first discovery, the species shows a tendency to actively disperse;
the species may (but not necessarily) be a source of economic damage¹.

Work on the acclimatization of fish in inland waters of Russia has been ongoing since the second half of the XVIII c., when carp were introduced into ponds near St. Petersburg. Over the past 250 years, 58 species of fish have been acclimatized (of which 20 species were for the purpose of naturalization).

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¹ http://www.sevin.ru/invasive/publications/panov_02_pr.html

Of course, the most extensive work was carried out starting from the middle of the 20th century. Only in 1961–1971. up to 400 fish transportations were carried out per year. The fish were relocated both to regions remote from their natural range and to bodies of water located near their usual habitats.

A very clear example of the first case is pink salmon. The natural spawning habitat of this salmon is located mainly in the basin of the Far Eastern seas - from the Bering Sea to the Japanese Sea.
From 1956 to 1987, pink salmon were periodically introduced into rivers of the Northwestern region of Russia, related to the basin of the Barents and White Seas. Currently, this fish comes to spawn in rivers from Murmansk to the Yugra Peninsula, and is also found off the coast of the British Isles, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Spitsbergen. But between the natural, Far Eastern, area and new area distribution there are vast areas of the Siberian shelf seas in which pink salmon are not found.

The acclimatization of the Black Sea-Azov sea was successfully completed mullet singil (Liza aurata) in the Caspian Sea and the Far Eastern pelengas mullet(Liza lauvergnii) introduced into the Black Sea-Azov basin. Was acclimatized in a similar way vendace (Coregonus albula) and a number of other species of this genus. Their natural habitat is confined to the Baltic Sea basin, and they were acclimatized in the Ural River basin.

A very famous example is successful remote acclimatization Gambusia. The natural habitat of Gambusia is the waters of America: from the USA (Illinois and New Jersey) in the north to Argentina in the south. Gambusia is a small fish, from 3.5 to 7.5 cm long, and females are often larger than males. Gambusia's favorite food is mosquito larvae and pupae. It is because of this gastronomic predilection that these fish became the most popular object of introduction and acclimatization in many countries where malaria was widespread.

In the second half of the 19th century, they were imported from Western Europe for commercial cultivation. rainbow trout (Parasalmo mikissirideus) , then American smallmouth palya(Salvelina fontinalis) and a number of other types. However, this direction of acclimatization gained a truly wide scope only in the second half of the 20th century, when species such as peled (Coregonus peled) cheer (Coregonus nasus),muksun (Coregonus muksun), whitefish (Coregonus pidschian), white(Hypophalmichthys molitrix) And bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and others.

Deliberate introduction also includes release into natural reservoirs of aquarium fish. In Russia, however, there are few such examples. This is first and foremost guppy (Poecilla reticulata). Discarded by careless aquarists, these American fish have adapted to live in rivers near heated water discharge areas and in warm settling ponds in Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Voronezh and some other cities. Another well-known example is the Far Eastern Amur sleeper(Perccotus glenii), inhabiting many reservoirs in the area of St. Petersburg and Moscow.

However, rotan settled in the reservoirs of the European part of Russia not only thanks to aquarists. It was brought here unintentionally. (We will tell you in more detail about the history of the settlement of this amazing view in the upcoming issues of our newspaper.) Among other fish that have settled in the inland waters of Russia thanks to unintentional, accidental imports, we can name Amur chebachka (Pseudorasbora parva), “penetrated” from China into the basins of the Black and Azov seas, small star-shaped button (Benthophilus stellatus), brought from the mouths of the rivers of the Black and Azov seas into the Volga basin, chubby-cheeked igloo fish (Syngnathus abaster), settling in the reservoirs of rivers flowing into the Black, Azov and Caspian seas. All of them turned out to be undesirable components of ecosystems, but have adapted to live and reproduce in there are quite a lot of them successfully¹´².

The scale of introduction of animal species (mammals, insects) for Russia at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation is reflected on maps ( rice. 12). The most uniform picture is demonstrated by mammals, the deliberate introduction of which was carried out for a long time and for large areas in order to “enrich the local commercial fauna.” Largest number introduced species were noted for the Leningrad, Tver, Moscow Voronezh, Ryazan, Tomsk, Sakhalin regions, Krasnodar and Primorsky territories, Dagestan, Bashkortostan. No relationship was found between the natural level of taxonomic diversity and the number of introduced species. Apparently, the current picture is largely determined by the activity of scientific and practical organizations that carried out the introduction of commercial species.

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¹ Zotova N.Yu. Problems of invasion and introduction of fish in Russia, “Biology”, Publishing House September 1, 2010.

²Alimov A.F., Orlova M.I., Panov V.E. Consequences of introductions of alien species for aquatic ecosystems and the need for measures to prevent them. In the book: Invasive species in the European seas of Russia. Collection scientific works. Apatity, ed. Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. pp. 12-23.

Fig.1.Number of introduced mammal species

Fig.2.Number of introduced insect species.

The distribution of regions by the number of introduced fish species demonstrates the deliberate nature of the introduction in the process of enriching the local commercial ichthyofauna. The largest number of species were introduced in the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Rostov regions and Tatarstan.

Regions with a large number introduced insects are associated with points of entry into the territory of Russia of various cargoes (ports, large railway junctions). And their distribution along the country’s borders reflects the unintentional nature of introduction typical for this group.

In the territory former USSR About 100 alien species of herbivorous insects settled. In other regions of the world, the number of established alien insect species is significantly greater. IN USA there are over 1500. Moreover, of the 600 most serious plant pests, 235 here are alien species. In Japan, of the 198 species of insects of foreign origin, 72% are classified as harmful (while the share of pests among local herbivorous species does not exceed 7%)

Over 30 years, the area occupied by the Colorado potato beetle in Russia has increased 12,190 times. Over the same period, the area occupied by the American white butterfly increased by 832 times.

In general, it can be argued that at the current level of development of the introduction process on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries, it is not possible to capture the influence of the level of local biological diversity on the success of introduction. In most cases, the spread of introduced species is associated with cultural or significantly transformed natural ecosystems and they are not part of natural communities. At the same time, the introduction leads to an increase in the level of biological diversity.

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¹Izhevsky S.S. Alien insects as biopollutants. Ecology. 1995. No. 2. P.119-122. ²Izhevsky S.S. Penetration of foreign herbivorous insects into the territory of Russia // Protection and quarantine plant. 2002. No. 1. With. 28-31.

Featuresproduction process in Russia:

A large territory of the country with virtually no internal control over the transfer of species;
The history of Russia is replete with wars of a continental and regional nature, accompanied by intensive transportation of military and civilian cargo and people;
For a long time, a policy of resettlement and acclimatization of organisms was carried out on the territory of the USSR to increase productivity ecosystems and obtaining new food products;
The constant need to build roads, canals and reservoirs, large cities;
High level of trade traffic and relatively weak control over the transfer of invaders across the state border;
Insufficiently developed legislation regarding introductions and accidental introduction of organisms from other countries;
Poor development of information support for monitoring of alien species and poor development of the education and awareness system in the field of aggressive introduced species;
Poor funding for research on alien species;
Hobbies associated with keeping and breeding exotic plants and animals at home are quite widespread among the population, some of which, once in natural habitats, turn into typical invasive species.

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