Map of the Kama River before the formation of the Kama Reservoir. The Kama River is the main tributary of the Volga. Description, characteristics, map, photo, video of the Kama River. Volga - a tributary of the Kama
The Kama River is the main tributary of the Volga, which carries the largest volume of water into it from all the watercourses included in it. Counts main river Western Urals, rightfully belongs to the largest of the water streams flowing through the territory Russian Federation. It passes through the cities of Perm, Solikamsk, etc. Hydrologists have an ambiguous opinion on the issues of the championship of the Volga and Kama. Some experts argue that the Ural water flow appeared much earlier than the Central Russian one, and this is confirmed by geological studies.
There is also evidence that the Kama basin is wider than the Volga, and there are more tributaries. Based on these facts, some scientific hydrologists are inclined to assert that the Volga is more likely a tributary of the Kama than vice versa. However, the geographical development of the largest Volga tributary began much later, so the leadership in this matter was given to the Volga. The name of the river comes from the Udmurt word "kam", that is, "big" and is rooted in the Finno-Ugric dialects.
The nature of the current is moderate, even slow, as it flows mostly through flat terrain. The length is 1805 km. This is without taking into account the reservoirs created already in Soviet period. If we take them into account, then the total length will be over 2000 km. The area of the water basin is 507,000 km/sq. This figure is also among the largest in Europe.
In the Udmurt Republic, near the village of Kuliga, there is the source of the Kama. A stream flows here, formed from four underground springs. This is the source of Kama, from where one of the greatest Russian rivers. Its course ends at the place where it flows into the Volga.
Her path is quite difficult. From its beginning it flows to the northwest, after 125 km it makes a turn to the northeast, this is another 200 km of the way. Then it makes another significant turn already to the south, towards the Perm Territory, where it flows through the flat terrain.
At first, a narrow and winding channel, slow current, a small amount of water is not particularly impressive. But already after the Pilva tributary flowing from the Komi flows into the Kama, it turns into a full-flowing river. And there is something. This watercourse has a length of 214 km and is a real full-fledged river with many of its own tributaries.
Downstream, the main water flow is supplemented by another tributary of the Kama - the Vishera, originating from the borders of the Komi Republic. Its length is 415 km, and at the mouth it reaches a width of 900 m. Thanks to it, the Kama becomes even fuller. Regarding the significance of Vishera, some meticulous hydrologists also have complaints about the current Russian cartography. This is due to the fact that, in terms of its full flow, the Vishera, at the confluence, significantly exceeds the Kama, which, according to existing geographical rules, classifies the Vishera as the main stream, and the Kama as an auxiliary one, in fact making the latter a tributary of the Vishera.
The Kama River on the Map of Russia
On the map of the Kama River, its progress in the Russian Federation is traced. It passes through the Kirov region, Perm region, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. On the map of Russia, the Kama ends its journey in the Kama Bay, from where it goes to the Kuibyshev reservoir.
Hydrology
The river, in addition to its tributaries, is fed by precipitation, rain, melting snow and bottom sources. High water occurs from early spring and continues until the beginning of summer. It is covered with ice from November to early April. The melting and movement of ice lasts 14-15 days. The water level fluctuates during this period by 7-8 m, which leads in some coastal areas to floods, floods and the expansion of the banks of the floodplain up to several kilometers. However, a significant addition of water during this period has a positive effect on the work of floating wood in the upper reaches.
tributaries
A lot has already been said about the main, largest tributaries. In total, there are 73,718 water flows, 95% of them are small 10-20 km tributaries.
The most significant, related to the right tributaries of the Kama:
- Obva.
- Yinva.
- Lysva.
The leftists - Lunya and Veslana carry their waters from the plain. Most of the left tributaries of the Kama originate from the Ural mountains, these are cold fast streams:
- Chusovaya.
- Kosva.
- Vishera.
Such a number of watercourses feeding the river makes it one of the largest inland waterways in Russia. Separately, the Vishera River should be noted - in its fullness, the left tributary of the Kama significantly exceeds it, which, according to existing hydrological rules, classifies it as the main water flow, and the Kama as an auxiliary one, that is, in fact, it is a tributary of the Vishera.
Geography
In his upstream flows around the Verkhnekamsk upland and flows among mixed forests, swamps and fields. There are few settlements, mostly villages and villages. There are no industrial enterprises. This fact has a positive effect on the ecological state of the area. In this part, you can go down only by rafting means.
Larger settlements appear downstream, respectively, begins to change in the worst side and ecological situation. It is no secret that wherever a person appears, nature begins to lose its purity and environmental friendliness. Forest-steppe areas with predominantly deciduous tree species begin to predominate in the landscape.
By its length of 1805 km, the Kama occupies the sixth position among the major European rivers. It flows for the most part along the Perm Territory through flat terrain. Its path passes mainly among the High Volga Uplands. The entry of Vishera into it makes it more full-flowing, the coastal landscape and types of vegetation change.
The right bank remains flat with meadows covered with lush vegetation, while the left bank is predominantly elevated, with cliffs. This segment is characterized by the presence of many rifts. From the place where the Belaya River flows in, the banks change their characteristics dramatically, the right side becomes steep, and the left side, on the contrary, is more gentle.
The Lower Kama flows along a fifteen-kilometer flat area, in this area the widest place of the Kama River is noted, sometimes reaching 450 - 1200 m, the main stream is divided into many branches.
Even during the existence of the USSR, three large reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations were built. This is Kamskoye with the hydroelectric power station of the same name, located 996 km from the mouth of the Kama, then Votkinskoye, then Nizhnekamskoye and the hydroelectric power station of the same name follow.
The construction of these hydraulic structures has significantly increased the level of opportunities for navigation. You can go upstream for 1000 km to the village. Kerchevsky, and in the period " big water» The waterway is extended by 600 km. In addition, in the lower section of the river, the bottom deepens, which also contributes to the development of navigation.
The source of the Kama is located near the Udmurt village of Kuliga and is formed from four springs that form a stream, from which, in fact, the largest water stream of the Urals is born. In its upper part, it has a winding channel with numerous oxbows in the floodplain. It gains the greatest strength after the confluence of the Vishera. However, in this matter there is controversial issue regarding which of the rivers is the main one and which is the tributary. There is an opinion that the Kama is not a tributary of the Vishera, and, in general, the main Russian river should be the Vishera. The supporting facts and evidence have been set out earlier.
Mouth of the Kama
Before the creation of the Kuibyshev reservoir, both rivers, the Kama and the Volga, were separated from each other by a twelve-kilometer stone ridge. Today, here, at the place where two rivers merge, the width of the reservoir reaches 40 km.
The mouth of the Kama used to be much wider than the Volga. It should be noted that the river itself is much more full-flowing than the Volga, but, nevertheless, it is not the Kama that flows into the Caspian Sea, therefore the title of great does not belong to her. Moreover, almost all known historical events that took place in Russia, peasant uprisings, barge haulers, are connected precisely with the Volga.
Ecology
The ecological situation in this region, like in most of the rivers of Russia, is rather complex and ambiguous. In the upper reaches, which is sparsely populated, the water is clear. Starting from the mouth of the Vishera, where cities and factories are located, environmental problems appear.
Waste from enterprises and human activity pollutes the river. In addition, the tributaries flowing into it are themselves quite littered. The data of the conducted studies of water taken by hydrologists in the Perm region showed the level of river pollution of about 100 kb / m per day. Moreover, the amount of waste is only increasing, while the level of purification remains unchanged, that is, none.
Thanks to such a barbaric attitude towards the ecological state of the largest Russian river, it has become one of the most ecologically unfavorable in Russia, and its condition is approaching a catastrophic one that really threatens people's lives. The most threatening situation has developed in the industrial areas of Solikamsk, Berezniki, Perm, where an increased content of phenols, oil products and heavy metal compounds is noted in the water.
Despite such a threatening ecological state of the river, fish are still found in it, among which are such valuable commercial species as sterlet, sturgeon and many others. AT clear waters Taimen is found in the upper reaches. There are a lot of plants in the bays, of which there are many.
Alloy
The forest is rafted in the upper section of the river. Starting places are determined depending on the fullness. According to the rules established over the years, it is customary to produce rafting upstream as much as possible, since in the lower part the channel is given over to regular navigation.
Traditionally, it is considered a tributary of the Volga. However, according to the results of hydrological studies, scientists came to an unequivocal conclusion - when two streams are combined, the Volga becomes a continuation of the Kama until it flows into the Caspian. The main proof of this fact is the 40% larger volume of Kama water in the area where the rivers join.
Not less than interesting fact lies in the fact that Kama itself is a continuation of Vishera for the same reasons as in the case of the Volga. Vishera is taiga river originating on the western slopes of the Ural mountains. Official hydrology recognized as a tributary of the Kama. However, the level of its full-flowing significantly exceeds the indicators of Kama, based on this, for all accepted rules, it is the main river. But, due to the fact that the Kama River is already marked on the maps as the main one, cartographic changes will not happen soon.
On the Kama, in Tatarstan, the longest bridge in Russia was built. Its length is 13,967 m. This includes 1,608 m directly across the Kama, plus 549.9 and 69.8 m, respectively, through the Arkharovka and Kurlyanka rivers.
Fishing places
The river itself, along with all its tributaries, is a fertile place for lovers of fishing. And you can fish by all permitted means. On the bait and nets you can catch carp, sterlet, crucian carp, pike perch, ruffs, perches. Sturgeons are also found here.
For lovers of comfort and fishing rods, recreation centers, dispensaries, and fishing farms have been built on the coast. Due ecological state rivers the best place for recreation with a fishing rod there will be its upper reaches.
Fishing enthusiasts conditionally divide the Kama into three sections:
- From the source to the mouth of Veslyana - this is the Upper, where the current does not manifest itself in full force. Bleak, roach, chub, pike are well caught here. With the onset of cold weather, you can catch burbot. Connoisseurs say that grayling and taimen are caught in the upper reaches. From the mouth of the Veslyana to the Kama reservoir - the middle section. The river here expands, becomes deeper, which is best reflected in the number of fish. The greatest depth in this part of the river reaches 30 m, according to the depth map of the Kama.
- Average. Incoming streams make it even more full-flowing. Here, pike perch, white-eye, carp, sterlet, and nelma are added to other fish species. The channel becomes wider, and the bottom is deeper. But the current is getting slower.
- The lower section goes from the Kama reservoir to the Kuibyshev reservoir. Of great interest is fishing on artificial reservoirs, which are in abundance here, as well as the fish itself. It is possible to catch only in the seasons determined by the fishery supervision and only with a bait. Fishing with nets on the river, especially in reservoirs, is prohibited.
The Kama River on the map of Russia.
To "discover" a word is not only to penetrate into its meaning, but at the same time to comprehend the world of one's ancient brother. "Kama" is a non-Russian word. But whose? What is the meaning of it? Here's what the researchers write. The name of the word "Kama" in its origin comes from the tribes that lived in the Kama region in ancient times. The Komi-Zyryans call the Kama "Kama-Yas" - "bright river", the Udmurts - "Bujim-Kama" - "long, big river”, Chuvash - “Jord-Adyl”, Cheremis - “Chelman-Vis”, Tatars - “Cholman-Idel” and so on.
Geographical information about Kama
Kama is a river in the European part of Russia, the left and largest tributary of the Volga River.
It ranks 6th in terms of length in Europe. Its length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km². It originates in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk upland from four springs near the former village of Karpushata, now part of the village of Kuliga, Kezsky district of the Udmurt Republic. By territory Perm region she flows into eastbound and then turns south. More than half of its path Kama flows through our region. It flows mainly between the highlands of the High Trans-Volga region along a wide, sometimes narrowing valley. In the upper reaches (from the source to the mouth of the Pilva River), the channel is unstable and winding, on the floodplain of the old river. After the confluence of the river Vishera becomes a deep river; the banks change: the right one remains low and is predominantly meadow character, the left almost everywhere becomes elevated and steep in places. There are many islands in this area, there are shoals and rifts. Below the confluence of the Belaya River at the Kama, the right bank becomes high and the left bank low.
In the lower reaches, the Kama flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley, the width of the channel is 450–1200 m; split into sleeves. Below the mouth of the Vyatka River, the river flows into the Kama Bay of the Kuibyshev Reservoir (the backwater from which sometimes reaches the mouth of the Belaya River).
There are 73,718 rivers in the Kama river basin, of which 94.5% are small rivers less than 10 km long. The main tributaries on the left are the Southern Keltma, Vishera with Kolva, Chusovaya with Sylva, Belaya with Ufa, Ik, Zay; on the right - Spit, Obva, Vyatka. All the right tributaries of the Kama (Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva) and part of the left ones (Veslyana, Lunya, Leman, South Keltma) are flat rivers flowing from the north. Mountainous, cold and swift rivers originate in Ural mountains ah and flow into the Kama River on the left (Vishera, Yaiva, Kosva, Chusovaya and a number of their tributaries).
3 reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants have been created on the river: from the mouth of the Urolka River (996 km from the mouth of the Kama) the Kama reservoir (Kamskaya hydroelectric power station) begins, immediately below it - the Votkinsk reservoir (Votkinskaya hydroelectric power station), behind it - the Nizhnekamsk reservoir (Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station).
Food is mainly snow, as well as underground and rain; more than 62.6% of the annual flow passes during the spring flood (March - June), 28.3% in summer and autumn, and 9.1% in winter. The range of level fluctuations is up to 8 m in the upper reaches and 7 m in the lower reaches. The average consumption at the Kamskaya HPP is 1630 cubic meters. m / s, at the Votkinsk hydroelectric power station about 1750 cubic meters. m / s, at the mouth about 3500 cubic meters. m / s, the largest is about 27,500 cubic meters. m/sec. Freezing is accompanied by abundant formation of in-water ice and ice drift from 10 to 20 days. Freeze from the beginning of November in the upper reaches and the end of November in the lower reaches until April. Spring ice drift from 2–3 to 10–15 days. The creation of reservoirs has improved navigation conditions. Kama is navigable to the village of Kerchevsky (966 km) - the largest rafting raid, and in high water- for another 600 km. The navigable depths on the lower Kama are supported by dredging.
The main ports and marinas: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Levshino, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tchaikovsky, Sarapul, Kambarka, Naberezhnye Chelny, Chistopol. There are regular passenger flights from Perm to Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan and Ufa. The picturesque banks of the Kama attract a large number of tourists.
Sturgeon, sturgeon, bream, carp, crucian carp, asp, silver bream, ide, chub, bleak, zander, perch, ruff, pike, burbot, catfish, etc. live in the river. Taimen and grayling are found in the upper reaches (and in some places in tributaries). Aquatic vegetation is well developed, especially in numerous bays and backwaters.
Origin of the word "Kama"
In many languages of the world there is a word "Kama". For every nation, it has its own meaning. It is known for certain that "Kama" is a non-Russian word. Let's try to analyze different points of view on the origin of this word and the connection with the name of a major European river.
The origin of the name Kama is lost in the same unimaginable depths of human history, when peoples and their languages were one. Kama - in a number of Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bmeans "river". With the same meaning, but in a slightly different vocalization - Kem, a number of hydronyms and toponyms are known on the territory of Eurasia. For example, there is a river called Kem in Karelia and Eastern Siberia. The Kema River flows into the reserved Beloozero in the Vologda region. But with exactly the same "river" meaning, this root base is used by the Chinese and Mongols. Tuvans and Khakasses also call the Yenisei - Kem. In Altai, Ak-Kem (“White Water”) is a tributary of the Katun, and in the vicinity of the sacred mountain Belukha there is a whole complex with the same name: two lakes, a melting glacier, a pass ...
Similar hydronyms are found in Central Asia and Europe. At the same time, linguists argue that the root "kem" has Indo-European origin. In this case, the name of the Ural Kama not only accidentally coincides with the name of the ancient Indian god of love Kama (after whom the Kamasutra treatise is named), but also probably has common source origin. It is impossible not to remember about Kamchatka ...
Moving mentally in the footsteps of the ancient Indo-Europeans to Europe, we also find similar toponyms here: Cambridge (“City on the River”, and this river is called Whom) - in England; Kemper (from the old Breton name meaning "Confluence of the rivers") - in France; Ķemeri - ancient settlement(and now a well-known resort) on the site of a healing spring in Latvia. It is no coincidence, apparently, that one of the self-names of the ancient Egyptians - Kemi - is associated with the flood of the Nile. But that's not all. It is known that in the old days a shaman in Russia was called a kam. The word was borrowed from the Polovtsy, who professed shamanism. Hence the word kamlanie, which has survived to this day, is a ritual action of a shaman. Perhaps the ancient Aryan god of love Kama was once a shaman?
About the origin of the names of many geographical objects, mankind has made up myths, fairy tales, legends. The legend of the Komi-Permyak people is interesting.
On the origin of the main water artery Perm Territory- the river Kama, the legend says that once it rained all summer, and there was not a single sunny day. The rivers all overflowed, their banks collapsed, and the earth became liquid. People, animals and beasts fled to high mountains. Only Kama-bogatyr (the mythological hero of the Komi-Permyak) people could move around the area flooded with water. He went around all the surroundings and found that the course of the rivers was blocked by a mountain that had collapsed from erosion. The hero lassoed a huge stone, dragged it through the dam, plowed the ground like a plow. A new channel was formed, water poured into it and appeared new river- the mighty Kama, named after the hero.
The word “Kama” is also found in the ancient Indian language and means “love”. In ancient times there were huge connections Prikamye with Iran and India. Maybe the word "Kama" was brought from there.
Kama, the most significant river in the Urals, the left tributary of the Volga. It was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1220. There are many explanations, and among them, for example, Kama is from the ancient Russian “kama” - “stone”.
From the Zyryansk-Permyak language it is translated as “strongly fallen”, that is, “water having a strong fall” (originally Kamva). But the Kama River is flat. Therefore, this assumption can be considered absurd.
No better is the assumption that Kama from the Udmurt “kam” means “long”, “long”, if only because in Udmurt “long”, “long” is not “kam”, but “kema”.
In the middle of the 19th century, it was believed that Kama was of the same origin as Kommu - the Komi Country. This version was later repeated by many, but Professor V.I. Lytkin proved that the word "Komi" is related to the Mansi "khum", "godfather", that is, "man" and has nothing to do with the hydronym Kama.
There are several other ways to explain this word. Kama, like the Volga, the Turkic peoples call Idel - "river", and since the names of large rivers often simply mean "River", it may be that such a meaning is hidden in the toponym Kama. Then the name Kama is very ancient and is associated with some unknown language. The name of the Kama River also has the following interpretations: “Kama” is derived from the Udmurt word “kam”, which means “water”. According to another version, the name Kama is based on the Ob-Ugric (Khanty) "kam" - "transparent", "pure", that is, Kama - "Clean".
The reasoning of academician N. Marr is close in meaning. He suggested that the river bore the name of an ancient tribe that inhabited its banks. And in translation into Russian, Kama is “white, bright, long and big river”.
Translated from the Bulgarian "Kama" means "love". But such an interpretation is hardly connected with the name of the river.
Such discussion cannot be ignored. Kamy (German, singular Kamm, literally - crest) - hills and ridges in the areas of distribution of anthropogenic continental glaciation. They are found singly and in groups, mainly in the north-west of the European part of Russia (Karelia, Baltic, Leningrad region). The height is from 2–5 to 20–30 m. They are composed of sands with lenses and interlayers of clays with inclusions of individual boulders and their accumulations. The enveloping layering is typical, approximately repeating the contour of the transverse profile of the Kama, from above they are often covered with loams, often with boulders. The question of the origin of Kama is not entirely clear. According to one of the most common hypotheses, the Kams arose as a result of the accumulating activity of flows that circulated on the surface, inside and in the near-bottom part of large blocks of dead ice during the period of glacier degradation. Glaciers played important role in soil formation and the formation of the relief of the Perm region. Therefore, the origin of the word "Kama" from the German "Kama" is quite plausible.
Kama river- the main tributary of the Volga, and one of the largest rivers in the European part of Russia. There is even an opinion that it is not the Kama that flows into the Volga, but vice versa. Since the channel of the Kama arose earlier, its basin is larger, and the number of tributaries is also greater. But in geography, tradition means a lot, and the Russians began to explore the Kama from the Volga basin, which is why it is believed that the Volga is more reliable.
Group Chaif, song "Kama River":
Characteristics of the Kama River.
Map:
River length: 1805 km. Before the construction of the three dams, it was more than 2 thousand km.
Watershed area: 507,000 sq. km.
Where does it run: Kama originates in the village of Kuliga, Udmurt Republic, from four streams. The height of the source is 331 meters above sea level. In the upper course, the river flows along a winding channel, forming numerous oxbow lakes in the floodplain. full flowing river becomes only after Vishera flows into it. Here it is worth mentioning one more point of contention, in fact, it should be considered that it is not Vishera that flows into Kama, but vice versa. Therefore, judging strictly by science, the Vishera was supposed to become the main river of Russia, and not the Volga and not the Kama. But history cannot be changed, so it is better to leave everything as it is.
In the lower reaches, the river spills over a wide valley, forming branches. Here the width of the channel is 450-1200 m. Below the mouth of the Vyatka River, the Kama flows into the Volga, or rather into the Kama Bay, the Kuibyshev reservoir. Here, in the floodplain of the river, there is such a beautiful place as Tanaevsky floodplain meadows.
Tributaries: 73,718 rivers flow into the Kama, most(94.5%) of them are small rivulets up to 10 km long. All right tributaries (Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Lysva, Obva) and some of the left ones (Veslyana, Lunya, Leman, Southern Keltma) are flat rivers. mountain rivers flow from the Ural Mountains and flow into the Kama on the left side. These are Vishera, Yaiva, Kosva, Chusovaya (especially good) ...
River mode
The river is mostly fed by snow, but there is also rain and underground. During the spring flood (from March to June), 62.6% of the annual flow passes through the river. Water level fluctuations of 7-8 meters.
Freezing: The river is covered with ice in November (the beginning of November in the upper reaches and the end of November in the lower reaches), the ice stays until April.
Economic use
Three reservoirs have been created on the river, these are: Kamskoye, Nizhnekamskoye and Votkinskoye reservoirs.
Below Solikamsk, a large number of factories were built on the banks of the river. Therefore, the ecological situation in the middle reaches and below leaves much to be desired.
In general, industry on the Kama River has a rich and long history, even the name of the city of Solikamsk suggests that salt was mined here.
See more in the video film: "Ridge of Russia: Perm Territory"
Cities on the Kama: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tchaikovsky, Neftekamsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Chistopol and others.
Biological resources, inhabitants: the main types of fish in the river are carp, asp, crucian carp, sturgeon, bream, sterlet, pike perch, perch, ruff, burbot, catfish, pike and others.
Rest on the Kama can be varied. lovers active rest and alloys prefer the upper reaches of the river. For those who prefer a more peaceful holiday, a large number of recreation centers, fishing farms, and dispensaries have been built. As a place for fishing, Kama is also of interest, but because of environmental situation it is better to limit yourself to the upper reaches.
Video: "Walking along the Kama River, in the water area of the city of Perm HD"
Video: “Winter. Kama. Slavic fishing.
Kama is a large river flowing through the territory of several regions of Russia: Udmurt Republic, Perm Territory, Kirov Region, Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. It is navigable along most of its course, is an important highway, is also used for energy production, as a source of water supply (three large hydroelectric facilities have been built on the river), and for fishing purposes. It is considered the largest tributary. Geographically, it is notable for the fact that on its way it gradually changes direction clockwise and forms a giant “loop” in the upper reaches, enveloping the Verkhnekamsk Upland.
Toponymy
- Other names: Chulman (Tatar).
- Origin of name: The hydronym "Kama" has ancient, Finno-Ugric roots. Its modern form is derived from the Udmurt "kam", which means "river" or "big river".
Morphometry
- Catchment area: 507,000 km².
- Length: 1,805 km.
- Slope: 0.17 m/km.
Hydrology
- Water system: → .
- Estuary water flow: 4,300 m³/s.
- The nature of the flow: flat.
- Reservoirs: Kamskoe, .
- Bottom: in areas with a noticeable current - pebble-stony or sandy. In quiet places (especially in areas where reservoirs are backed up) - clayey or silty.
tributaries
Symbols: - stream; — small river; — middle river; - big river The numbers indicate the distance from the mouth in kilometers.
Rights
- 1767 Nilcam
- 1683 Leman
- 1646 Cedar
- 1590 Kolych
- 1572 Zyuzba
- 1561 Chus
- 1528 Nyarpa
- 1519 Syuzva
- 1508 Black
- 1487 Chula
- 1388 Kym
- 1379 Chus
- 1364 Buzima
- 1342 Ima
- 1310 Kuzhva
- Level 1287
- 1267 tuprunka
- 1241 Pogwa
- Case 1236
- 1222 Punshim
- 1206 Volvo
- Case 1198
- 1195 Weight
- 1174 Todia
- 1109 Scythe
- Level 1102
- Level 1025
- 996 Urolka
- 965 Kerchevka
- 962 Gremyachevka
- 932 Vilva
- 913 lysva
- 872 Kondas
- 844 Tusim
- 835 soil
- 810 Yinva
- 792 Chermoz
- 776 Cinder
- 690 Gaiva
- 638 Lasva
- 636 Malaya Lasva
- 631 Coat
- Case 624
- 605 Sirka
- 586 Nytva
- 576 bridge
- 572 Taborka
- 545 Ocher
- 472 Zhulanovka
- Level 462
- 458 Frequent
- Chapter 445
- 423 Medvedka
- 406 Hacksaw
- 404 drunkenness
- 329 Siwa
- 293 Nechkina
- 277 Sarapulka
- 271 Malaya Sarapulka
- 256 Mulyovka
- 227 Vetlyanka
- 124 Izh
- 53 Toima
- 1 Vyatka
Left
- 1800 Kamka
- 1729 Lopya
- 1724 Kampyzep
- 1722 Small Pyzep
- 1709 Sardai
- 1704 Northern Sardai
- 1667 Showa
- 1656 Lytka
- 1652 Chenog
- 1640 Chenog
- 1637 Groin
- 1630 Tomyz
- 1617 Nirim
- 1608 Kaya
- 1601 Neopolis
- 1594 wok
- 1580 Pura
- 1562 Cheneg
- 1551 Button
- 1545 Zuykarka
- 1530 Shalim
- 1473 Lupya
- 1440 Ryta
- 1421 hair
- Level 1406
- 1349 Lupya
- Level 1293
- Case 1261
- 1244 Seiva
- 1222 Liz
- 1199 Sordva
- 1193 Veslyana
- 1181 Lupya
- 1175 Leman
- 1172 Yazevka
- 1060 South Celtma
- 1056 Pilva
- 1014 Chelva
- 1005 Big Trump
- 937 Moszewica
- 930 Borovaya
- Case 919
- 891 Tolych
- 889 Zyryanka
- 881 Lenwa
- 879 Yaiva
- 864 Poz
- 846 Sonwa
- 824 Emelyanikh
- 799 Lower Lukh
- 787 Big Visim
- 776 Lenwa
- 748 you
- 745 Dobryanka
- 729 Polazna
- 620 pitching
- 549 South
- 520 Pizya
- 511 Big Pal
- 493 Tulva
- 487 Aspen
- 354 Saiga
- 259 Cholia
- 241 Kambarka
- 240 Buoy
- 232 Berezovka
- 118 Hic
- 78 Shilna
- 75 Chelna
- 65 Betty
- 3 Zai
Geography
- Coastal landscape: in the upper reaches, the river bends around the Verkhnekamsk Upland, flows into countryside- among mixed forests and fields. In these places along its banks there are many extended swamps. In the middle and lower reaches, the landscape is drier, large settlements appear. The forest here is often replaced by forest-steppe (with a predominance of deciduous trees) and steppe areas.
- Settlements on the coast: the largest are Gainy, Solikamsk, Usolye, Berezniki, Pozhva, Chermoz, Dobryanka, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Nytva, Okhansk, Osa, Chastye, Votkinsk, Tchaikovsky, Sarapul, Kambarka, Neftekamsk (also along the banks of the Kama River there are about three hundred small settlements points, many of which are abandoned).
Source
- Coordinates: 58°11′22″ s. sh., 53°45′01″ E d.
- Height above sea level: 335 m
- Topographic landmark: a key near the village of Kuliga in the Kezsky district of the Udmurt Republic (the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland).
mouth
- Coordinates: 55°10′50″ s. sh., 49°23′11″ E d.
- Height above sea level: 36 m
- Location: the river is the left bank, 1804 km from its mouth.
Territorial location
interactive map
Ecology
The ecological situation throughout the Kama is ambiguous. In the upper reaches, the river flows through a relatively sparsely populated countryside - there is no major cities and industrial enterprises, so the water in it is clean. However, large settlements appear in the middle and lower reaches (from the mouth of the Vishera). Here, the waters of the Kama River are heavily polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, and it also receives polluted tributaries (Kosva, Chusovaya, etc.). It is difficult to establish how much wastewater is being discharged, but in the region of Perm alone, this figure, measured by environmentalists, amounted to about 100 cubic meters per day. At the same time, the volume of discharges is constantly growing, and their cleaning remains at the same level. Experts consider the Kama one of the most environmentally unfavorable Russian rivers and have repeatedly stated that its pollution sewage threatens the health of people living on its shores.
Alloy
- Route: usually rafting down the Upper Kama. The starting point depends on the water level in the river, usually they try to start the route as far upstream as possible.
- Difficulty category: 1.
Volga - a tributary of the Kama
Photo 2. The confluence of the Kama and Volga rivers.
For a long time, the Kama River has been considered the largest tributary of the Volga, but recent hydrological studies have shown that in reality everything is different: after the confluence with the Kama, the current Volga is its continuation - all the way to the Caspian Sea. The first proof of this is the significantly greater (almost 40%) water flow of the Kama at its confluence with the Volga.
Kama - continuation of Vishera
Photo 3. Vishera is a tributary of the Kama, which is larger than its spillway. Author of the photo: LarisaX.
The mountain-taiga river Vishera, running down from the western slopes of the Urals, is considered a tributary of the Kama. Nevertheless, at the confluence of both rivers, the first one is noticeably more full-flowing, and it should be considered the main river.
Fishing on the Kama River
- Fish species:
- Russian sturgeon
- Artificial settlement: not all of the listed fish are native. In the second half of the 20th century, new inhabitants appeared in the Kama River - rotan, silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout. The first one settled during the expansion of the range, the rest - thanks to human fish-breeding activities. The following species are also occasionally found here: eel, vendace, igloo fish (they come from the Volga, which they penetrate through channels connecting it with the basins of the Black and Baltic Seas). Separately, it is worth noting the beluga with stellate sturgeon and sturgeon, which earlier - before the construction of reservoirs - were quite numerous native species, but in present time are represented only by individuals that have escaped from fish farms, while their natural populations have long since disappeared.
Fishing places
The most interesting and “fishy” places on the river are considered to be the middle and lower reaches, as well as the reservoirs located in these sections.
Conventionally, the river can be divided into 3 sections:
- Upper Kama- from the source to the mouth of Veslyana. Here the river has not yet shown itself in full force. Fishing in this area is in many ways similar to fishing on other small flat and semi-mountain rivers of the Volga basin. Of the fish in the catches, the most common are: perch, bleak, roach, bream, silver bream, chub, ide, asp, podust, pike. In the cold season, burbot is caught. There is information about the presence of grayling in the very upper reaches, and taimen can also come here.
- Middle Kama- from the mouth of the Veslyana to the Kama reservoir. The river from here is noticeably wider and deeper, as other (especially large) tributaries flow into it - it also becomes more full-flowing. The ichthyofauna is replenished with such species as zander, white-eye, sabrefish, carp (quite rare, concentrated in some places of the Kama reservoir), catfish. Sturgeons appear, of which the sterlet is the most common (its population is maintained artificially, on this moment fishing of this fish is prohibited). There are known cases of capture in these places of taimen and - according to some information - nelma. Closer to the reservoir, the river slows down, overflows strongly, and becomes deeper.
- Lower Kama- from the dam of the Kama reservoir to the place where it flows into the Kuibyshev reservoir. Fishing here is in many ways similar to the previous section. Special attention it is worth paying attention to the built reservoirs - in them the fish is found in abundance and reaches a decent size. The ichthyofauna is replenished with such species as bursh, rudd, blue bream, as well as sprat, goby and herring.
Features of fishing
Three methods of fishing are most popular on the Kama: bottom gear - from the shore, "ring" - from a boat, and spinning - from a boat.
When fishing from the shore, simplified hooks or a feeder are usually used; some fishermen also use a traditional donk. In this case, the basis of the catches is bream, representatives of other white fish are somewhat less common - roach, silver bream, blue bream. It happens that catfish also peck, but here it all depends on the nozzle.
"Ring" is used mainly by bream specialists. Millet and barley are loaded into the feeder, worms or maggots are usually used as a nozzle, canned corn works very well as a vegetable alternative. This tackle, used exclusively from a watercraft, works much more efficiently than donks and feeders, as it allows you to catch more deep places inaccessible from the coast.
For the same reason, it is better to catch spinning from a boat. You can catch any fish on spinners and wobblers - from sabrefish to catfish, but seasoned spinningists definitely prefer to hunt for trophy pike perch (in the pits) and pike (in the bays), or asp (however, it is caught less often). Less whimsical fishermen may well count on perch (which, by the way, forms boilers and is represented by very good specimens), or bersh - but it is not so often in catches.
AT winter time on mormus tackle and by means of lure, the same types of fish are caught as in summer, with the exception of those that lie in hibernation. A separate topic is catching burbot in dark time days - this is done by a certain "cohort" of fishermen. The usual weight of fish caught is from about a kilogram to three.
Photo
Photo 4. Dawn on the Kama.
Photo 5. The Kama River in the upper reaches.
Photo 6. The upper reaches of the Kama River near the village of Seregino.
Photo 7. “Approaching the Kama” (“Approaching the Kama”).
Photo 8. Island on the Kama.
The Kama River is the largest tributary of the Volga. It flows through the European part of the Russian Federation and originates from the Verkhnekamsk Upland near the village of Karpushata. It is characterized by a winding channel, which expands significantly after flowing into the Kama Vishera. There are a large number of islands and shoals in this area. The river flows into the Kama Bay. Its total length is 1805 km. The river is fed mainly groundwater.
Kama River on the map
Among the largest settlements, which are located on the banks of the Kama, one can distinguish Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Perm, Sarapul, Nizhnekamsk, Naberezhnye Chelny. More than 70 thousand tributaries flow into the Kama, the most significant of which are the South Keltma, Chusovaya, Vishera, Pilva, Lupya, Polrysh and others.
Fishing and recreation on the Kama River
Grayling and taimen live in the upper reaches of the Kama. In addition to them, sterlet, sturgeon, carp, pike perch, burbot, catfish are found in the waters of the river. Fishermen are not left without a catch; perch, ruff, and ide are good for bait. Caught asp, bleak, chub, pike, crucian carp, silver bream. In addition, Kama has commercial value: many fish live in its waters, such as bream, sturgeon, pike perch, sterlet, carp, perch and many others.
Several reservoirs have been created on the Kama River and hydroelectric power stations are operating. The largest is the Kamskaya hydroelectric power station, near which the Kama reservoir is located. Kama is navigable: there are many ports and marinas on it. It also connects with other waterways major rivers, such as the Ob, Volga, Neva, Don and others. Numerous cruise and passenger flights pass along the river. It also hosts major sailing competitions - the Kama Cup.
The nature of the Kama basin and the Kama River is very diverse. In the upper reaches, the mountain slopes of the Ural Range approach its shores. Then the Kama flows through the plateau and low plains.
In the upper course, the river is surrounded by the Siberian taiga and coniferous forests, in the lower reaches - oak groves and mixed forests. AT deciduous forests birch, maple, ash, linden, and aspen predominate. Hazel, bird cherry, buckthorn, honeysuckle, euonymus grow as undergrowth.
The fauna is represented by more than 40 different species. Martens, squirrels, weasels are found in the forests. There are moose, wild boars, roe deer, wolves, hares. The lynx lives in remote deaf corners. Chipmunk and nutcracker are found in taiga forests.
There are a lot of forest birds: woodpecker, cuckoo, titmouse, bullfinches, corncrake. Jay eagle owl, hoopoe, sea eagle, harrier live. From rare species listed in the Red Book, there are golden eagle, saker falcon, osprey, peregrine falcon, black stork.
Seagulls, mallard ducks, mute swan, woodcock nest near the water. In spring, cranes and wild geese are found in floodplain meadows. In winter time for open spaces you can meet a polar owl.
Of the aquatic vegetation, the yellow egg-pod, water lily, cattail, reeds predominate. On the surface of the water, in the backwaters and bays of the river, aquatic vegetation is developed. Underwater vegetation is also well developed. Photo materials used from Wikimedia © Foto, Wikimedia Commons