Population of the globe - description, features and interesting facts. World population

1. Racial composition of the world population
Race is a historically established group of people who have similar external and internal characteristics that are inherited.
The division of man into races began in prehistoric time, tens of thousands of years ago. Perhaps the emergence of races was influenced by local natural conditions, although this is not always easy to establish.
Currently, there are three types of races: main (large), mixed and transitional. There are four main or large races on the globe: Caucasoid (about 40% of the world's population), Mongoloid (about 20%), Negroid (10%), Australoid (less than 1%). Thus, these four races comprise about 70% of the world's population.
The rest of its inhabitants belong to transitional races. These races were formed a long time ago, in prehistoric times, as a result of prolonged interracial mixing. There are many transitional races, but in terms of the number of representatives and area of ​​their range they are significantly inferior to the main races. The transitional races include Ethiopian, Malay and other races.
Another racial category is sometimes called mixed races, formed as a result of interracial marriages already in historical time, that is, relatively recently. The formation of mixed races took place especially intensively in America during the process of its colonization by Europeans and the movement of a large number of black slaves from Africa. Hence the names of the transitional races: mestizo, mulatto, sambo. Among the descendants of interracial marriages, the transmission of racial characteristics by inheritance does not always occur. This is why some experts consider mixed races to be real races.
Initially, the distribution areas of the main races looked like this:
-the Caucasian race settled within North Africa, almost all of Europe and South-West Asia;
- the Negroid race developed in Africa south of the Sahara;
- the Mongoloid race dominated north of the Himalayas.
As a result of the long process of human settlement across the planet, the boundaries of habitats have changed greatly, and the number of races has increased.
Based on the main characteristics (skin color, structure of the facial part of the head, the nature of the hair, body proportions), anthropologists distinguish large races of people: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid.
Races began to form at the end of the Stone Age on the basis of the largest territorial populations. It is possible that there were two main primary centers of race formation: western (Euro-African) and eastern (Asian-Pacific). In the first center, Negroids and Caucasoids were formed, and in the second, Australoids and Mongoloids. Later, during the development of new lands, mixed racial populations arose. For example, in North and East Africa, as well as in the south of Western Asia, the mixing of Caucasoids with Negroids began very early, in Hindustan - Caucasians with Australoids, and partly with Mongoloids, in Oceania - Australoids with Mongoloids. Subsequently, after the discovery of America, Australia and Oceania by Europeans, new vast zones of interracial miscegenation arose. In particular, in America, the descendants of Indians mixed with European and African settlers.
The history of the development of the modern human population occurs not only in the natural-geographical, but also in the socio-cultural environment. In this regard, the relationship between two types of intraspecific communities - reproductive (populations) and historical-genetic (races) - changes radically. Human races are large areal communities of people distinguished by genetic kinship, which outwardly manifest themselves in a certain similarity of physical characteristics: skin color and iris, hair shape and color, height, etc.
The largest (by number) race is Caucasian - 46.6% of the population (together with transitional and mixed forms). Caucasians have straight or wavy soft hair in shades from light to dark, they have light or dark skin, a large variety of irises (from dark to gray and blue), very developed tertiary hair (beard in men), insufficient or average... .

The population of our planet is so diverse that one can only be surprised. What kind of nationalities and nationalities can you meet! Everyone has their own faith, customs, traditions, and orders. Its own beautiful and extraordinary culture. However, all these differences are formed only by people themselves in the process of social historical development. What lies behind the differences that appear externally? After all, we are all very different:

• dark-skinned;
• yellow-skinned;
• white;
• With different colors eye;
• different heights and so on.

Obviously, the reasons are purely biological, independent of people themselves and formed over thousands of years of evolution. This is how modern human races were formed, which explain the visual diversity of human morphology theoretically. Let's take a closer look at what this term is, what its essence and meaning are.

The concept of "race of people"

What is race? This is not a nation, not a people, not a culture. These concepts should not be confused. After all, representatives of different nationalities and cultures can freely belong to the same race. Therefore, the definition can be given as given by the science of biology.

Human races are a collection of external morphological features, that is, those that are the phenotype of the representative. They were formed under the influence of external conditions, the influence of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, and were fixed in the genotype during evolutionary processes. Thus, the characteristics that underlie the division of people into races include:

• height;
• skin and eye color;
• hair structure and shape;
• hair growth of the skin;
• structural features of the face and its parts.

All those signs of Homo sapiens like biological species, which lead to the formation of a person’s external appearance, but do not in any way affect his personal, spiritual and social qualities and manifestations, as well as the level of self-development and self-education.

People of different races have completely identical biological springboards for the development of certain abilities. Their general karyotype is the same:

• women - 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 XX pairs;
• men - 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs XX, 23 pairs - XY.

This means that all representatives of Homo sapiens are one and the same, among them there are no more or less developed, superior to others, or higher. From a scientific point of view, everyone is equal.

The species of human races, formed over approximately 80 thousand years, have adaptive significance. It has been proven that each of them was formed with the aim of providing a person with the opportunity for a normal existence in a given habitat and facilitating adaptation to climatic, relief and other conditions. There is a classification showing which races of Homo sapiens existed before, and which ones exist today.

Classification of races

She's not alone. The thing is that until the 20th century it was customary to distinguish 4 races of people. These were the following varieties:

• Caucasian;
• Australoid;
• Negroid;
• Mongoloid.

For each, detailed characteristic features were described by which any individual of the human species could be identified. However, later a classification became widespread that included only 3 human races. This became possible due to the unification of the Australoid and Negroid groups into one.

Therefore, the modern types of human races are as follows.

1. Large: Caucasoid (European), Mongoloid (Asian-American), Equatorial (Australian-Negroid).
2. Small: many different branches that formed from one of the large races.

Each of them is characterized by its own characteristics, signs, external manifestations in the appearance of people. All of them are considered by anthropologists, and the science itself that studies this issue is biology. Human races have interested people since ancient times. After all, completely contrasting external features often became the cause of racial strife and conflicts.

Genetic research in recent years allows us to again talk about the division of the equatorial group into two. Let's consider all 4 races of people who stood out earlier and became relevant again recently. Let us note the signs and features.

Australoid race

TO typical representatives This group includes the indigenous people of Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, and India. The name of this race is also Australo-Veddoid or Australo-Melanesian. All synonyms make it clear which small races are included in this group. They are as follows:

• Australoids;
• Veddoids;
• Melanesians.

In general, the characteristics of each group presented do not vary too much among themselves. There are several main features that characterize all small races of people of the Australoid group.

1. Dolichocephaly is an elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the rest of the body.
2. Deep-set eyes, wide slits. The color of the iris is predominantly dark, sometimes almost black.
3. The nose is wide, with a pronounced flat bridge.
4. The hair on the body is very well developed.
5. Dark hair on the head (sometimes found among Australians) natural blondes, which was a consequence of a once established natural genetic mutation of the species). Their structure is rigid, they can be curly or slightly curly.
6. People are of average height, often above average.
7. The physique is thin and elongated.

Within the Australoid group, people of different races differ from each other, sometimes quite strongly. So, a native Australian may be tall, blond, of a dense build, with straight hair and light brown eyes. At the same time, a native of Melanesia will be a thin, short, dark-skinned representative with curly black hair and almost black eyes.

Therefore, the general characteristics described above for the entire race are only an averaged version of their combined analysis. Naturally, there is also cross-breeding - mixing various groups as a result of natural crossing of species. That is why it is sometimes very difficult to identify a specific representative and attribute him to one or another small or large race.

Negroid race

The people who make up this group are the settlers of the following areas:

• Eastern, Central and South Africa;
• part of Brazil;
• some peoples of the USA;
• representatives of the West Indies.

In general, such races of people as Australoids and Negroids used to be united in the equatorial group. However, research in the 21st century has proven the inconsistency of this order. After all, the differences in the manifested characteristics between the designated races are too great. And some similar features are explained very simply. After all, the habitats of these individuals are very similar in terms of living conditions, and therefore the adaptations in appearance are also similar.

So, the following signs are characteristic of representatives of the Negroid race.

1. Very dark, sometimes bluish-black, skin color, as it is especially rich in melanin content.
2. Wide eye shape. They are large, dark brown, almost black.
3. The hair is dark, curly, and coarse.
4. Height varies, often low.
5. The limbs are very long, especially the arms.
6. The nose is wide and flat, the lips are very thick and fleshy.
7. The jaw lacks a chin protrusion and protrudes forward.
8. The ears are large.
9. Facial hair is poorly developed, and there is no beard or mustache.

Negroids are easy to distinguish from others by their external appearance. Below are the different races of people. The photo reflects how clearly Negroids differ from Europeans and Mongoloids.

Mongoloid race

Representatives of this group are characterized by special features that allow them to adapt to fairly severe external conditions: desert sands and winds, blinding snow drifts, etc.

Mongoloids are the indigenous people of Asia and much of America. Their characteristic signs are as follows.

1. Narrow or oblique eye shape.
2. Presence of epicanthus - specialized skin fold aimed at covering the inner corner of the eye.
3. The color of the iris is from light to dark brown.
4. distinguished by brachycephaly (short head).
5. The superciliary ridges are thickened and strongly protruding.
6. Sharp, high cheekbones are well defined.
7. Facial hair is poorly developed.
8. The hair on the head is coarse, dark in color, and has a straight structure.
9. The nose is not wide, the bridge is located low.
10. Lips of different thicknesses, often narrow.
11. Skin color varies among different representatives from yellow to dark, there are also light-skinned people.

It should be noted that another characteristic feature is short stature, both in men and women. It is the Mongoloid group that predominates in numbers when comparing the main races of people. They populated almost all climatographic zones of the Earth. Close to them quantitative characteristics there are Caucasians, whom we will consider below.

Caucasian

First of all, let’s designate the predominant habitats of people from this group. This:

• Europe.
• North Africa.
• Western Asia.

Thus, the representatives unite two main parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Since living conditions were also very different, the general characteristics are again an average option after analyzing all the indicators. Thus, the following appearance features can be distinguished.

1. Mesocephaly - medium-headedness in the structure of the skull.
2. Horizontal eye shape, lack of pronounced brow ridges.
3. A protruding narrow nose.
4. Lips of varying thickness, usually medium in size.
5. Soft curly or straight hair. There are blondes, brunettes, and brown-haired people.
6. Eye color ranges from light blue to brown.
7. Skin color also varies from pale, white to dark.
8. The hairline is very well developed, especially on the chest and face of men.
9. The jaws are orthognathic, that is, slightly pushed forward.

In general, a European is easy to distinguish from others. Appearance allows you to do this almost without error, even without using additional genetic data.

If you look at all the races of people, the photos of whose representatives are located below, the difference becomes obvious. However, sometimes the characteristics are mixed so deeply that identifying an individual becomes almost impossible. He is able to relate to two races at once. This is further aggravated by intraspecific mutation, which leads to the appearance of new characteristics.

For example, albinos-negroids are special case the appearance of blondes in the Negroid race. A genetic mutation that disrupts the integrity of racial characteristics in a given group.

Origin of the races of man

Where did such a variety of signs of people’s appearance come from? There are two main hypotheses that explain the origin of human races. This:

• monocentrism;
• polycentrism.

However, none of them has yet become an officially accepted theory. According to the monocentric point of view, initially, about 80 thousand years ago, all people lived in the same territory, and therefore their appearance was approximately the same. However, over time, growing numbers led to a wider spread of people. As a result, some groups found themselves in difficult climatographic conditions.

This led to the development and consolidation at the genetic level of some morphological adaptations that help in survival. For example, dark skin and curly hair provide thermoregulation and a cooling effect for the head and body in Negroids. And the narrow shape of the eyes protects them from sand and dust, as well as from being blinded by white snow among Mongoloids. The developed hair of Europeans is a unique way of thermal insulation in harsh winter conditions.

Another hypothesis is called polycentrism. She says that different types Human races descended from several ancestral groups that were unequally distributed around the globe. That is, there were initially several foci from which the development and consolidation of racial characteristics began. Again influenced by climatographic conditions.

That is, the process of evolution proceeded linearly, simultaneously affecting aspects of life on different continents. This is how the formation of modern types of people from several phylogenetic lines took place. However, it is not possible to say for certain about the validity of this or that hypothesis, since there is no evidence of a biological and genetic nature, or at the molecular level.

Modern classification

The races of people, according to current scientists, have the following classification. There are two trunks, and each of them has three large races and many small ones. It looks something like this.

1. Western trunk. Includes three races:

• Caucasians;
• capoids;
• Negroids.

The main groups of Caucasians: Nordic, Alpine, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Falsky, East Baltic and others.

Small races of capoids: Bushmen and Khoisan. They inhabit South Africa. In terms of the fold above the eyelid, they are similar to the Mongoloids, but in other characteristics they differ sharply from them. The skin is not elastic, which is why all representatives are characterized by the appearance of early wrinkles.

Groups of Negroids: pygmies, nilots, blacks. They're all settlers different parts Africa, therefore their appearance is similar. Very dark eyes, same skin and hair. Thick lips and lack of chin protuberance.

2. Eastern trunk. Includes the following large races:

• Australoids;
• Americanoids;
• Mongoloids.

Mongoloids are divided into two groups - northern and southern. These are the indigenous inhabitants of the Gobi Desert, which left its mark on the appearance of these people.

Americanoids are the population of North and South America. They are very tall and often have an epicanthus, especially in children. However, the eyes are not as narrow as those of the Mongoloids. They combine the characteristics of several races.

Australoids consist of several groups:

• Melanesians;
• Veddoids;
• Ainians;
• Polynesians;
• Australians.

Their characteristic features were discussed above.

Minor races

This concept is a rather highly specialized term that allows you to identify any person to any race. After all, each large one is divided into many small ones, and they are already compiled on the basis of not only small external distinctive features, but also include data genetic research, clinical tests, facts of molecular biology.

Therefore, small races are what make it possible to more accurately reflect the position of each specific individual in the system of the organic world, and specifically, within the species Homo sapiens sapiens. What specific groups exist was discussed above.

Racism

As we have found out, there are different races of people. Their signs can be very polar. This is what gave rise to the theory of racism. It says that one race is superior to another, since it consists of more highly organized and perfect beings. At one time, this led to the emergence of slaves and their white masters.

However, from a scientific point of view, this theory is completely absurd and untenable. The genetic predisposition to the development of certain skills and abilities is the same among all peoples. Proof that all races are biologically equal is the possibility of free interbreeding between them while maintaining the health and vitality of the offspring.

Rams is a system of human populations characterized by similarity in a set of certain hereditary biological characteristics, which have an external phenotypic manifestation and formed in a certain geographical region. Traits that characterize different races often appear as a result of adaptation to different conditions environment over many generations.

The criterion for distinguishing a race from a species is the absence of significant obstacles to the creation of fertile offspring, which leads to the formation of many transitional forms in the area of ​​mixing races.

Typological concept of race

The typological concept of race historically appears first. According to the typological approach, having described the traits of a particular person, one can clearly attribute him to one or another race: racial types are identified, and each individual is assessed according to the degree of approximation to one or another “pure” type. For example, the width of the lips and nose is greater than a certain value in combination with a low cephalic index, a large protrusion of the face, curly hair and skin darker than a certain type standard is regarded as evidence of belonging to the Negroid race. Using this scheme, you can even determine the race of a particular person as a percentage. The complexity of the typological concept lies in the identification of “pure” types that are clearly different from one another. Depending on the number of such types and characteristics defined as racial, the racial definition of a person will change. Moreover, the consistent strict application of the typological principle leads to the fact that siblings can be classified as different races. As noted by the prominent Russian anthropologist V.P. Alekseev, the typological concept of race “is increasingly becoming anachronistic and receding into the history of anthropological science.”

A number of hypotheses within the typological concept (for example, the existence of an equatorial race) have been refuted by modern genetic research.

Population concept of race

In modern Russian racial studies, the population concept of race dominates. According to it, race is a collection of populations, not individuals. Race is seen as an independent entity with its own structure. Traits within a race form different combinations compared to those of an individual.

In the USA, the departure from the typological concept of race to the population-genetic one dates back to 1950. In the USSR, the foundations of the population concept of race were formulated back in 1938 by V. V. Bunak. The concept was later developed by V.P. Alekseev.

Caucasian

The natural range of Caucasians is from Europe to the Urals, North Africa, South-West Asia and Hindustan. Includes Armenoid, Nordic, Mediterranean, Phalic, Alpine, East Baltic, Caucasian, Dinaric and other subgroups. It differs from other races primarily in its strong facial profile. Other signs vary widely.

Negroid race

A representative of the Negroid race is a native Kenyan.

Natural range - Central, Western and East Africa. Characteristic differences are curly hair, dark skin, widened nostrils, thick lips, etc. There is an eastern subgroup (Nilotic type, tall, narrowly built) and a western subgroup (Negro type, round-headed, medium height). The group of pygmies (Negrill type) stands apart.

Pygmies compared to a Caucasian of average height

Natural range of pygmies -- West Side Central Africa. Height ranges from 144 to 150 cm for adult males, light brown skin, curly, dark hair, relatively thin lips, large torso, short arms and legs, this physical type can be classified as a special race. The possible number of pygmies can range from 40 to 200 thousand people.

Kapoids, Bushmen

Kapoids (Bushmen, Khoisan race). Natural habitat - South Africa. Short, with infantile facial features. They have the shortest and curliest hair. The skin is yellow-brown, not elastic - wrinkles quickly appear, the fold above the pubis sags (“Hottentot apron”). Characterized by steatopygia (predominant deposition of fat on the buttocks), severe lordosis. A special fold of the eyelid, prominent cheekbones and yellowish skin give the Bushmen some resemblance to the Mongoloids. These are parallel adaptations to life in similar semi-desert conditions.

Rosenberg clusters

The races of the eastern trunk are characterized by two differences: greater evolutionary archaism (in particular, the universal human process of dental simplification proceeds more slowly) and increased migration. This is caused geographical features eastern hearth. The abundance of geographical barriers - seas, mountains, huge rivers, as well as shelves, which were either exposed or flooded during the glaciation period, gave advantages to more migrant groups. And in conditions of dispersed population, the infantilization factor that forged modern man, acted weaker.

Mongoloid race

Initially they inhabited Eastern Eurasia and formed on the territory of modern Mongolia. Appearance reflects adaptation to desert conditions (the Gobi Desert is one of the largest deserts in the world by area; it is located in Mongolia and northern China, the territory of which is mainly inhabited by Mongoloids). Main feature-- protection of the eyes from increased insolation, dust, cold, etc. This is achieved by a narrow cut of the eyelids, an additional fold - epicanthus, dark iris, thick eyelashes, protruding cheekbones with pads of fat, long (if not cut) straight and black hair. There are two contrasting groups: northern (massive, tall, light-skinned, with big face and low cranial vault) and southern (gracile, short, dark, small face and high forehead). This contrast is caused by the effect of the infantilization factor in overpopulated southern regions. The young race is about 12 thousand years old.

Americanoid race

Americanoid race is a race common in Northern and South America. Americanoids are characterized by straight black hair and an aquiline nose. The eyes are black, wider than those of Asian Mongoloids, but narrower than those of Caucasians. Epicanthus is relatively rare in adults, although quite common in children. Americanoids are often very tall.

Australoids

Australoids (Australo-Oceanian race). An ancient race that had a huge range, limited to the regions: Hindustan, Tasmania, Hawaii, Kuril Islands (that is, almost half globe). Everywhere she was forced out and mixed with migrants. Includes groups: Polynesian, Melanesian, Australian, Veddoid, Ainu. An extremely diverse race. The appearance features of indigenous Australians are lighter skin of brown shades, large nose, long Wavy hair, burning like tow, a massive eyebrow, powerful jaws sharply distinguish them from African Negroids. The genetic distance between them is also great. However, among the Melanesians (Papuans), spiral hair is often found, which, along with genetic proximity, indicates a small influx of migrants from Africa. Veddoids are more graceful Australoids, originally inhabiting Hindustan. As Caucasian migrants settled in Hindustan, they were oppressed as members of the “lower castes.” In Indonesia and Indochina, the Veddoids mixed with the southern Mongoloids.

Ancient and relic races

Modern population genetics admits that currently existing races do not exhaust the entire historical morphological diversity of people of the modern type, and that in ancient times there were races that either disappeared without a trace, or whose characteristics were later blurred as a result of assimilation by carriers of other races. In particular, the uralist V.V. Napolskikh put forward a hypothesis about the existence in the past of the Paleo-Uralic race, the characteristics of which are currently blurred between the Ural-Siberian Caucasoids and the Western Mongoloids, but are not characteristic of either Caucasians in general or Mongoloids in general. Biologist S.V. Drobyshevsky points out that the morphological diversity of people in the Paleolithic was perhaps even more pronounced than at the present time, and that the skulls of people of that time do not fall under the classification characteristics of modern races. In particular, in Europe alone he identifies at least the following extinct prehistoric races:

As a result mixed marriages mixed races appear. Mulattoes are the result of a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid races, mestizo - Mongoloid and Caucasoid, and Sambo - Negroid and Mongoloid. Moreover, there are entire nationalities that are currently changing their racial identity. For example, the inhabitants of Ethiopia and Somalia move from Negroid to Caucasoid, and the inhabitants of Madagascar - from Mongoloid to Negroid. It should be borne in mind that in the post-Columbian era, huge masses of the population left their natural habitats. Therefore, a Bushman may live in Saskatchewan, and a Dutchman may live in Nuku'alofa. But this is already the result of the action not of anthropological, but of historical factors. In addition, a significant proportion of modern humanity are mestizos, the result of interracial mixing (for example, Afro-Asians). Even in the pre-Columbian era, mestizo transitional types - Ethiopian, Ainu, South Siberian and others - were formed on the border of races. Active settlements and conquests of Europeans intensified the process of mixing and migration. The largest mestizo population is in South and North America.

Racial differences

Each race is better suited in its own way to survive in specific conditions: the Eskimos in arctic deserts, and the Nilotes are in the savannas. However, in the era of civilization, such opportunities arise for representatives of all races. However, facts related to racial physiology continue to have an impact on people's lives.

Throughout most of human history, the world's population has grown very slowly. Acceleration occurred during the period of modern history and especially in the 20th century. The world population is about 6.1 billion people. The annual increase is approximately 85 million people or 1.4%. Almost 90% of it comes from developing countries. The population of Africa is growing particularly rapidly and Muslim countries Asia. According to forecasts, the world population in 2050 will reach 9.3 billion people, of which 58% will live in Asia, 22 in Africa and only 7% in Europe, including Russia. In terms of number of inhabitants, the largest will be (million people): India - 1535, China - 1523, Pakistan - 380, USA - 350 and Nigeria - 340.

The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 70% of all people live on 7% of the earth's land area. Along with this, about half of all inhabited land has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 km2. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land. There are 4 areas of high population density on the globe: South and East Asia, Western Europe and eastern North America. The distribution of the population is strongly influenced by the natural conditions of the territory, employment in agriculture, and attraction to transport and trade routes. For example, more than half of the population is concentrated in a 200-kilometer strip along the coasts of seas and oceans, and almost 30% in a 50-kilometer strip. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people per km2. This average hides very large differences between regions and countries.

Currently, the population is distributed across countries and parts of the world very unevenly: Asia - 3786 million people, Africa - 822, America - 829, Europe - 700, Australia and Oceania - 30. The largest (more than 100 million people) countries in the world in 2000. were: China - 1285, India - 1027, USA - 281, Indonesia - 228, Brazil - 175, Pakistan - 156, Russia - 145, Bangladesh - 131, Japan - 128, Nigeria - 127, Mexico - 104. Among the largest (more 50 million people) the Philippines stood out - 83, Germany - 82, Vietnam - 80, Egypt - 69, Iran - 68, Turkey - 67, Ethiopia - 66, Thailand - 62, Great Britain - 59, France - 59, Italy - 58.

People are not the same appearance, by the color of skin, hair, eyes, by the shape of the skull, face. These external characteristics that distinguish one group of people from another are called racial characteristics. Groups of people with similar racial characteristics are called human races. There are three main human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Equatorial. The majority of the peoples of Eurasia belong to the Caucasian race. Many Europeans moved to other continents centuries ago. Caucasians inhabit most of North America, South America, and Australia. Many peoples of Asia belong to the Mongoloid race, as well as the Indians, the indigenous inhabitants of America. The main areas of settlement of the peoples of the equatorial race are Africa, Australia, the islands of New Guinea and Madagascar. Blacks belonging to this race - descendants of slaves taken from Africa - live in North and South America.

As a result of communication between peoples of different races, mixed races appeared. There are 3–4 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world. Ethnic groups are established stable communities of people. The classification of peoples (ethnic groups) is usually carried out according to their numbers. The vast majority of peoples are small in number. There are 310 peoples in the world with more than 1 million people, but they make up 96% of the total population of the Earth. Among all nations, the 18 largest stand out, numbering more than 50 million each, which account for about 60% of the Earth's population. More than 100 million people consist of only 7 nations: Chinese (over 1 billion), Hindustani, US Americans, Bengalis, Russians, Brazilians and Japanese.

Nowadays, population distribution is increasingly determined by urban geography. When assessing the urban population, it must be taken into account that there is no single concept of “city” for all countries. For example, in Denmark, Sweden, Finland, a city is considered a settlement with a population of more than 200 people, in Canada, Australia - over 1000, in Germany, France - over 2000, in the USA - over 2500, in India - over 5000, in Switzerland - over 10,000, and in Japan - over 30,000.

Urbanization (from the Latin city) is the growth of cities and the rise specific gravity urban population, as well as the emergence of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities. Modern urbanization has three common features that are characteristic of most countries in the world. The first feature is the rapid growth of the urban population. The second feature is the concentration of population and economy mainly in large cities. Among large cities, it is customary to especially highlight “millionaire” cities (with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants). The third feature is the “sprawling” of cities, the expansion of their territory, the formation of urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements. The largest urban agglomerations in the world have developed around Mexico City, Tokyo, Sao Paulo and New York; each of them is home to 16–20 million people. In Russia, the largest agglomeration is Moscow (13.5 million people). According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world can be divided into three large groups: highly urbanized (Kuwait, Great Britain, Sweden, Australia, Japan, USA, Russia, etc.), that is, with a share of the urban population of more than 50%, moderately urbanized (20–50 %) and weakly urbanized (less than 20%). The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In most economically developed countries that have achieved a high level of urbanization, the share of urban population in Lately grows relatively slowly or even decreases. In developing countries of Asia and Africa, where the level of urbanization is much lower, it continues to grow in breadth and urban population is increasing rapidly. This phenomenon, scientifically called the urban explosion, has become one of the most important factors in the socio-economic development of the entire developing world.

Rural settlement is characterized by two main forms: group (village) and scattered (farmer). The village form predominates in Russia, foreign Europe, China, Japan, and the vast majority of developing countries. The farming form of settlement is most common in the USA, Canada, and Australia.

Population growth depends on the nature of its reproduction. Reproduction (natural movement) of the population, a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. In the most simplified form, we can talk about two types of population reproduction

The first type of population reproduction is characterized by relatively low rates of fertility, mortality and natural increase. It is common in economically developed countries of North America, Europe, Russia, and Australia. However, in some countries foreign Europe(Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Hungary, etc.) natural population growth is so low that even natural population decline occurs.

The second type of population reproduction is characterized by high and very high birth rates and natural increase. It is typical for developing countries, where after gaining independence the mortality rate dropped quite sharply and the birth rate remained at the same very high level. This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction has occurred since the mid-20th century. received in the literature the figurative name of the demographic explosion.

Population migrations, which are divided into external and internal, have a great impact on the distribution of the population, as well as on its size and composition. External migrations of the population arose in ancient times, continued in the Middle Ages, and during periods of modern and recent history. Until the middle of the 20th century. The main focus of emigration was Europe, the second was Asia. The centers of immigration were primarily the USA, Canada, Latin America, and Australia. After the Second World War, the geography of external migration changed markedly. Intercontinental migration has decreased and intracontinental migration has increased, especially in Europe, where there are now 12–13 million foreign workers. In the second half of the 20th century. spread new form external migration, called brain drain. Its essence lies in luring foreign scientists, engineers, doctors and other highly qualified specialists. “Brain drain” has a particularly negative impact on developing countries, where the stratum of the intelligentsia is small. In the late 80s and early 90s, due to the economic and political crisis, the “brain drain” from Russia and other CIS countries intensified. Internal (intrastate) population migrations are of several types. This is a population movement from rural areas to the city, colonization and development of new lands, etc.

Population distribution- distribution of population across the Earth. It largely depends on natural conditions. And since such conditions are not the same on the planet, the population is distributed extremely unevenly. Besides great importance have a history of settlement of the territory and the level of development of the economy, etc.

In view of this, not all areas of the globe are favorable for human life. Thus, only 7% of the land area is home to 70% of the world's population, and 37% of the territory is not inhabited at all.

Population density- the number of people living per 1 km2. This is the main indicator of the distribution of people on the planet. The most densely populated areas ancient agriculture- Nile Valley, Great Chinese Plain, Indo-Gangetic Lowland, etc... There are favorable natural conditions here, so the population density exceeds 300 people per 1 km2. Simultaneously in the polar and tropical deserts, where the climate is extremely harsh and conditions for farming are limited, the population density is less than 1 person per 1 km2. The most populated part of the world is Europe, the smallest is Australia.

Human races- a group of people who have certain common external characteristics. External signs The characteristics that distinguish one group of people from another are called racial characteristics. These include different colors of skin, hair, eyes, head shape, etc.

Racial characteristics are not random and were formed a long time ago as a result of human settlement of various geographical zones Earth. Thus, over time, residents of hot regions of the globe developed devices that protected the body from overheating by the sun's rays. They have dark skin, thick and curly hair, thick lips and wide open nostrils. All these are signs of representatives of the Negroid (equatorial) race.

Residents of cold countries belong to the Caucasian race. They have fair skin, soft hair different color. A narrow nose limits inhalation of cold air. These adaptations gave them a better chance of surviving and spreading throughout Europe, over a large area of ​​which the climate is characterized by significant cloudiness and relatively less heat.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race have yellowish skin color and black straight hair. They have a narrow eye shape, since they have long lived in open spaces with strong winds and dust storms.

With the growth of the Earth's population, peoples of different races communicated more and more closely with each other. Therefore, mixed races appeared.

There is a high probability that in the past there were only four large islands on the Arctida archipelago, inhabited by tribes of primitive man. Each of the islands became uninhabitable at different times, so in prehistory there were four mass migration processes with an interval of 0.5 million years. Each migration process led to the formation of a new race. There are four races of people on the globe: blacks (African race, Africans, Africonoids), red-skins (American race, American Indians, Americanoids), yellow-skins (Mongoloid race, Mongoloids or Asians) and white-skins (European race, Europeans or Europoids). It is known from everyday practice that the more time a naked person spends under the rays of the sun, the darker his skin becomes. Several million years ago it was very warm on all continents of the northern hemisphere, except for the lands of northern Atlantis. Therefore, all primitive people, getting from the cold continent to the warm regions of Europe, Asia or Africa, took off their clothes made from animal skins and walked naked.

The skin color of all peoples, tribes and races on the territory of snow-covered Northern Atlantis was white. The earlier a person left his “northern homeland,” the longer he “sunbathed” under the sun on other continents, and the more dark color acquired by his skin. The difference in skin color between races depends on the amount of organic substance melanin, which is produced in skin cells due to exposure to sunlight (mainly ultraviolet). Based on these considerations, the conclusion suggests itself that the black race was the first to leave North Atlantis. According to rough estimates, this happened 4 million years ago. Red-skinned American Indians migrated to America second - 3.5 million years ago, yellow-skinned Asians third - 3 million years ago, and white-skinned Europeans were the last - 2 million years ago. Black-skinned Negroes settled Africa, red-skins - America, yellow-skinned - Asia, white-skinned - Europe. The reason for this “fair distribution” of the continents is that each of the four islands of the North Atlantis archipelago, inhabited by primitive people, was located at a considerable distance from the others. Therefore, one island was located exactly opposite the territory of the continent of North America (Alaska), another was close to Europe, and the third was to Asia (Siberia).

Wherein special position Africa occupies. It is located 5,000 kilometers from the former continent of Arctida (Northern Atlantis) when measured in a straight line (through Europe). How could the tribes of ancient man from North Atlantis get to the African continent earlier than to North America, Europe and Asia? There is a very simple explanation for this. The fact is that until about 10,000 years ago there was another continent in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, which was called Atlantis (or South Atlantis). It started from Arctida, where it connected with the continent of Arctida. Continued as a thin strip 500–1000 kilometers wide in the middle Atlantic Ocean, passed through the island of Iceland, had a huge plateau measuring 5000 × 2000 kilometers at the level of the Iberian Peninsula, and then connected with Africa. South Atlantis has now sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean and has become the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Therefore, there is a high probability that African blacks come from the northern island of Spitsbergen. Based on the geographical conditions of the Arctida archipelago that developed on Earth in the period 3–5 million years ago, it can be argued that from the North Atlantis archipelago, primitive man could populate the continents using the southern direction of migration. Let us briefly describe the distribution paths of each race.

Direction of migration of the black race (Africans)

The first island of the North Atlantis archipelago (Hyperborea), inhabited by primitive man, began to sink to the bottom of the North Arctic Ocean 5 million years ago. Apparently, this island was about. Spitsbergen. Presumably, the tribes first settled across the continent of South Atlantis, which is about 10,000 kilometers long. For about 4 million years, the very first civilization on the planet developed in this place - the Negroid civilization of the Atlanteans. According to rough estimates, the total population of South Atlantis 4 million years ago reached 0.2 million people. Atlantis was directly connected to Africa in two places: off the Atlantic coast of North and Central Africa. Starting about 1 million years ago, this continent began to slowly, in parts, sink to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, and Atlantis as a continent finally ceased to exist 5 - 10 thousand years ago. This caused the death of up to 80% of the Atlantean population.

The ancient continent of Atlantis has become the underwater Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Due to the flooding of the Arctida islands, the Atlantean Negroid tribes were forced to hastily migrate to the African mainland. For 4 million years ago, Central (Equatorial) Africa was inhabited by primitive people. Consequently, the African continent was inhabited by ancient man from the west, the “Negroid Atlanteans.” This is why archaeologists find a large number of stone tools labor with an age of 0.5 - 3 million years in Central Africa, and they are absent in Southern and Northern Africa. Ancient people inhabited 20% of Africa and only Central Africa for 3 million years.

By the way, 50 thousand years ago the Sahara desert did not exist, but in this place there was a savannah with big amount lakes, swamps, with tall grass and a diverse flora and fauna. The skin color of Africans changed in the following order: white skin color was 4 million years ago on the lands of the snowy Arctic, yellow - 3 million years ago on the lands of hot Atlantis, red - 2 million years ago among the first settlers on the land of Africa, black - starting from 0 1 million years ago in areas of Central Africa. The population of Africans 0.5 million years ago reached millions of people. From a long stay on the sunny African continent (over 4 million years), the white skin of white-skinned Africans became black. All other races (Americans with red skin, Asians with yellow skin and Europeans with white skin) lived on warm continents for 1-2 million years less than Africans, and therefore their skin did not acquire a black color. However, Arabs and Indians are representatives of the European race with white skin color, but after several millennia of existence in hot countries (for example, in Africa), they acquired dark skin color (Algerians, Egyptians, Sudanese, Somalis).

Direction of migration of the red race (American Indians)

Many scientists erroneously claim that people came to America from Siberia (Asia). Scientists have put forward a hypothesis that primitive people 30,000 years ago sailed on boats from Chukotka to Alaska through the Bering Strait. But it is well known that Siberia in the period from 3 million years ago to 1000 AD was inhabited by tribes exclusively of the Asian race. The classic representative of the Asian race has a small height (150 centimeters), a narrow eye shape, a wide, short and not protruding nose, a smoothed facial part of the skull with cheeks convex in both directions; men have almost no beard or mustache. American Indians have completely different face and body shapes. These are tall and strong people, their height reaches almost 2 meters, their eye shape is European type, their aquiline nose protrudes far forward, and so on. American Indians are absolutely different from narrow-eyed Asians and Africans with thick noses and lips. They look more like Europeans, and if not for their skin color, it would be difficult to distinguish them from Europeans. Therefore, the hypothesis of the Asian origin of American Indians is erroneous.

Another hypothesis is more plausible. American Indians are representatives of the European race, who were the first to “split off” from the Europoids of the sunken continent of Arctida, and moved to the territory of North America in the area of ​​Alaska (or Greenland). Events unfolded in the following sequence. The second island of the North Atlantis archipelago (Hyperborea - site), inhabited by primitive people, began to sink to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean 3.5 million years ago and was located about 100 kilometers from the territory of Alaska or the northern lands of Canada. North America was settled by tribes of future red-skinned American Indians from Alaska and in the direction from west to east (from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic coast). It must be emphasized that the first Intelligent Man arose on the territory of Northern Atlantis 5 million years ago; for 1.5 million years, the ancestors of the red-skinned race developed in “their” northern territory, and migrated to the lands of North America only 3.5 million years ago.

As archaeological excavations show, American civilization developed exclusively in North America (modern Canada and the USA) for 3 million years. This conclusion is made based on the fact that the highest concentration of stone tools in North America is in the Rocky Mountains (western United States). The population of America reached 1 million people 0.5 million years ago. Primitive people did not come to South America. The Amazon River, the mountains and the surrounding dense a tropical forest served as a natural barrier for primitive people to spread massively across the southern continent. For this reason, the territory of modern South American states (Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile) has absolutely no signs of primitive man. People appeared in South America only 3 thousand years ago, and in North America - 3 million years ago. The skin color of the American Indians changed in the following order: white skin color was 3.5 million years ago on the lands of the snow-covered Arctic, yellow - 3 million among the first settlers on American soil, red - 0.1 million years ago. The population of American Indians reached millions of people 0.5 million years ago.

Direction of migration of the yellow-skinned race (Asians)

The third island of the North Atlantis archipelago (Hyperborea), from which the tribes of the Mongoloid (Asian) race migrated 3 million years ago - this is now existing group islands called the New Siberian Islands. The islands are distant from north pole 1000 kilometers and separated from the Asian continent by the Sannikov Strait, 80 kilometers wide. At that time, the New Siberian Islands represented a very large part of the land, approximately 8 times larger than the modern area. On this solid and huge island of Arctida, Homo sapiens also arose 5 million years ago, but for 2 million years he developed in the conditions of the polar tundra. The main reason for its migration is not the flooding of land by ocean waters, but the cooling of the climate with all the ensuing consequences. The continuous evolutionary process of development of tribes on the territory of the New Siberian Islands for 2 - 5 million years contributed to an increase in the population to 30 thousand people. The same number of people swam across the Sannikov Strait 3 million years ago and populated the lands of modern Yakutia.

Gradually, the tribes migrated west to the Ural Mountains, east to the lands of Chukotka and south to the territory of modern Mongolia. For 3 million years, the civilization of the Mongoloid race developed in a vast area located between the Ob and Kolyma rivers. In 1982, during archaeological excavations in the Diring-Yuryakh region (140 kilometers from Yakutsk), stone tools were discovered, the age of which was determined by experts to be 1.8 - 3.2 million years. The Asian population reached millions of people 0.5 million years ago. In the period 0.5-3 million years ago, mixed forests with an unprecedentedly large diversity of plant and animal life grew in this area. The primitive people who lived there had an abundance of meat, berries, mushrooms, nuts, and fish. The onset of significant climate cooling in this area caused a massive migration of Asians to the south, southeast and east. Five barriers prevented the ancient Asian tribes from migrating to the west, to Europe: the Yenisei and Ob rivers, in the north the wide sea bay of the Ob Bay 100 kilometers wide and 900 kilometers long, the Ural Mountains and the endless swamps of swamps between the Yenisei and Ob with the Irtysh tributary.

The swamps of the West Siberian Lowland, 1500 kilometers wide and 3000 kilometers long, are the main and natural barrier that did not “let” the Asian race into European territory. Below the swamp zone, exactly in the direction from north to south, stretches a “solid wall” of high mountains: the Sayans, Pamirs, Tien Shan, Himalayas. Thus, geographical barriers exist throughout the entire Asian continent, “swamp and mountain barriers” extending from north to south. The distance from the Yamal Peninsula (Arctic Ocean) to Bangladesh (Indian Ocean) is almost 7000 kilometers. About 2.5 thousand kilometers of this distance are occupied by swamps, and about 4 thousand kilometers are mountains. There remains a narrow gap of 500 kilometers in the south of Siberia, which has no natural barriers to the migration of Asians from east to west. Due to natural barriers, the primitive people of the Mongoloid race for a long time were absent in Central Asia and Europe. The skin color of the Mongoloids changed in the following order: white was 3 million years ago on the lands of the snow-covered Arctic, yellow - 0.1 million years ago among the tribes inhabiting the warm (at that time) territories of Mongolia and China. The population of Asians 0.5 million years ago reached millions of people. The main directions of their migration were as follows.

Migration direction No. 1. A small number of tribes (5% of Mongoloids) migrated east: Yakutia → Chukotka → Kamchatka Peninsula → Aleutian Islands. Some Asian tribes even penetrated into Alaska through the narrow Bering Strait. However, at that time, North America had already been inhabited by American Indians for 0.5 million years, so after numerous military clashes, the migration of Asians to Alaska was stopped.

Migration direction No. 2. The second small direction of migration (15% of Mongoloids) took place in a southeastern direction: Yakutia → Far East→ Sakhalin Island → Japan → Korea.

Migration direction No. 3. The main direction of migration of the Mongoloid race (80%) was to the south: Yakutia → Lake Baikal → Mongolia → China → Indochina Peninsula → Indonesia → Philippines → New Guinea → Australia. The migration process of Asians from the regions of Central Siberia over the past 0.5 million years occurred mainly in a southern direction. An example can be given from recent history: numerous tribes of the Manchus and Chinese, who previously inhabited the regions of Central Siberia near the Lower Tunguska River, migrated to China only a few thousand years ago.

Direction of migration of the white-skinned race (Europeans)

The fourth island of the archipelago of North Atlantis (Hyperborea), from which the tribes of the European race migrated 2 million years ago, is the now existing island called New Earth. This is the southernmost island of the Arctida archipelago. It is located 2 thousand kilometers south of the Earth’s north pole, so a cool climate later established on it, which became the main reason for migration primitive people. In the past, the island of Novaya Zemlya was approximately 5 times larger in size. Man also arose on this island 5 million years ago, but for 3 million years he developed in polar conditions. Due to the more southern location of the island, the need for primitive man to leave it appeared only 2 million years ago, as severe cold and mass extinction of the plant and animal world began. Until this moment, on the island of Novaya Zemlya there were good conditions for human life.

Novaya Zemlya Island is separated from of Eastern Europe the Kara Gate Strait, 70 kilometers wide. About 2 million years ago, approximately 100 thousand primitive people crossed the strait on boats and rafts. In the north of the European continent, man found favorable living conditions. The climate on the coast of the Arctic Ocean 2 million years ago was quite warm, similar to the climate of modern Italy. The tundra did not exist at that time. In northern Europe, the tundra appeared only 0.3 million years ago. The Arctic coast of Europe was covered with dense forests. This geographical area is located 1.5 thousand kilometers south of the Arctic coast, and therefore, 2 million years ago it was many times warmer than the climate on the island of Novaya Zemlya. Two million years ago, the area between the Ob and Northern Dvina was much warmer than today, covered first with tropical, and after 1 million years ago - with mixed forests with an abundance of animals, berries, mushrooms, nuts, and there was a lot of fish in the rivers. In the summer there was an abundance of wild apples, plums, pears, grapes, cherries, and cherries in the forests. Vegetables grew in the clearings: beets, carrots, pumpkins, watermelons, onions, garlic.

The area of ​​the Pechora River became the main center of primitive European civilization for millions of years. For quite a long time (over 1 million years), the center of development of the ancient peoples of the European race was located in the area between the Pechora and Northern Dvina rivers. There, archaeologists find a huge number of stone tools, rock paintings, and numerous sites of primitive people. Millions of years ago, the climate in the north of America, Europe and Asia was the same as it is now in Italy - warm and humid.. In the primitive communal era, man was poorly armed (with a club and a stick), and at the same time he was “densely” surrounded by large predators, which in the past there were thousands of times more than now. Paleontological studies prove that there once existed huge saber tooth tigers and cave bears weighing up to several tons (Siberia), predators up to two meters high, similar to a very large wild boar (Central Asia), predators in the form of huge ostriches up to 5 meters high (South America) and so on.

Every day an ancient man witnessed how one of his relatives (a child or a woman) was eaten beasts of prey. But most often those who suffered from predators were men who, alone, went far from the location of the tribe to hunt and fish. A lone hunter, armed with a stone ax or spear, almost always died, since millions of years ago he was instantly surrounded by dozens of hungry and large predators. The resistance was short and futile. Danger forced people to unite into clans and tribes, forced them to live and hunt collectively, 10 to 30 people each.

Further climate cooling in northern Eastern Europe forced people to migrate from the Pechora River area. People of the white race began to intensively settle across the European continent. The ancient Europeans were prevented from spreading to the east, to the Siberian lands, by the same natural barriers as the Mongoloid race to the west: the swamps of the West Siberian Lowland, the Yenisei and Ob rivers, the wide sea bay of the Ob Bay, the Sayan Mountains, the Pamirs, the Tien Shan, and the Himalayas.

Over 1 million years, the population of Europeans in the Pechora region increased to approximately 0.7 million people. The hypothesis of the existence of the Pechora center of ancient European civilization has many confirmations.

For example, the Hungarian tribes moved to Central Europe from the cold regions of the Ural Mountains 3 thousand years ago, and the Sumerians migrated from Eastern Europe to Mesopotamia (Iran) 11 thousand years ago. The Etruscans migrated to Central Europe and then to northern Italy.

Archaeological confirmation of the settlement of ancient man from the Pechersk center of primary settlement of the European race across the territory of Western Europe and Asia Minor (Middle East) is the distribution of microliths that are completely identical in shape. Microliths are very sharp stone fragments made of obsidian or silicon, which were firmly attached to one side of a short wooden stick (no more than half a meter long). It was a stone prototype of a modern sickle, a reaping knife. The stone sickle was the most common stone tool of ancient agricultural peoples in European and Asia Minor territories. Before the advent of agriculture (0.2 million years ago), stone sickles were widely used to cut the stems of various cereals from huge fields of wild wheat, barley, oats, rye, and so on. When archaeologists from different countries compared stone microliths from the Urals and microliths found in the most ancient cultural layers of the earth in France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and India, they did not find the slightest difference between them. These were stone products made using the technology of a once united people of the European race, whose primary center was in Northern Europe.

Three directions of the earliest migration of the European race can be distinguished.

Southern direction of European migration (to Egypt and India). The main routes of European settlement were directed to the south, where probably 60% of the population of the Pechora region migrated. In this direction, the Indian migration route (north of Eastern Europe → Kazakhstan → Turkmenistan → Iran → Afghanistan → Pakistan → India) and the Arabian migration route (north of Eastern Europe → Volga region → Transcaucasia → Turkey → Iraq → Saudi Arabia → Egypt → Sudan → Somalia) stand out. . Near the village of Tripolye (Ukraine, near the city of Kiev), archaeologists excavated ancient settlement farmers of the Neolithic era. They called this culture Trypillian. Later it was established that the Trypillians occupied a vast territory of Moldova and Ukraine, and related tribes (Boyan, Keresh, Cucuteni, Linear-Ribbon) lived in the Balkans and in the south of Western Europe. Remains of grain and bones of domestic animals were found in Trypillian settlements. The most interesting thing is that the Trypillians and their relatives decorated dishes in the same way as people of Mesopotamian cultures (Hassun and Halaf), i.e.
not by squeezing out designs on wet clay, but by painting with colored paints. They made from clay figurines of goddesses, mostly seated, as in Catal Guyuk (Iraq), and figurines of a bull, as in Crete and Greece. These archaeological finds once again prove that the settlement of Europeans from the Pechersk center mainly occurred to the south: Ukraine → Greece, Ukraine → Iraq.

It is interesting to note that the territory of Egypt was first inhabited by Negroids, and then by Europeans. In confirmation of what has been said, there is such information from the history of the Ancient East. The territory of Africa, including Egypt, was inhabited by peoples of the black race from 1 to 3 million years ago. Archaeologists in North Africa have found a large number of graves of ancient man from the earliest period. The deceased person was buried with his head to the south and on his left side, that is, facing west. With this body position, ancient people indicated the place of their origin - the face was directed towards the Atlantic Ocean, towards the location ancient continent Atlantis. The head was directed to the south, which indicated that people of the African race came to the territory of Egypt from Central Africa, from the south. After 1 million years ago, the territory of Egypt was already inhabited by the peoples of the “white race”, who arose in the north of Europe and settled Africa from the Arabian Peninsula, that is, from the east.

Therefore, burial customs have changed greatly. They began to bury the dead with their body facing north and also on the left side, that is, facing east, facing the Arabian Peninsula. From this we can conclude that after 1 million years ago, the territory of modern Egypt began to be populated by Europeans who came to Arabia from the northern lands of Eastern Europe, and came to Africa from Arabia, that is, from the eastern territories in relation to Africa. That is why the face of the deceased person was directed to the east, towards the location of the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, the posture of the deceased person indicated the place from which the migration of the ancestors of the European race to the African continent began. In addition, the deceased person was buried in a position with the head directed not to the south (not towards the location of Central Africa), but to the north, that is, towards the location of Eastern Europe, the Arctic Ocean, towards the location of the first homeland of the European race - Arctida. Based on these archaeological documents, it can be argued that after 1 million years ago, the territory of Egypt began to be inhabited by tribes of the European race. This opinion is also confirmed by the fact that the ancient Egyptian language has some similarities with the ancient Semitic languages ​​(Phoenician, Akkadian, Assyrian and Hebrew).

Western direction of European migration to Scandinavia. Probably 10% of ancient Europeans from the area of ​​the Pechera River migrated westward (to the Scandinavian Peninsula). The Scandinavian migration route starts from the north of Eastern Europe → Finland → Sweden → Norway. From 4 million to 0.2 million years ago, the climate on the Scandinavian Peninsula was relatively warm, especially along the Baltic Sea coast. The peninsula is washed by the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean, so the winters were very short (1 - 2 months) and mild (no more than 5 degrees Celsius below zero). It was very hot in summer - about forty degrees Celsius. The territory was covered with dense forests, where wild animals were found in abundance, and there were many fish in the rivers and lakes. The ancient Varangians dressed in animal skins in winter and wore coarse home-woven clothes in summer. Even in very ancient times, Viking sailing boats sailed across the Baltic Sea and reached England, Iceland and Greenland. Probably, immediately after the occupation of Scandinavia, the Vikings began to smelt iron tools. The Scandinavian migration route has a certain historical continuation of its development.

Southwestern direction of European migration. Probably more than 30% of the European population left Eastern Europe between 1 and 2 million years ago and settled throughout Western Europe. Over the course of 2 million years, Europeans settled from the Pechora River to the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic migration route began from the north of Eastern Europe → Ukraine → Romania → Yugoslavia → Germany → Italy → France → Spain → Portugal.

CONCLUSION. So, in the period from 3 to 5 million years ago, humanity (except for the Negroid race) concentrated on the northern lands of three continents: American Indians - in the territory of modern Canada and the USA (north America), the Mongoloid race - in the territory of Yakutia (northern Siberia), the European race - in the area of ​​the Pechora River (northern Europe). Over the next 2.7 million years, the continents were slowly repopulated. It was the primary, free and peaceful process of human migration across the uninhabited expanses of the continents - website. The primary and free migration of humanity across continents occurred very slowly during the period 3 – 5 million years ago. American Indians settled North America and only much later (30 thousand years ago) part of South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru). The Amazon River became a serious obstacle for the ancient people of America, since ancient people settled south of the river only 2 thousand years ago. Tribes of the Mongoloid race spread to the south of China. Tribes of the European race from the Pechora River “spread” to Spain in the west and to India in the east.