Types of family according to kinship structure. What types of families are there? Depending on the form of marriage

A family is an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, bound by a common life and mutual moral responsibility. The original basis family relations constitutes a marriage. Marriage is a historically changing social form relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital life. parental and other related rights and responsibilities.

In psychology, the family is considered at the same time as a small
social group and important social institution. As a social institution, the family goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which is life cycle families. Family researchers usually identify the following phases of this cycle:

entering into a first marriage - forming a family;
the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child;

end of childbearing - birth last child;

“empty nest” - marriage and separation of the last child from the parental family;

the cessation of the existence of a family is the death of one of the spouses.
At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics. The structure of a family is understood not only as its quantitative completeness, but also as the totality of spiritual, moral and psychological relations between its members, including relations of power and authority. The structure of a family is closely related to the order and way of life, customs and traditions, interactions with other families and society as a whole.

The totality of all the functions that a modern family performs can be reduced to the following:

Ø reproductive (childbearing) - reproduction of offspring - the main function of the family;

Ø educational - primary socialization of children, their upbringing, maintaining the reproduction of cultural values;

household - housekeeping, caring for children and elderly family members;

Ø economic - material support for minors and disabled family members;

Ø primary function social control- regulation of moral responsibility in relations between members and families:

Ø spiritual and moral - development of the personality of each family member;

Ø social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction social structure;

Ø leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

Ø emotional - providing psychological support to family members.

Ø In sociology, the following general principles have been adopted for identifying types of family organization.

Ø Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished:

Ø monogamy - marriage of one man with one woman at the same time:

Ø polygamy - a marriage that involves the presence of several partners in a marriage. There are three known forms of polygamous marriage:

Ø group marriage, when several men and several women are simultaneously in a marital relationship (today this form has been preserved only in the Marquesas Islands):

Ø polyandry (polyandry) - a rare form that occurs in Southern states India, Tibet;

Ø polygyny (polygyny) - the most common among all forms of polygamous marriage, exists in Muslim countries.

Types of families depending on the structure of kinship ties:

Ø nuclear (simple), consisting of parents and their minor children;

Ø extended (complex), represented by two or more generations of families.

Ø Types of families depending on the methods of choosing a family partner:

Ø endogamous, involving marriage between representatives of the same group (clan, tribe, etc.);

Ø exogamous, where marriage within a certain narrow group of people (for example, between close relatives, members of the same tribe, etc.) is prohibited.

Types of families depending on the place of residence of the spouses:

Ø patrilocal - young people live in their husband’s family;

Ø matrilocal - in the family of the wife’s parents;

Ø neolocal - settle separately from their parents.

Ø Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:

Ø matriarchy - power in the family belongs to the woman;

Ø patriarchy - a man is at the head;

Ø egalitarian, or democratic, family in which the status equality of spouses is observed (this is the most common at present).

In modern society, there are processes of transformation of the family as a social institution, changes in some of its functions, and redistribution of family roles. The family is losing its leading position in the socialization of individuals, the organization of leisure and other important functions. At the same time, alternative forms of marriage are appearing in society, which are understood as systems of marriage relations that have not received official recognition by the state (and church), but are allowed by the public opinion of a particular social environment.

These in modern developed countries include:

Ø Godwin marriage (“visit marriage”, “guest marriage”) is the separation of spouses, the absence of a common household and everyday life. The extra-family form of monogamous marriage was first described in the 18th century. W. Godwin. In the last decade, this form of marriage has become popular in Russia, mainly among pop stars and very busy business people with different interests;

Ø Concubinate - stable connection married man and a formally unmarried concubine woman who has children recognized by him and material support. Currently, in Western Europe, due to the growing feminization of the gender composition of society, there is an undoubted upward trend. Polygyny option;

Ø Open marriage - recognition of the right of spouses to an independent lifestyle, including extramarital sex;

Ø Trial marriage - temporary residence of partners. When they decide to have children, a legal marriage is formalized. According to Margaret Mead's definition. - This is a “two-step marriage”.

Alternative forms of marriage are in fact just forms, variations of the traditional types of marriage discussed above. They arise due to, or rather in spite of, the marital interests of some specific groups of the population. Therefore, the continued existence of these forms will be determined by the stability and viability of these groups themselves.
It should be recognized that the noted trends in the separation of the institutions of marriage and family, which have long been characteristic of the West, are becoming widespread in modern Russian society.

1.2.Structure of family relationships.
The most important characteristic of a family is the structure of relationships. According to M. Harutyunyan, there are 3 types of family: traditional, child-centric and marital.
In a traditional family, respect for the authority of elders is brought up; pedagogical influence is carried out from top to bottom.
The main requirement is submission. Children from these families easily learn traditional norms, but have difficulty forming their own families. They are not proactive, not flexible in communication, and act based on their idea of ​​what should be done. In a child-centric family, the main task of parents is to ensure the “happiness of the child.” The family exists only for the child. The influence is carried out, as a rule, from the bottom up. The child develops a high self-esteem of his own importance, but the likelihood of conflict with the social environment outside the family increases. Therefore, a child from such a family may evaluate the world as hostile. The married family is highly valued. The goal in this family is mutual trust, acceptance, and autonomy of members. The educational impact is “horizontal”, dialogue between equals: parents and child. IN family life Mutual interests are always taken into account, and the older the child, the more his interests are taken into account. The result of such education is the child’s assimilation of democratic values, the harmonization of his ideas about rights and responsibilities, freedom and responsibility, the development of activity, independence, goodwill, and self-confidence. At the same time, these children may not comply with social requirements. They adapt poorly to an environment built on a “vertical” principle.
According to L.B. Schneider, a family, depending on the type of relationship, can be ideal and conflicting, prosperous and dysfunctional (problematic).
In an ideal family, its members are spatially very close to each other, the distance is not differentiated, and the child and marital subsystems are poorly distinguished.
In a conflict family, children are “closed”, “afraid to tell anything”, “thrown to the mercy of fate” and at the same time “have no independence”, they are different bad behavior, damaged relationships with friends and others. This child is very realistic, common and easily recognizable. Also, a family can be favorable and unfavorable, that is, problematic.
According to V. Satir, the atmosphere of a problematic family is felt very quickly. It is characterized by inconvenience, discomfort and coldness: family members are extremely polite to each other, and everyone is very sad. Their faces are gloomy, gloomy or sad.
In supportive families, a completely different atmosphere reigns. There is a feeling of naturalness, honesty and love. People in such families express their love and respect for each other.
K. Rogers identified such positive characteristics of prosperous families as: devotion and cooperation; communication; flexibility of relationships; independence.
E. G. Eidemiller emphasizes the meaning of “dominance - submission” and at the same time pays a lot of attention to tightness emotional connection family members.
Margaret Mead puts the concept of “responsibility” at the head of the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, as the main relationship characterizing the family and its members. These three parameters, which describe relationships in the primary simple family (the triad “child, father, mother”), are considered basic.
Having examined the approaches to the existence of various types of families, we are faced with the problem of family relationships between family members. Interpersonal relationships in a family are subjectively experienced relationships between family members, objectively manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influence of family members in life together. A. Z. Rakhimov believes that the emergence of interpersonal relationships in the family is due to the fact of direct interaction between spouses in the process of living together. Spouses relate to each other not only as bearers of certain family functions, roles and values. They perceive each other in the same way from the side of purely human qualities. V. Solovyov identifies seven types of family relationships: Socio-biological relationships (family size, fertility, gender), economic relationships (housekeeping, family budget). These are the two main types of family relationships. Other types only complement them.
Thus, legal relations characterize legal regulation marriage and divorce, personal and property rights and obligations of spouses. Moral relations cover issues of family feelings, especially love and duty and the moral values ​​of the family, while creating at the same time the fundamental basis for the development of the child as a person. Psychological relationships represent the sphere of interaction between the mental makeup of family members and realize the moments of their compatibility and the psychological climate in the family. Pedagogical relations directly relate to issues of family pedagogy and the implementation of the educational functions of the family. Aesthetic relations determine the aesthetics of behavior, speech, clothing, forming the basis of the cultural continuity of the family. The nature of family relationships determines the success of the family in fulfilling its most important functions and its well-being. V. Satir believes that as each member of the family team grows, the family is faced with a certain kind of interpersonal relationships between family members, where the child builds his behavior based on a subjective subconscious assessment of what is happening around him. According to Botovich G.I., in most cases it corresponds to the system of established interpersonal relationships in the family. Sometimes children, due to their unique and incomplete understanding of the world around them, choose forms of their own behavior and influence on their parents that have a bad impact not only on their own development, but also on relationships in the family.
S. V. Kovalev in his work “Psychology of the Modern Family” identifies the following types of relationships between family members:
1. Cooperation is an ideal case of relationship, presupposing mutual understanding and mutual support.
2. Parity – equal, “allied” relations based on mutual benefit of family members.
3. Competition - the desire to achieve more and better in benevolent competition.
4. Competition is the desire to dominate others, to suppress them in some areas.
5. Antagonism - sharp contradictions between group members, in which their unification is clearly forced.
V. Satir outlined three rules for effective communication:
family members talk about their thoughts and feelings in the first person.
Each family member is encouraged to convey their feelings.
each family member must focus on the level of understanding, i.e. the content of the statement must be confirmed by the appropriate tone of voice, facial expression, gestures).
She also notes that any family system can be characterized quite accurately using its four proposed parameters: self-esteem of the participants in the family process;
communication;
family system (set of norms);
social connections (interaction with the outside world).
Depending on the combination of features of each parameter, a family can be characterized as prosperous or dysfunctional.

The functioning of various systems in prosperous and dysfunctional families. The emotional distress of family members is associated with the constant threat of rejection and is caused by ineffective intrafamily communication. Such communication is determined by a number of positions that family members tend to take when trying to avoid anxiety and the threat of rejection:
ingratiating position;

blaming position;

calculating position;

detached position.
Ingratiating position - a person avoids the threat of rejection, trying to please, not getting into quarrels. At the verbal level of communication, he expresses agreement (“Everything you do is wonderful, even too good for me”), and at the non-verbal level of communication he demonstrates complete submission and helplessness (head and shoulders are lowered, an ingratiating facial expression). Inner feeling: “I consider myself insignificant.” Blaming position - looking for the culprits among family members. A typical start to a conversation: “Why do you always...”, “You can never do it properly...”, etc. Such a person has an inner feeling that he is lonely and unhappy. The calculating position is a person’s hidden belief that the threat of rejection can be avoided through accurate calculation and analysis of the situation. Outwardly cold, calculating. Internal sensations are characterized by the words: “I feel vulnerable.” There may be low self-esteem. A detached position - “confused”, “frivolous” behavior. He speaks out of place, his movements are awkward and ridiculous. The feelings experienced are loneliness and a feeling of the meaninglessness of existence. V. Satir has developed a whole series special exercises, games, procedures that allow family members to realize and feel the ineffective positions they use in communication. The main task in working with families is not only awareness of existing positions, but also training in harmonious, sincere communication. Balanced communication is based on the authenticity of experiences and the truth of feelings. In this type communicative behavior verbal and nonverbal components correspond to each other. Balanced communication is based on the authenticity of experiences and demonstrated feelings.
According to the types of relationships, it is currently customary to distinguish between harmonious and inharmonious families. Harmonious are families in which the structure and functioning are not disturbed. Inharmonious are families in which there are any disturbances in the structure. Family structure disorders are those features that make it difficult or prevent the family from performing its functions.
Within the framework of inharmonious families, destructive, disintegrating, disintegrated, incomplete and rigid pseudo-solidary families are distinguished. A destructive family is marked, first of all, by the isolation of its individual members, which impedes mutual understanding and at the same time contributes to the creation of an atmosphere of emotional tension and conflict. In such a family it is difficult to identify a leader; most often everyone lives their own life. The main defect of a destructive family is the lack of spiritual closeness and adequate emotional contacts between its individual members. Often families are destructive if one of its members (parent) is mentally ill or abuses alcohol. A disintegrating family - in which the conflict between parents has reached its climax. Family breakdown is brewing. Children are usually also involved in the conflict. Warring parents either see their children as “allies” or make “scapegoats” out of them. Teenagers, as a rule, painfully experience the breakdown of their family and usually take the side of one of the parents, more often than not the one who is considered offended. The family can remain in this state for a long time. Parents disperse, converge, the psychological atmosphere is tense, but no one makes a decision.
A broken family is a family that one of the parents has left, but continues to maintain contact with it (the so-called “coming” fathers or mothers). Real relations in such a family are carried out only between parents and child, and relations between spouses are terminated.
An incomplete family is a family in which one of the parents (usually the father) is absent. In the literature, there is a tendency to exaggerate the pathogenic influence of an incomplete family on the formation of “difficult adolescents.” Very often, a mother, if she is not mentally ill and does not lead an antisocial lifestyle, raises good, socially adapted children without a father. An example of this is the generation of people raised by their mothers during the war and post-war years. A rigid pseudo-solidarity family is distinguished by the presence of a dominant leader to whom all other members unconditionally obey. In such a family, despotism, cruel regulation of all life and lack of emotional warmth usually reign. Practical teachers usually divide families into prosperous and dysfunctional. A “prosperous family” usually means a complete family that is sufficiently financially secure and does not have a direct negative impact on the child. Often well-being is only visible and is determined by personal data: whether there are parents, what is their education, where do they work, what is the financial situation in the family. Undoubtedly, all these indicators have a certain meaning and influence on family upbringing, but often behind the questionnaire well-being there are deep internal contradictions that tear apart the entire family. Its cohesion and strength exist only for show. Such families are called pseudo-prosperous, pseudo-solidarity. Family relationships, as a rule, act as the most important and significant for the individual, which explains their leading role in the formation of pathogenic situations and mental disorders (G.K. Ushakov). The leading role of the family in the emergence of pathogenic situations and traumatic experiences is determined by a number of circumstances.
1. The leading role of family relationships in the system of personal relationships. In the early, most important stages of an individual’s life, the family is the only one, and later the most important social groups in which he is included. Events in the family are “taken to heart” to a much greater extent than similar events in the sphere of work, neighborhood relations, etc.
2. The versatility of family relationships and their dependence on each other. The spheres of household, leisure, and emotional relationships are closely interconnected, and an attempt to make more or less significant changes in any of them causes a “chain reaction” of changes in all others. Because of this feature, family trauma is more difficult to escape. A family member has more difficulty trying to avoid trauma.
3. Particular openness and, therefore, vulnerability of a family member in relation to various intra-family influences, including traumatic ones. In a family, an individual is more accessible to influence from other family members; his weaknesses and shortcomings are most clearly manifested.
A. Ya. Varga, when characterizing the family system, identifies the following characteristics:
interaction stereotypes;

family rules;

family myths;

stabilizers;

family history.
Interaction stereotypes are messages and interactions that are repeated frequently. They are little aware of supporting the usual systems of relationships between family members. Sublevel stereotypes of interaction in families are possible. When repeated messages and interactions occur between the parent and child structure, male and female structure in the family. Our study of surveys of 1200 respondents showed that 34% of respondents noted the absence of clearly defined male and female substructures in the family; 53% of informants indicated the presence of a formalized female substructure in the family, often opposed to a poorly defined male substructure; 13% of respondents indicated the presence of a clearly defined male substructure in family, but to a much lesser extent opposed to the female one.

The second parameter - family rules - are those norms of behavior, and often thinking, that the family is guided by. Rules can be public or unspoken. Public rules arise more often as a result of agreements, more often in the marital subsystem, in flexible families; such agreements and rules are developed between children and parents. Unspoken rules are more often imposed by one of the family members, or accepted by the adult subsystem.

Rules can be culturally given - and then they are shared by many families, or they can be unique for each family. Culturally defined rules of family life are known to everyone; unique rules are known only to members of a given family. Breaking the rules is a dangerous, very dramatic thing, described many times in Russian fiction. The rules of family life apply to all areas. There are some rules that are culturally given. In Russian culture, there are conflicting rules about the distribution of roles in the family. It is no coincidence that the struggle for power and status in modern Russian families is one of the most powerful dysfunctions. And this struggle arises because in the culture there is no clear rule about gender inequality. A. Ya. Varga traces the roots of this in Russian folk tales, where the image of a husband is leading only formally, but in reality a man becomes successful only by resorting to someone’s, often female, wife’s help. According to our research, in most families the female subsystem turns out to determine family rules. Norms of behavior in the family and outside it and control over the implementation of these rules belong to women.
The third parameter - family myths - is complex family knowledge, which is, as it were, a continuation of such a sentence as: “We are...”. This knowledge is not always relevant; it is updated either when an outsider enters the family, or at moments of some serious social change, or in a situation of family dysfunction. In a dysfunctional family, the myth is closer to the surface than in a functional one. This knowledge is poorly understood. The myth is formed over approximately three generations. A. Ya. Varga points out the prevalence of the myths “We are a friendly family” and “We are heroes.” When studying family myths, we discovered family subsystem male and female myths. In relation to women, the myth “Everything depends on the woman in the family” is very common, which greatly limits the sphere of desires and exaggerates the sphere of responsibility of a woman in the family. In relation to men, the opposite myth is widespread: “If you can’t, but you really want to, then you can.” This applies to many violations of the rules, such as alcoholism, infidelity, this also includes hobbies, workaholism, etc. Moreover, the carriers of these myths are both men and women.
Boundaries are the fourth parameter of the family system. Any system has its own boundaries, which determine its structure and, accordingly, the content of the psychodynamics of family life is determined. The external boundaries of families are changing before our eyes. A. Ya. Varga connects changes in the boundaries of families with changes in the boundaries of the state. In a country with strictly closed borders, the boundaries of families turn out to be transparent, penetrating to external interference. In the modern situation of open borders, family boundaries are becoming more closed. This is also reflected in less government intervention in family affairs and less interaction between families. The same mechanisms operate within the family. In families with open borders, the interference of generational subsystems in each other's lives is much less. In families with strictly closed boundaries, the boundaries of subsystems become blurred.
The fifth parameter of the family system is stabilizers. Every family has its own stabilizers. Functional stabilizers are a common place of residence, common money, common affairs, common entertainment and interests, plans and development prospects. Dysfunctional stabilizers – children, illnesses, behavioral disorders. Children should not be stabilizers, because they grow, develop and must live their own lives separate from their parents. Destructive stabilizers can be alcoholism or infidelity of one of the spouses. A frequent motive for refusing divorce in families with an alcoholic spouse is the verbalization: “He (she) will get completely drunk without me.” The very opportunity to somehow frolic on the side preserves marital relations stable. This stabilizer allows both to not have real psychological intimacy.
Family history is the sixth parameter of the family system. Many behavioral stereotypes and patterns of interaction are reproduced over generations. In functional families there are more behavioral options, more choice. In dysfunctional families there are fewer choices, because a universal human mechanism works - under stress a person acts in a stereotypical manner. Where there is a lot of stress, there are many stereotypes, little freedom of choice, little creativity. In dysfunctional families, where there is a lot of stress, many stereotypes exist, and there is a great fear of change. Knowledge of family history allows you to analyze the processes that occur in a modern family.

1.3 Family influence on the causes of adolescent deviation.
What a child acquires in the family during childhood, he retains throughout his entire subsequent life. The importance of the family as an educational institution is due to the fact that the child stays in it for a significant part of his life, and in terms of the duration of its impact on the individual, none of the educational institutions can compare with the family. It lays the foundations of the child’s personality, and by the time he enters school, he is already more than half formed as a person. The family can act as both a positive and negative factor in education. The positive impact on the child’s personality is that no one, except the people closest to him in the family - mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, treats the child better, loves him and cares so much about him. And at the same time, another social institution cannot potentially cause as much harm in raising children as a family can do. The psychological essence of social deviation of children and adolescents can be revealed if it is known what psychological patterns it follows this phenomenon, what components form it. Two circumstances become the most important prerequisites for deviation. The first is the family factor. Parental drunkenness, neglect of children, connivance, indifference of adults, bordering on cruelty, contribute to their pathological development at the earliest stages of growth, in contrast to later stages, in which an unfavorable family environment is only an aggravating, and not at all an obligatory prerequisite. Family determines early development row initial forms deviations, namely difficulty in education, nervous disorders.
Deviant behavior of adolescents.
Unfavorable living conditions and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and associated failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in health, as a rule, lead to deviation, loss of the meaning of existence.
The result of deviation is an imbalance in relations with society, distortion of the content of goals, motives, value orientations, diffusion of social roles to the adoption of certain ones that do not allow conflict-free solution of problems, satisfaction of needs (for example, “thief”, “hooligan”, “tramp” ” etc.) . Deviant behavior has a complex nature, caused by a wide variety of factors that are in complex interaction and mutual influence. Human development is determined by the interaction of many factors: heredity, environment, upbringing, and a person’s own practical activities. It is possible to identify the main factors that determine the deviant behavior of minors.
1. Biological factors are expressed in the existence of unfavorable physiological or anatomical characteristics of the child’s body, which complicate his social adaptation. These include:
genetic, which are inherited. These may be violations mental development, hearing and vision defects, bodily defects, damage to the nervous system. Children, as a rule, acquire these lesions during the mother’s pregnancy due to poor and unhealthy nutrition, her consumption of alcoholic beverages, smoking, maternal illnesses, the influence of hereditary diseases, and especially heredity burdened by alcoholism; psychophysical, associated with the influence of psychophysiological stress, conflict situations on the human body, chemical composition environment, new types of energy leading to various somatic, allergic, toxic diseases;
physiological, including speech defects, external unattractiveness, deficiencies in the constitutional and somatic makeup of a person, which in most cases cause negative attitude from others, which leads to a distortion of the child’s system of interpersonal relationships among peers and the team.
2. Psychological factors, which include the presence of psychopathy in the child or accentuation (excessive strengthening) of individual character traits. These deviations are expressed in neuropsychic diseases, psychopathy, neurasthenia, borderline states, which increase the excitability of the nervous system and cause inadequate reactions of the teenager. Children with pronounced psychopathy, which is a deviation from the norms of human mental health, need the help of psychiatrists.
At each period of a child’s development, certain mental qualities, personality traits and character are formed. A teenager experiences two processes of mental development: either alienation from the environment where he lives, or inclusion. If in a family a child feels a lack of parental affection, love, attention, then the protective mechanism in this case will be alienation. Manifestations of such alienation can be: disruption of communication with others, emotional instability, increased vulnerability caused by mental illness, lag or delayed mental development, various mental pathologies. Characterological teenage reactions such as refusal, protest, grouping are, as a rule, a consequence of emotionally dependent, disharmonious family relationships.
3. Socio-pedagogical factors are expressed in defects in school, family or public education, which are based on gender, age and individual characteristics of children’s development, leading to deviations in the early socialization of the child during childhood with the accumulation of negative experience in the child’s persistent school slowness with a severance of ties with school (pedagogical neglect), leading to undeveloped cognitive motives, interests and school skills in a teenager. Such children, as a rule, are initially poorly prepared for school, have a negative attitude towards homework, and express indifference to school grades, which indicates their educational maladjustment.
4. Socio-economic factors include social inequality, stratification of society into rich and poor, impoverishment of a large mass of the population, limitation of socially acceptable ways to earn a decent income, unemployment, inflation and, as a result, social tension.
Typical psychological difficulties of children and adolescents with behavioral problems include the following:
problematic relationships with parents, teachers, friends, classmates, and other peers;
difficulties of relationships, self-understanding;
difficulties in forming life guidelines, ideals, “idols,” and values;
internal (“psychological”) loneliness, incomprehensibility by others;
the desire to avoid pressure, rules, norms, requirements;
search for a comfortable existence, emotional well-being;
lack of positive life aspirations and goals;
lack of adequate means and methods of behavior in difficult situations;
difficult character: touchiness, aggressiveness;
feelings of guilt, shame for dysfunctional parents, lack of respect for parents.
Family influence on the causes of adolescent deviation
The role of the family in society is incomparable in its strength to any other social institution, since it is in the family that a person’s personality is formed and developed, mastery of it takes place social roles necessary for painless adaptation of the child in society.
It is in the family that the foundations of human morality are laid and norms of behavior are formed. the inner world and individual qualities of the personality are revealed. The family contributes to a person’s self-affirmation, stimulates his social and creative activity, and reveals his individuality.
An important factor in deviations in the psychosocial development of a child is family dysfunction. It is necessary to highlight certain styles of family relationships leading to the formation of asocial behavior of minors:
a disharmonious style of educational and intra-family relationships, combining, on the one hand, indulgence of the child’s wishes, overprotection, and on the other, provoking the child into conflict situations;
unstable, conflicting style of educational influences in single-parent families, in situations of divorce, long-term separation of children and parents;
antisocial style of relationships in a disorganized family with systematic use of alcohol, drugs, immoral lifestyle, criminal behavior of parents, manifestations of poorly motivated “family cruelty” and violence.
Currently, the problem of single-parent extended families is acute. A category of single-parent families that has recently become widespread is single-parent extended families, which are formed, as a rule, from the ruins of some social catastrophe. Parents of young children have died, are in prison, have gone on the run, have been deprived of parental rights, or indulge in rampant drunkenness - most often, it is for these reasons that the generation of grandparents has to support and raise their grandchildren. Such families, of course, have a low level of income, the basis of which is pensions and salaries of the elderly. A number of difficulties stem from the poor health of older people, their weaker adaptive abilities, their inability to adapt to the realities of our time, which is why their pupils often exhibit deviant forms of behavior.
One of the reasons for the occurrence of deviations in adolescents is a change in the situation in the family, namely the divorce of parents. Children react sharply to any violation of the family stereotype. In 60% of cases they give a different psychogenic reaction, of these 60%, about a third turns into full-blown psychogenic diseases: neuroses and personality disorders, as well as behavioral deviations, even illegal ones.
Teenagers have a very difficult time coping with their parents' divorce. Emotional instability, painful sensitivity, critical attitude towards parents, “philosophical intoxication” associated with awareness of one’s “I”. Teenagers may take the side of their mother or father, be aggressive or withdrawn, and they may be overwhelmed by feelings of loneliness, melancholy, and abandonment. Moreover, they may become disappointed in the usual moral standards, to lose faith in love.
In the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Secondary School No. N” in Barnaul, there are 10 disadvantaged families on the preventive register of a social teacher, raising 14 children.
The analysis of the situation related to the commission of offenses by minors in the MBOU “Secondary School No. N” in the city of Barnaul shows that 8% of adolescents registered with the internal school register, registered with the juvenile affairs inspectorate, are brought up in dysfunctional families where there are no conditions necessary for development and raising children.
One of the main causes of deviation in children and adolescents is a dysfunctional family. Without the organizing and mobilizing help of adults, which parents in a dysfunctional family cannot provide to children, children are unable to overcome difficulties, become victims of cruelty and disappointment from adults, and endure accusations of inferiority and punishment.
Coordinator of all government agencies in Barnaul is the city administration. The administration has created committees in charge of issues of education, health, social protection etc.
The structure of work with families in Barnaul is as follows:
comprehensive schools (psychological and pedagogical support for families);
social protection department (payment of benefits, material support);
department of guardianship and trusteeship (social and legal support for the family);
centers for extracurricular activities (drawing up a social map of the microdistrict);
children's creativity centers (organization of leisure activities).
The strategy of social policy and social protection is focused on the formation of healthy relationships in society and, above all, in the family sphere. Work in Barnaul society is carried out with the aim of developing the social infrastructure of the family, stimulating constructive family relationships, promoting positive family experiences through the formation of public opinion in support of dysfunctional families.
1.4 Concept, types of dysfunctional families in modern society.
Dysfunctional families are families with low social status, in any of the spheres of life or several at the same time, cannot cope with the functions assigned to them, their adaptive abilities are significantly reduced, the process of family education of a child proceeds with great difficulty, slowly, and with little results.
In this work, by dysfunctional we tend to understand a family in which the structure is disrupted, internal boundaries are blurred, basic family functions are devalued or ignored, there are obvious or hidden defects in upbringing, as a result of which the psychological climate in it is disrupted, and “difficult children” appear.
A distinctive feature of families with an obvious (external) form of disadvantage is that the forms of this type of family have a clearly pronounced character, manifested simultaneously in several areas of family life (for example, at the social and material level), or exclusively at the level of interpersonal relationships, which leads to an unfavorable psychological climate in the family group. Typically, in a family with a clear form of dysfunction, a child experiences physical and emotional rejection by his parents (insufficient care for him, improper care and nutrition, various shapes family violence, ignoring his spiritual world of experiences). As a result of these unfavorable intrafamily factors, the child develops a feeling of inadequacy, shame for himself and his parents in front of others, fear and pain for his present and future.
Among seemingly dysfunctional families, the most common are those in which one or more members are addicted to the use of psychoactive substances, primarily alcohol and drugs. A person suffering from alcoholism and drugs involves all his loved ones in his illness. Therefore, it is no coincidence that specialists began to pay attention not only to the patient himself, but also to his family, thereby recognizing that addiction to alcohol and drugs is a family disease, a family problem.
One of the most powerful dysfunctional factors that destroys not only the family, but also the mental balance of the child, is parental alcoholism. It can have a negative impact not only at the moment of conception and during pregnancy, but throughout the child’s life.
Families with alcohol addiction. As psychologists note (B. S. Bratus, V. D. Moskalenko, E. M. Mastyukova, F. G. Uglov, etc.), adults in such a family, forgetting about parental responsibilities, are completely immersed in the “alcohol subculture ", which is accompanied by a loss of social and moral values ​​and leads to social and spiritual degradation. Ultimately, families with chemical dependency become socially and psychologically dysfunctional.
The life of children in such a family atmosphere becomes unbearable, turning them into social orphans with living parents.
Living together with someone with alcoholism leads to serious mental disorders in other family members, a complex of which is designated by experts as “Codependency.”
Codependency occurs in response to a prolonged stressful situation in the family and leads to suffering for all members of the family group. Children are especially vulnerable in this regard. Lack of necessary life experience, fragile psyche - all this leads to the fact that the disharmony reigning in the house, quarrels and scandals, unpredictability and lack of security, as well as the alienated behavior of parents deeply traumatizes the child’s soul, and the consequences of this moral and psychological trauma often cause deep imprint for the rest of your life.
Key Features The process of growing up of children from “alcoholic” families is that children grow up with the conviction that the world is an unsafe place and people cannot be trusted.
Children are forced to hide their true feelings and experiences in order to be accepted by adults; they are not aware of their feelings, they do not know what their reason is and what to do about it, but it is in accordance with them that they build their lives, relationships with other people, with alcohol and drugs. Children carry their emotional wounds and experiences into adulthood, often becoming chemically dependent. And again the same problems that were in the house of their drinking parents appear.
Children feel emotional rejection from adults when they inadvertently make mistakes, when they do not meet the expectations of adults, when they openly show their feelings and state their needs.
Children, especially the elders in the family, are forced to take responsibility for the behavior of their parents.
Parents may not perceive the child as a separate being with their own value; they believe that the child should feel, look and do the same as they do.
Parents' self-esteem can depend on the child. Parents may treat him as an equal without giving him the opportunity to be a child.
A family with alcohol-dependent parents is dangerous because of its desocializing influence not only on its own children, but also because it spreads a destructive impact on the personal development of children from other families. As a rule, entire groups of neighborhood kids appear around such houses; thanks to adults, they become involved in alcohol and the criminally immoral subculture that reigns in the environment drinking people.
Among clearly dysfunctional families, a large group consists of families with impaired child-parent relationships. In them, the influence on children is desocialized and manifested not directly through patterns of immoral behavior of parents, as happens in “alcoholic” families, but indirectly, as a result of chronic complicated, actually unhealthy relationships between spouses, which are characterized by a lack of mutual understanding and mutual respect, an increase in emotional alienation and the predominance of conflict. interactions.
Naturally, a family does not become conflicted immediately, but some time after the formation of a marriage union. And in each individual case there are reasons that gave rise to a family atmosphere. However, not all families are destroyed; many manage not only to survive, but to make family ties stronger. All this depends on what causes the appearance conflict situation and what is the attitude of each spouse towards her, as well as their orientation towards a constructive or destructive way of resolving family conflict. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between concepts such as “family conflicts” and “conflict families,” since a conflict in a family, even if quite violent, does not mean that it is a conflict family and does not always indicate its instability.
“Conflicting marital unions,” notes one of the reference books on family problems, “are families in which there are constantly areas where the interests, intentions, desires of all or several family members (spouses, children, other relatives living together) collide,” giving rise to strong and prolonged negative emotional states, the incessant hostility of spouses towards each other. Conflict is a chronic condition of such a family.”
Regardless of whether a conflict family is noisy, scandalous, where raised tones and irritation become the norm in the relationship between spouses, or a quiet one, where marital relations are marked by complete alienation, the desire to avoid any interaction, it negatively affects the formation of the child’s personality and can cause various antisocial manifestations in the form of deviant behavior.

The question of classification, typology of families, on the one hand, is very important, because the presence of such a classification makes it easier for a person to find “his own kind” in countless families in order to borrow experience in organizing life, by analogy with them, to most successfully solve his problems. But, on the other hand, it is very complicated. Until now, there is not even a more or less generally accepted typology of personality, and the family is an even more complex formation, because it not only unites several different personalities, but also uses different shapes, systems of connections, relationships between them. Therefore, there can still be no talk of a strict typology of the family, but the first classifications or, in any case, attempts to differentiate the family in modern family science are already being made. In particular, families are distinguished according to the following parameters:

According to the marital history of the spouses. The following families are distinguished here: a) the family of newlyweds. This just happened born family, a family in the “honey period”, which lasts different times for different people. Typical for such a family is a state of euphoria: their bright dreams, hopes and plans, often divorced from reality, have not yet dissipated. They still have everything ahead, everything is clear to them, everything in life is simple for them, the first obstacles, of course, are already noticeable, but they are “easily overcome”, because “maybe someone will help”, “maybe it will be solved by itself.” And they are still quite sure that together with him (with her) they can move mountains.

b) A young family is the next stage (for some, after six months or a year, and for others much earlier, if the “honey” period is shortened). This is a family faced with the first, although theoretically known, but unexpected obstacles for them. Here the spouses suddenly own experience they discover that love alone is not enough, that he (she) also needs to have more kindness, compliance, caring, tact, so that he (she) shows due attention to her (his) parents, relatives, and loved ones. Some actions of the spouse acutely hurt, reduce the warmth of the relationship towards him, and give rise to resentment towards him. The first quarrels appear, the desire to change, remake him (her), eliminate too obvious shortcomings - the “grinding in of character” begins, and the spouses increasingly receive from each other small, but quite painful clicks in their pride.

c) A family expecting a child. A young family expecting their first child rises to this level. At this time, the spouse usually changes noticeably, and the future father also becomes unrecognizable. This is like a return to the very first period of courtship between future spouses, but at a new stage. The caring of a young husband towards his wife knows no bounds. Of course, in some families it happens differently, but in most families the husband does exactly this. And such an attitude is necessary at this time for the expectant mother and child.

d) A family of average marital age (from three to ten years of cohabitation). This is perhaps the most dangerous, responsible period in her life. Because it is during these years that boredom, monotony, and stereotypes appear in the relationships between spouses, conflicts flare up, and the majority of divorces in our country occur during this period.

e) Family of older marital age (ten to twenty years of marital experience). The moral and psychological well-being of spouses at this stage largely depends on the wealth of their personalities, mutual compliance, and the coincidence of needs and interests.

f) Elderly couples. This type of family arises after the marriage of their children and the appearance of grandchildren. Spouses take on new roles as grandparents and master new functions in the family. Their interests are increasingly turning to their grandchildren.

Based on the number of children, the following types of families are distinguished: a) childless (or comfortable) families, where no child has appeared within ten years of cohabitation. In our country there are approximately sixteen percent of the total number of families. Moreover, one percent of them remains childless for medical and biological reasons, the rest due to their reluctance to have children. Every third family from this group breaks up, most often on the initiative of men. However, this is not necessarily due to the fact that there are no children, but mainly due to dissonance in the relationship between the spouses.

b) Single child families. There are 53.6 percent of such families in cities, and 38-41.1 percent in villages. Of these families, approximately every second one breaks up. However, it cannot be said that these families are breaking up because they only have one child. Rather, on the contrary, the family is limited to only one child, since the spouses are convinced or simply believe that they will not be able to live together for any long time and therefore do not risk having another child. But if such a family persists, then its pedagogical opportunities, the conditions for the child’s growth and development, are usually not favorable enough. A one-child family often produces people who are well-developed intellectually and rich in information, but very deficient in moral, psychological and communicative terms. Many psychologists and sociologists note in these people irresponsibility, lack of hard work, individualism, lack of will, and often self-centeredness, and inability to maintain normal relationships with people.

c) Small family (family with one or two children). According to sociologists, the stability of a family with the birth of a second child increases by more than three times compared to a family with one child. If in a one-child family every second couple gets divorced, then here only every sixth or seventh family gets divorced.

d) A large family - this is now considered a family in which there are three or more children. In this type of family, divorces are already extremely rare, and if they sometimes happen, it is only because of the economic or moral-psychological failure of the husband. This is, perhaps, quite natural: after all, from the very beginning this family was distinguished by the confidence of the spouses in each other, in their family future, which allowed it to have many children. And many children, in turn, had a binding effect on the family. Naturally, the main merit here belongs to the woman, wife, mother (apparently, it was not for nothing that the titles of father-heroes were not introduced), and, presumably, not the majority of women are now capable of the feat of motherhood of many children.

Based on family composition, the following types are distinguished: a) single-parent family - when there is only one parent with children in the family (most often a single mother). This occurs either as a result of the death of one of the spouses, or as a result of divorce, but often as a result of the birth of a child out of wedlock, or even the adoption of someone else’s child by a single woman. This type of family is, socially, perhaps the least effective. Children here spend a lot of time outside the home while their mother is at work, and 50 percent of offenders come from these families. At the same time, children growing up in these families are distinguished by great independence, understanding, responsiveness, and emotionality. As a rule, they start their working lives earlier.

b) Separate, simple (or nuclear) family (from the word nuclea - nucleus). It is formed by spouses with or without children, living separately from their parents and other relatives. They have complete independence and therefore organize their lives the way they want (more often - as it turns out). Created here best conditions for self-expression, manifestation of abilities, personal qualities each of the spouses. However, since among these qualities there are not only positive, but also negative, in nuclear families one can often find excessive intemperance and self-confidence, and negligence of spouses towards each other. And therefore, quarrels here, under certain conditions, can, starting over some trifle, grow uncontrollably and lead the family to a serious crisis and even collapse.

c) Complex family (also called extended) - consists of representatives of several generations. Nowadays, according to sociological research, approximately 70 percent of young spouses under the age of twenty live in such families. Of the older ones (those aged 30 years and older), only 20-25 percent live in such families, and even then only with a parent of one of the spouses. Families including two married couples number only five percent.

In such a family, life is better organized; young people, as a rule, have more free time, and major quarrels over various trifles occur less often. Here, each family member is usually more attentive to the opinions of other family members. Quarrels that arise are usually nipped in the bud with the help of older family members who try to reconcile the spouses. And the very presence of a stranger, a third person, forces you to behave somewhat differently than when you are face to face with “your own.”

At the same time, in such families the question of “divorce” from parents often arises - due to the interference of some of them in the lives of their children, petty guardianship over them, strict control, as well as due to the natural desire of young people for independence, or even due to the incompatibility of one of the spouses.

G) Big family, consisting of three or more married couples (for example, a parent couple, and also several children with their families). In the European part of our country, such families are now extremely rare, even in rural areas. They also usually have fewer quarrels and open conflicts between spouses. Here, all family members, as a rule, have quite clearly defined responsibilities in relation to the entire family, a spontaneous order in the performance of certain family affairs, etc. But the mere fact that there are few such families testifies: to a modern person, overburdened communication at work and on the street, they are not suitable.

Based on the type of leadership and leadership of the family, there are two main types of families. The first of them is an egalitarian (equal) family. According to sociological studies, we have approximately 60-80 percent of these (depending on the region, on the national and other characteristics of the people) of the total number of families. They are most common in major cities. The distribution of household responsibilities here is carried out democratically, depending on who does this or that job better, based on a sense of responsibility and duty. A power struggle usually does not occur because spouses are family-oriented, have common values, and do not seek to boss each other around.

The second type is an authoritarian family, based on the unquestioning obedience of one family member to another. From total mass According to some sources, one sixth of families are matriarchal type families (with a woman at the head), and one eighth are patriarchal type families, with male leadership. Families of this type are quite often torn apart by power struggles or “slave uprisings”, and therefore are full of all sorts of conflicts, most often small, of “local” significance. But among them there are also quite “peaceful” families, when the “subordinate”, “follower” is quite satisfied with his role, when he is a person without initiative, not independent, “controlled from the outside” by nature, insecure. The least stable among authoritarian families are those in which the head is the wife.

In terms of family life, family structure, orientation, families are formed depending on the orientation of the personality of the spouses, on what values ​​they have that prevail in comparison with all others. According to polls by sociologists, from 80 to 82 percent of people believe that best qualities

family man's feelings manifest themselves first and foremost in relation to their loved ones, family members, and especially children. Health, development, education, and raising children are at the center of the aspirations of many families. The type of families in which a similar orientation of spouses predominates, sociologist. N. Obozova called child-centric families. ( A typical example The famous “experimental” Nikitin family can serve as such a family).

At the same time, a significant part of our country’s population consists of people who see the meaning of a family in creating warmth for its members (according to E.K. Vasilyeva, 45 percent of respondents noted this factor). The family gives people the opportunity to communicate with loved ones, like-minded people, moral and emotional support, mental comfort, and consolation in difficult times. This, in the terminology of A. N. Obozova, is a family outlet. In such a family sensitivity and trusting relationships prevail. Here, perhaps, it is not always possible to see the most Tasty dinner, and the order in the rooms is not always the most ideal. But here the main attention is paid primarily to the spiritual comfort of family members.

Slightly less than 37 percent of those surveyed by sociologists see the main quality of a family man in helping and participating in household chores. The focus here is on health, nutrition of family members, proper work and rest schedule, “sea order,” neatness, cleanliness in the apartment, compliance with all recommendations of medical and other popular science magazines regarding a healthy lifestyle.

Finally, there is another type of family that is perhaps more similar to a sports team or a discussion club, or perhaps some kind of informal group. The members of this family usually have a fairly clearly expressed inattention and disregard for “everyday little things”, for all sorts of “orders”, curtains and rugs. And food here is far from being an object of cult or worship. But here everyone is having fun, it’s interesting, there is no monotony here. This is a bivouac family; its members travel a lot on foot, on bicycles with backpacks on their backs, and on organized tourist trips. Members of such a family usually know a lot, know a lot, manage to see a lot, and they constantly put forward and discuss new plans for traveling, going on another vacation, or even on holidays and weekends.

Based on the homogeneity of social composition, two types of families are distinguished. The first type is socially homogeneous (homogeneous) families. According to sociological research, we have about 70 percent of the total number of families. In these families, both husband and wife, and their parents belong to the same strata of society: for example, they are all workers, or all employees, or all people of art, etc. Belonging to the same cultural and professional stratum ensures better mutual understanding between spouses, and between them and their parents, which is why the atmosphere in such families is usually calm, friendly, family management is democratic, egalitarian and there are fewer divorces. But this same commonality of origin, interests, professions, place of work sometimes prevents people in the family from disconnecting from production problems after a working day.

The second type is socially heterogeneous (diverse) families. According to the same studies, they number approximately 30 percent of the total number of families. The spouses in them have different education, different professions, and there are usually much fewer common interests in the production plan. Egalitarian relations are less common here; authoritarian ones predominate. And relations with the parents of each spouse usually do not go smoothly. At the same time, social or, more precisely, family activity is very high here; the desire for self-education of spouses is more often observed, because the disparity in the educational level stimulates the “lagging behind”, and even the “advanced”, “overtaking” often encourages self-improvement. There are many types of family relationships based on the quality of relationships, but no clear distinction has been established between them. In particular, families are distinguished: a) prosperous, happy, which, according to L. N. Tolstoy, are all “similar to each other,” although he himself wonderfully depicted two completely different happy families(Pierre with Natasha Rostova and Maria Volkonskaya with Nikolai Rostov); b) stable; c), problematic (there is often no mutual understanding, cooperation between family members and therefore a cold psychological atmosphere often reigns, quarrels and conflicts break out); d) conflict, where family members are not satisfied with their family life, and therefore these families are unstable and pedagogically very weak; e) socially disadvantaged, in which the cultural level of the spouses is usually quite low, drunkenness is common, children coming from these families often make up the main contingent of difficult-to-educate, pedagogically neglected teenagers. And finally, f) disorganized families, where the cult of power flourishes, the dominant feeling is fear, each family member lives on his own, there is almost no normal human contact between them. In 90 percent of these families, children usually have deviant behavior.

According to the type of consumer behavior, families are distinguished: a) with a physical bias, where the problems of biological existence usually come first - food, clothing occupy all the interests of family members not because of its poverty, but because of the level of significance of these values ​​for them; b) with an intellectual type of behavior - these families in terms of material security may not differ at all from the first type of family, they cannot boast of comfortable living conditions, but their members much more often prefer to have a good book than a tasty dish or some prestigious item of clothing. The most common, perhaps, mixed type of family stands out, in which interests, material and even physiological needs are harmoniously combined with spiritual and cultural interests; in any case, there is no obvious dominance of one over the other.

Finally, families are also divided according to special conditions of family life. On this basis, they distinguish, in particular: a) student families (by the way, now in approximately every third marriage in our country, at least one of the spouses is a student). The peculiarity of such a family is the lack of housing for young spouses, a chronic lack of money, and almost complete financial dependence on their parents. At the same time, these families are distinguished by great cohesion, activity, and emotionality. Usually these are the most progressive families, they firmly believe in a better future, the spouses are ready to accept everything new - in organizing everyday life, in cooking, in arranging a family life, etc. Material motives when choosing a spouse in such families usually play a very weak role ( especially in relation to the demands placed on the husband by the wife).

b) Distant families. They were already mentioned above when it came to the existence of a marriage without a family. We have about four percent of such families, that is, approximately every twenty-fifth family belongs to this type. These are, for example, families of sailors, polar explorers, artists, geologists, major athletes, astronauts, etc. Here the family is largely nominal, since spouses do not live together most of the time. There is a much greater danger of adultery and family breakdown on this basis. Although sometimes such families, on the contrary, turn out to be extremely stable. The fact is that they also have their advantages: spouses in such families retain the freshness of feelings longer, because it is constantly renewed by periodic separations.

Of course, the above list does not exhaust all types of families. We did not touch upon, for example, the typology of the division of families according to their material security, according to pedagogical potential and other parameters.

Family is the greatest value that man has created. The state is interested in its positive development, strength and reliability of family ties. There is no specific definition of family in science, despite the fact that great thinkers tried to do this many centuries ago. In the usual understanding, a family is a unit of society that participates in the social and biological reproduction of society. There are a lot of types and types of families; the main types of families are classified according to various criteria.

Family types

Let's look at what families are like. The famous American scientist and sociologist Morgan believed that the family went through certain stages of development, during which the circle of sexual relations narrowed, and connections between family members strengthened. Such relationships include historical types of families.

• Promiscuity. This type of family was characteristic of the lowest stage of development. Sexual relations were not regulated by any norms; there were unlimited sexual relations between all members of society.
• Consanguineous. This type was characterized by group marriage, and sexual relations were allowed between people who belonged to the same generation. That is, a family was formed from brothers and sisters, regardless of the degree of relationship.
• Punalual. This is a form of marriage in which the partners were sisters from one clan and brothers from another clan. This was the first step towards creating a couple's marriage.
• Syndiasmic. In this form of marriage, one man lived with one woman. Upon divorce, the children remained with their mother. For the first time, the real biological father was determined.
• Monogamous. This form of marriage relationship was created on the close bond between a woman and a man. Such a marriage could only be dissolved by the will of the man.

Main family types

IN modern world The following main types of families can be distinguished: patriarchal, nuclear, maternal.

• The patriarchal type of family is considered the most common. He assumes that the head of the family is a man. He is responsible for making important decisions regarding the fate of the children, he is the distributor of the family's funds. This phenomenon is quite common today; the dominance of men in many families has not been abolished. In such a family, the wife is subordinate to her husband, and the children are subordinate to their parents. Regardless of whether the spouse works or not, the husband still manages the money, even if his income is less than that of the wife.
• Nuclear families are those families in which parents and non-family children live together. This type of family is characterized by mutual respect and mutual assistance, and this is manifested openly, in contrast to the patriarchal type. IN Lately the number of small families has increased. This can happen if one of the spouses in the family has died, or they have divorced. As a result, one parent raises the child or children.
• Maternal. This is a family in which the woman was not married to the father of her children. According to statistics, every sixth child is born out of wedlock. Often such families are created by mature women, for whom the goal is to have a child. Today, a fairly common phenomenon is civil marriage. A man and a woman can live under the same roof for many years, but never register their relationship.

Types of modern family

Let's consider the types of modern families, depending on the nature of the distribution of responsibilities. On this basis, sociologists distinguish three main types of family relationships:

• Traditional. Such as the traditional type of family implies Cohabitation at least three generations. The leading role is given to the eldest man in the family. In such a family, the woman is economically dependent on her husband. Responsibilities between men and women are clearly distributed and the priority of men in family matters is recognized.
• Unconventional. In such a family, the same attitudes as in a traditional family. But here a woman receives the right exclusively to domestic work.
• Egalitarian. This type is characterized by the distribution of household responsibilities among all family members; spouses make decisions on everyday issues together, discuss pressing problems together, and make decisions together.

Depending on what kind of family there may be, the roles of men and women change. Today, a large number of women take part in social and political life state, and it is not surprising that in many countries men take parental leave, and there is a redistribution of responsibilities and leadership in the family.

Family is a group of people united by kinship (by marriage or blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility. The family can be considered as a social institution, as a pedagogical system, as a group. From the perspective of psychology, the essence of the family as an institution of child socialization is of particular interest. What types of families are there and what functions do they perform? Let's find out.

The study of the family is carried out by familistics, a science that emerged from sociology in the 1960-1970s and is at the intersection with psychology and pedagogy.

A distinctive feature of the family as a social institution is the combination of biological and social. That is, the upbringing, training, and development of family members occurs in close connection with blood relationship and subjective attitude.

Functions of the family as a social institution

The main functions of the family include:

• reproductive, that is, procreation;
• education and training, socialization;
• maintenance and provision of family members (household and economics);
• spiritual and emotional development family members;
• organization of joint recreation and family activities.

In the modern world, there is a distortion of the work of the family, its dysfunction and degradation as an institution. The current state of the family is characterized as a crisis. The main problems and difficulties include:

• decreased birth rate;
• an increase in the number of divorces;
• devaluation of family values, including in relation to raising children;
• an increase in the number of low-income and single-parent families;
• deterioration in the health of children and spouses;
• changing family roles;
• increase in domestic violence.

Structural and functional changes in the institution of the family have led to a breakdown in the traditional parent-child relationship. There is a decrease in the role of family education. More often, the functions of the family are assigned to other social institutions. Which, in my opinion, is not true and leads to qualitative and quantitative negative changes in society.

Family functioning is in turn influenced by:

• cultural norms and values;
• economic sphere of society;
• demographic changes;
• government institutions;
• physiological processes;
• psychological dynamics of intrafamily relationships.

It is worth noting that no other social institution can fully replace the family. As well as correcting the mistakes, consequences and pedagogical neglect of those generations who grow up during the crisis of the social institution of the family.

Therefore, it is important to talk about what a family should be like for the successful socialization of the child and its other members. And, of course, change the situation.

Family types

There are 3 types of families that have different effects on social development and the child.

1. Families are close-knit, harmonious, with a high degree of moral orientation. These are socially prosperous families who can and want to raise a child. In case of any difficulties, it is easy to help them.
2. Families are coordinated, but periodically unstable, with an average degree of social and moral orientation. These families are preoccupied with their own internal affairs, therefore they would like to raise their children, but they cannot always (it does not always work out). Relationships within the family are tense. Parents make many mistakes, the goals of education are seen vaguely, the methods and means of education are not fully understood and are not used to their full extent.
3. Families are disorganized, conflict-ridden, with a low degree of social and moral orientation. These are “problem” families. Are asocial or antisocial. There are several subtypes of such families: outwardly calm families, volcano family, sanatorium family, illusion family, “third wheel” family, family with an idol, masquerade family.

Prosperous and dysfunctional families

A person’s entire future life is shaped according to how his parents treated him and each other. Parents are constantly open and must monitor themselves every second and be aware of their parental pedagogical responsibilities. Whether they want it or not, the child systematically correlates his parents’ teachings with their way of life.

Based on the type of relationship, we can distinguish prosperous and dysfunctional families. I propose to get acquainted with this material in the form of a table.

According to educational potential

Based on the level of educational potential, the following types of families can be distinguished.

Educationally strong family

The educational capabilities of such a family are close to optimal. Attention is paid to the microclimate in the family, the nature of the relationships between its members and the style of family education that has a beneficial effect on the child.

Educationally sustainable

Overall favorable educational opportunities. Emerging difficulties are overcome with the help of other social institutions, such as schools.

Educationally unstable

The incorrect pedagogical position of parents is characteristic. For example, overprotection, authoritarianism, connivance, etc. But at the same time, this position is easily closed and corrected. That is, the educational potential of the family is great, but the results of education require correction in relation to parents and children.

Educationally weak, with loss of contact with children and control over them

Families in which parents, for certain reasons, are not able to raise their children properly. For example, poor health, excessive workload, lack of education and pedagogical culture. Conflicts as such are not noticed, but there is a constant loss of family influence on children. Often the child goes into an informal subculture.

Within this group, several more types can be distinguished:

• educationally weak with a constantly conflicting atmosphere or aggressively negative;
• marginal, that is, families with any social deformations and deviations;
• delinquent;
• criminal;
• psychologically burdened family.

Parental authority

The effectiveness of the family as a pedagogical system and social institution depends on the level of parental authority. Speaking about the authority of parents, I would like to turn to the theory and classification of the great teacher A. S. Makarenko.

• a decent life for parents;
• decent work for parents;
• their behavior;
• their knowledge of the child's life;
• helping a child;
• a sense of responsibility for raising a child;
• civilian parents.

At the same time, Makarenko identified several false authorities that have a detrimental effect on the child and family relationships.

1. Suppression. The child begins to lie, becomes cowardly and cruel.
2. Distance. The family is ultimately of no value to the child.
3. Swagger. The child grows into an arrogant and authoritarian person.
4. Pedantry. The child becomes passive and submissive.
5. Reasoning. The child becomes alienated from the family and, possibly, the entire society.
6. Bribe. Raises an immoral conformist.
7. "Love". Unreal parental love cultivates deceit and selfishness in the child.
8. "Kindness". The same “kindness” brings up an authoritarian and selfish person.
9. "Friendship". Attempts to become best friends lead to the formation of a cynical and unprincipled child.

Pedagogical culture of parents

The pedagogical culture of parents is a separate, powerful factor influencing the development of the child. An abnormal atmosphere in the family often contributes to the formation of anger, aggressiveness, deceit, or, on the contrary, isolation, passivity, and timidity. Such manifestations in the child’s behavior indicate a weakening of protective psychological mechanisms.

• An unfavorable family environment and the child’s internal personal negative traits together create loose soil under the child’s feet; he becomes vulnerable to external influence and antisocial behavior.
• Children from disadvantaged families with low level pedagogical environment grow cynical in relation to the world, they boast of their immoral actions and ignorance of generally accepted values.

I would like to introduce you, dear readers, to the levels of pedagogical culture of parents.

High level

Parents are aware of the goal of education (the formation of a harmoniously developed, socially active personality), understand what areas education consists of, and imagine what personality traits need to be formed at each age stage of the child’s development.

The requirements are reasonable, love and severity are in adequate proportions. Relationships are built on mutual respect and trust. Problems are solved together through situation analysis.

Mastery of parenting methods

Parents focus on the child’s positive qualities, provide him with initiative, support independence, encourage introspection and self-education, and teach him to overcome difficulties. Parents and other family members adhere to a single educational position.

Average level

Awareness of the goals and objectives of education

They understand the directions of education, but do not connect them with the main goal. They imagine what traits need to be formed, but do not always correctly associate them with the child’s age.

Ability to cooperate with children

The requirements are reasonable, but not systematic. Parents often take the initiative in solving problems. There is mutual respect in the family, but the parents do not want to move towards cooperation and try to maintain a dominant role.

Mastery of parenting methods

Parents focus on the child’s positive qualities, but do not provide him with initiative, do not prepare him to solve problems, independently overcome difficulties and self-improvement. Sometimes in a family there is a discrepancy in the educational position of parents, grandparents.

Low level

Awareness of the goals and objectives of education

Parents do not know the goals and objectives of education, do not understand the direction, and do not know what traits need to be formed. Sometimes they can imagine these traits abstractly, but not in relation to their child.

Ability to cooperate with children

Children and parents do not understand each other, do not respect each other, do not trust each other. Requirements from parents are of an everyday nature. Parents are not interested in the child's problems.

Mastery of parenting methods

Authoritarian methods predominate: order, instruction, demand, punishment. Parents either suppress the child’s initiative or, on the contrary, provide uncontrolled freedom. They don’t pay attention to the child’s positive traits. There is no single educational concept in the family; the behavior of family members varies from permissiveness to excessive punishment.

Obviously, the higher the level of parental pedagogical culture, the more favorable the relationship is for the family and the child.

By the way, the family may not know the pedagogical subtleties, but by their own successful example they can raise a harmonious personality.

Basics of family education

Ultimately, the peculiarity of family functioning comes down to 4 components: parental control, parental requirements, ways of communicating with the child and emotional support. But everything is good in moderation.

Parental control

With sufficient control, parents maintain authority in the eyes of their children and are consistent in their actions. Adequate control – prevention of addictions and aggressiveness.

Parental requirements

Adequate demands develop the maturity of children. With the help of demands, parents support their children’s right to autonomy and independence. Helps develop children's intellectual, emotional and social abilities.

Ways to communicate with your child

It is good to use persuasion and explanation. But at the same time, be ready to listen to the children’s arguments and understand their point of view, discuss all options.

Emotional support

Parents' emotions should contribute to the psychophysiological and personal growth of children. This is possible through compassion, love and warmth. As a result, parents are proud of their child and satisfied with their own activities.

Adequate model parental behavior: a combination of emotional acceptance and high demands (requirements are clear, consistent, consistent).

Children from such families are distinguished by developed self-control and social competence. They are active, independent, adapt well to school and in communication, are proactive, friendly, and show empathy.

Afterword

N. O. Losskoy wrote: “A family is more than a combination of two people: it is a superhuman living being, organically whole.”

The success of a family and family education depends on 3 factors:

• individual psychological characteristics of the child;
• personal characteristics of parents (mental health, parenting style, ideas about the relationship between spouses and parents with children);
• living conditions and family development (security, place, support, etc.).

“Family is a “saving haven” for a person in difficult life's vicissitudes. And it should be a healthy, strong team of like-minded people who love, understand and support each other, providing conditions for the formation and fullest self-realization of the child’s personality,” - G. M. Iksanova.

What distinguishes close-knit families from disjointed ones? And why is loneliness in the family dangerous? Find out from the video.

What is family? Herzen said that a family begins with children, but a couple that has not had time to have offspring is also a family. And there are foster families, single-parent families, conflict families, and a great many other types of families. Let's try to understand the main ways of classifying this important social group.

Types and types of modern family

Modern researchers use various classifications to determine the types of families, the main ones being the following.

1. By family size– the number of its members is taken into account.

2. By family type.

• nuclear family – contains one married couple with children.
• complicated family– consists of a married couple, children and relatives - grandparents, sisters, brothers, etc. Such a family may include several related married couples who have united to simplify housekeeping.
• single-parent family – consists of children and only one parent or a married couple without children.

3. By the number of children.

• infantile, childless families;
• one-child family;
• small families – the number of children is not enough to ensure natural growth, no more than 2 children;
• medium-sized families - a sufficient number for growth and dynamics, 3-4 children;
• large families - much more than is required to ensure natural growth, 5 or more children.

4. According to the form of marriage.

• monogamous family - consists of two partners;
• polygamous family - one of the partners has several marital obligations. There are polygyny (marriage of a man with several women) and polyandry (marriage of a woman with several men).

5. By gender of spouses.

• mixed-sex family;
• same-sex family - two women or men raising children together.

6. According to the location of the person.

• parental - the family of our parents;
• reproductive - a family created by a person.

7. Depending on where you live.

• patrilocal – a family living in the same territory as the husband’s parents;
• matrilocal – a family living in the same territory with the wife’s parents;
• non-local – a family living separately from its parents.

And this is not all the types and types of families that exist. It makes no sense to consider the characteristics of each variety, so we will talk about the most striking types.

Types of single-parent families

There are illegitimate, orphaned, divorced and broken single-parent families. Also, some researchers distinguish between maternal and paternal types of families.

These types of families are not classified as dysfunctional, but there are considerable difficulties in raising children. According to statistical studies, children in single-parent families study worse than their peers, and they are also more prone to neurotic disorders. In addition, most homosexuals were raised in single-parent families.

Types of foster families

There are four types of foster families: adoption, foster family, patronage and guardianship.

1. Adoption– adoption of a child into a family as a blood relative. In this case, the child becomes a full-fledged member of the family with all rights and responsibilities.
2. Guardianship– adoption of a child into a family for the purpose of upbringing and education, as well as to protect his interests. The child retains his last name; his natural parents are not relieved of their maintenance responsibilities. Guardianship is established for children under 14 years of age, and from 14 to 18 years of age guardianship is issued.
3. Patronage– raising a child in a professional foster family on the basis of a tripartite agreement between guardianship authorities, a foster family and an institution for orphans.
4. Adoptive family– raising a child at home with a guardian on the basis of an agreement that determines the period of transfer of the child to the family.

Types of large families

Types of dysfunctional families

There are two broad categories. The first includes different kinds asocial families - parents are drug addicts, alcoholics, conflict families, immoral and criminal.