Where to study, where to work. Specialty "Trade business". Who to work after high school

Previously, this state standard had the number 351300 (according to the Classifier of directions and specialties of higher vocational education)

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL

STANDARD

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Speciality

Qualification: Commerce Specialist

Entered from the moment of approval

Moscow 2000

  1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIALTY
  2. 351300 COMMERCE (trade business)

  3. Specialty approved by order of the Ministry of Education Russian Federation March 2, 2000 No. 686
  4. Qualification of the graduate - a specialist in commerce.
  5. The normative term for mastering the main educational program for preparing a graduate in the specialty 351300 Commerce (trade business) with full-time education is 5 years.

  6. Qualification characteristics of the graduate.

A commerce specialist is a specialist in organizing the processes associated with the sale, exchange and promotion of goods from producers to consumers in order to satisfy consumer demand and make a profit.

The area of ​​professional activity of a commerce specialist is the sphere of commodity circulation.

The objects of commerce, as a professional activity of graduates, are goods. Goods should be understood as products of branches of material and non-material production that entered the market for sale or exchange (consumer goods, goods for industrial purposes, services, real estate, securities, loans, spiritual and informational, intellectual product, etc. ).

The graduate must be prepared to perform the following types of professional activities:

  • commercial and organizational;
  • research;
  • design and analytical.

Specific activities are determined by the content of the educational professional program developed by the university.

Graduates can work in educational institutions in accordance with the established procedure.

A commercial specialist should be prepared to solve the following professional tasks:

a) commercial and organizational activities:

  • selection of goods and the formation of a product range, selection of buyers and suppliers;
  • planning and organizing the processes of purchasing and selling goods;
  • organization of commercial settlements;
  • organization of goods distribution and creation of a sales promotion system;
  • inventory management;

b) research activities:

  • research and analysis of commodity markets;
  • study of the range and competitiveness of goods;
  • research and modeling of business technologies;
  • analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of commercial activities;
  • study of information and methodological support for commercial activities in order to optimize it;

c) design and analytical activities:

  • designing information support for commercial activities;
  • forecasting the conjuncture of commodity markets;
  • forecasting and designing the range of goods;
  • forecasting and development of a strategy for the commercial activity of an enterprise in the commodity market;
  • designing promotion processes and selling goods on the market;
  • forecasting the results of the commercial activity of the enterprise.

1.4. Opportunities for continuing education

A graduate who has mastered the main educational program of higher professional education in the specialty 351300 Commerce (trade business) is prepared to continue his education in graduate school.

2. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF THE APPLICANT

2.1. The previous level of education of the applicant is secondary (complete) general education.

2.2. The applicant must have a state document on secondary (complete) general education or secondary vocational education, or primary vocational education, if it contains a record of the bearer receiving secondary (complete) general education, or higher vocational education.

3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF TRAINING A GRADUATE IN THE SPECIALTY

351300 COMMERCE (trade business)

3.1. The main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist is developed on the basis of this state educational standard and includes a curriculum, programs of academic disciplines, programs of educational and industrial practices.

3.2. The requirements for the mandatory minimum content of the main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist, for the conditions for its implementation and the timing of its development are determined by this state educational standard.

3.3. The main educational program for preparing a graduate consists of disciplines of the federal component, disciplines of the national-regional (university) component, disciplines of the student's choice, as well as optional disciplines. Disciplines and courses of the student's choice in each cycle should substantially supplement the disciplines specified in the federal component of the cycle.

3.4. The main educational program for training a commerce specialist should provide for the student to study the following cycles of disciplines and the final state certification:

GSE cycle - general humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines;

EN cycle - general mathematical and natural sciences;

OPD cycle - general professional disciplines;

cycle DS - disciplines of specialization;

FTD cycle - electives.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MANDATORY MINIMUM CONTENT OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF TRAINING A GRADUATE FOR THE SPECIALTY 351300 COMMERCE (trading business)

Name of disciplines and their main sections

Total hours

General humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines

Federal component

Foreign language

The specifics of articulation of sounds, intonation, accentuation and rhythm of neutral speech in the target language; the main features of the full style of pronunciation, characteristic of the sphere of professional communication; transcription reading.

Lexical minimum in the amount of 4000 educational lexical units of a general and terminological nature.

The concept of differentiation of vocabulary by areas of application (household, terminological, general scientific, official, and others).

The concept of free and stable phrases, phraseological units.

The concept of the main ways of word formation.

Grammar Skills for Communication general without distortion of meaning in written and oral communication; the main grammatical phenomena characteristic of professional speech.

The concept of everyday literary, official business, scientific styles, style fiction. The main features of the scientific style.

Culture and traditions of the countries of the studied language, rules of speech etiquette.

speaking. Dialogical and monologue speech using the most common and relatively simple lexical and grammatical means in the main communicative situations of informal and official communication. Basics public speech (oral communication, report).

Listening. Understanding dialogic and monologue speech in the field of everyday and professional communication.

Reading. Types of texts: simple pragmatic texts and texts on a wide and narrow profile of the specialty.

Letter. Types of speech works: abstract, abstract, theses, messages, private letter, business letter, biography.

Physical Culture

Physical culture in the general cultural and professional training of students. Its socio-biological foundations. Physical culture and sport as social phenomena of society. Legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports. Physical culture of personality. Fundamentals of a student's healthy lifestyle. Features of the use of means of physical culture to optimize performance.

General physical and special training in the system of physical education.

Sport. An individual choice of sports or a system of physical exercises.

Professional applied physical training students.

Fundamentals of methods of self-study and self-control over the state of your body.

National history

Essence, forms, functions of historical knowledge. Methods and sources of the study of history. The concept and classification of a historical source. Domestic historiography in the past and present: general and special. Methodology and theory of historical science. The history of Russia is an integral part of world history.

Ancient heritage in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs. The main stages of the formation of statehood. Ancient Russia and nomads. Byzantine-Old Russian connections. Features of the social structure of Ancient Russia. Ethno-cultural and socio-political processes of the formation of Russian statehood. Acceptance of Christianity. The spread of Islam. The evolution of the East Slavic statehood in the XI-XII centuries. Socio-political changes in the Russian lands in the XIII-XV centuries. Russia and the Horde: problems of mutual influence.

Russia and the medieval states of Europe and Asia. The specifics of the formation of a single Russian state. Rise of Moscow. Formation of the class system of organization of society. Reforms of Peter I. Age of Catherine. Prerequisites and features of the formation of Russian absolutism. Discussions about the genesis of autocracy.

Features and main stages of Russia's economic development. The evolution of forms of land ownership. The structure of feudal landownership. Serfdom in Russia. Manufacturing and industrial production. Formation of an industrial society in Russia: general and special. Social thought and features of the social movement in Russia in the 19th century. Reforms and reformers in Russia. Russian culture XIX century and its contribution to world culture.

Role XX centuries in world history. Globalization of social processes. The problem of economic growth and modernization. Revolutions and reforms. Social transformation of society. The clash of tendencies of internationalism and nationalism, integration and separatism, democracy and authoritarianism. Russia at the beginning of the 20th century The objective need for the industrial modernization of Russia. Russian reforms in the context of global development at the beginning of the century. Political parties in Russia: genesis, classification, programs, tactics.

Russia in a World War and national crisis. Revolution of 1917 Civil war and intervention, their results and consequences. Russian emigration. Socio-economic development of the country in the 20s. NEP. Formation of a one-party political regime. Education of the USSR. Cultural life of the country in the 20s. Foreign policy.

The course towards building socialism in one country and its consequences. Socio-economic transformations in the 30s. Strengthening the regime of Stalin's personal power. resistance to Stalinism. USSR on the eve and in the initial period of the Second World War. The Great Patriotic War.

Socio-economic development, socio-political life, culture, foreign policy of the USSR in the post-war years. Cold War.

Attempts to implement political and economic reforms. Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development.

USSR in the mid-60s-80s: the growth of crisis phenomena. Soviet Union in 1985-1991 Perestroika. Attempted coup d'etat in 1991 and its failure. The collapse of the USSR. Belavezha agreements. October events of 1993

Formation of the new Russian statehood (1993-1999). Russia on the Way of Radical Socio-Economic Modernization. Culture in modern Russia. Foreign policy activity in the new geopolitical situation.

Culturology

Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge. Culturology and philosophy of culture, sociology of culture, cultural anthropology. Culturology and history of culture. Theoretical and applied cultural studies.

Methods of cultural research. Basic concepts of cultural studies: culture, civilization, morphology of culture, functions of culture, subject of culture, cultural genesis, dynamics of culture, language and symbols of culture, cultural codes, intercultural communications, cultural values ​​and norms, cultural traditions, cultural picture of the world, social institutions cultures, cultural self-identity, cultural modernization.

Typology of cultures. Ethnic and national, elite and popular culture. Eastern and Western types of cultures. Specific and “middle” cultures. Local cultures. The place and role of Russia in world culture. Tendencies of cultural universalization in the world modern process. Culture and nature. Culture and society. Culture and global problems of our time.

Culture and personality. Enculturation and socialization.

Political science

Object, subject and method political science. Functions of political science. Political life and power relations. The role and place of politics in the life of modern societies. Social Features politicians.

History of political doctrines. Russian political tradition: origins, socio-cultural foundations, historical dynamics. Modern political schools.

Civil society, its origin and features. Features of the formation of civil society in Russia.

Institutional aspects of politics. Political power. Political system. Political regimes, political parties, electoral systems.

Political relations and processes. Political conflicts and ways to resolve them. political technologies. Political management. Political modernization.

Political organizations and movements. political elites. political leadership. Sociocultural aspects of politics.

world politics and international relationships. Features of the world political process. National-state interests of Russia in the new geopolitical situation.

Methodology of cognition of political reality. Paradigms of political knowledge. Expert political knowledge; political analytics and forecasting.

Jurisprudence

State and law. Their role in society.

Rule of law and normative-legal acts.

The main legal systems of modernity. International law as a special system of law. Sources of Russian law. Law and regulations.

The system of Russian law. Branches of law. Law-violation and legal liability.

Importance of law and order in modern society. Constitutional state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the fundamental law of the state. Features of the Federal structure of Russia. The system of public authorities in the Russian Federation.

The concept of civil law. Individuals and legal entities. Ownership.

Obligations in civil law and responsibility for their violation. Inheritance law.

Marriage and family relations. Mutual rights and obligations of spouses, parents and children. Family law liability.

Employment contract (contract). Labor discipline and responsibility for its violation.

Administrative offenses and administrative responsibility.

The concept of crime. Criminal liability for committing crimes. Environmental law.

Features of legal regulation of future professional activity.

Legal basis for the protection of state secrets. Legislative and normative-legal acts in the field of information protection and state secrets.

Psychology and pedagogy

Psychology: subject, object and methods of psychology. The place of psychology in the system of sciences. The history of the development of psychological knowledge and the main directions in psychology. Individual, personality, subject, individuality.

Mind and body. Mind, behavior and activity. Basic functions of the psyche.

The development of the psyche in the process of ontogenesis and phylogenesis.

Brain and psyche. The structure of the psyche. Relationship between consciousness and the unconscious. Main mental processes. The structure of consciousness.

cognitive processes. Feeling. Perception. Representation. Imagination. Thinking and intelligence. Creation. Attention. mnemonic processes.

Emotions and feelings. Mental regulation of behavior and activity. Communication and speech. Psychology of Personality.

Interpersonal relationships. Psychology of small groups.

Intergroup relations and interactions. Pedagogy: object, subject, tasks, functions, methods of pedagogy. The main categories of pedagogy: education, upbringing, training, pedagogical activity, pedagogical interaction, pedagogical technology, pedagogical task.

Education as a universal value. Education as a socio-cultural phenomenon and pedagogical process. Educational system of Russia. Goals, content, structure of continuous education, unity of education and self-education.

pedagogical process. Educational, upbringing and developmental functions of learning. Education in the pedagogical process.

General forms of organization of educational activities. Lesson, lecture, seminars, practical and laboratory classes, dispute, conference, test, exam, optional classes, consultation.

Methods, techniques, means of organization and management pedagogical process. The family as a subject of pedagogical interaction and the socio-cultural environment for the upbringing and development of the individual.

Management of educational systems.

Russian language and culture of speech

Styles of the modern Russian language. Vocabulary, grammar, syntax, functional-statistical composition of book speech. Conditions for the functioning of colloquial speech and the role of extralinguistic factors. Linguistic and extralinguistic factors of public speech. Scope of functioning, species diversity, language features of the official business style. Interpenetration of styles. The specificity of the elements of all language levels in scientific speech. Genre differentiation, selection language tools in a journalistic style.

Features of oral public speech. speaker and his audience. Main types of arguments. Speech preparation: choice of topic, purpose of speech, search for material, beginning, deployment and completion of speech. The main methods of searching for material and types of auxiliary materials. Verbal form of public speaking. Clarity, informativeness and expressiveness of public speech.

Language formulas of official documents. Techniques for unifying the language of service documents. International properties of Russian official business writing. Language and style of administrative documents. Language and style of commercial correspondence. Language and style of instructive and methodological documents. Advertising in business speech. Documentation rules. Speech etiquette in the document.

Basic units of communication (speech event, speech situation, speech interaction). Normative, communicative, ethical aspects oral and written speech. The culture of speech and the improvement of literate writing and speaking (literary pronunciation, semantic stress, word order functions, word usage). Non-verbal means of communication. Speech norms educational and scientific fields of activity.

Sociology

Background and socio-philosophical premises of sociology as a science. Sociological project of O. Kont. Classical sociological theories. Modern sociological theories. Russian sociological thought.

Society and social institutions. World system and processes of globalization.

Social groups and communities. Types of communities. community and personality. Small groups and collectives. social organization. social movements.

Social inequality, stratification and social mobility. The concept of social status.

Social interaction and social relations. Public opinion as an institution of civil society.

Culture as a factor of social change. The interaction of the economy, social relations and culture.

Personality as a social type. Social control and deviation. Personality as an active subject.

social change. Social revolutions and reforms - we. Concept social progress. Formation of the world system. Russia's place in the world community.

Methods of sociological research.

Philosophy

The subject of philosophy. Place and role of philosophy in culture. The formation of philosophy. Main directions, schools of philosophy and stages of its historical development. The structure of philosophical knowledge.

The doctrine of being. Monistic and pluralistic concepts of being, self-organization of being. The concepts of material and ideal. Space, time. Movement and development, dialectics. Determinism and indeterminism. Dynamic and statistical regularities. Scientific, philosophical and religious pictures of the world.

Man, society, culture. Human and nature. Society and its structure. Civil society and the state. Man in the system of social relations. Man and the historical process: personality and masses, freedom and necessity. Formational and civilizational concepts of social development.

The meaning of human existence. Violence and non-violence. Freedom and responsibility. Morality, justice, law. Moral values. Ideas about the perfect person in different cultures. Aesthetic values ​​and their role in human life. Religious values ​​and freedom of conscience.

Consciousness and knowledge. Consciousness, self-consciousness and personality. Knowledge, creativity, practice. Faith and knowledge. Understanding and explanation. Rational and irrational in cognitive activity. The problem of truth. Reality, thinking, logic and language. Scientific and non-scientific knowledge. Scientific criteria. The structure of scientific knowledge, its methods and forms. The growth of scientific knowledge. Scientific revolutions and changes in the types of rationality. Science and technology.

The future of humanity. Global problems of the present. Interaction of civilizations and future scenarios.

Economy

Introduction to economic theory. Good. Needs, resources. economic choice. Economic relations. Economic systems. Milestones of development economic theory. Methods of economic theory.

Microeconomics. Market. Supply and demand. Consumer preferences and marginal utility. demand factors. Individual and market demand. The income effect and the substitution effect. Elasticity. Offer and its factors. Law of diminishing marginal productivity. scale effect. Types of costs. Firm. Revenue and profit. The principle of profit maximization. Proposal of a perfectly competitive firm and industry. Efficiency of competitive markets. market power. Monopoly. Monopolistic competition. Oligopoly. Antimonopoly regulation. Demand for factors of production. Labor market. Demand and supply of labor. Wages and employment. capital market. Interest rate and investments. Land market. Rent. General balance and well-being. Distribution of income. Inequality. Externalities and public goods. The role of the state.

Macroeconomics. The national economy as a whole. Circulation of income and products. GDP and how to measure it. national income. disposable personal income. Price indices. Unemployment and its forms. Inflation and its types. Economic cycles. macroeconomic equilibrium. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply. stabilization policy. Equilibrium in the commodity market. consumption and savings. Investments. Government spending and taxes. Multiplier effect. Fiscal policy. Money and their functions. Equilibrium in the money market. Money multiplier. Banking system. Money-credit policy. Economic growth and development. International economic relations. Foreign trade and trade policy. Payment balance. Exchange rate.

Features of the transitional economy of Russia. Privatization. Forms of ownership. Entrepreneurship. Shadow economy. Labor market. Distribution and income. Transformations in the social sphere. Structural shifts in the economy. Formation of an open economy.

General mathematical and natural science disciplines

Federal component

Maths

Analytic geometry and linear algebra. Differential and integral calculus. Rows. Differential Equations. Elements of the theory of probability. Mathematical methods in economics: linear and dynamic programming; queuing theory; game theory; elements of graph theory.

Informatics

The concept of information general characteristics processes of collection, transmission, processing and accumulation of information; technical and software tools for the implementation of information processes; models for solving functional and computational problems; algorithmization and programming; programming languages high level; Database; software and programming technologies; local and global computer networks. Fundamentals of protection of information and information constituting a state secret; information protection methods. Computer workshop.

The concept of modern natural science

Natural science and humanitarian culture; scientific method; history of natural sciences; panorama of modern natural science; development trends; corpuscular and continuum concepts of nature description; order and disorder in nature; chaos; structural levels of matter organization; micro-, macro- and mega-worlds; space, time; principles of relativity; symmetry principles; conservation laws; interaction; short-range action, long-range action; condition; principles of superposition, uncertainty, complementarity; dynamic and statistical patterns in nature; laws of conservation of energy in macroscopic processes; the principle of increasing entropy; chemical processes, reactivity of substances; internal structure and the history of the geological development of the earth; modern concept of development of geospheric shells; the lithosphere as the abiotic basis of life; ecological functions of the lithosphere: resource, geodynamic, geophysical-geochemical, geographic shell of the Earth; features of the biological level of organization of matter; principles of evolution, reproduction and development of living systems; the diversity of living organisms is the basis for the organization and stability of the biosphere; genetics and evolution; human: physiology, health, emotions, creativity, performance; bioethics, man, biosphere and cosmic cycles: noosphere, non-reversibility of time, self-organization in animate and inanimate nature; principles of universal evolutionism; path to a unified culture.

National-regional (university) component

Disciplines and courses of the student's choice, established by the university

General professional disciplines

Federal component

Economic theory

Subject of economic science; introduction to the economy: prerequisites for the formation and development of the market, division of labor, property relations, competitive market; the unity of value, value and price in the theories of labor value, costs and factors of production, utility, supply and demand; money, monetary circulation and monetary policy.

Demand, consumer choice, costs and supply; enterprise and forms of competition; types of market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly; factor markets and income distribution; economics of agricultural and natural resources.

National economy, aggregate supply and demand, price level, fiscal policy; macroeconomic problems of inflation and unemployment; main macroeconomic schools; macroeconomic balance and economic growth; state regulation, financial-budgetary and monetary policy; socio-economic welfare and inequality; economic systems and their transition; general theoretical models of socio-economic systems and their national characteristics; world economy.

Statistics

General theory of statistics: subject, method and tasks; observation; information; summary of observation materials; groupings and grouping signs; generalizing statistical indicators in analysis and forecasting; the use of averages, indicators of variation, sampling, index, graphical methods, as well as the study of the dynamics of commercial activity.

Business statistics: statistical study of trade in goods and services; inventory statistics and turnover; statistical study of prices and pricing in commerce; business infrastructure statistics; business finance statistics; statistics of investments in commerce; statistics of labor and customer service in commercial activities. Statistical methods for evaluating and forecasting commercial activities.

Accounting, audit

Essence of accounting; enterprise balance sheet; accounting: cash and settlements; production stocks; fixed assets and intangible assets; capital and financial investments; finished products and their sale; funds, reserves and loans; and analysis of financial results and use of profits; financial statements; principles of production accounting. Accounting on a personal computer. International accounting. Audit activity. audit firms. Legal bases of audit.

Finance, money circulation and credit.

The essence and role of finance. Financial system. Finances of business entities. Budget. Extrabudgetary funds. Insurance. Credit and banking system. Money-credit policy. Methods of regulation of money circulation. Cash and non-cash transactions. Forms of credit relations. Financial market.

Enterprise economy

Organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Enterprise resources: fixed assets, working capital, personnel.

Economic bases for the development of commercial enterprises. Enterprise in the system of market relations. The main indicators of the development of the enterprise: turnover, profit. The composition and structure of trade, patterns of development. Commodity supply of trade, commodity resources. Sources of income. Costs of circulation in the enterprise.

Costs and cost of products and services. Cost structure and their optimization.

Taxes and the tax system.

Prices and pricing.

Planning of income and expenses.

Influence external environment on the economic indicators of the commercial activity of the enterprise.

commercial risk. Enterprise survival.

Profit and profitability. The effectiveness of the functioning of a commercial enterprise.

Economic analysis of the commercial activity of the enterprise.

Management

Concept, essence, patterns, principles and main categories of management. The evolution of management concepts. History and features of Russian management. Organization as a management system, life cycle and types of organizations, strategic management of an organization. Formal and informal groups in the organization. Management functions (planning, organization, motivation, control), their relationship and dynamics. Types of organizational management structures, principles of designing the management structure of organizations. Management methods: economic, organizational and administrative, socio-psychological. Decisions in management: requirements for decisions, stages of adoption, evaluation of effectiveness. Principles of designing optimal systems of labor motivation. Forms of power and influence. Basic theories of leadership, organic functions of the leader. Self-management. Adapting leadership styles to business situations. Managing conflict, stress and change. Evaluation of management effectiveness.

Marketing

Essence, goals, basic principles and functions of marketing. The evolution of marketing development. Marketing concept. Marketing environment and its structure. Consumer priority.

Marketing research. Segmentation. Target market selection. Marketing strategies.

Marketing mix: product, price, distribution, promotion.

Marketing activity management. Marketing plan system. Evaluation and control of marketing. Organization of marketing services. Scope of marketing. Marketing and Society.

Business Basics

Commercial activity. Concept. subject and method. Objects and subjects. Application areas. History of development in Russia and abroad. Role in the preparation of a graduate of commerce.

Methodological foundations: goals and objectives, structure and content; factors that determine the development of commercial activities, methods of research, organization and modeling.

Components of commercial activity: research of commodity markets, selection of goods and the formation of an assortment, determining the volume of purchases and sales of goods, conducting commercial negotiations, concluding sales contracts; commercial mutual settlements, purchase and delivery of goods; formation and planning of commodity stocks, organization and management of the processes of commodity circulation and sale of goods; service maintenance.

State regulation and regulation of commercial activities of enterprises by industry and scope.

Financial and logistical support of commercial activities. Sources of development.

Results of commercial activity.

Exchange business

Commodity exchanges and their activities in the market. The history of the development of exchange trading and its trends. Exchange as one of the forms of organized market. Types of exchanges. Regulation of exchange activity. Governing bodies and organizational structure commodity exchange. Exchange transactions, their essence. Hedging. Brokerage firm, its place on the stock exchange. The organization of exchange trade and its participants. Exchange commodity. Economic role of commodity exchanges and analysis of their activities. Material and technical security of commodity exchanges.

Stocks and bods market. Securities as a commodity. Organization of exchange trading with securities. Foreign exchange market and foreign exchange transactions. Organization of commercial activities by brokerage firms in the securities market.

Organization and technique of foreign trade operations

The nature of the foreign trade operation and its types. Organizational forms international trade(MT) commodities, finished goods, results intellectual activity. Purchase and sale transactions of goods and services. Stages of preparation and organization of the transaction. Organizational and legal forms of participants in international commercial transactions. Intermediary agents in the international market. International transport operations. Basic transport terms of delivery. Transport conditions of sales contracts. Services associated with the performance of transport operations. Management of transportation of goods of the foreign economic complex. The main transport documentation in foreign economic relations.

Standardization, metrology and certification

Fundamentals of standardization. Basics of metrology. Fundamentals of certification. Regulatory documents and organization of work on standardization, ensuring the uniformity of measurements and certification. State control and supervision over compliance with the requirements of state standards, metrological norms, rules of mandatory and voluntary certification. Responsibility for violation of requirements normative documents. Certification of products and services. Certification of quality systems. International cooperation in the field of standardization, metrology and certification.

Commodity research and examination of goods

Commodity science: basic concepts, goals and objectives. The use value of goods as a subject of commodity science. Relationship between use and exchange value. Fundamental commodity characteristics as important criteria for the competitiveness of goods. Merchandising methods: systems approach, classification and coding of goods. Classifiers.

Assortment of goods: types, properties, indicators, methods of formation and management. assortment policy.

Quality: properties, indicators, their classification, quality assessment.

Consumer properties: nomenclature, indicators, methods for their determination. Safety and environmental friendliness.

Factors that form and maintain quality: raw materials, production technologies, packaging, labeling, transportation and storage. Quality control.

Information about the product and its importance in commercial activities.

Expertise: concept, goals and objectives. Identification and falsification of goods. Types and methods of examination. Organization and procedure. Documenting.

Assortment, quality and expertise of individual groups of goods.

Organization, technology and design of enterprises

Commercial enterprises, their types, types, functions. Trade and technological process. Features of its organization and management. The significance of individual components of the trade and technological process in the organization and design of wholesale, retail and various trade and intermediary structures.

Organization of labor and management at enterprises.

Principles, norms and methods of designing commercial enterprises, organization of their construction and overhaul.

Technical equipment.

Rules of operation and safety standards. Occupational Safety and Health.

Commercial Law

The subject and its significance in commercial activities; subjects of commercial activity; the most important types of contracts; non-contractual obligations; settlement and credit legal relations; legal protection of property; legal relations of subjects of commercial activity with state authorities and administration;

Legal basis of foreign trade turnover: concept; sources; the legal basis for the mechanism for its implementation; legal status of Russian and foreign subjects of foreign trade turnover; legal regulation of export and import of goods; foreign economic transactions; contracts for the international sale (delivery) of goods; legal regulation of customs; the procedure for resolving disputes between participants in foreign economic relations.

Information technology in business

General information about information technologies, their use in commercial activities; basic principles, methods and properties of information technologies, their effectiveness; automated workstations (AWP), their local networks; spreadsheets, databases and data banks, their use in commercial information systems; integrated information systems in commercial activities, problem-oriented packages of applied programs by industry and field of activity; expert systems and decision support systems, modeling and forecasting in commercial activities. National and international information networks and their interaction. Electronic data interchange. International information exchange system.

National-regional (university) component

Disciplines and courses at the choice of the student, established by the university (faculty)

Disciplines of specialization

Federal component

Organization of commercial activities of enterprises (by industry and scope)

Organizational and legal forms of functioning of enterprises by industry and scope. Organization of commercial services and management of commercial activities of enterprises. Information support of commercial activity.

Planning of supply, sales and organization of commercial activities in industrial enterprises, agriculture and other areas. Sales promotion.

Features of the organization and management of commercial activities of wholesale and retail enterprises, trade and intermediary structures.

Features of the formation of the assortment, organization of purchases, supplies, distribution and sale (marketing) of goods, service maintenance in enterprises by sectors of the national economy and areas of commercial activity. Models of construction and conduct of commercial activities of enterprises. Commercial innovation.

Analysis and strategic planning of the commercial activity of the enterprise.

Organization of commercial activities in the market infrastructure (real estate, banks, insurance and leasing companies, engineering, know-how, etc.).

Transport support for commercial activities

The current state of the transport system in Russia. Transport security and transport management system. Freight transportation. Railway transport. Automobile transport. Sea transport. Interior water transport. Air Transport. Pipeline transport. Specialized and non-traditional modes of transport. Industrial transport. Planning and organization of transportation. Economic indicators for evaluating the work of transport. Principles and methods of transport selection. Direct multimodal transport and its effectiveness. Container and package transportation. Shipping costs and shipping rates. Continuous cold chain (NCC). Isothermal wagons and containers. Organization of transportation of perishable goods. Transportation of perishable goods on sea vessels

Commercial logistics

Concept, method and functions of logistics. Forecasting logistics requirements. Strategy and planning in commercial logistics. Procurement logistics, wholesale logistics. Storage and warehouse handling system. Service in commercial logistics. Inventory Management. Transport services. Information support of logistics. Mediation in logistics. Control and management in commercial logistics. Features of logistics in industry sectors.

Customs

Customs business in the Russian Federation. Legal bases of the organization and activity. Cooperation of the customs service with the countries of near and far abroad in the field of customs. Basics customs regulation passing goods across the border. Issues of registration as participants in foreign economic relations, the passage and declaration of goods, movement across the border, the procedure for filling out a customs declaration, customs payments, licensing and quotas for export and import operations. The specifics of customs regulation of certain issues: the organization and functioning of customs warehouses, the procedure for the import and export of goods for processing, the specifics of the legal regulation of the issues of passage and declaration of certain goods. Issues of customs control within the CIS member states.

National-regional (university) component

Electives

Military training

Total hours of theoretical training - 8154

practices

- 756 hours - 8910 hours

5. TERMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF TRAINING A GRADUATE IN THE SPECIALTY 351300 COMMERCE (trading business)

5.1. The term for mastering the main educational program for preparing a graduate in full-time education is 260 weeks, including:

  • theoretical training, including research work of students, workshops, including laboratory ones, as well as examinations

sessions, 187 weeks;

Practice - at least 14 weeks,

including:

educational and familiarization - 2 weeks,

production - 12 weeks

Final state certification, including the preparation and defense of the final qualifying work for at least 9 weeks;

Holidays (including 8 weeks of postgraduate leave) no more than 50 weeks.

5.2. For persons with secondary (complete) general education, the terms for mastering the main educational program for preparing a graduate in part-time (evening) and part-time forms of education, as well as in the case of a combination of various forms of education, are increased by the university up to one year relative to the standard period established by .1.2 of this state educational standard.

5.3. The maximum amount of a student's study load is set at 54 hours per week, including all types of classroom and extracurricular (independent) study work.

5.4. The volume of classroom studies of a student in full-time education should not exceed an average of 27 hours per week for the period of theoretical education. At the same time, the specified volume does not include mandatory practical classes in physical culture and classes in optional disciplines.

5.5. With part-time (evening) form of education, the volume of classroom lessons should be at least 10 hours a week.

5.6. In case of distance learning, the student must be provided with the opportunity to study with a teacher in the amount of at least 160 hours per year.

5.7. The total amount of vacation time in the academic year should be 7-10 weeks, including at least two weeks in the winter.

6. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR TRAINING A GRADUATE FOR THE SPECIALTY 351300 COMMERCE (trading business)

6.1. Requirements for the development of the main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist

6.1.1. A higher educational institution independently develops and approves the main educational program of the university for the preparation of a graduate on the basis of this state educational standard.

The disciplines of the student's choice are mandatory, and the optional disciplines provided for by the curriculum of the higher educational institution are not mandatory for the student to study.

Course papers (projects) are considered as a type of academic work in the discipline and are performed within the hours allotted for its study.

For all disciplines and practices included in the curriculum of a higher educational institution, a final grade should be given (excellent, good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory or passed, not passed).

Specializations are part of the specialty in which they are created, and involve the acquisition of more in-depth professional knowledge, skills and abilities in various fields of activity in the profile of this specialty.

In the main educational programs that have the words “by industry” or “by type” in their names, the specifics of training for a particular industry or type are taken into account primarily through the disciplines of specialization.

6.1.2. When implementing the main educational program, a higher educational institution has the right

:
  • change the amount of hours allocated for the development of educational material for cycles of disciplines - within 5%;
  • form a cycle of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, which should include the following 4 disciplines from the eleven basic disciplines given in this state educational standard: “Foreign language” (in the amount of at least 340 hours), “Physical culture” (in not less than 408 hours), “National History”, “Philosophy”. The rest of the basic disciplines can be implemented at the discretion of the university. At the same time, it is possible to combine them into interdisciplinary courses while maintaining the mandatory minimum content. If the disciplines are part of a general professional or special training(for humanitarian and social - economic directions training (specialties)), the hours allocated for their study can be redistributed within the cycle.

Classes in the discipline "Physical Education" in part-time (evening), part-time forms of education and external studies can be provided taking into account the wishes of students;

To carry out the teaching of general humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines in the form of author's lecture courses and various types of collective and individual practical classes, assignments and seminars according to programs developed at the university itself and taking into account regional, national-ethnic, professional specifics, as well as research preferences teachers providing qualified coverage of the subjects of the disciplines of the cycle;

  • establish the necessary depth of teaching of individual sections of disciplines included in the cycles of humanitarian and socio-economic, mathematical and natural science disciplines, in accordance with the profile of the cycle of disciplines of specialization;
  • when forming the main educational program, the university (faculty) is obliged to allocate:
  • for each natural science discipline (with full-time education) at least 50% of the labor intensity for classroom studies with students, of which

laboratory work (workshop) at least 30% of the hours; as part of the national-regional (university) component, allocate half of the number of hours for disciplines of the student's choice;

  • establish the names of specializations in the specialties of higher professional education, the names of the disciplines of specializations, their volume and content, in excess of the established by this state educational standard, as well as the form of control over their development by students;
  • to implement the main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist in a shortened time frame for students of a higher educational institution who have a secondary vocational education of an appropriate profile or a higher professional education. The reduction of terms is carried out on the basis of the existing knowledge, skills and abilities of students obtained at the previous stage of vocational education. In this case, the duration of training should be at least three years. Shortened training is also allowed for persons whose level of education or abilities are sufficient grounds for this.

6.2. Requirements for staffing the educational process

The implementation of the main educational program for the training of a specialist in commerce should be provided by teaching staff who, as a rule, have a basic education corresponding to the profile of training a specialist and systematically engaged in scientific and / or scientific and methodological activities; teachers of special disciplines, as a rule, must have an academic degree and / or sufficient experience in the relevant professional field.

6.3. Requirements for educational and methodological support of the educational process

The implementation of the main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist should be provided with access for each student to library funds and databases, according to the content corresponding to the full list of disciplines of the main educational program, the availability of methodological aids and recommendations for all disciplines and for all types of workshops, course and diploma design, practices, as well as visual aids, audio, video and multimedia materials.

Disciplines should be provided with laboratory workshops: Standardization, metrology and certification, Commodity science and examination of goods.

The information base should ensure the training of a highly qualified specialist and include: professional journals (Kommersant, Spros, Foreign Trade, etc.), modern educational computer programs in this specialty and the necessary educational and methodological literature according to the lists recommended by the UMO.

The library fund should contain textbooks, study guides, guidelines for all disciplines of the curriculum in the amount of at least 0.5 copies per student.

6.4. Requirements for the material and technical support of the educational process

A higher educational institution that implements the main educational program for the training of a commerce specialist must have a material and technical base that meets the current sanitary and technical standards and provides for all types of laboratory, practical, disciplinary and interdisciplinary training and research work of students provided for by the exemplary curriculum.

6.5. Requirements for the organization of practices

There are two types of practice: educational and familiarization and production. The content, goals and objectives of each type of practice are determined in the relevant programs, which are developed by the graduating departments, agreed with related departments and approved by the Faculty Councils.

Educational and fact-finding practice is carried out at the leading enterprises of the industry.

The production practice should be carried out at enterprises that correspond to the profile of specialist training, have qualified personnel to manage the practice, and have the appropriate material, technical and information base.

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF TRAINING OF A GRADUATE IN THE SPECIALTY 351300 COMMERCE (trade business)

7.1. Requirements for the professional training of a specialist

A graduate with a degree in Commerce (trade business) must be able to solve problems that correspond to his qualifications specified in paragraph 1. 2 of this state educational standard.

The business professional must know:

  • foundations of humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical and natural science disciplines for solving professional, social, scientific and pedagogical problems;
  • information and methodological support for commercial activities;
  • methods of research, analysis and forecasting of commodity markets and product range;
  • features of business technology modeling;
  • technology of product assortment formation and ways of its optimization;
  • the process of purchasing goods: sources of supply of goods, systems for selecting suppliers, the procedure for concluding and executing sales contracts;
  • the procedure for placing orders and settlements with suppliers;
  • methods for determining the volume of purchases and deliveries of goods and methods for their delivery;
  • legal documents regulating the rules of transportation, acceptance, warehousing, storage, sale of goods and provision of services;
  • components of the distribution system, their essence, conditions, features of organization, functioning and ways to minimize distribution costs;
  • types of commodity stocks, ways of their formation, accounting and control, methods of planning, optimization and management;
  • forms and methods of selling goods, determining and forecasting its volume;
  • trade and technological processes in commercial activities, features of their organization and management;
  • the organizational structure of the enterprise, the procedure for the interaction of the commercial service with other divisions;
  • methods for determining and ways to ensure the effectiveness of the commercial activities of the enterprise;
  • types of commercial projects and innovations, the procedure for their development and use for the development of commercial activities;

should be able to:

  • create an information base for the organization of commercial activities;
  • form a product range;
  • organize work with suppliers and buyers;
  • organize and manage the processes of buying and selling and exchanging goods;
  • manage inventory;
  • apply sales promotion (sales) methods;
  • analyze commercial activities and determine its effectiveness;
  • model and design commercial activities.

7.2. Requirements for the final state certification of a specialist

7. 2. 1. The final state attestation of a graduate includes a final qualifying work and a state exam, which makes it possible to identify theoretical preparation for solving professional problems.

7. 2. 2. Requirements for the final qualifying work of a specialist

The graduation qualification work of a commercial specialist is carried out in order to establish the skills and abilities of a graduate and is a completed development in which one or another specific practical task of commercial activity is solved in accordance with clause 1.3.

7. 2. 3. Requirements for the state exam

The final interdisciplinary exam is conducted on a set of disciplines that provide the basis vocational training, in order to determine the compliance of the graduate's knowledge with the requirements of the State Educational Standard in the specialty 351300 Commerce (trade business).

COMPILERS:

Educational and methodological association for education in the field of commerce

The State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education was approved at a meeting of the Council of the Educational and Methodological Association for Education in the Field of Commerce on December 2, 1999.

Chairman of the UMO Council ____________ N.P. Vashchekin

Deputy Chairman of the UMO Council ___________ S.M. Samarina

AGREED:

Office of Educational Programs and Higher Standards

and secondary vocational education ___________ G.K. Shestakov

Head of Department ____________ T.E. Petrova

liberal education

Employee,

supervising this specialty __________ M.G. Platonov

Over the past few years, trade in Russia and the post-Soviet countries has experienced unprecedented growth. Symbiosis of knowledge of economic processes, modern technologies and the ability to optimize resources provides the company with prosperity and profit.

The main task of a trading specialist is to do everything possible to achieve the company's success in the face of fierce market competition. You can apply your skills in large wholesale and retail companies, logistics centers, trade enterprises and insurance companies. Practice shows that the trade business allows you to use the store of knowledge for the organization own business.

The following universities train specialists in the field of trade:

  • Moscow State University of Technology and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky;
  • Moscow state institute international relations;
  • Russian Economic University. G.V. Plekhanov;
  • National Research University of Technology;
  • Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration;
  • Russian State Social University.

Trade Specialty: Required Skills

Upon graduation, the specialist has knowledge in the field of economics, marketing, management, accounting, the basics of the enterprise and pricing.

To understand what kind of profession a trade is, let's highlight the basic skills for successful work:

  • formation of the assortment of goods;
  • accounting for the quantity and quality of products;
  • determination by appearance and characteristics of the goods of possible marriage and fakes;
  • planning, implementation and control of the physical movement of goods;
  • setting optimal prices for goods and services;
  • improving the level of customer service;
  • study of the current legislative framework relating to the field of trade;
  • carrying out an inventory, identifying shortages;
  • continuous analysis of the requirements and needs of customers in a particular market segment;
  • search for new customers and sales markets, conclusion of contracts, control over their implementation;
  • the specialty of trading requires an employee to develop advertising campaigns, come up with promotions and bonuses.

Profession trading business: career growth

Universal economic preparation and knowledge of the peculiarities of modern markets open up broad prospects for specialists in the trade business.

A graduate can realize himself in various fields and positions, among which the most popular are:

  • broker (intermediary functions between the seller and the buyer);
  • Sales Representative;
  • manager for work with clients, supply and sales;
  • merchandiser, supervisor.

Do not miss:

Graduates of the trade specialty do not experience any particular difficulties in finding employment. Today, there are enough vacancies open on the labor market that a person without work experience can apply for. The starting salary is, of course, modest. However, trading is one of the few professions that allows you to achieve quick results with the help of perseverance, determination and a desire to work.

The functions of a sales organization specialist may differ depending on the state and scale of the company. He can deal with logistics, supervise the division, take part in the hiring of managers and employees of the sales department.

You can start your career as an ordinary cashier in a store. After some time, diligent employees will be promoted, up to the manager of the trading network. The salary largely depends on the region, on average it fluctuates in the range of 20-80 thousand rubles.

There is a tangible shortage of specialists who have a diploma in the specialty "Trade business". Whom to work in such a specialty and why completely diverse organizations require specialists, let's try to figure it out in this article.

Education

They can talk about what the specialty "Trade business" is, who to work after the university, at the Day open doors nearest educational institution. Usually, such events are attended not only by representatives of the university, but also by senior students, even former graduates come. They can tell you in more detail how to get a diploma in the specialty "Trade", who to work with, and which organizations you should boldly go to. young specialist. And teachers will tell you how you can enter this specialty.

If a future student is interested in this profession, he can enter the faculty of "Commerce". Whom to work and what to study, the student will be able to tell already in the first year. When entering a university or college, applicants take exams such as:

  • Russian language;
  • maths;
  • Social Studies.

Education

To obtain a diploma in the specialty "Trade", you need to study at least three years at a college or technical school, at least 5 years - at the full-time department of the university. Distance learning lasts a year longer. But already in senior years, students can try to get a job in the specialty "Trade". Whom to work, everyone decides for himself. Typically, students are offered minor or low-paying positions. But in a good firm, responsible and diligent employees rarely stay in low-paying jobs. Perhaps it is your career growth that will begin with the position of a sales agent or merchandiser.

First profession

In senior years or after graduation, a young specialist must clearly understand the basics of the profession in the specialty "Trade". Who can work, it is easy to determine the labor market in each individual region of the country. The standard demand for specialists in this profession is traditionally very high. After all, professional sellers who are able to assess the quality of the product and see its prospects are valued in any company. And the ability to sell goods is the main goal of a merchant who has received an education in the specialty "Trade". Whom to work later, after receiving a diploma, can be determined based on the availability of vacancies in the labor market. Employment in large trading companies will be especially successful.

Career

As a rule, heads of sales departments prefer to hire specialists with work experience for managerial positions. But young people can also make their own way in life. As statistics show, it is the employees of trade areas who quickly make their career take-off and achieve high positions and salaries. This is due to the fact that sales professionals bring direct profit to the company, and the quality of their work is reflected in the income of all employees. And although the profession of a sales representative is not paid too high at first, it provides good practical knowledge and invaluable experience communication with people. Of course, it is important to put into practice all the knowledge that was obtained in the study of the discipline "Trade".

Whom to work

Feedback from yesterday's students and employers suggests that most often undergraduates or recent graduates start working as merchandisers or sales representatives. Further career growth allows you to occupy positions:


Skills

The main skills and abilities required for the holder of a diploma in the specialties "Commerce" or "Trade" are as follows:


Required knowledge

As you can see from this brief list of requirements, a young specialist must be able to work with people and documents, have an idea of ​​​​the legal side of the transaction, and also must calculate the real profit from a particular trade agreement. Read the contract and anticipate the consequences of the implementation or non-fulfillment of a particular item. Before concluding an agreement, it would be useful to find out whether the future client has all the permits and whether they are properly executed.

In addition, knowledge of accounting is necessary, because a sales representative not only signs contracts with clients, but also ensures that there are no overdue debts for goods or services received on the accounts. The so-called "receivables" is the main indicator of the effectiveness of the sales agent - after all, it is important not only to sell your product, but also to get money for it. To do this, you need to understand people well and understand how to work with them.

Much greater freedom of action in any trading company is given to established employees with a good track record, who have long received a diploma in the specialty "Trade Business". Whom to work and how to apply the accumulated professional experience they already decide on their own. The next step in the career of a sales representative can be the position of supervisor. This is the name of the heads of trade departments and direct supervisors of sales representatives.

conclusions

As you can see, the specialty "Trade business" suits people with good organizational skills. Professional specialists in this field are relatively rare, and their work is highly valued. Therefore, for those who are interested in rapid career growth and decent pay for their work, it is really worth making the effort to learn the intricacies of this profession.

Commerce is considered entrepreneurial activity. This term suggests engaging in trading work. The specialty "Commerce by industry" is now in great demand, since employees are needed for many areas. The profession has several directions in which you can work in various areas.

Training is carried out according to the Federal State Educational Standards of secondary vocational education and higher education. According to these documents, the rules of training, the necessary level of knowledge and skills for the successful completion of work are established. GEF allows you to get the right experience for the success of any business.

History

Mankind has been engaged in market relations since ancient times, since the modern economy is built on them. Commerce appeared even in primitive society. With the improvement of speech and other skills, people began to be divided into gatherers and hunters.

During the development of mankind, merchants and merchants began to appear. They created goods themselves or purchased from artisans. After the surcharge, the products were sold at a higher price, thereby generating income. Such a population was considered the most prosperous.

On the territory of Russia, commerce arose in the 16th-17th centuries. At that time, merchants appeared who bought goods at a low price and sold them at a higher price. There were intermediaries between the manufacturer and the user. Then merchant guilds arose, which existed until 1917. Since then, there has been an active development of trading business, new directions appear. And this leads to the emergence of many in-demand professions.

Description

Commerce by industry is considered to be a demanded job today. Its implementation requires work and knowledge. There are 2 types of commerce:

  • simple;
  • internet commerce.

The latter type is considered an innovation. This area has been actively developing for several years. It provides an opportunity to earn without large investments.

Standard Commerce

The sphere consists of several processes. An organizational plan must be put into action, since the progress of the whole thing depends on it. In this work it is necessary to obtain certificates and permits for trading work. Important to find suitable premises and manufacturing suppliers. Commerce by industry will allow you to make a profit if everything is organized correctly.

Properly selected elements for work will allow you to compete on price with other merchants. It is important to think over the organization of the trading process. A sales manager may be involved for this. IN commercial organizations not only goods are sold, but services are also provided.

Internet commerce

This area is new. With a small investment, you can earn big profits. The work is connected with the organization of the activities of online stores and offices to attract customers. Nowadays, a lot of goods are sold through the Network and services are provided. With such activities, it will be possible to save on many elements.

Internet commerce includes info-business. The sphere involves the implementation of information products. These include video courses, which contain useful information. The topics of training materials may be different.

Types of specialties

In many institutions, the specialty "Commerce (by industry)" is taught. What is this profession? Usually graduates are employed by managers. To study trading, you need to get an education in this area. He is trained in several professions:

  • economy;
  • commodity science;
  • management.

In all specializations, students receive the necessary knowledge and skills for successful business organization and work in the trade sector. Graduates receive a diploma in the specialty "Commerce". Education can be completed under the bachelor's and specialist's degrees.

Where does the training take place?

There are many institutions on the territory where the specialty 100701 "Commerce (by industry)" is taught. Some of the best institutions are:

  • Russian State Trade and Economic University.
  • Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation.
  • Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

To enter the trade business, you need to pass exams in social science, Russian, a foreign language, and mathematics. Chief among these subjects is social studies. Training is conducted according to the Federal State Educational Standards of secondary vocational education and higher education.

What is done at work?

If the specialty "Commerce (by industry)" is obtained, what kind of profession is this? It depends on whether the individual entrepreneur or employment for hire will be organized. This is usually the job of managers. In this activity, one must be able to manage and organize trading processes.

Commerce requires constant development. Employees look for suppliers, create business plans necessary to improve the company's activities. They organize the trading process. The sales manager selects staff, trains employees, organizes labor activities. Marketing activities are required.

Trade workers report to the authorities, the tax service. This activity involves the preparation of documentation on profits, expenses, measures to increase income. First, information is collected, then analyzed and submitted.

Who can choose a profession?

The direction "Commerce by industries" is ideal for leaders. The employee needs not only to provide instructions, but also to properly organize events. The applicant for the vacancy must be stress-resistant. During the organization of work, the manager needs to be able to force subordinates to respect themselves.

The required skills are RAM. This is necessary to solve several issues at the same time. The work requires a mathematical-analytical mindset, since it is necessary to perform calculations. With such qualities, success in work awaits.

Demand

The sphere of "Commerce by industry" is developed. Professional employees are needed in many prestigious firms. After training, each graduate can find a job. And it is not necessary to get hired, because you can organize a personal business.

Income in each area can be different, it all depends on the position. Beginners receive from 35,000 rubles per month. Over time, income may increase.

Starting a business

If it was decided to open your own business, then its promotion depends on the invested funds. The time for creating your business is determined from the investments that will be made initially. Approximately it takes 3 days. Preparation is carried out from a week to a month, when the site is created or the trading place is arranged.

When interviewing for a managerial vacancy, everything depends on the applicant, as well as on the requirements put forward by the employer. Usually, the technique of stress interviews is used, which makes it possible to establish stress tolerance and adapt to different situations. It is important to have experience and completed projects.

The employee needs to be sociable, which is required for negotiations with partners and customers. If you meet all the requirements, you can get the desired job.

prospects

After training, you can get a low-paying position. Graduates are usually accepted as managers and managers with career opportunities. If excellent results are shown in the work, then you can become a director or president of the company. This profession allows you to get a prestigious position. It just takes a lot of work and development.

Commerce is considered a promising area. In business and trade, everything is constantly developing, thanks to which there are employment opportunities for young professionals. With a profession, it will be possible to apply the necessary knowledge for career growth. For true professionals, there is always the possibility of promotion.

Sooner or later, every person encounters the problem of choosing a profession. In fact, this is a whole psychological branch that studies various nuances of career guidance. But life dictates its requirements to us, on which we rely when choosing a specialty. Most often, when choosing a specialty, the future salary, availability of vacancies and social guarantees, that is, the demand for a particular profession in the labor market, are taken into account.

Economic specialty "Trade business"

In our time, economic processes are well known to every person - either the rate of the state currency is falling (growing), then new supermarkets are closing or opening, then the population monitors the export or import of a particular product, its price or availability in specific shopping centers, and so on. . All these processes are considered by several economic sciences. Upon receiving the specialty "Trade Business", the student also masters other specific knowledge, for example, how to keep sales statistics, bookkeeping of the store, learns how to advertise goods correctly.

The relevance of admission in the specialty

Many dream of rapid career growth, autonomy in work, as well as quick earnings - selling goods and getting money for it. Therefore, the study of trade for young applicants is relevant. This specialty makes it possible to study many interesting subjects - not only economics, but also the humanities. Students actively delve into the psychology of concluding commercial contracts, the particular needs of the buyer, and so on. Working in this specialty, a person has the opportunity to interact with many people, that is, to make useful contacts, reach a new level of relationships, change their social status.

By the way, this specialty can be divided into two types of professional interaction:

  • "Man-man" (constant communication with people: employees, customers, business partners).
  • "Man-sign system" (analysis of trade processes, study of financial documents).

What does trading involve?

Recently, in the field of higher and secondary specialized education, there has been an increased interest of future students in specialties related to sales. And this is understandable: today a person who has received the specialty "Trade" has extensive knowledge about the processes in the economy, new technologies and resource optimization.

Such knowledge provides the opportunity to succeed and ensure the company flourishes with high profits. The main task of the specialist is to achieve the success of the company in the tough conditions of competition in the market. These skills are implemented in large wholesale and retail companies, logistics centers, trade enterprises and the insurance business. And, of course, you should not lose sight of the opportunity to organize your own business.

Necessary skills of a specialist who has received an education in the specialty

Receiving the specialty "Trade", the student studies an exceptional special complex of educational subjects that provide knowledge in sales management, logistics, marketing, business management. The acquired knowledge is in great demand today. It is known that among the graduates of professions related to trade, there are many private entrepreneurs. Trade today is an area that is characterized by high competition, investment and business activity.

An amateur cannot trade successfully. It requires professional management skills. Its specificity is determined by the form of trade: wholesale, retail, trade in the Internet space ... This activity involves not only purchase and sale transactions, but also legal support signed contracts, economic and financial sales operations, pricing and commodity policy, leasing operations and more.

A quality education in this area will enable the student to become an excellent marketing specialist.

What is the career growth in this profession?

The acquired education in this specialty and knowledge of economic processes are considered multifunctional and meet the requirements of the modern trade market. Therefore, graduates who have received the specialty "Trade" open wide prospects and the opportunity to realize themselves.

Such specialists do not feel any particular difficulties in finding employment.

Remarkable is the fact that there are many vacancies in this specialty in the labor market. At first, earnings are small, but with the acquisition of experience, it will certainly grow. Trading is an area where you can quickly achieve a high result with a certain perseverance and determination.

The functions of a sales specialist depend on the number of people in the state and the scale of the company. This can be logistics, unit control, hiring managers, employees for sales departments.

Sometimes a career starts with a simple job as a cashier, but it doesn't take long for the diligent worker to get promoted. He can easily climb the career ladder to the network manager.

How can a graduate of the specialty "Trade" work?

Among the most popular professions that make it possible to master the specialty "Trade", who to work with, you can choose, even if you do not continue your studies further:

  • Intermediary (broker).
  • Trade representative.
  • A sales manager who regulates supply and works with clients.
  • Merchandiser.
  • Merchandiser and supervisor.

A sales manager will always find something to do in a small shop. After gaining experience, you can go to work in a company that has a network of trading establishments. A merchandiser and document management specialist in trade will calmly move to the logistics department or warehouse, he can hire sellers, warehouse employees, managers. Depending on the authority, the trade organizer can develop a plan for market analysis, control of departments of stores, networks, and logistics of the company.

Young graduates can apply for the position of a manager on the trading floor, engage in purchases, sales, and take the position of a senior salesperson. For those seeking career growth, it is realistic to take the position of manager of a trading establishment, director of logistics and sales, senior marketer and others.

Moscow universities that graduate such specialists

In the capital there is an opportunity to receive higher education in this specialty in several educational institutions. These are the following universities in Moscow, which are rightfully considered prestigious higher educational institutions:

  • MGUTIU them. Razumovsky (Moscow State University of Technology and Management).
  • State Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
  • Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Russian University of Economics).
  • NUST (National Research Technological University) MISiS.
  • RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration).
  • RSSU (Russian State Social University).

In addition to the above, universities and others with the highest level of accreditation teach "Trade business". They are less known, but at the same time they can give the student a decent education. You can study both on a contract basis and in state-funded places.

What subjects do students study?

Undoubtedly, the most important subjects that the faculty of "Trade" offers for studying for a future profession are "Economics", "Marketing", "Pricing", "Commodity Science". In addition to highly specialized subjects, subjects are studied that increase the professional level of a future specialist. These are "Advertising", "Management", "Trade Law", "Computer Technologies", "Psychology" and others. It is obligatory to study "Commerce", "Trade business", "Functioning of organizations", "Accounting", "Innovations in trade".

Forms of study

You can get education both on a full-time basis and in absentia. In addition to traditional forms of education, there are evening and mixed education systems. A future sales specialist will receive a bachelor's degree in full-time in four years, in absentia - in five years. For a higher level of education, there is a master's program "Trade business", where you need to work a little more. You can study for three years if you first graduate from a specialized college or already have one higher education.



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