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What is the main source of the development of the Russian language. How did the Russian language appear

Allocate "external" and "internal" history of the language. Under the "internal" history is meant the development of the language structure and its individual subsystems (for example, the phonological subsystem, the grammatical subsystem, etc.). "External" history is connected with the history of the native speaker - the people. Naturally, the internal history is “superimposed” on the external one.

The following periods are distinguished:

1) East Slavic period (VI - IX centuries) The period of settlement of Slavic groups across the territory of Eastern Europe and their active interaction with the Baltic and Finno-Ugric peoples. During this period, territorial dialects are formed that serve the early state associations.

2) Old Russian period (IX - XIV centuries) Two sub-periods are distinguished here: a) Early Old Russian (before the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century); b) Late Old Russian. In the early Old Russian period, the language of the Old Russian people was formed, associated with the emergence of a single state association Eastern Slavs- Kievan Rus. Cities arose on the territory of old tribal formations, old ethnonyms were replaced by the names of the inhabitants of the cities. So, on the territory of Slovenia, Novgorod land arises. At the same time, writing, transferred from the Slavic South, spread to Russia. In Kyiv, as the center of the Russian land, in the conditions of mixing dialects, a supradialect formation is being formed - Kievan Koine. In the late Old Russian period, in the era of feudal fragmentation, large dialect zones were separated, primarily in the northeast and southwest, respectively, the linguistic processes taking place during this period receive a dialectal reflection. As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Russia was divided into isolated spheres of influence, within which the development of individual East Slavic languages begins - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

3) Old Russian (Great Russian) period (XIV - XVII centuries). Includes the history of the development of the Great Russian people. The Great Russians unite around the new center - Moscow. The most significant phonetic phenomenon of this period was the spread of akanya.

4) The initial period of the formation of the Russian national language (XVII - XVIII). As a result of the formation of the Russian nation, a single language is formed on the basis of Great Russian speech, which is characterized by multifunctionality, i.e. serving all areas of society. At this time, the functions of the Church Slavonic language were limited, as well as the leveling of dialects and their assignment outside the socio-economic centers.

5) Finally, the last, traditionally distinguished period is the era of the development of the national Russian language (XIX - XX centuries), they usually talk about it “from Pushkin to the present day”. The norm of the modern literary language is being formed in its main features and its oral variety is being formed.

6. Features of the construction of a syllable in the language of the Eastern Slavs.

The syllabic structure that developed in the late Proto-Slavic period was characterized by two laws: One of the main features of the Old Russian language was that all syllables here were open, there was a law open syllable. All syllables ended in a vowel or a syllabic consonant. Consonants R and l could be syllabic, in their qualities they were close to vowels and were syllable-forming. At present, this feature has been preserved, for example, in the Czech language (the Russian word top corresponds vrch, word throat - grlo, word wolf – vlk with syllabic l , r ). The following patterns also existed in the Old Russian phonetic system: 1) the construction of a syllable according to increasing sonority (all syllables were built from a less sonorous consonant to a more sonorous vowel or syllabic consonant): bra-t, sle-po-ta; 2) the law of syllable consonance (vowel harmony), suggesting that sounds close in the formation zone should coexist in a syllable - hard consonants with non-front vowels, soft consonants with front vowels: ko-n, plo-d.

In the Proto-Slavic language, in addition to the conditions, there was also the form the existence of a syllable. It would be unclear why this great importance received a phonetic syllable if we did not take into account the prosodic characteristics of the syllable, because it is the syllable that is their carrier. At the same time, quantitative oppositions (longitude-shortness) could be both in individual vowels and in individual syllables: the phonemic opposition of long-short vowels also collided with the phonetic difference between long and short syllables. Even in the Proto-Slavic language, quantitative oppositions of vowels were lost in favor of the syllable, for example: swan, lozѫ was given instead of . In short, it became necessary to link the longitude or shortness of each syllable with the longitude or shortness of neighboring syllables and, at the same time, to single out such a feature that could somehow explain the phonetic preference of this particular syllable. This sign was the sign intonation, because of all the prosodic (from Greek - stress) signs, only intonation can combine two adjacent syllables by its action, as if attaching them to each other: the increase (or decrease) of intonation begins 9 or ends) on the syllable adjacent to the substressed syllable. As a result, what the historians of the Proto-Slavic language call the transition of quantitative differences of vowels into qualitative ones took place, and which could be considered the third main regularity of the Proto-Slavic phonological system.

Russian language- one of the East Slavic languages, one of largest languages world, the national language of the Russian people. It is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the most widespread language in Europe, both geographically and in terms of the number of native speakers (although also a significant and geographically large part of the Russian language area is in Asia).
The science of the Russian language is called linguistic Russian studies, or, in short, simply Russian studies.

Story

The history of the origin and formation of the Russian language

The history of the origin of the Russian language goes back to ancient times. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus(9th - early 12th centuries) the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the 14-16 centuries. southwestern variety literary language Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (13-15 centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the 13-14 centuries. to the collapse of the ancient Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language also gradually disintegrated. 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). In the 14-15 centuries. on the basis of these associations, closely related, but independent East Slavic languages are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

The history of the development of the Russian language - the era of Moscow Russia

The Russian language of the era of Moscow Russia (14-17 centuries) had a complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. Two main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian approximately to the north from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of Nizhny Novgorod, and South Great Russian in the south from this line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions - dialects overlapping with other dialect divisions. Intermediate Middle Russian dialects arose, among which the dialect of Moscow began to play a leading role. Initially, it was mixed, then it developed into a harmonious system. For him became characteristic: akanye; pronounced reduction of vowels of unstressed syllables; explosive consonant "g"; the ending "-ovo", "-evo" in the genitive singular masculine and neuter in the pronominal declension; hard ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense; forms of pronouns "me", "you", "myself" and a number of other phenomena. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with "-l"), the loss of the dual number, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension and etc. The written language remains colorful.

In the 17th century arise national connections, the foundations of the Russian nation are being laid. In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. French began to render Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to popular speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, little understood by the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

20th century

The Great October Socialist Revolution and the building of socialism in the USSR had a noticeable impact on the Russian language: the vocabulary of the language was updated and increased, some shifts (less noticeable) occurred in the grammatical structure, there was also a stylistic reassessment of a number of linguistic phenomena, the stylistic means of the language were enriched, etc. . In connection with the general spread of literacy and the rise in the cultural level of the population, the literary language became the main means of communication for the Russian nation, in contrast to the pre-revolutionary past, when the bulk of the people spoke local dialects and urban vernacular. The development of phonetic, grammatical and lexical norms The modern Russian literary language is governed by two related trends: established traditions, which are considered exemplary, and the constantly changing speech of native speakers. Established traditions are the use speech means in the language of writers, publicists, theater artists, masters of cinema, radio, television and other mass media. For example, the exemplary "Moscow pronunciation", which became all-Russian, developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. at the Moscow Art and Maly theatres. It changes, but its foundations are still considered unshakable.

Neutral (stylistically uncolored) means of the modern Russian literary language form its basis. Other forms, words and meanings have stylistic coloring, which gives the language all sorts of shades of expressiveness. Most widespread have colloquial elements that carry the functions of ease, some reduced speech in the written variety of the literary language and are neutral in everyday speech. However, colloquial speech as an integral part of the literary language does not represent a special language system.

A common means of stylistic diversity of the literary language is vernacular. It, like the colloquial means of the language, is dual: being an organic part of the literary language, at the same time it exists outside of it. Historically, vernacular goes back to the old colloquial and everyday speech of the urban population, which opposed the bookish language at a time when the norms of the oral variety of the literary language had not yet been developed. The division of the old colloquial and everyday speech into an oral variety of the literary language of the educated part of the population, and vernacular began approximately from the middle of the 18th century. In the future, vernacular becomes a means of communication for predominantly illiterate and semi-literate citizens, and within the literary language, some of its features are used as a means of bright stylistic coloring.

Dialects occupy a special place in the Russian language. Under the conditions of universal education, they quickly die out, being replaced by the literary language. In its archaic part, modern dialects make up 2 large dialects: Northern Great Russian (okanye, explosive consonant "g", vowel contraction, forms of personal pronouns "me", "you", "yourself", solid ending "-t" in verbs of the 3rd persons of the present and future tenses) and South Great Russian (akanye, fricative consonant g, forms of the accusative and genitive pronouns "mene", "you", "himself", the soft ending "-t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense) with an intermediate transitional Middle Russian dialect. There are smaller units, the so-called dialects (groups of close dialects), for example, Novgorod, Vladimir-Rostov, Ryazan. This division is arbitrary, since the boundaries of the distribution of individual dialect features usually do not coincide. The boundaries of dialect features cross Russian territories in different directions, or these features are distributed only in part of it. Before the emergence of writing, dialects were the universal form of the existence of a language. With the emergence of literary languages, they, changing, retained their strength; the speech of the vast majority of the population was dialectal. With the development of culture, the emergence of the national Russian language, dialects become predominantly the speech of the rural population. Modern Russian dialects are turning into a kind of semi-dialects, in which local features are combined with the norms of the literary language. Dialects constantly influenced the literary language. Dialectisms are still used by writers for stylistic purposes.

In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by Russian from German language, in the 19th century. - from French, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from the English language (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, penetration foreign words should be reasonably limited.

The modern Russian language is represented by a number of stylistic, dialectal and other varieties that are in complex interaction. All these varieties, united by a common origin, a common phonetic and grammatical system and the main vocabulary (which ensures mutual understanding of the entire population), constitute a single national Russian language, the main link of which is the literary language in its written and oral forms. Shifts in the very system of the literary language, the constant impact on it of other varieties of speech lead not only to its enrichment with new means of expression, but also to the complication of stylistic diversity, the development of variance, i.e., the ability to designate the same or close in meaning different words and forms.

Russian plays an important role as a language international communication peoples of the USSR. The Russian alphabet formed the basis of the writing of many young languages, and the Russian language became the second native language of the non-Russian population of the USSR. "The process of voluntary study taking place in life, along with the native language, of the Russian language has positive value, as this contributes to the mutual exchange of experience and the introduction of each nation and nationality to the cultural achievements of all other peoples of the USSR and to world culture. "There is a constant process of mutual enrichment of the Russian language and the languages of the peoples of the USSR.

On the development of the Russian language

Starting from the middle of the 20th century. the study of the Russian language is expanding all over the world. Building the world's first socialist society, development Soviet science and technology, the needs of economic, scientific, cultural interchange, the world significance of Russian literature arouse interest in the Russian language and the need to master it in many countries. The Russian language is taught in 87 states: in 1648 universities of capitalist and developing countries and in all universities socialist countries Europe; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. (1975). Established in 1967 International association teachers of the Russian language and literature (MAPRYAL); in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin; a special journal "Russian Language Abroad" is published.

important role in the study of history and modern processes in the Russian language, in the regulation of its norms, the science of R. I plays. Academic grammars, normative dictionaries (explanatory, spelling, orthoepic, dictionaries of difficulties, synonymous, etc.), manuals on the culture of speech, magazines ("Russian language at school", "Russian speech", etc.), promotion of scientific knowledge about R. I. help to stabilize his norms. The activities of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (founded in 1944) and of many departments of the Russian language at higher educational institutions are aimed at studying and streamlining what is happening in Russian language. processes.

Writing and alphabet

The Russian language uses writing based on the Russian alphabet, which goes back to the Cyrillic alphabet (Cyrillic).
The alphabet of the Russian language, in its current form with 33 letters, has actually existed since 1918 (officially only since 1942: it was previously believed that there were 32 letters in the Russian alphabet, since E and Yo were considered as variants of the same letter).
A a B b C c D d E d E f y y
F f g h i i j y k k l l m m
N n O o P p R r S s T t U y
F f X x C ts H h W w Sh y y
Y y b b E e Yu yu I am

The history of the emergence and development of the Russian language

A Brief History of the Russian Language

Russian is one of the largest languages in the world: in terms of the number of speakers, it ranks fifth after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish. Russian language is one of the official and working languages of the United Nations. The number of Russian speakers is about 180 million people. It belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages. Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most widespread. All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is included in Slavic group Indo-European family.

The history of the origin and formation of the Russian language

The history of the origin of the Russian language go back to ancient times. Approximately in the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from the group of related dialects of the Indo-European family of languages, the Proto-Slavic language stands out (at a later stage - approximately in the 1-7th centuries - called Proto-Slavic).

Already in Kievan Rus (9th - early 12th centuries), the Old Russian language became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the 14-16 centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Principality of Moldavia.

The history of the development of the Russian language - the era of Moscow Russia

In the 17th century national ties arise, the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In the 18th and early 19th centuries secular writing became widespread, church literature was gradually relegated to the background and, finally, became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific and technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx into the Russian language of words and expressions from Western European languages. Especially great impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. on Russian vocabulary and phraseology began to provide French.

The clash of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle of different currents. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to folk speech, the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic "Slovenian" language, which was incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, an excessive passion for foreign words began among the upper strata of society, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from of English language(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.

On the development of the Russian language

Starting from the middle of the 20th century. the study of the Russian language is expanding all over the world. Information for the mid-1970s: Russian is taught in 87 states: in 1648 universities; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was founded in 1967; in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin.

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abstract

Subject: "Russian language"

On the topic: "Three periods in the history of the Russian language"

Completed by a student of 11 "m" class

Makarova Ekaterina

Teacher: Ulyasheva Irina Veniaminovna

With. Vizinga

1. Three periods of the formation of the Russian language

1.1 Old Russian period

1.2 Old Russian (Great Russian) period

1.3 Modern language period

Sources

1. Three periods of formation of the Russian language

There are three periods in the history of the Russian language:

1) VI - XIV centuries - the Old Russian period - the same as the source of all three modern East Slavic languages.

2) XIV - XVII centuries - Old Russian (Great Russian) period.

3) XVIII - XXI centuries. - a new, modern Russian language.

1.1 Old Russian period

The Old Russian language was formed on the basis of a number of East Slavic dialects of the Proto-Slavic language, whose speakers settled in the eastern part of the Late Proto-Slavic area in the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. In turn, the Proto-Slavic language is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European language, from which it began to separate presumably in the III millennium BC. e.

The Old Russian period was characterized by the cultural and linguistic situation of diglossia (a special variant of bilingualism), in which the written language (Church Slavonic), perceived by Russians as a supra-dialect standardized variety of their native language, coexisted with the language of everyday communication (Old Russian proper). Despite the fact that both idioms covered different areas of functioning in the Old Russian state, they actively interacted with each other - the features of the bookish Church Slavonic language of Old Russian literature penetrated into the living Old Russian language, and the Church Slavonic language assimilated East Slavic linguistic elements (which marked the beginning of the formation of its special variety -- "output")

Unlike Church Slavonic, the Old Russian language is represented by a smaller number of monuments - mainly private letters on birch bark (from Novgorod, Smolensk, Zvenigorod of Galich and other cities), partly documents of a legal and business nature. In the oldest Church Slavonic literary monuments created in Russia - the Novgorod Codex (1st quarter of the 11th century), the Ostromir Gospel (1056/1057), the penetration of various elements of the Old Russian language is noted. Monuments of the Old Russian language are written in Cyrillic, created in the 9th century AD. e. Cyril and Methodius, texts in the Glagolitic alphabet have not been preserved

Throughout the Old Russian historical period on the future Great Russian territory, the formation of linguistic features is taking place, alienating the north and northeast of Russia from the west and southwest. To XIV century the process of formation of linguistic differences is intensified as a result of the isolation of the western and southwestern territories of Russia under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, and as a result of the unification of the northeastern territories under the rule of the Moscow principality. By the XIV-XV centuries, the Old Russian language broke up into three separate East Slavic languages.

1.2 Old Russian (Great Russian) period

The Old Russian (or Great Russian) period covers the time period from the 14th to the 17th centuries. During this period, phonetic and grammatical systems begin to form, close to the modern Russian language, such language changes, how:

1) change e in about after soft consonants before hard ones: [n "eu] > [n" os];

2) the final formation of a system of oppositions of hard / soft and deaf / voiced consonants;

3) loss of the vocative case form ( slave, mister), replaced by the nominative form ( brother!, son!), a special vocative form is preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian: Ukrainian brother!, son!; Belarusian brother!;

4) the appearance of flexion -a nouns in the nominative case plural (cities, at home, teachers instead of city etc.); there is no such inflection in Ukrainian and Belarusian: Ukrainian city, domi, teachers, Belarusian garadas, ladies, teachers;

5) consonant substitution c, h, With in inclination forms to, G, X (hands?, legs?, soh? instead of ruts?, nose?, SOS?) in Ukrainian and Belarusian such case alternations are preserved: Ukrainian on hand, on the nose, Belarusian. on the rutse, on naz;

6) change of adjective endings [-yi?], [-ii?] into [-oi?], [-ei?] ( simple, himself third change in simple, himself rubsthth);

7) the appearance of forms of the imperative mood on -ite instead of -?those (carry instead of carried those) and with to, G (help instead of help);

8) fixing one form of the past tense for verbs in live speech (former participle on -l, which was part of the perfect forms);

10) unification of types of declension, etc.

Among the dialects that developed on the future Great Russian territory in the second half of the 12th - the first half of the 13th century (Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal and Akachiy dialect of the upper and middle Oka and the interfluve of the Oka and the Seim), Rostov-Suzdal, primarily Moscow dialects of this dialect. From the second quarter of the 14th century, Moscow became the political and cultural center of the Great Russian lands, and in the 15th century, vast Russian lands included in the Grand Duchy of Moscow were united under the rule of Moscow. Based primarily on Moscow dialects, as well as some linguistic elements of other Russian dialects (Ryazan, Novgorod, etc.) to XVI century the norms of the Moscow colloquial speech, combining North Russian (consonant of explosive formation G, solid t in the endings of verbs of the 3rd person, singular and plural, etc.) and South Russian akanye, etc.) features. Moscow koine becomes exemplary, spreads in other Russian cities and provides strong influence into the Old Russian written language. Many official documents and many works of the 15th-17th centuries were written in a language with a Moscow colloquial basis (Afanasy Nikitin’s Journey Beyond the Three Seas, Ivan IV the Terrible’s writings, The Tale of Peter and Fevronia, The Tale of the Pskov Capture, satirical literature etc.) 92.

In the XIV-XVII centuries, literary bilingualism gradually formed, replacing diglossia: the Church Slavonic language of the Russian version continues to coexist with the proper Russian literary language. Between these idioms, various transitional types arise. Since the end of the 14th century, the emergence of literature of various genres on a folk-speech basis, accessible to wide sections of Russian society, has been noted. At the same time, under the influence of the so-called second South Slavic influence, the archaization of the language of many works is intensifying, the formed book "weaving of words" is increasingly at odds with the folk speech of that time.

In the Old Russian period, the dialect division of the Russian language changes, to XVII century two large dialect groups are formed - the North Russian and South Russian dialects, as well as the transitional Central Russian dialects between them.

1.3 Modern language period

From the middle of the 17th century, the Russian nation was formed and the Russian national language began to form on the basis of the Moscow Koine. The formation and development of the national language is facilitated by the wider dissemination of writing, education and science.

During this period, literary bilingualism is eliminated. From the second half of the 16th century, the sphere of use of the Church Slavonic language gradually narrowed, during the period of formation and development of the national language, Church Slavonic was preserved only as the language of the liturgy. Church Slavonicisms included in the Russian literary language become stylistically neutral or are included in the general category of archaisms, and are no longer perceived as elements of a different language.

The norms of the national literary Russian language are developed in XVII-XVIII centuries. By the middle of the 18th century, its oral-colloquial variety was formed. M. V. Lomonosov creates the first grammar that consolidates the norms of the Russian language (“Russian Grammar”). Stabilization of norms, improvement of stylistic means, replenishment of the vocabulary were manifested in the work of A. D. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov, N. I. Novikov, D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin, N. M. Karamzin, I. A. Krylova, A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin. In the environment of Russian society, the synthesis of Russian colloquial, foreign and Church Slavonic elements, characteristic of the literary works of A. S. Pushkin, received the greatest response and was fixed in speech. It is in this form that the Russian language as a whole has been preserved to this day. The norms of the Russian language of the Pushkin era were further improved in the works of writers of the 19th - early 20th centuries - M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, I. A. Bu-nin and others, as well as in the works scientific and journalistic styles(from the second half of XIX century).

During the period of the Russian national language, there is an active penetration of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and tracing according to their model. This process intensified most strongly in the era of Peter I. If in the 17th century the main source of borrowings was the Polish language (often borrowings from Western European languages \u200b\u200bcame into Russian through Polish), then in early XVIII century, German and Dutch dominate, in the 19th century the era of the French language begins, and in the second half of the 20th - early 21st - the main source of borrowings becomes English language. The active development of science and technology contributes to the enrichment of the lexical fund, significant changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language cause political transformations in Russian society in the 20th century ( October Revolution, collapse of the USSR). language diglossia phonetic grammatical

During the period of the Russian national language, the processes of dialect fragmentation slow down, dialects become the “lower form” of the Russian language, in the 20th century the process of leveling territorial dialects sharply intensifies and they are replaced by the colloquial form of the literary language.

In 1708, the civil and Church Slavonic alphabets were separated. In 1918, a reform of Russian spelling was carried out, in 1956 less significant spelling changes were introduced.

The modern Russian language is fixed by strictly codified language norms and becomes a multifunctional means of communication applicable in all spheres of society.

Conclusion

Thus, the Russian language is undergoing significant changes at the present time. The national Russian language is formed as a result of mixing the Slavic-Russian language with Russian folk speech, with Moscow official language and Western European languages.

Sources

http://antisochinenie.ru/

http://5fan.info/

http://www.slideboom.com/

en.wikipedia.org

http://ksana-k.narod.ru/

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Origin: Versions by several scholars

According to a legend that exists in India, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language. In ancient times, they came from the cold North (the Himalayas region) and gave people Sanskrit, an ancient literary language that became widespread in India from the 1st century BC. BC, - thereby laying the foundation of Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North at that time was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Indians often go there as pilgrims .

However, what does Sanskrit have to do with the Russian language?

According to the theory of the ethnographer Natalya Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific papers According to the history and religion of India, many Sanskrit words completely coincide with Russian ones. But why did she even come to that conclusion? Once on a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia, Guseva accompanied a respected scientist from India. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter. Seeing puzzled looks, he replied that he was very happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Natalya Guseva was very interested in this case, so she decided to devote her whole life to the study of the Russian language and Sanskrit.

By the way, the famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin fully supports his colleague and claims that great language the Russian people really comes from a simpler one - Sanskrit, in which there are fewer word-forming forms, and its writing is nothing more than slightly modified by the Hindus Slavic runes.

Text in Sanskrit.
Source: wikimedia.org

According to another version, which is approved and accepted by most philologists, people about 2.6 million years ago (the time of the appearance of the first person) were simply forced to learn how to communicate with each other in the course of teamwork. However, in those days the population was extremely small, so individuals spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, there was a migration of peoples: the DNA got mixed up and changed, and the tribes isolated from each other, and so many different languages, which differed from each other in form and word formation. Later, there was a need for a science describing new achievements and things invented by man.

As a result of this evolution, so-called matrices appeared in people's heads - language pictures of the world. These matrices were studied by the linguist Georgy Gachev, at one time he studied more than 30 of them. According to his theory, the Germans were very attached to their home, and so the image of a typical German-speaking person was formed - organized and thrifty. And the mentality of the Russian speaker came from the image of the road and the path, because. in ancient times, the Russian-speaking people traveled a lot.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

Let's bring some specifics to our article and talk in more detail about the birth and development of our native and great Russian language. To do this, let's go back to India in the III millennium BC. Then, among the Indo-European languages, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. already n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern (the Russian language is usually referred to as eastern). In the ninth century (the moment of the formation of Kievan Rus), the Old Russian language reached its maximum development. At the same time, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, invented the first Slavic alphabet and alphabet based on the Greek script.

However, the creators of Slavic writing did not limit themselves to the alphabet alone: they translated and wrote down gospel sermons, parables, liturgical texts and apostolic letters; and also for about three and a half years they were engaged in the education of the Slavs in Moravia (the historical region of the Czech Republic).

Thanks to the work and knowledge of the enlightenment brothers, the Slavic language began to develop rapidly. By that time, in terms of popularity, it could already be compared with Greek and Latin, which, by the way, also belong to the Indo-European language family.

Separation of language and normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the XIII-XIV centuries. divided the language into three groups: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects. By the way, until the XVI century. Russian was under the huge influence of the other two - Belarusian and Ukrainian and was called "simple language".

In the XVI century. Muscovite Rus decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language, and then they introduced the predominance of the composing connection in sentences and frequent use unions "yes", "and", "a". Also, the declension of nouns became similar to the modern one, and the basis of the literary language was the features characteristic of modern Moscow speech: “akanie”, the consonant “g”, the endings “ovo” and “evo”.

Russian language in the 18th century

The Petrine era greatly influenced Russian speech. It was at this time that our language was freed from the guardianship of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed and made it similar to the European one.

"Geometry of Slavonic Land Surveying" is the first secular publication printed after the reform of the Russian alphabet in 1708.

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