Maria Kornilyeva, Mendeleev's mother. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev What kind of child was Mendeleev in the family?
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) - Russian scientist-encyclopedist. In 1869 he discovered the periodic law chemical elements- one of the basic laws of natural science. He left over 500 published works, including the classic “Fundamentals of Chemistry” - the first coherent presentation of inorganic chemistry. Also D.I. Mendeleev is the author of fundamental research in physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, economics, and public education, closely related to the needs of Russia's economic development. Organizer and first director of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in Tobolsk in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, who at that time held the position of director of the Tobolsk gymnasium and schools of the Tobolsk district. Dmitry was the last, seventeenth child in the family. In 1841-1849. studied at the Tobolsk gymnasium.
Mendeleev received his higher education at the Department of Natural Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1855 with a gold medal. In 1856, he defended his master's thesis at St. Petersburg University and from 1857, as an assistant professor, taught a course in organic chemistry there. In 1859-1861 he was on a scientific trip to Heidelberg, where he became friends with many scientists there, including A.P. Borodin and I.M. Sechenov. There he worked in his small home laboratory, as well as in the laboratory of R. Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg. In 1861 he published the textbook “ Organic chemistry", awarded the Demidov Prize by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In 1862, Mendeleev married the stepdaughter of the famous author of “The Little Humpbacked Horse,” Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov, Feozva Nikitichnaya Leshcheva, a native of Tobolsk. In this marriage he had three children, but one daughter died in infancy. In 1865, the scientist acquired the Boblovo estate in the Moscow province, where he studied agrochemistry and agriculture. F.N. Leshcheva with children most lived there for a while.
In 1864-1866. DI. Mendeleev was a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. In 1865 he defended his doctoral dissertation “On the combination of alcohol with water” and at the same time was approved as a professor at St. Petersburg University. Mendeleev also taught at other higher educational institutions. Took an active part in public life, speaking in the press with demands for permission to give public lectures, protested against circulars restricting the rights of students, and discussed a new university charter.
Mendeleev's discovery of the periodic law dates back to March 1, 1869, when he compiled a table entitled "An Experience of a System of Elements Based on Their Atomic Weights and Chemical Similarities." It was the result of many years of searching. He made several options periodic table and on its basis corrected the atomic weights of some known elements, predicted the existence and properties of still unknown elements. At first, the system itself, the corrections made and Mendeleev’s forecasts were met with restraint. But after the discovery of the elements he predicted (gallium, germanium, scandium), the periodic law began to gain recognition. The periodic table was a kind of guiding map in the study of inorganic chemistry and in research work in this area.
In 1868, Mendeleev became one of the organizers of the Russian Chemical Society.
At the end of the 1870s. Dmitry Mendeleev fell passionately in love with Anna Ivanovna Popova, the daughter of a Don Cossack from Uryupinsk. In his second marriage, D.I. Mendeleev had four children. DI. Mendeleev was the father-in-law of the Russian poet Alexander Blok, who was married to his daughter Lyubov.
Since 1876, Dmitry Mendeleev was a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; in 1880 he was nominated as an academician, but was voted out, which caused a sharp public protest.
In 1890, Mendeleev, being a professor at St. Petersburg University, resigned in protest against the oppression of students. Almost forcibly separated from science, Dmitry Mendeleev devoted all his energies to practical problems.
With his participation, in 1890 a draft of a new customs tariff was created, in which a protective system was consistently implemented, and in 1891 a wonderful book was published: “The Intelligible Tariff”, which represents a commentary on this project and at the same time a deeply thought-out overview of the industry , indicating its needs and future prospects. In 1891, the Navy and War Ministry entrusted Mendeleev with the development of the issue of smokeless gunpowder, and he (after a business trip abroad) in 1892 brilliantly performs this task. The “pyrocollodium” he proposed turned out to be an excellent type of smokeless gunpowder, moreover, universal and easily adaptable to any firearm.
Since 1891, Mendeleev has been actively involved in the Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, as the editor of the chemical-technical and factory department and the author of many articles that adorn this publication. In 1900-1902 Dmitry Mendeleev edits the “Library of Industry” (ed. Brockhaus-Efron), where he owns the issue “Teaching of Industry”. Since 1904, “Treasured Thoughts” began to be published - Mendeleev’s historical, philosophical and socio-economic treatise, which contains, as it were, his testament to posterity, the results of what he experienced and changed his mind on various issues relating to the economic, state and social life of Russia.
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev died on January 20, 1907 from pneumonia. His funeral, at the expense of the state, was a real national mourning. The Department of Chemistry of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society established two prizes in honor of Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry. Mendeleev's library, along with the furnishings of his office, was acquired by Petrograd University and is stored in a special room that once formed part of his apartment.
Periodic law and periodic system of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev
Intellectual game
I, Knysheva Lyudmila Nikolaevna, a chemistry teacher of the highest qualification category, have been working at the school since 1986. I have been a regular subscriber to the Khimiya newspaper since 1992. I subscribe for a year at once. When I subscribed to this publication, I was not disappointed, because thanks to it I have comprehensive material for everyday work in the classroom. I want to start my debut in print with your publication. Since 2001, in the Kalininsky district of Novosibirsk, thematic intellectual games have been held among students from schools in the district. Children take part in the games different ages, from 8th to 11th grades. The games are held in two stages: two cluster games (12 teams each) and the final - among, as a rule, the 6-7 strongest teams from schools in the area. In 2009, we could not miss such an event as the 140th anniversary of the discovery of the periodic law and the 175th anniversary of the birth of the great chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. |
Goals of the game.General education: generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic “Periodic law and the periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev” using game elements; acquaintance with the main milestones of the life of D.I. Mendeleev, the periodic law and its consequences.
Educational: intensifying students' interest in the history of Russia; developing a sense of patriotism and civic duty to the fatherland; development of skills and abilities of independent educational work with information sources.
Educational: formation of adequate self-esteem of students, ability to work in a team; nurturing cognitive interests, the need for knowledge; instilling interest in chemistry.
Equipment. Computer, screen, multimedia projector, stencils of game participants, periodic table.
Decor. Portrait of D.I. Mendeleev (with dates of life); Mendeleev’s statement about the periodic law: “...To the periodic law, the future does not threaten destruction, but only promises superstructures and development...”; statement by S. Ya. Nadson (presented in the central part of the screen):
“Don’t tell me: “he is dead,” he lives,
Even though the altar is broken, the fire still burns.
Even if the rose is plucked, it still blooms,
Even if the harp is broken, the chord is still crying!..”
The game is attended by teams from 24 schools in the region, which are divided into two groups of 12. The teams are given the theme of the game in advance, the students prepare for it - this increases interest in the subject and develops the ability to work with additional literature.
The game consists of two parts: intellectual (three rounds) and solemn and congratulatory.
The first round is devoted to the biography of the great scientist.
The second round includes questions related to the discovery of the law itself and the creation of a system of elements.
The third round is aimed at identifying the cognitive interest and erudition of the game participants. Each round includes 15–17 questions.
Answers are scored by the jury from 1 to 16 points depending on the complexity of the question ( see Attachment).
The jury consists of geography teachers, ecology, history, educational psychologist. The game is played by 10th grade students.
The team that scores wins greatest number points. The teams finishing in the first three places in each cluster game will compete in the final district game.
PROGRESS OF THE GAME
The presenters take turns reading out questions that simultaneously appear on the screen projected through a multimedia projector. One minute is given for discussion in the first and second rounds. After the time has elapsed, the Answer is shown on the screen and read out by the presenters. Questions proposed in the third round are given up to 3 minutes, depending on the volume and complexity.
I round |
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
(childhood, youth, university years)
1. Give the date (day, month and year) of the birth of the great scientist according to the old and new styles.
2. In which Russian city was D.I. Mendeleev born and lived as a child?
Answer. City of Tobolsk.
3. Few people know that the surname “Mendeleev” is not real, but invented. Name real name scientist, and from whom he inherited it.
Answer.Sokolov; inherited from grandfather -
priest
4. What does the surname “Mendeleev” mean?
Answer. “The surname Mendeleev was given to my father when he bartered for something...” recalls
Dmitry Ivanovich. – Consonance teacher
“What should I do?” entered the father
under the name Mendeleev."
5. What kind of child was D.I. Mendeleev in the family?
Answer. Seventeenth, youngest.
6. What are the last names, first names and patronymics of the parents of the great scientist.
Answer. Father - Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev;
mother - Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (Kornilieva).
7. Name D.I. Mendeleev’s hobby.
Answer. He loved to make suitcases, and among St. Petersburg cab drivers
was known as a suitcase maker.
8. Name the educational institutions and cities where D.I. Mendeleev studied in his childhood and youth.
Answer.Tobolsk gymnasium;
Main pedagogical institute In Petersburg.
9. What positions did D.I. Mendeleev’s parents hold during their lifetime?
Answer.Father is the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium;
mother is the manager of a small glass factory.
10. In which educational institution Mendeleev could not pass the test? Name the city and educational institution.
Answer. Petersburg. Medical-Surgical Academy.
11. Which famous people left a mark on the life of the future scientist during his studies?
Answer. P.P. Ershov (writer and poet, author of “The Little Humpbacked Horse”),
I.K. Rummel (teacher of physics and mathematics at the Tobolsk gymnasium),
N.V. Gogol (writer, playwright, critic).
12. In what subjects did Mendeleev have only satisfactory grades?
Answer. God's law (didn't like this subject),
Russian literature (I didn’t like the Church Slavonic language).
13. What are the names of D.I. Mendeleev’s brothers and sisters with whom he communicated?
Answer. Ekaterina, Olga, Apollinaria, Elizabeth, Ivan, Maria, Pavel.
14. Who was D.I. Mendeleev’s favorite institute teacher? What did the students call him?
Answer.A.A. Voskresensky.
“Grandfather of Russian chemists.”
15. How successfully did Mendeleev graduate from the Main Pedagogical University?
Answer. With a gold medal.
16. In which locality Did Mendeleev live near Tobolsk during his childhood?
Answer. Aremzyanka village.
Presenter 1. While the jury is summing up the results of the first round, we bring to your attention the composition “East” performed by a dance group.
2nd round |
Periodic law.
Contribution of D.I.Mendeleev to the discovery of the periodic law and the periodic system
1. When (according to the old and new styles) did Mendeleev make the initial sketch of the periodic table of chemical elements?
Answer. On February 17 (March 1), 1869, Mendeleev compiled a table
“The experience of a system of elements based
on their atomic weight
and chemical similarity.”
2. What could D.I. Mendeleev do based on the periodic dependence he discovered?
Answer.Corrected atomic masses and changed
the relative position of some elements.
3. How many items were opened chemical methods for the 38 years that passed from the discovery of the periodic law to the death of D.I. Mendeleev?
Answer. 21.
4. The textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry” was published in separate parts. While working on which of them, D.I. Mendeleev discovered the law of periodicity chemical properties?
Answer. Above the second one.
5. What was Mendeleev's scientific feat?
Answer. Discovery of the periodic law; change in atomic masses of elements,
identified erroneously, as well as predicting the properties of elements that have not yet been discovered.
6. How many elements did Mendeleev predict and describe in detail? Name these chemical elements in modern and historical style.
Answer.Predicted the existence of several elements
described three in detail: ekaaluminum (gallium), ekasilicon (germanium), ecaboron (scandium).
 |
Textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”. Part two |
7. It is believed that Mendeleev discovered the periodic law in a dream. Is this true or legend?
Answer. Legend.
8. In what year did Mendeleev coin the term “periodic table”?
Answer. In 1871
9. Which chemical elements did Mendeleev correct the atomic masses of?
Answer. Beryllium (No. 4), indium (No. 49).
10. Name four pairs of chemical elements arranged in the periodic table not in increasing order, but in decreasing order of atomic mass.
Answer.Argon - potassium, cobalt - nickel, tellurium - iodine, thorium - protactinium.
11. What questions could Mendeleev not answer due to the state of science of his time?
Answer. There are three such questions.
1) Why are the properties of chemical elements
repeat periodically?
2) Why are there four in the periodic table?
places the elements are located
in order of decreasing atomic mass?
3) How many lanthanides are there in total?
in the periodic table?
12. Which of scientists Mendeleev called “strengtheners of the periodic law”?
Answer. P. Lecoq de Boisbaudran,
K. Winkler, L. Nilsson, W. Ramsay.
13. In which group did Mendeleev place the inert gases? Until what year did it last?
Answer.Zero group.
It existed until 1962.
14. How many chemical elements were known at the time of the discovery of the periodic law?
Answer. 63 elements.
15. Mendeleev suggested this scientist check specific gravity chemical element he discovered. The item was opened with spectral analysis, predicted by Mendeleev. Name the chemical element and spectroscopist.
Answer.The element gallium (eka-aluminium).
Scientist - P. Lecoq de Boisbaudran.
Presenter 2. And again in front of you is a dance group with the composition “Modern Rhythms”.
At this time, the jury sums up the results.
III round |
An entertaining tour of the periodic table (chemical elements)
1. In what year was element No. 101 synthesized by a group of American scientists, which was named in honor of D.I. Mendeleev?
Answer. In 1955
2. How many times does the surname “Mendeleev” appear in the Periodic Table?
Answer. Twice: in the system name
and in the name of element No. 101.
3. What chemical element is named after Russia? Give its serial number.
Answer. Ruthenium, No. 44.
4. Having visited the laboratory of A. Becquerel and the Curies, D.I. Mendeleev recommended “those who are looking for subjects for new research to study this element especially carefully.” About which element we're talking about?
Answer. Uranus.
 |
Laboratory of Pierre and Marie Curie |
5. Using D.I. Mendeleev’s table, make up the names of chemical elements from the letters of the word “protactinium”, indicate their serial number. You are given three minutes to complete this task.
Answer. Six elements: sodium (No. 11), titanium (No. 22),
krypton (No. 36), yttrium (No. 39), actinium (No. 89),
thorium (No. 90).
6. Fill in the blanks with the names of plants or animals so that the resulting words represent chemical elements:
a) - - l o - - th;
b) - - b a l -;
c) - e l l - -;
d) - p - p - o n;
e) - - - n and th;
f) k u r - - t o v i -.
Name the living organism and element. You are given two minutes.
Answer. a) pony – polonium; b) cat – cobalt; c) tur – tellurium;
d) whale – krypton; e) oak - dubnium; f) tea – curly.
7. Using the periodic table, name the chemical elements associated with the names of great scientists. You get three minutes to work.
Answer. Gadolinium (Yu. Gadolin), curium (spouses Pierre and Marie Curie),
lawrencium (E. Lawrence), mendelevium (D.I. Mendeleev), nobelium (A. Nobel), rutherfordium (E. Rutherford), fermium (E. Fermi), einsteinium (A. Einstein).
8. Name the chemical elements named after planets. You work for two minutes.
Answer.Neptunium (Neptune), plutonium (Pluto), uranium (Uranus),
cerium (Ceres is the largest of the asteroids).
9. What do the letters that make up the curium symbol mean?
Answer. WITH - surname of the spouses Curie (Curi);
m – the name of the first woman to win twice Nobel Prize Marie Curie-Skłodowska.
10. Which element is named after the daughter of the ancient Greek god Tantalus? Name this element and your daughter's name.
Answer. Niobium (No. 41), Niobe.
11. The element has its name from the ancient Greek hero who stole fire from the divine Olympus and gave this jewel to people.
Answer. Promethium (No. 61).
12. The names of which chemical elements are associated with geography?
Answer. Americium, europium, californium, scandium, gallium, germanium, yttrium,
ruthenium, terbium, erbium, ytterbium,
lutetium, polonium, francium, dubnium.
13. The companion of this element is europium. Using the periodic table, identify this element and the origin of its name.
Answer. Samarium (No. 62), discovered by spectral method in the Ural mineral,
discovered in the Ilmen Mountains by mining engineer Vasily Evgrafovich Samarsky-Bukhovtsev.
14. This element is named after the Scandinavian god of war, thunder and lightning, discovered in 1828 by J. J. Berzelius. Name the element and god of war of Scandinavia.
Answer. Thorium. Scandinavian god of War, thunder and lightning - Thor.
15. Which elements of the 7th period changed their names? What were they called before and what are they called now?
Answer. Element No. 104 was named curchatium and renamed rutherfordium;
element No. 105, called nilsborium, was renamed dubnium.
16. When heated, it turns into a purple vapor, bypassing the liquid state.
Answer. Iodine.
17. In the body of an adult there is at least a kilogram of this element, which is in group II of the 4th period.
Answer. Calcium.
APPLICATION
Grading scale
(maximum points)
Literature
Makarenya A.A., Rysev Yu.V.. D.I.Mendeleev. M.: Education, 1983; Makarenya A.A., Trifonov D.N.. Periodic law of D.I.Mendeleev. M.: Education, 1969; Tishchenko V.E., Mladentsev V.N. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, his life and work: University period, 1861–1890. M.: Nauka, 1993; New encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001; Volkov V.A., Vonsky V.E., Kuznetsova G.I.. Outstanding chemists of the world. M.: graduate School, 1991; Kritsman V.A.. Reading book on inorganic chemistry. Part 1. M.: Education, 1992; Komkova E.G. A group of chemical asteroids. M.: Education, 1984; I'm exploring the world. Chemistry. Auto-stat. L.A. Savina. M.: AST, 2001.
Photos from books: Dobrotin R.B., Karpilo N.G., Kerova L.S., Trifonov D.N. Chronicle of the life and work of D.I. Mendeleev. L.: Science. Leningr. department, 1984; Kudryavtsev P.S. Course on the history of physics. M.: Education, 1982.
There is an opinion that only one child can be given a “decent” education, “put on his feet,” “brought into the public eye,” developed an extraordinary personality, directed in the right direction, and provided with opportunities for creativity to the required extent. After all, this requires a lot of effort, money and attention from the parents of the future talent. And each subsequent child will suffer from a lack of attention, cash injections and variety in spending their leisure time. And all this will negatively affect his future opportunities.That is, following the logic of this opinion: “The eldest was smart, the middle one was this and that, the youngest was a complete fool.”
Let's turn to history and study whether, in fact, only the only child in a family became a famous artist, poet, businessman, politician, or scientist. Also, let’s pay attention to the profession and education of their parents, their living conditions and financial situation.
Artists
Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev was the fourth child in the family. His father, a teacher at a theological seminary, died when the boy was not yet two years old. But the mother, Ekaterina Prokhorovna, surrounded the children with such warmth and love that the light of this love warmed them all their lives. She managed not only to feed her children on a meager pension, but also gave them a good upbringing - she read aloud, played the piano, sang, and organized home performances. By the way, Kustodiev adopted his mother’s love of music and played the piano and violin himself.Ilya Efimovich Repin was born fourth (his three older brothers died in infancy), and had younger sister and two brothers. His father served as a private in the Uhlan regiment. “We were both poor and bored,” Repin recalled, “and I was often hungry. Black bread with coarse gray salt was very tasty, but they gave it in small quantities. We were all getting poorer... Mama now keeps crying and working on all sorts of sewing.” Only when Repin’s father retired and returned home did he bring the family out of poverty by starting to buy and sell horses. Ilya Repin, together with his sister and brothers, learned to read and write from his mother. Not having time to pay due attention to children due to constant household chores, Tatyana Stepanovna started a small home school. In addition to their children, about a dozen children from neighboring houses studied here. The sexton of the church taught literacy, penmanship and the law of God.
Poets, writers
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was the second child in the family, there were four children in total. Parents did not pay much attention to their children; it is possible that Alexander was not at all the favorite child in the family. The upbringing of the future genius was chaotic: teachers and tutors changed very often. The poet’s brother wrote about Alexander’s childhood: “Until the age of eleven, he was brought up in parental home. A passion for poetry appeared in him with the first concepts: at the age of eight, already able to read and write, he composed small comedies and epigrams in French for his teachers. In general, his upbringing contained little Russian. He heard one French; The tutor was a Frenchman, however, an intelligent and educated man; his father's library consisted of only French works. The child spent sleepless nights and secretly devoured books one after another in his father’s office.”
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky wrote about his family like this: “My mother, the daughter of an employee at a sugar factory, was a domineering and unkind woman. All her life she held “firm views,” which boiled down mainly to the tasks of raising children. Her unkindness was feigned. The mother was convinced that only with strict and harsh treatment of children could they be raised into “something worthwhile.” Our family was large and diverse, inclined towards the arts. The family sang a lot, played the piano, and reverently loved the theater. I still go to the theater as if it were a holiday.” There were three more children in the Paustovsky family: two brothers and sister Konstantina.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was the third of five children in the family. Chekhov said: “As a child, I had no childhood.” The daily routine of the children in the Chekhov family was not childish at all. The day was occupied by worries about his father’s shop, which was open from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m., endless singing in the church choir, which his father strove to make the best in the city, and studying at the gymnasium. In addition, the children learned a craft, so Anton, for example, mastered tailoring. Chekhov's father was despotic; punishment and flogging were used in the family. But, at the same time, he was multi-talented: he independently learned to play the violin and studied icon painting. The father wanted to see his children educated, happier than himself. He hired music and foreign language teachers to teach children, all of whom studied at the gymnasium. The mother's influence was softening. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov spoke about his family and childhood: “We have talent from our father’s side, and our soul from our mother’s side.”
Space
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was the third child in the family (there were four children in the family). His family was the most ordinary peasant (collective farm): his father graduated from only two classes, but was interested in many things in life, was a jack of all trades, his mother did not receive any education. In their family, the authority of the father was very strong, who instilled in the children love for their neighbors and respect for elders. The science
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was the last seventeenth child in the family.He comes from Russian Orthodox family. His grandfather was a priest. His father was the director of a gymnasium, but in the year the future scientist was born, he became seriously ill and lost his job. All family burdens passed on to the shoulders of his mother, a woman of outstanding intelligence and energy. The family lived on very modest means: a pension and very little income from a glass factory. Mendeleev's mother took care of the children, who received a very good education. In the evenings, Maria Mendeleeva gathered everyone in the living room and played the piano and read aloud.
From parents Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ten children were born. He willingly worked with his brothers and sisters, helped his mother with housework, worked in the garden and vegetable garden, helped his father build a house, and learned a little carpentry and turning. His father loved to tell him: “It’s time for business, time for fun.” Pavlov's father was a priest, his mother also came from a spiritual family. The family did not live richly. They kept boarders, the children willingly helped their mother - they brought water, chopped wood, lit the stove, etc.
She is the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and she is also the first two-time winner of this prize.
Maria was the fifth child in a family of teachers. All children in the Sklodovsky family graduated from high school with a gold medal. They couldn't stop this early death mothers, nor the eternal lack of funds. The Skłodowskis rented out part of the house to boarders. In this regard, Maria had to sleep in the dining room, get up early and go to bed late - when the work in the kitchen was completed. Their father, the director of the gymnasium, had a great influence on the children. Having been widowed early, he tried to be a support and true friend for your children.
Having received an excellent education at the gymnasium, Maria could not enter the University of Warsaw. At that time, only men could study there. The Sklodovsky family did not have the opportunity to pay for their children’s education abroad. And then Maria agreed with her sister that Bronya would enter the Sorbonne in Paris, and Maria would work for this and pay for her education. Then it will be Bronya's turn to help his sister. So they did, Maria became a governess. She was able to come to Paris only at the age of 24. But her persistence, passion for research, boundless energy helped her to become a great scientist and a woman in family life. By the way, the daughters of Marie Sklodowska-Curie also became successful: the eldest Irene continued the works of her famous parents, becoming a scientist and also a Nobel Prize winner; the younger Eva is an excellent pianist.
Medicine
Elena Vasilievna Malysheva- Russian doctor, TV presenter was born into a family of doctors, has an older sister and a twin brother. All children later became doctors. “Our parents loved us immensely, took a lot of care of us, developed and educated us in every possible way,” recalled the TV presenter. - But they demanded a lot from us, liberties were not allowed. For example, I was a soloist in a choir that performed at all kinds of holidays and special events. And on performance days, all choir members were excused from classes. But my mother woke me up every time at seven in the morning and sent me to school. I was indignant: “How can you, no one is coming, why should I?!” To which she said: “Because you have your own path. You must study." 
Leonid Mikhailovich Roshal- Director of the Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Professor, Doctor medical sciences, public figure.
From an interview. "There were no doctors in my family. My father was a student orphanage, before that I was a homeless child. Then in air force served as division commander. Mom was a worker. They signed when dad was 18 and mom was 17, because there was unemployment in those years. He had to go to the army, and she went to work in his place. Then I graduated from all sorts of workers' schools. An absolutely charming woman. Not with some kind of super education, but she had a huge internal culture. And my father was a rather tough man. But he knew how to love children absolutely and madly.” Their family had three children.
What about them?
But what about the talented and famous people Abroad? Here's just a short list:L.V. Beethoven is the first of seven children in the family;
I.S. Bach was the sixth child in the family;
Napoleon Bonaparte also comes from a large family;
Astrid Lindgren is the second child of four;
Marilyn Monroe - third child;
Coco Chanel is the second of five children;
Grace Kelly is the third child in the family;
Audrey Hepburn is the third child in the family;
Princess Diana is the third daughter in the family;
John D. Astor - third son;
John D. Rockefeller Sr. had three more sisters;
Conrad Hilton is the second child in the family;
Steven Spielberg has three younger sisters;
Margaret Thatcher is the second of the sisters;
Mel Gibson is the sixth child of eleven;
Mireille Mathieu is the eldest of fourteen siblings;
Celine Dion is the youngest of fourteen children in the family;
Shakira is the first child of her mother and the eighth child of her father, and was raised along with all her brothers and sisters;
Brad Pitt has a sister and a brother;
Keanu Reeves is one of four children in the family;
Kate Winslet is the second child of five;
Gisele Bundchen also comes from a large family, she has five sisters;
Johnny Depp is the last fourth child;
Eva Longoria is one of four sisters;
Walt Disney is the fourth child of five;
Katy Perry is the second of three children;
Katie Holmes is the youngest fifth child;
Victoria Beckham comes from a family with three children.
Drawing conclusions
As can be seen from these examples, all these prominent figures came from large families of different classes, wealth and education. But this did not stop them from becoming who they became. This helped them develop resilience, patience, responsibility, and hard work. Therefore, the often encountered opinion is that “we can only put one child on his feet, give him quality education, diversified development, well dressed and shod” is rather a misconception and is connected more with other internal attitudes of the parents themselves.If you noticed, most often of all the celebrities studied in this work, the most gifted was the third child in the family. See for yourself and look again at the life stories of famous people.
Of course, for each person the information carries its own individual conclusions. So, one, having read this material, will pay attention to the frequent lack of a humanistic approach in raising children, when parents demanded, punished, even spanked their children. And he will consider this more ignorant and cowardly than caring for his child. Another is that many future celebrities were not given any special conditions; many lived very poorly and did not have even the most basic things. And he will wonder why, with modern opportunities, our children are less and less endowed with that responsibility, adult prudence, and the desire to achieve a goal than the children of past years?
Now we talk a lot and try to take into account the child’s opinion in various issues, we try to leave children freedom of choice and do not impose our opinions, we try to create “special conditions” for children in the form of separate rooms, creating silence during classes, we try to satisfy all the necessary and even unnecessary needs of children. But it often turns out that children do not want anything at all, they do not strive for anything except to receive the next pleasure. Let's think about “sufficient conditions” for a child or their useless surpluses.
Many parents of future outstanding people believed that children should be raised in strictness, maintaining discipline in the family, honor and respect for elders; children helped their parents a lot. Almost on an equal basis with adults, they worked around the house, tended to the garden, worked in a workshop or traded in a shop. Nowadays, at home and in schools, labor education is practically disappearing. If previously children, in addition to household duties, were on duty around the classroom and school (washing the floor, wiping the board, caring for plants and the “living corner”, planting flowers and trees, there was a small vegetable garden somewhere near the school), but now this is no longer the case. And many parents only welcome this: “It’s not good for our children to get their hands dirty.” In fact, our children lose out from this.
At the same time, the spiritual side in the children’s lives was very developed. They often went to church, at home they prayed together as a family, sometimes their parents and grandparents were from the spiritual community (priests).
Often the personality of the parent himself was very extraordinary. Adults were interested in various creative arts. Mothers read a lot to their children, talked, often sang and played the piano, fathers were people interested in life, diversified, although some did not even have a basic education.
They sought to give their children a good education, considering this to be the key to a better life. They spent their sometimes small funds on home libraries with a variety of books and on classes with private teachers for children. We can say that these are “developers” of that time and are often much more effective than modern ones.
It is often useful to refer to the experiences of past years. After all, we will not be able to see the results of our current upbringing very soon. And we can’t fix anything. And there is no point in arguing about methods. It is not for nothing that they say that those who do not know history have no future. After all, in already completed stories we can trace causes and consequences, analyze what would be acceptable for today’s modern times and a particular family, and simply get acquainted with other people’s life experiences. Perhaps you can name other interesting examples on a given topic, we will be happy to continue the list.
Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich(1834-1907) - great Russian scientist, chemist, physicist, teacher, public figure. In 1859 he discovered the periodic law, on the basis of which he created the periodic system of elements. He left behind over 500 scientific published works, including the classic textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry.” His works revealed the fundamentals of the theory of solutions and proposed an industrial method for the fractional separation of oil. He was the organizer and first director of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (1893).
Mendeleev was born into a large family. Mendeleev was born on January 27, 1834. He became 17 and last child in family. At the time of his birth, only two brothers and five sisters remained alive in the family. Father - Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev was the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium and schools of the Tobolsk district. Mother, Maria Dmitrievna, was from an old but impoverished merchant family. Ivan Pavlovich died in 1847, leaving the entire burden of responsibility on the shoulders of his wife. Despite this, she, being strong, educated and smart woman, was able to take care of her children and give them a decent education.
Mendeleev studied well at the gymnasium. Actually this is not true. Dmitry Ivanovich hated the routine that reigned within the gymnasium walls and studied mediocrely. He studied with special diligence only in two subjects - mathematics and physics. For the rest of his life, a negative attitude towards the classical school remained in his soul. However, while attending the Main Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, he learned the full power of education. Despite the fact that the first year was given to him with great difficulty, he graduated from the university with a gold medal. Subsequently, Dmitry Ivanovich became one of the best teachers in Russia.
Mendeleev stopped teaching at St. Petersburg University due to a conflict with the Minister of Education. In the spring of 1890, student unrest broke out at the university. The students developed a petition addressed to the Minister of Public Education Delyanov. It did not contain any revolutionary ideas, as some suggest, and was purely academic in nature. Mendeleev agreed to hand over the petition to the minister on the condition that the students stop the resulting unrest. However, the minister did not consider the petition, and responded to Mendeleev rudely and tactlessly. As a result, the unrest resumed. Dmitry Ivanovich could not stand this attitude towards himself and the students and submitted his resignation.
Mendeleev invented vodka. Mendeleev did not invent vodka. He wrote and defended his doctoral dissertation “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water.” Another controversial fact, this is a statement that Mendeleev proposed producing vodka with a strength of 40 degrees. In fact, this figure is not visible in his writings. According to some sources, he proposed making vodka with a strength of 38 degrees, considering this strength to be ideal. However, this number was later rounded to 40.
The principle of constructing the periodic table was formed by Mendeleev in a dream. This generally accepted version, frankly speaking, somewhat detracts from the merits of the great chemist. According to this version, Mendeleev came up with and created the system in one day, and saw part of it during the day. According to the memoirs of O.E. Ozarovskaya, once when asked about the discovery of the periodic system, Mendeleev answered: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s ready.” These words fully reveal the long-term thought process of creating the periodic table. Even if he saw something in a dream, it only means that the genius’s thoughts were working even while his physical component was resting.
There is a lot of mysticism in the creation of the periodic table. Indeed, the ingenious discovery smacks of mysticism. When compiling the periodic table, Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight. Already on beryllium it became clear that, according to the scientific data of that time, the table did not work. And then it’s truly inexplicable: Mendeleev simply changed the atomic weight of beryllium and added an empty cell between titanium and calcium. He did this with almost a third of the table. As a result, the weight of uranium increased by as much as 4 times. This table not only systematized the chemical elements, but also predicted the appearance of unknown elements. A feeling of something divine is created, but how can genius be explained?
Mendeleev was unhappy in his personal life. Dmitry Ivanovich’s first marriage really cannot be called happy. On April 29, 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. In this marriage two children were born: son Volodya and daughter Olga. Mendeleev loved children very much, but his relationship with his wife was cold. As a result, she gave him complete freedom, provided that he maintained the official marriage. At 43, Dmitry Ivanovich fell in love with 19-year-old Anyuta Pavlova. This relationship was very difficult in the initial stage. Anyuta's father was against it and asked Mendeleev to leave his daughter alone. As a result, Anyuta was sent abroad, where Dmitry Ivanovich, having lost his head, rushed after her. Divorce in those years was a very difficult process. To help a brilliant person arrange his personal life and for the sake of preserving mental health Mendeleev, his friends Beketov N.N. and Ilyin N.P. asked the first wife for permission to divorce. After her consent and subsequent divorce, Dmitry Ivanovich had to wait another six years to enter into a new marriage. To avoid this, he bribed the priest, paying him 10 thousand rubles for his marriage with Anyuta (note that his estate cost him only 8 thousand rubles). This marriage turned out to be very successful. The couple got along well and understood each other perfectly. The daughter Lyuba, who appeared in this marriage, became the wife of A. Blok.
Mendeleev was engaged in the manufacture of suitcases. Indeed, despite his employment and achievements in many scientific fields, Dmitry Ivanovich was fond of bookbinding and making suitcases. In this regard, even funny things happened. They say that when, while purchasing material in a store, the seller was asked: “Who is this?” He replied: “Don’t you really know? This is the famous suitcase maker Mendeleev.” It is also known that Mendeleev made his own clothes, considering store-bought ones inconvenient.
Mendeleev lost his sight at the end of his life. In 1895, Mendeleev went blind as a result of developing cataracts. During these years, he already headed the Chamber of Weights and Measures that he created. For such an active person it was difficult time. All business documentation was read aloud to him, and the secretary wrote down orders. Thanks to two operations successfully performed by Professor I.V. Kostenich, the cataract was removed and Mendeleev’s vision returned.
Mendeleev was engaged only in science. Mendeleev had a wide range of knowledge and could influence the minds of people. He invested a lot of effort in shaping the industry and economy of Russia. In his writings, he proposed reforming the community and introducing an artel organization of labor. Dmitry Ivanovich pays special attention to oil industry. It was for information on this issue that in 1876 he was sent by the government to America. He studied oil fields Russia, paying special attention to the Caucasus. Some of his work is devoted specifically to oil refining. In addition, he dealt with issues of the Donetsk coal basin and its rationalization. Thus, he provided big influence not only in the scientific field, but also in solving internal economic issues of Russia...
A chemical element, an underwater mountain range and a crater on the back side Moons. At the same time, when Mendeleev was called a genius, he winced, waved his hands and grumbled: “What a genius! I worked all my life, and that’s why I became a genius.”
He was not only a famous chemist, teacher and aeronaut, who discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements. He was a talented, gifted for prediction, absolutely extraordinary person with a mysterious biography. Mendeleev repeatedly surprised his contemporaries with strange statements and unexpected actions.
Invented the table and... vodka
Dmitry Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8), 1834 in Tobolsk. He was the 17th child in the family of the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium. Mendeleev's mother came from an old merchant family and was an energetic and intelligent woman.
Eight of Dmitry's brothers and sisters died in infancy, and his father himself became blind in the year of his birth. The large family lived on his small pension. Due to severe financial situation The Mendeleevs moved to the village of Aremzyanskoye, where their mother’s brother’s small glass factory was located, and lived on meager factory funds. However, despite poverty, the mother, noticing special abilities youngest son, after Mendeleev graduated from the gymnasium, she went with him to St. Petersburg to enroll him in a higher educational institution.
At first, Mendeleev tried to enter the Medical-Surgical Academy, but he was unable to study anatomy. And then in 1850 he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute, where he soon became one of the best. Unfortunately, Dmitry Ivanovich’s health was poor - he was bleeding from his throat. Doctors gave him a fatal diagnosis for those times: consumption. Once in the clinic, during a round, the chief doctor, thinking that Mendeleev had fallen asleep, said: “Well, this one won’t get up again...”
Mendeleev realized that his health was not something to joke about, and, upon leaving the hospital, he made every effort to get an appointment with the court physician Zdekauer. After listening to the young man, he advised him to quickly go to Crimea (where in those days all hopelessly sick people were usually sent), and at the same time see a famous doctor there Pirogov. And Mendeleev immediately left for Simferopol.
There was a war going on in Crimea at that time. Pirogov, rolling up his sleeves, operated from early morning until late evening, performing several dozen amputations a day. Mendeleev came to his hospital every morning, looked into the operating room, but when he saw what the great physician was doing, he immediately left, consoling himself with the fact that now Pirogov was more needed by the wounded than by him. At the same time, Dmitry Ivanovich understood perfectly well that the whole point was his indecision.
In order to somehow kill time and escape from gloomy thoughts, he got a temporary job at a Simferopol gymnasium. (On the facade of the gymnasium there is a memorial plaque telling that Mendeleev worked at the institution, and one of the oldest streets in the city has been named after him since 1905.) But due to the ongoing hostilities, the gymnasium practically did not work. His salary as a teacher was 35 rubles a month, and he had to pay 30 for a room. As a result, Dmitry settled in a barn at the gymnasium archive.
Judging by Mendeleev’s memoirs, he didn’t really like our Simferopol. This is how he described the Crimean capital of that time: “In the city on the streets, in the huge bazaar, in every shop, in every house there is a terrible crush. There are infirmaries everywhere, and our upper floor of the gymnasium is occupied by them... The dust is terrible, so you don’t want to go out, especially since you often hear the smell of infirmaries and smoke...”
After some time, Mendeleev felt much more confident and finally decided to approach Pirogov. Imagine Dmitry’s surprise when the doctor, after carefully examining him, said: “Here, my friend, your Zdekauer’s letter. Save it and return it to him someday. And say hello from me. You will outlive us both." The great surgeon’s prediction came true exactly: Mendeleev outlived both Pirogov and Zdekauer.
Dmitry Ivanovich returned to St. Petersburg with scientific work about the phenomenon of isomorphism, which was recognized candidate's thesis. Then Mendeleev spent two years on internship at various universities in Europe, but he did not like it anywhere. In Heidelberg, he rented a tiny room for a laboratory and finally felt free, independent and even made friends - Ivan Sechenov And Alexandra Borodina. All three were passionate about chemistry; they were even called “the mighty little bunch.” It was here that Mendeleev discovered the absolute boiling point.
After spending happy Days in a circle of like-minded people, in 1862 Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, where new discoveries awaited him.
In February 1869, Dmitry Ivanovich discovered the periodic law of chemical elements. There are still many legends surrounding the history of the discovery. Some believe that the scientist saw the system in a dream. In fact, the discovery came as an epiphany. At first, Mendeleev bought about seventy blank business cards and on each he wrote the name of the element on one side, and on the other the atomic weight and formulas of its most important compounds. After that, he sat down at a large square table and began laying out the cards. Then insight came, and the scientist compiled a table, leaving gaps for still undiscovered elements.
At first, the scientific community greeted the Mendeleev system with great reserve. However, over time, the periodic law began to gain more and more recognition. The creation of the theory of atomic structure finally confirmed the correctness of Mendeleev's arrangement of elements.
There are legends that, in addition to the table, great chemist invented... vodka. In fact, this strong drink has existed for many centuries, and the scientist only calculated the ideal ratio of alcohol to water, that is, the strength of vodka is 38 degrees. But to simplify alcohol tax calculations, officials rounded it up to 40.
Strange hobbies
Mendeleev's range of interests was so wide that he did not limit himself to chemistry. Long before the creation of a hermetic gondola, Mendeleev had the idea of “attaching a hermetically sealed braided elastic device to the balloon to house an observer, who would then be provided with compressed air and could safely control the balloon.”
In 1887, Mendeleev decided to fly in a hot air balloon, and during solar eclipse. This is how journalist G. Chernechenko describes this incident in one of the newspapers dated August 19, 1999 (the article is called: “Mendeleev in a Balloon”): “In the small picturesque estate of D.I. Mendeleev Boblovo they were preparing to observe in “home” conditions eclipse of the sun. And suddenly, when a little more than a week remained before the eclipse, a telegram arrived from St. Petersburg to Boblovo. In it, the Russian Technical Society announced that it was equipping balloon to observe the eclipse and that the council considers it its duty to declare this so that Mendeleev, if desired, can personally take advantage of the raising of the ball for scientific observations.”
Actually, neither the flight itself nor the invitation to participate in it was a big surprise for Mendeleev. Only one thing confused the great chemist: a ball filled with illuminating gas (there was no other gas in Tver) could not rise above two miles and, therefore, would remain captive of the clouds. What was needed was a ball filled with light hydrogen. He reported this in an urgent telegram that left Boblov for the capital. The matter was resolved in one day. Already on August 1, Mendeleev knew that the military balloon “Russian” under the command of an experienced aeronaut, Lieutenant Kovanko, was hastily heading to Klin (18 versts from his estate).
At dawn, at 6:25 a.m., applause rang out, and Professor Mendeleev came out of the crowd to the ball. He climbed into the basket, whispered something to his companion Kovanko, and he instantly... jumped out of the basket. The ball slowly went up. The unexpected flight of Mendeleev alone and the disappearance of the ball in the clouds had a very depressing effect on those around him. The painful atmosphere intensified when someone sent an incomprehensible telegram to Klin: “The ball was seen - Mendeleev is not there.”
Meanwhile, the flight was successful. The ball rose to a height of more than three kilometers, broke through the clouds, and Mendeleev managed to observe the total phase of the eclipse. The balloon landed safely in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province, where the peasants escorted Mendeleev to a neighboring estate.
The news of the unusually daring flight of the Russian professor soon spread throughout the world. For his courage in flying to observe a solar eclipse, the French Academy of Meteorological Aeronautics awarded Mendeleev a diploma emblazoned with the motto of the Montgolfier brothers: “This is how one goes to the stars.”
Dmitry Ivanovich was also interested in... spiritualism. Or rather, a refutation of it. One of his most interesting works is the study “On Spiritualism.” The point is that in late XIX century in Western Europe and America there were many fans of spiritualism. And in the mid-1870s, on the initiative of Dmitry Mendeleev, the Russian Physical Society came out with sharp criticism of spiritualism. And on May 6, 1875, it was decided to create a commission to verify all “phenomena.” The result of the commission's activities was the exposure of obvious deception.
Mendeleev himself made scientific predictions. For example, in one of the articles, which was called “ Natural system elements and its application to indicating the properties of still undiscovered elements,” he predicted the existence of several then unknown chemical elements, including Eka-Aluminium.
All this was completely confirmed: in 1875, the French naturalist Lecoq de Boisbaudran, while examining zinc blende from Mount Pierfitte in the Pyrenees, discovered a new element in it and determined some of its properties. Like a true Frenchman, he, without hesitation, named the new element gallium (Gallium) in honor of his fatherland - France (lat. Gallia). It never occurred to him to connect his discovery with the prediction of a Russian scientist made four years earlier, especially since, in a hurry to announce the discovery, he in a hurry incorrectly determined the density of the substance.
When the news spread scientific world, Mendeleev, who already knew what density the element should have, publicly declared that the Frenchman’s calculations were wrong: “I don’t give a damn what you call it. At least Japan. It's not a matter of authorship. But its density should be five point nine!”
Boisbaudran turned out to be stubborn and insisted that the element he discovered had a density of 4.7. In the end, Mendeleev turned out to be right, and scientists unanimously declared: “Yes, this is really eka-aluminum! That's how it is! But we didn’t believe it!”
Love at first sight
Despite international recognition As a scientist, Mendeleev had almost no friends. He openly clashed with many colleagues. His main enemy was the great Russian writer Lev Tolstoy, who spoke about Mendeleev: “He has a lot of interesting materials, but his conclusions are terribly stupid.” The chemist did not remain in debt and wrote about Tolstoy: “He is a genius, but stupid.”
Mendeleev married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva (stepdaughter of the famous author of “The Little Humpbacked Horse” Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov) in 1862. Mendeleev did not know women well at that time and tied the knot on urgent advice older sister Olga. Feozva was an ordinary housewife who wanted her husband to spend all his free time from his main job with her and their son Volodya in household chores. However, Mendeleev was bored.
He began to leave his home on the Boblovo estate more often and stayed longer in St. Petersburg. Once, during another such “escape” at his sister’s house in St. Petersburg, Mendeleev met Anna Ivanovna Popova, the daughter of a Cossack colonel, who had come to St. Petersburg to enter the Academy of Arts. He had never seen anyone like her before: tall, stately, with huge gray eyes and heavy braids... Mendeleev fell passionately in love at first sight. At first, the two met secretly, but over time, rumors reached Anna's father. He demanded that the married Mendeleev no longer seek meetings with his daughter, and sent her to Italy for the whole winter. But Mendeleev came to his beloved in Rome, from where, without saying goodbye to anyone, the lovers fled to Africa, and then to Spain.
The church imposed a ban (penance) on Mendeleev’s marriage, but the Kronstadt priest secretly married Dmitry Ivanovich to Anna Ivanovna. In the end, the first wife nevertheless agreed to the divorce, and the lovers became legal spouses. Anna gave birth to Mendeleev's four children. Subsequently, his daughter Lyubov married Alexander Blok.
In January 1907, Mendeleev caught a severe cold. First, a diagnosis of “dry pleurisy” was made, then doctor Yanovsky found Dmitry Ivanovich to have pneumonia. At 5 o'clock on January 20, the great Russian chemist passed away. He is buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.
YULIA ISRAFILOVA
First Crimean N 474, MAY 17/MAY 23, 2013