Appeal. Functions of appeal in a sentence. forms of its expression. Speech etiquette. Forms of address

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

Every day we turn to someone for some purpose. At the same time, we use appeals in speech. And how do people address each other in England or in the USA? Do they coincide with our native language or carry some new information about a foreign culture?

The English language has developed its own, special speech etiquette. Forms of address are used depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age. So, the official language requires strict adherence to all greeting and address formulas, a neutral style of communication (for example, with strangers, work colleagues, neighbors, etc.) can be simpler in expressions. And with friends and relatives, the British often allow a familiar style of communication, and in it the forms of addressing the interlocutor will be completely different.

Over time, any language is gradually changing: obsolete words go out of use, new modern “words” appear. So now in English the appeal to “you” is almost never used. ("thou" transcription [ðaʊ]), it was replaced by the appeal to you ( "you"). In Russia, after the October Revolution of 1917, many polite addresses left the Russian language, but not entirely pleasant ones, but clearly indicating the gender of the interlocutor “Man”, “Woman”, took firm root.

Reading books, including adapted editions in English, or watching foreign films (sometimes with subtitles or translation), especially historical ones, I have repeatedly come across various forms of characters addressing each other. The literal translation of all addresses is easy to find in dictionaries, but for some reason the impression did not leave me that there was something more behind each individual form of address. This is similar to a special kind of conditional code that is exchanged between interlocutors. I wanted to understand this issue, because, knowing the "rules" and subtleties of addresses in the English language, you can see, understand the deeper thoughts that the author wanted to convey to readers in his literary work. Somewhere the appeals were used jokingly, somewhere with sarcasm or a hint, and sometimes with the aim of humiliating, insulting your counterpart - all these literary devices will remain inaccessible to us if you do not know the rules for using addresses in English.

In addition, not knowing the forms of address in a foreign language, you can easily get into an unpleasant situation yourself or confuse your interlocutor. How to address the interlocutor in English? In my scientific and practical work, I decided to explore how to address different categories of people in different situations.

Objective: establish what forms of address exist in English and Russian and how to use them in various communication situations.

Tasks:

To get acquainted with the concept of "address", to establish which lexical units are used in English and Russian when referring to the interlocutor, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age;

determine the conditions for the use of various forms of address in oral and written speech in these languages;

using a questionnaire to determine what forms of address in Russian and English my classmates know and whether they use them correctly in speech and writing.

Chapter 1

Appeal- a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. Appeals are primarily the names of people, the name of persons by degree of kinship, position in society, profession, occupation, position, rank, national or age sign, human relationships. It is difficult to imagine communication without it. It is used primarily to attract the attention of the person to whom the speaker is addressing.

In speech, the appeal performs two functions, usually implemented together:

appellative (conscription) function;

expressive (evaluative-characterizing) function

In Russian, in the function of address, a noun in the nominative case or an equivalent word form is used in combination with a special vocative intonation.

The vocative case begins to die out quite early: already in the Ostromir Gospel (XI century), its confusion with the nominative is recorded. As birch bark letters show, in the XIV-XV centuries. it was preserved solely as a form of respectful appeal to persons of a higher social rank: mister! mistress! prince! brother! father!

By the middle of the XVI century. he finally disappeared from living speech, remaining only in the forms of address to the clergy (Father! Vladyko!). Until 1918, the vocative case was formally listed in grammars as the seventh case of the Russian language.

At present, the “modern vocative case” (or “new vocative”) refers to word forms with a zero ending of nouns of the first declension, like Mish, Len, Tan, Marin, Tanyush, Vanyush, grannies, moms, dads, etc., that is coinciding in form with the plural declension genitive. The status of this form of the word is still the subject of controversy among scientists.

Appeal in Russian is not grammatically connected with the sentence, is not a member of the sentence, is separated by commas, can take any place in the sentence. An appeal at the beginning of a sentence can be separated with an exclamation point.

In English, the form of address indicates that you take into account such characteristics of the addressee as gender, age, level of education, etc. In English-speaking countries, it is customary to use the safe option, namely, to immediately ask how the addressee prefers to be addressed.

In Russian, the syntactic unit - address - is also a socially significant category.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.

Since as references are used as proper names (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant), by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) the appeal, in addition to the vocative function, indicates the corresponding feature.

Finally, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment: Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation, only some of them, for example, proper names (in their main form), the names of professions, positions, serve as addresses in official speech.

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was the reflection social stratification society, such a characteristic feature of it as veneration of rank.

Chapter 2

Appeal to strangers can begin with the formula of an apology for the trouble: Excuse me, Sorry. Then comes a question, a remark, a request.

The most used form courtesy is the use of the combination Mr., Mrs., Miss + the surname of the one (one) who is being addressed: "Mr. Smith".

2.1 Formal addresses to men

In English, there are many variants of polite forms of addressing a person. In relation to a man, the forms Mr, Sir, Esq are used.

Sir- this form of address does not require the name or surname of the interlocutor after itself. So they turn to strangers, to men equal or older in age, social status or position. When referring to a group of men, it is replaced by Gentlemen.

Mr(an abbreviation of the word Mister) after this word it is required to give the name or surname of the interlocutor.

Son! Sonny! Boy!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar young people.

Young man, youth- this is how older people address young men.

As a synonym for Mr. in England they sometimes use the form Esq . However, it is not placed before the name, but after it, and, naturally, in this case the form Mr. missing: Michael S. Johnson, Esq. This form goes back to the word esquire. In medieval England, an esquire was a knight's squire, but later this word came to mean one of the lower titles of nobility. For some time this form was used in letters, but now it is becoming less and less common.

2.2 Formal addresses to women

If you need to address a woman, use: Mrs, Miss, Madam.

madam- a polite way of addressing a man to a woman. Women usually do not address each other in this way, unless it is appropriate to address the hostess this way if you are a maid or servant.

Madame (Mesdames) when addressing several women) is the most formal address to a group of women.

Mrs(an abbreviation of the word Missus) - a form of polite address to a woman. After the word Mrs, you need to give the name of the woman's husband.

Miss- a form of address to an unmarried girl, woman. Be sure to include your first or last name after the word. Miss without a first name, surnames are a form of address for a teacher, and it has also become a common form of address for service personnel.

The form Ms. (read or) is used in relation to a woman, regardless of the fact of her marital status. This form was recommended by the UN in 1974 as a result of campaigns various organizations for the equality of women.

Dear! Dearie! Love! Ducky!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar girls.

2.3 Formal addresses to a group of people

ladies and gentlemen! - perhaps the most common form of addressing people.

SirsandMesdame s is a formal address for a mixed group.

Esteemed colleagues! - a form of address to colleagues at work.

Dear friends! - less formal.

guys! - more often used in a familiar sense.

2.4 Formal addresses to people holding a position

Special address words are used to address titled persons, representatives of the church, medical workers, military personnel, and people of science.

Let's consider each of the groups.

Appeal to titled persons: to the queen, the king at the presentation - your majesty("Your Majesty"), to the Queen's husband, as well as to the heirs of the monarch - Your Royal Highness("Your Royal Highness"); in the future, these titles are replaced in circulation by Ma'am and Sir. The Duke should be contacted - your grace("Your Mightiness") ; the same applies to his wife.

To the holder of a knighthood, awarded for special merits - Sir(when titled a baronet or knight, the word Sir is placed before the name or before the name and surname: Sir John or Sir John Jones);

when titling the wife of a baronet or knight, the word is used Lady along with the husband's surname: Lady Anderson, the name can be put in brackets: Lady (Barbara) Anderson.

Appeals to the representatives of the English Church: to the archbishop (governs the diocese and his bishops) your grace or my lord("Your Eminence"); to the bishop (is the head of the church-administrative territorial unit) - my lord("Your Eminence"), to the archdeacon (in charge of the administration of the diocese) - Mr. Archdeacon; to the rector of the cathedral - Mr. Dean, to the canon (he is the senior priest of the cathedral) - Canon(appeal by title); they also refer to other priests of the English church by title - Rector(parish priest) Chaplain(military or ship priest, as well as a priest at the parliament, hospital, educational institution etc); a catholic priest is addressed with the word father+ name.

The Lord Mayor in Britain is addressed with the combination my lord, to the mayor of the city - Mr Mayor.

Official address to the ambassador - Your excellence or Sir+ name or Mr + surname.

Polite address to people in medicine usually involves the use of their professional titles. So, going to the doctor is doctor. As for the concept of "nurse", it provides for the following synonyms: nurse used in relation to representatives of both sexes performing the duties of junior medical personnel; a female nurse in a higher position in a hospital is appropriately addressed with the word sister; appeal matron used in relation to older sister hospitals.

In the armed forces, addressing military personnel typically includes their rank (with or without a family name): Admiral (Smith), General, Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Corporal etc. Address in the form "title + surname" is more official.

A police officer is also referred to by his rank: Sergeant("Police Sergeant") Inspector("Police Inspector") and so on. Speaking to a police officer officer.

In the scientific world, in official cases, it is customary to address by rank: Professor, Senior, Tutor, Dean and so on.

Chapter 3

Appeal to familiar people is less formal and requires other forms of address. Consider situations of informal communication and those speech cliches that they use in communication.

3.1 Family contacts

The British refer to family members, calling their family affiliation. Derivatives of these words are often used, which are translated with diminutive characteristics: Grandmother, Grandma, Gran, Nanny; Grandfather, Grandpa; mother; father; Mum(my) / Mom(my); dad(dy); Aunt(ie) Kate; Uncle Ben.

Appeal father(to father) continues either in this form or in colloquial forms such as dad, daddy, pa, papa and so on.

At the appeal mother(to mother) there are also many colloquial options: ma, mam, mum, mamma, non, mummy and so on.

Interestingly, the appeal son(to son) is more characteristic of fathers, while address daughter(to daughter) is rarely used by parents nowadays.

Twins are often referred to with the word twins.

Individually, children are addressed by personal names, household nicknames, or affectionate words can be used for this purpose.

Children traditionally address older family members (grandparents) with the help of words. grandpa, granddad, grandma, granny and so on.

The latter use personal names to address their grandchildren instead of such words as grandson or granddaughter.

Appeals to other close relatives include the words uncle(uncle), aunt(uncle), auntie(aunt), sometimes combined with personal names Uncle Jack, Aunt Margaret.

Appeals between husband, wife and children are personal names, affectionate nicknames or affectionate words.

Honey(for a child, loved one, or someone younger than you)

Dear, Sweetie, Love, Darling, Babe or Baby(for a loved one)

Pal (appeal to son or grandson)

Buddy or Bud (very colloquial between friends; sometimes used with negative connotations)

Appeals brother and sister are now rare. The personal names of brother and sister are usually used. Outside of family relations, brother and sister are used more often.

3.2 Reaching out to friends and colleagues

Numerous forms of address are very popular in modern English, expressing a positive attitude of the speaker towards the addressee. Among them can be mentioned baby, boy, dearest, dear boy, dear girl, sweatheart, sweets and others.

This also includes various forms friendly treatment from my or my dear: my precious, my dear son, my dear daughter, my dear sweet, swest heart and so on.

Very characteristic of friendly treatment is the formula with old: old boy, old chap, old man(old).

Dear, angel, friend, honey(the last addresses mean "dear, dear") kid, love, lovely, sweet- the most popular words with which the British turn to their loved ones and loved ones.

And, finally, a few affectionate addresses, divided by gender (for a complete list, see the Appendix): Handsome - Handsome, Sweetie - Dear, Sweetie Pie - Darling, Sun, Babe (Baby Doll, Baby Girl etc.), Tiger - Tiger, Gorgeous - Beauty, Cuddles (Cuddle Cakes, Cuddle Bunny etc.) - Cutie, etc. When choosing one or another affectionate treatment, it is important to avoid excessive familiarity.

3.3 Obsolete titles in English and Russian

The word thou (a transcription of [ðaʊ]) was formerly the second person singular pronoun in English. Subsequently, it was supplanted by the second person plural pronoun you, due to the widespread appeal to “you” (a joke is known that an Englishman even refers to his dog with “you”). To this day, the form thou has been preserved in religious texts to address the Lord, now rarely used, although it is quite common in conversation in the north of England and Scotland, and also in some places in the USA. Stands in the nominative case, oblique thee, possessive form thy or thine.

Almost all verbs related to thou end in -st and -est, for example thou goest (you are going).

In early 11th to mid-15th century England, the word thou was sometimes abbreviated by substituting a small letter u over the letter of the Anglo-Saxon alphabet Þ (thorn).

The Russian language is also characterized by the rejection of some obsolete addresses. So in tsarist Russia, such title formulas were used: a respectful and official appeal was « gracious sir, gracious sir». So they turned to strangers with a sudden cooling or aggravation of relations. In addition, all official documents began with such appeals.

Then the first syllable was dropped and the words appeared « sir, sir» . So they began to address wealthy and educated people, as a rule, strangers.

In the official environment (civilian and military), there were such rules of treatment: from the junior in rank and rank, an appeal was required to the senior in title - from " your honor" before " Your Excellency»; to the persons of the royal family - " Your Highness" and " your majesty»; the emperor and his wife were addressed " Your imperial majesty »; the grand dukes (close relatives of the emperor and his wife) were titled "imperial highness". Often the adjective "imperial" was omitted, and when communicating, only the words "majesty" and "highness" were used ("To his majesty on behalf of ...").

The princes who did not belong to the royal house, and the counts with their wives and unmarried daughters were titled "Your Excellency", the most illustrious princes - " Your Highness».

Superiors addressed subordinates with the word " mister» with the addition of a surname or rank (position). People equal in title addressed each other without a title formula (for example, "Listen, Count ...".

Commoners, who did not know the ranks and insignia, used such appeals as master, mistress, father, mother, sir, madam, to the girls - young lady. And the most respectful form of address to the master, regardless of his rank, was “ your honor».

The system of appeals in the military environment corresponded to the system military ranks. Full generals are supposed to say Your Excellency, lieutenant generals and major generals - Your Excellency. Officers, ensigns and candidates for a class position call the chiefs and seniors of the headquarters and chief officers by rank, adding the word master, for example, Mr. Captain, Mr. Colonel, other lower ranks title staff officers and captains - Your Highness, the rest of the chief officers - Your nobility (having a count or princely title - Your Excellency).

After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Universal equality is proclaimed. Appeals lord - mistress, gentleman - mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: Your Majesty, Your Excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called sir - madam.

Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918, appeals citizen and comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive.

Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from the Old Slavonic language and served as a phonetic version of the word city ​​dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So A.S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy, But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

After the October Revolution, “sir”, “madame”, “master”, “mistress” were replaced by the word « comrade» . It eliminated differences by gender (as they addressed both a man and a woman) and by social status (since a person with a low status could not be addressed as “sir”, “madame”). The word comrade with the surname before the revolution indicated membership in a revolutionary political party, including the communists.

The words « citizen"/"citizen » intended for those who were not yet seen as "comrades", and to this day are associated with reporting from the courtroom, and not with the French Revolution, which introduced them into the practice of speech.

Now many of these calls are practically not used, but to know the history mother tongue and the state is instructive.

Chapter 4. Experimental part

Interestingly, the secondary school curriculum in a foreign (in particular, English) language does not include a topic devoted to the study of the issue correct use appeals in speech and the design of this lexical unit in writing. This issue is indirectly discussed when considering individual topics, and it depends only on the interest of a particular English teacher whether to focus the attention of students on this issue. However, it is obvious that the skills of the correct use of addresses in foreign languages ​​are an integral part of literate speech.

4.1 Designing questionnaires and conducting a survey

In order to determine the level of knowledge of pupils of the 6th grade of our lyceum in the field of the correct use of forms of address in English, I compiled a questionnaire that, in addition to test questions on forms of address in English, also contained questions about their use of addresses in Russian in everyday speech. Questions of the questionnaire covered the area of ​​official and unofficial appeals. The questionnaire is given in the Appendix.

I distributed my questionnaires to 57 respondents - students of my parallel - sixth graders, answers to the questions of the questionnaire took them an average of 15-20 minutes. The survey of respondents was conducted in conditions of anonymity, since the evaluation of these answers by the usual school assessment was not supposed. I considered it unproductive to use these questionnaires in the younger grades, since I decided that the lower grades do not have sufficient knowledge in the field of English in general and in the use of addresses in particular.

Based on the results of the survey using Excel, Windows7, graphs were constructed to visualize the results obtained (see Appendix).

The number of respondents who gave one or another answer to the question of the questionnaire was calculated as a percentage according to the formula:

However, in a number of cases it was not necessary to give the percentage of answers, it was enough to analyze the simple majority or simply evaluate the variety of options proposed by the respondents, especially in the case of questions that did not offer ready-made answers.

1. Analysis of survey results

The survey results are presented in tables with brief comments on them.

How do you address your mother?

An analysis of the answers to this question showed that the majority of respondents use the simple address "mom" or its abbreviated version "mom". For children with family Tatar language it is more common to call their mothers in Tatar, while none of the respondents addresses their mother by her first name.

How do you address your father?

It is interesting that among the answers there are no such options as "father", "dad", addresses by name. It is sad that quite a few of the respondents, 8 people, do not communicate with their fathers, but this point lies more in the plane of seed psychology than linguistics.

I personally find it strange that some parents and grandparents want their children/grandchildren to just call them by their first names. Perhaps this version of the appeal allows the older generation to hide their age, or it seems to them that in this way they become great friends - equals to their children / grandchildren. I am convinced that when addressing elders, it is always necessary to demonstrate your respectful attitude towards them.

In this paragraph, the respondents were not given options for answers, however, the variety of appeals in the family is not so great. The reference to the position of a family member is mainly used (grandmother, mother, uncle, aunt, etc.). Unfilled questionnaires for this item may indicate that either there is no communication in the family, or the respondent has never paid attention to what kind of address he uses in relation to relatives.

What affectionate words do you say when you address each other, in the family?

For this item of the Questionnaire, 26 blank forms were received (see Appendix). This means that the wording of this question was not entirely correct and unambiguous and requires further adjustment. Apparently, survey participants are embarrassed to name these special appeals for them. It is also alarming that 5 respondents do not use, according to their confession, any affectionate words in communication with relatives and friends (see Appendix). In addition, 5 respondents consider the address "bro" affectionate.

What polite words do you use when addressing adults?

Answer options	Number of respondents
hello
sorry
good morning/afternoon
please
hello
thanks
Could you tell..
please
young man
sorry
let me ask
respected
hi
goodbye

In this question, no answer options were offered, so there is a wide range of options proposed by the respondents themselves. However, we can make sure that the guys mentioned the most common polite words.

53% of respondents admitted that they do not know how they address relatives and strangers in England and the USA, and half of those who answered yes to this question either gave incorrect answers or doubted their knowledge

Do you think the forms of address in English differ from the forms of address in Russian?

72% of respondents are sure that the forms of address in Russian and English are different, and 16% do not know if this is so. The answer to this question also shows that most students intuitively understand the differences in the forms of address in the two languages.

What forms of address in Russian do you know?

The majority of respondents named the variant “girl/young man” among the addresses known to them in Russian. Apparently, this is due to the fact that they are most often addressed in this way. At the same time, it seems surprising that 4 respondents, having lived to the age of 12, do not know any forms of address in Russian. Almost all respondents gave several answers at the same time.

What forms of address in English do you know?

To the question: “What forms of address in English do you know?” answered that 12 people did not know any, and 11 respondents noted that they knew all the variants of appeals proposed in the questionnaire. At the same time, it is interesting to note that of those who noted all the proposed options for addressing in English, 5 people previously stated that they did not know how they address relatives and strangers in England and the USA (question No. 6 in the questionnaire).

How do you figure out what it means madam?

“What do you think, what does madam mean?”: 60% of respondents believe that it means “madam” and 40% that it means “woman”, while 3 respondents noted both of these options, considering them equal.

How do you figure out what it means missus?

Answer options	Number of respondents
a) madam
b) single woman
c) a married woman
d) I don't know

When asked about the meaning of the address “missus”, 57% of the respondents answered that this is an address to a married woman, and 34% - to an unmarried woman, while 2 respondents noted two options (married and unmarried) at the same time, obviously believing that such an address does not provide accurate information and the woman's marital status.

How do you figure out what it means ladies and gentlemen?

To the question "What do you think Ladies and gentlemen mean?" 56 people answered “ladies and gentlemen” and only 1 person answered “dear friends”.

How do you figure out what it means Sir?

To the question: “How do you figure out what sir means?” 60% think it's "sir" and 40% of respondents think it's a form of address for a man. At the same time, two respondents noted two of these options in the questionnaire at once - either they do not know the correct answer or they think that both definitions are suitable. The good news is that none of the respondents consider the appeal Sir as an appeal to a woman.

How do you address a man (passerby) on the street?

To the question "How would you address a man (passerby) on the street?" the majority of respondents 72% answered Mr, 26% - Sir, and the 3 most loving sixth graders plan to address passers-by Dear (Dear), or they simply do not know the meaning of this word.

How do you contact a police officer for help?

Question: "How do you get help from a police officer?" gave 92% Officer, 8% - Sir, it's good that none of the respondents answered Professor.

How do you address a teacher in England?

Unexpectedly, some difficulties were caused by the students and the question of the questionnaire: "How do you contact a teacher in England?", 31% of the respondents answered that "Teacher". In this case, the correct way to address the teacher in English can be easily trained by offering students to address the English teacher in his lessons in this way. The children will consolidate their knowledge, in addition, some will finally find out the name of their teacher.

For the last 3 questions, two respondents gave several answers at the same time. This may indicate that they consider several treatment options to be suitable at once.

Thus, the analysis of the survey results showed that the majority of the students surveyed do not have a clear understanding of the forms of address in the English language and their correct situational application, some of them did not think about the differences between the addresses used in England and the USA and the addresses in Russian, and some respondents experience difficulties in using address in speech even in their native Russian language. The results obtained in this work indicate the relevance of this study and indicate the need to pay more attention to the study of forms of appeals, as an important tool for interpersonal communication, in the classroom. foreign language at school.

Results and conclusions

As a result of the work, I got acquainted with the concept of “address”, learned what lexical units are used in English and Russian when addressing an interlocutor, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age.

The analysis of the literature made it possible to find out the features of the use of various forms of address in oral and written speech in Russian and English.

With the help of a survey conducted by me among 57 students of the 6th grade, it was possible to establish what forms of address in Russian and English my classmates know, and whether they use them correctly in speech and writing.

It has been experimentally established that most often the words “dad”, “mother” with various diminutive versions of these words, as well as abbreviated versions of these words (“dad”, “mum”) are used as informal addresses in the family. These forms are similar to those used in informal communication in English.

In practice, it was found that in the case of official communication in the Russian language, the appeal by name and patronymic to familiar people prevails, which is unusual for the English language.

The vast majority of respondents do not know how relatives and strangers are addressed in England and the USA and they themselves hesitate to use addresses in their speech.

I recommend that English teachers devote at least 1 lesson to the study of this topic, which is necessary for verbal communication. In my opinion, it is necessary that all high school students gain experience in using various forms of address in English.

Practical significance

Acquaintance with the rules of conduct, speech etiquette are important conditions for successful communication. Knowing the forms of addressing the interlocutor in English is one of the fundamental points in learning the language.

This research work allows you to get acquainted with the existing forms of address in English, as well as to establish what determines their choice in oral and written speech.

A survey of sixth-graders conducted during the work revealed a lack of knowledge of students in the field of using various forms of address in English, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age.

Thus, the results of this work can be useful not only to all learners of English in order to avoid mistakes in communicating with foreigners, but also allow foreign language teachers to adjust the program of their subject, pay attention to the peculiarities of using addresses as an integral part of literate speech.

Bibliography

Baranovsky, L.S., Kozikis, D.D. Regional Studies. Great Britain: Textbook./ L.S. Baranovsky, D.D. Kozikis. - Minsk: 1990

"Polite and affectionate forms of address in English" http://www.study.ru/support/lib/note256.html

Vocal case // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990.

"People in England" http://england-today.ru/lyudi-v-anglii/

“Appeals to titled persons. Victorian England" http://www.diary.ru/~citadel-club/p188638639.htm

"Greetings in letters and e-mail" http://www.englishelp.ru/learn-english/business-english/118-letters-salutations.html

"Speech etiquette in the Russian Empire" http://masterok.livejournal.com/934832.html

"Secrets of etiquette: how to behave in England" http://lifehacker.ru/2014/08/15/sekrety-etiketa-v-anglii/

"Forms of Address in English" http://time4english.ucoz.ru/publ/interesnoe_o_jazyke/a_vy_znaete/formy_obrashhenija_v_anglijskom_jazyke/22-1-0-59

"Forms of address in English" http://www.englishelp.ru/component/content/article/214.html

"Forms of addressing the interlocutor in English" http://www.englishfirst.ru/englishfirst/english-study/articles/address.aspx

Attachment 1

Questionnaire for surveying sixth graders on the topic of the project

How do you address your father?

How do you address your mother?

How do you address close relatives (uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters)?

Do you know how relatives, acquaintances and strangers are addressed in England and the USA?

What do you think, are the forms of address in English different from the forms of address in Russian. a) yes b) no c) don't know

What forms of address in Russian do you know?

a) I don’t know b) A man, a woman c) A girl, a young man

d) By name e) You, you

What forms of address in English do you know?

a) I don’t know b) A man, a woman c) A girl, a young man d) By name e) You, you

What do you think madam means? a) a girl b) a woman c) a lady

What do you think missus means? a) mistress b) unmarried woman c) married woman

What do you think Ladies and gentlemen means? a) ladies and gentlemen b) dear friends c) guys

How do you figure out what sir means? a) mister b) form of address to a man c) form of address to a woman

How do you address a man (passerby) on the street? a) Mr b) Sir c) Dear

How do you contact a police officer for help? a) Officer b) Sir c) Professor

How do you address a teacher in England? a) Mr/Ms b) Teacher c) Professor

Appendix 2

Correct answers to some of the survey questions

How do you address your father?

How do you address your mother?

How do you address close relatives (uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters)?

What affectionate words do you say when addressing each other: a) In the family: b) With friends:

What polite words do you use when addressing adults? a) To acquaintances: b) To strangers

Do you know how relatives, acquaintances and strangers are addressed in England and the USA?

What do you think, are the forms of address in English different from the forms of address in Russian. a) Yes b) no c) don't know

What forms of address in Russian do you know? a) I don't know b)Man Woman in) Girl, young man

G)By the name d)You you

What forms of address in English do you know? a) I don't know b)Man Woman in) Girl, young man G) By name e) You, you

What do you think madam means? a) girl b a) woman c) madam

What do you think missus means? a) mistress b) unmarried woman in) married woman

What do you think Ladies and gentlemen means? a a) ladies and gentlemen b) dear friends c) guys

How do you figure out what sir means? a) mister b) form of address to a man c) form of address to a woman

How do you address a man (passerby) on the street? a) Mr. b) Sir c) Dear

How do you contact a police officer for help? a) Officer b) Sir c) Professor

How do you address a teacher in England? a) Mr/Ms b) Teacher c) Professor

Appendix 3

What affectionate words do you say when addressing each other, in the family?

Answer options	Number of respondents
Not filled
Sun
compliment
hello
nothing / nothing

Appendix 4

Affectionate informal addresses in English:

Handsome - Handsome

Sweetie - Darling

Sweetie Pie - Darling, Sunshine

Babe (Baby Doll, Baby Girl etc.)

Tiger - Tiger

Gorgeous - Beauty

Cuddles (Cuddle Cakes, Cuddle Bunny etc.) - Cutie

Honey Bun - Bun

Prince Charming - Prince on a white horse, handsome prince

Cookie Monster - Cookie (a character from Sesame Street)

Mr. Perfect (Mr. Amazing etc.) - Mr. Perfect

Biscuit - CookieCherry - Cherry

Honey Bear

Cupcake - Cutie

Captain - Captain

Kitten - Kitten

Lady Killer - Heartbreaker

Precious - Dear, Precious

Marshmallow - Marshmallow

Peanut - Baby

Stud - Stallion

Pumpkin - Pretty, Pretty

Teddy Bear

Snowflake - Snowflake

Sugarplum - Sweet my Sweet Cheeks - Sweet my

Superman - Superman

Dumpling - Cutie

Appendix 5

Application forms. Graphical presentation of work results.

The language, its stable constructions, reflects the richest experience of the people, the uniqueness of their traditions, customs, conditions and way of life. Speech illustrates the subjective perception of the picture of the world, corresponding to the consciousness and mentality of its bearer. At the same time, the language also influences the native speaker directly, shaping his personality. This is primarily due to the fact that in the process of mastering native speech, a person absorbs and national culture, which contains the features of the national character, and features of the worldview.

speech behavior

In socially oriented communication, the public roles of listeners and speakers are of particular importance. At the same time, a certain character of the speech behavior of the participants is set by the role position. At the same time, those used in communication construct a situation. Speech is considered one of the most important tools that contribute to the approval of a person. The formation of an adequate understanding of the language message between the participants of communication is carried out using different ways designations of social relationships within which communication is supposed to unfold. Along with direct representations, in which the most significant ones are indicated with the role of participants, there are also indirect ones. The latter are means of a socio-symbolic type and are used to demonstrate the status and role positions of interlocutors. One of these tools is the appeal in Russian. Let's consider this tool in more detail.

Appeals. General information

What is an address in Russian? This design can reveal the social hierarchy, with equality of status - to express the personal attitude of one interlocutor to another. In this case, special words-addresses can be used. In Russian, as, indeed, in other speech systems, such constructions can indicate the title of the person with whom the dialogue is being conducted. Such elements, in particular, include "sir", "your honor", "your majesty" and others. At the same time, forms of address in Russian can emphasize the informality or, on the contrary, the formality of relations. For example: "my friends", "comrades", "ladies and gentlemen", "dearest", "respected", "darling", "son" and others. I must say that a similar function is inherent in a number of structures used as farewells or greetings. For example: "Hello", "Hello", "Salute", "All the best" and others.

civil status

Speaking about what such an appeal is in the Russian language, one should also mention the position of a person in society, which is clearly indicated by certain elements. In this question, both civil status and a certain assessment of the interlocutor are considered. In the first case, the following constructions can be cited as an example: "citizen Petrov", "comrade Ivanov", "Ivan Petrovich". The following can be cited as evaluative elements: “Do you understand the task?”, “Did you not care why this is so?”, “If it is easier for you to start with this, please. But in general, I would like you to subsequently ... ". It is believed that such an address in Russian as "assistant manager" (instead of "ticketer"), "sanitary officer" (can be used instead of "garbage man"), contributes to an increase in social status and enhancing self-esteem.

"Deliberate Imitation"

Exist different types appeals in Russian. In general, the topic under consideration is not limited to specific constructions, the meaning of which is directly directed at the interlocutor. Intentional imitation during pronunciation acts as a verbal socio-symbolic means. So, for example, often, in order for the child to better understand the parents, the latter adjust their speech to the nursery. But on the other hand, when there is a desire to move away from the interlocutor or a group of people, you can use elements, on the contrary, emphasizing the differences. For example, French Canadians like it better when their politicians deliver their speeches to the public in English, using a strong French accent (even if the politician speaks pure English). In the Russian language, as a rule, this difference is reflected in the style of speech.

"High" and "low" styles

This tool also refers to the tools of verbal socio-symbolic communication. This group can be divided into several subgroups. "High" style implies emphatically correct and correct construction and further use of words and their combinations. Such speech is perceived as more formal, official, somewhat distant. "Low" style is As a rule, slang words and slang prevail here. Such pronunciation is perceived as informal.

"Influential" style

Using certain techniques, the speaker can contribute to the creation of a certain image. So, for example, the use of certain constructions can make a person more confident in the eyes of others or more influential. But the opposite can also happen. An inappropriately used speech element can remove interlocutors from a person, and he will lose the favor of others. Someone who speaks words in an influential way tends to use the following sentence construction: "Let's have dinner tonight" instead of "I think we could have dinner tonight." It is believed that such an appeal in Russian, as given in the first case, implies a call to action, directs the interlocutor to commit it.

"Influential" style

The researchers identified several forms of messages that do not have a significant impact on the interlocutor. These include, in particular:

"you" and "you"

Changing the style of address can be in itself a technique that is aimed at "lowering" or "raising" the status of the interlocutor. It is believed that such an address in Russian as "you" is associated with friendly, informal relations. While "you" reflects emotional distance, formality, formality.

Plan.

Introduction 3

1. Administrative and legal guarantees of rights and freedoms

citizens of the Russian Federation: general provisions 4

2. Appeals of citizens 6

2.1. The concept of appeal and its form 8

2.2.Administrative and judicial appeal 13

2.3. Procedure for appealing and appealing by others

subjects 18

3 .Right to peaceful assembly 20

3.1. The concept of a public event and its form 22

3.2 Principles of public events 23

3.3. The procedure for organizing and holding public

events. Rights and obligations of the organizers

and participants 24

3.4. Rights and obligations of executive bodies

authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments 30

3.5. Procedure for carrying out, suspension and termination

public events 34

Conclusion 39

List of used literature 41

Introduction.

Speaking about guarantees for the realization of the rights of subjects of administrative and legal relations, it is traditionally customary to single out economic, social, legal guarantees, including judicial protection. In its most general form, guarantees are understood as a set of means to ensure that the subjects of administrative-legal relations exercise their rights. In many cases, guarantees take the form of rights by which interested parties can enforce other rights.

Regulation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen should be carried out only by federal legislation (Article 71 of the Constitution Russian Federation). As for the legislative powers of state authorities of the subjects of the Federation in this area, they apply only to the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, which is assigned to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. In addition, one cannot ignore the indication of Part 3 of Article 55 of the Constitution of Russia that the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen can be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, the rights and legitimate interests of other persons, ensuring the defense of the country and the security of the state. Thus, if the administrative-legal regulation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the field of management has already become customary, and beyond recent times and a priority institution of administrative law of the Russian Federation, then the existence of such an institution at the level of a subject of the Russian Federation is fundamentally impossible. At best, it can be assumed that the task of regional administrative law is not to regulate the legal status of citizens in the field of government, but to protect the rights and freedoms regulated by federal administrative legislation by securing special administrative and legal guarantees.

1. Administrative and legal guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation: general provisions

The right to protect life, health, freedom, property and other benefits is the most important, natural, inalienable right of a citizen. The state legalizes it, that is, formulates, clarifies the volumes, fixes the implementation procedures, establishes the obligation of state and public bodies, officials to consider and take measures in connection with the appeal of citizens within a certain period of time, provides it with state coercion, as a result of which it becomes regulated by law, legal right.

Only the law can be the original and universal guarantor. Declaring in this matter the priority of the state, any of its bodies and officials can only weaken the guarantees and open the way to arbitrariness. Thus, there is a complex relationship between the law and the state as guarantors of the rights and obligations of citizens, the violation of which calls into question the reality of certain guarantees. The creation of a coordinated system of guarantees of the personal rights of citizens is a necessary condition for the formation rule of law. The law can fulfill the function of a guarantor subject to a number of conditions. First of all, it must be adequate to the economic and political situation in the country and at the same time sufficiently stable; reply high level legal technique and be a limited link in the entire legal system; instead of declarations, contain specific norms and mechanisms for their implementation; determine the circle of bodies and officials who are responsible for creating conditions for the realization of rights and freedoms, take measures to ensure their unconditional provision, as well as provide for the responsibility of bodies and officials for infringing on the rights of citizens and for untimely taking measures to protect them. The principle of the inevitability of responsibility for those responsible for this should be consistently implemented. A different approach would mean a departure from the constitutional provision that a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the duty of the state (Article 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

In general, we can talk about two main areas of legal protection of the individual:

1. from crimes, torts and other illegal actions of other citizens;

2. from illegal and inappropriate actions of subjects of power.

Administrative law plays an important role in protecting the rights of citizens from wrong actions of state authorities, local governments.

The main means of protecting the rights and interests of citizens from abuse, bureaucracy, incompetence and other anomalies in the activities of officials, bodies and other holders of power are:

Ø creation of an organizational and legal mechanism and the daily work of authorized state (municipal) bodies (courts, prosecutors, state inspections), the most important task of which is to protect law and order;

Ø the existence and operation of institutions independent of the state civil society able to help citizens. Among them there are institutions: created specifically for this purpose (advocacy); for which such activity is the main one (trade unions); as well as others (media, parties, religious associations);

Ø the active activity of the citizens themselves, using the rights granted to them.

The main guarantee of the rights of citizens is the activity of special organizational and legal institutions existing in the country. They function both on their own initiative and in connection with the receipt of appeals (applications, complaints, lawsuits) from citizens.

Appeals of citizens

Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrined one of the fundamental principles of administrative law, a kind of one of the pillars of this industry, namely the right of citizens to appeal. Let us turn to the wording of Art. 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: "Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to apply personally, as well as send individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local governments." This right is the most important element of the legal status of citizens in general and the administrative-legal status in particular, and also represents one of the main guarantees for the protection of the rights and freedoms declared by the Constitution of Russia and other regulatory legal acts.

The constitutional provision finds concretization in federal law"On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of Citizens of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Appeals), which regulates legal relations related to the exercise by a citizen of the Russian Federation of the right assigned to him by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to apply to state bodies and local governments, and also establishes the procedure for considering citizens' appeals by state bodies, local authorities and officials.

This procedure applies to all appeals of citizens, with the exception of appeals that are subject to consideration in the manner prescribed by federal constitutional and other federal laws (for example, addressed to the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, related to the trial of cases by courts, appeals of convicts about pardons, reports of crimes, etc.).

Thus, the procedure for filing a complaint about a crime is regulated by the norms of the criminal procedural legislation. In accordance with Art. 141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, a statement about a crime can be made orally or in writing. A written statement about a crime is recorded in the protocol, which is signed by the applicant and the person who accepted this statement. The protocol must contain information about the applicant, as well as documents proving his identity. Regardless of the form of such a statement, the applicant is warned of criminal liability for knowingly false denunciation in accordance with Art. 306 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, about which a note is made in the protocol, certified by the signature of the applicant. The applicant is issued a document confirming the receipt of a report on a crime indicating the data on the person who received it, as well as the date and time of its receipt.

With regard to allegations of a crime, short term consideration; according to Art. 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, the inquiry officer, the body of inquiry, the investigator and the prosecutor are obliged to accept, check the report on any committed or planned crime and, within their competence, make a decision on it no later than 3 days from the date of receipt of the specified message. At the same time, the prosecutor, the head of the investigative department, the head of the body of inquiry shall have the right, at the request of the investigator, the interrogator, respectively, to extend the time for making a decision on the application up to 10 days, and if documentary checks or audits are necessary, up to 30 days.

Article 2 of the Law on Appeals confirms and specifies the fundamental provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, strengthening the constitutional right to appeal with the following provisions:

Ø citizens have the right to apply personally, as well as send individual and collective appeals to state bodies, local governments and officials;

Ø Citizens exercise the right to appeal freely and voluntarily. The exercise by citizens of the right to appeal should not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons;

Ø consideration of citizens' appeals is free of charge.

In addition, an analysis of the provisions of the Law on Petitions allows us to highlight the following no less important guarantees for the exercise of the constitutional right to petition:

Ø a guarantee of the citizen's security in connection with his appeal (Article 6) of the Law and how special case implementation of this provision in the Law on Petitions itself, fixing the inadmissibility of sending a complaint for consideration to a state body, local government body or official, whose decision or action (inaction) is being appealed (part 6 of article 8);

Ø the obligation to accept an appeal for consideration (Article 9) and the principle of urgency of consideration of appeals arising from this rule (Article 12).

The concept of appeal and its form

In order to understand what constitutes a citizen's right to apply, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the very term "appeal" in relation to this Law. Article 4 gives the following definition of " appeal": a written proposal, application or complaint sent to a state body, local government body or official, as well as an oral appeal of a citizen to a state body, local government body.

As can be seen, the Law on Appeals retained continuity with the acts of Soviet legislation in terms of dividing appeals into three relatively separate groups, namely, a proposal, a statement, a complaint.

Under offer is understood as a recommendation of a citizen to improve laws and other regulatory legal acts, activities government agencies and local governments, development public relations, improvement of socio-economic and other spheres of activity of the state and society.

Statement represents a citizen's request for assistance in the exercise of his constitutional rights and freedoms or the constitutional rights and freedoms of other persons, or a report on violation of laws and other regulatory legal acts, shortcomings in the work of state bodies, local governments and officials, or criticism of the activities of these bodies and officials.

A complaint- this is a request of a citizen to restore or protect his violated rights, freedoms or legitimate interests of him or other persons.

According to Art. 5 of the Law on Appeals, when considering an appeal by a state body, local government body or official, a citizen has the right to:

1) submit additional documents and materials or apply for their reclamation;

2) get acquainted with the documents and materials related to the consideration of the appeal, if this does not affect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of other persons and if the said documents and materials do not contain information constituting a state or other secret protected by federal law;

3) receive a written response on the merits of the issues raised in the appeal or notification of forwarding the written appeal to the state body, local government body or official whose competence includes resolving the issues raised in the appeal;

4) file a complaint against the decision made on the appeal or against the action (inaction) in connection with the consideration of the appeal in an administrative and (or) judicial procedure in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

5) file an application to terminate the consideration of the appeal.

Particular attention in the Law on Appeals is given to guaranteeing the security of a citizen in connection with his appeal. So, in accordance with Part 1 of Art. 6 it is prohibited to prosecute a citizen in connection with his appeal to a state body, local self-government body or an official with criticism of the activities of these bodies or an official, or in order to restore or protect their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests or the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of other persons ;

Ø with part 2 tbsp. 6 when considering an appeal, it is not allowed to disclose the information contained in the appeal, as well as information relating to the private life of a citizen, without his consent. It is not a disclosure of the information contained in the appeal, sending a written appeal to the state body, local government or official, whose competence includes resolving the issues raised in the appeal;

Ø with part 6 of Art. 8, it is prohibited to send a complaint for consideration to a state body, local self-government body or an official whose decision or action (inaction) is being appealed. In the event that, in accordance with this prohibition, it is impossible to send a complaint for consideration to a state body, local self-government body or an official whose competence includes resolving the issues raised in the appeal, the complaint is returned to the citizen with an explanation of his right to appeal the relevant decision or action (inaction). ) in the prescribed manner to the court (part 7 of article 8 of the Law).

As already noted, Art. 9 of the Law on Appeals stipulates the obligation to accept an appeal for consideration. This guarantee consists of two interrelated aspects. Firstly, an appeal received by a state body, local government body or official in accordance with their competence is subject to mandatory consideration. Secondly, if necessary, its consideration is provided with an on-site visit.

A special place among the guarantees of citizens exercising their right to appeal is the legislative consolidation of the procedure for considering appeals. In combination with the described guarantees, this is a kind of algorithm, equally mandatory for those who apply, and even more so for those who consider these applications. Deviations from this algorithm constitute a violation of the law and should entail the established responsibility.

So, for example, in St. Petersburg, a large amount of information can be obtained on official portal Administration of St. Petersburg www.gov.spb.ru.

The law defines the procedure for considering oral applications of citizens. Among the features of this procedure, we highlight the following:

Ø at a personal reception, a citizen presents a document proving his identity;

Ø The content of the oral appeal is recorded in the personal reception card of a citizen. If the facts and circumstances stated in the oral appeal are obvious and do not require additional verification, the response to the appeal with the consent of the citizen can be given orally during a personal reception, which is recorded in the citizen's personal reception card. In other cases, a written response is given on the merits of the questions raised in the appeal;

Ø a written appeal accepted during a personal reception is subject to registration and consideration in the manner prescribed by the Law on Petitions;

Ø if the appeal contains issues, the solution of which is not within the competence of this state body, local government body or official, the citizen is given an explanation where and in what order he should apply;

Ø During a personal reception, a citizen may be denied further consideration of the appeal if he was previously given an answer on the merits of the questions raised in the appeal.

In accordance with Art. 14 of the Law on Appeals, state bodies, local governments and officials control, within their competence, compliance with the procedure for considering appeals, analyze the content of incoming appeals, take measures to timely identify and eliminate the causes of violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens.

Article 15 of the Law on Appeals specifically stipulates that persons guilty of violating it bear responsibility under the legislation of the Russian Federation. This norm is addressed primarily to state and municipal employees, heads of state bodies and local governments. Under the responsibility, which is meant by the Law on Appeals, first of all, disciplinary responsibility is understood. However, in Art. 16 of this Law also specifically stipulates cases of civil liability. So, a citizen has the right to compensation for losses and compensation for moral damage caused by an illegal action (inaction) of a state body, local government body or official when considering an appeal, by a court decision. At the same time, if a citizen indicated deliberately false information in the appeal, the costs incurred in connection with the consideration of the appeal by a state body, local government body or official may be recovered from the citizen by a court decision. Of course, some time is needed for the practice of applying Art. 16 of the Law on Appeals. However, it can already be said that the consolidation of mutual civil liability as a citizen, state bodies, local governments and their officials can be considered as another important guarantee of the interests of citizens.
2.2. Administrative and judicial appeal

As noted, the procedure for considering appeals established by the Law on Petitions does not apply to citizens' appeals to the judiciary. First of all, this applies to such a type of appeal as a complaint. In essence, this Law creates a practical legal mechanism for administrative appeal, when an interested citizen tries to solve emerging problems without recourse to the judiciary. In many cases, an administrative complaint addressed to a specific body or official can be considered much faster than in court. In addition, it is hardly worth discounting a certain ideological aspect: for a significant part of Russian society, the ability to protect their rights is far from always connected with the courts, many people have neither the experience nor the desire to go to court, and the fear of being branded in the eyes of others "strife" play an important role. We are far from asserting that an administrative complaint is bad, and all issues should be resolved only in court. Ideally, administrative and judicial review should be complementary. Another question is that in a number of situations the decision on a citizen's complaint in an administrative procedure does not always suit the citizen, and, frankly, it does not always comply with the law. In such situations, the court acts as a kind of last resort, designed to put an end to the conflict situation that has arisen.

In our opinion, a large number of complaints of citizens in the courts is a kind of alarm signal, indicating that there are certain failures in the mechanism for considering citizens' complaints in the administrative procedure, forcing a citizen to seek the truth in court. However, we repeat that, in our firm opinion, both administrative and judicial appeals have an equal right to exist, while it is up to the court to the last word in dispute resolution. This position is based on the provision enshrined in Art. 46 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

Ø Everyone is guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms. In fact, this norm constitutes the foundation for the existence of a judicial review mechanism;

Ø decisions and actions (or inaction) of public authorities, local governments, public associations, officials can be appealed to the court;

Ø Everyone has the right, in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation, to apply to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms, if all available domestic remedies have been exhausted. The most characteristic example of the practical implementation of this constitutional provision is the practice of addressing Russian citizens to the European Court of Human Rights.

The legal basis for the judicial appeal mechanism is the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation of April 27, 1993 N 4866-1 "On Appeal to the Court of Actions and Decisions Violating the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Appeal).

Article 1 of the Law on Appeal establishes that every citizen has the right to file a complaint with the court if he considers that illegal actions (decisions) of state bodies, local governments, institutions, enterprises and their associations, public associations or officials, state and municipal employees violated his rights and freedoms. Among the actions (decisions) that can be appealed to the court, Art. 2 of this Law relates collegial and sole actions (decisions), including representation official information, which became the basis for the commission of actions (decision-making), as a result of which:

Ø the rights and freedoms of a citizen are violated;

Ø obstacles have been created for citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms;

Ø a citizen is illegally assigned any duty or he is illegally brought to any responsibility.

Citizens also have the right to appeal against the inaction of state bodies, local self-government bodies, institutions, enterprises and their associations, public associations or officials, state and municipal employees, if the specified inaction entailed a violation of the rights of citizens.

It is specifically stipulated that every citizen has the right to receive, and officials, state and municipal employees are obliged to provide him with the opportunity to familiarize himself with documents and materials directly affecting his rights and freedoms, if there are no restrictions established by federal law on the information contained in these documents and materials .

A citizen has the right to appeal both the named actions (decisions), and the information that served as the basis for the actions (decision-making), or both at the same time.

Official information includes information in written or oral form that affected the exercise of the rights and freedoms of a citizen and submitted to state bodies, local governments, institutions, enterprises and their associations, public associations or officials, public servants who have committed actions (made decisions ), with the established authorship of this information, if it is recognized by the court as a basis for taking actions (making decisions).

Article 3 of the Law on Appeals provides that the courts consider complaints against any actions (decisions) that violate the rights and freedoms of citizens, except for actions (decisions):

Ø verification of which is referred by law to the exclusive competence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

Ø in relation to which the legislation provides for a different procedure for judicial appeal.

According to Art. 4 of the Law on Appeal, a citizen has the right to file a complaint against actions (decisions) that violate his rights and freedoms, either directly to the court, or to a higher state body, local government, institution, enterprise or association, public association, official , civil servant.

The higher in the order of subordination body, association, official are obliged to consider the complaint within a month. If a citizen's complaint is denied or he has not received a response within a month from the date of its filing, he is entitled to apply to the court. It is necessary to make a reservation that at present the procedure for considering citizens' complaints is determined by the considered Law on Appeals, which in strictly specified cases allows the possibility of extending the period for considering a complaint received if there are grounds and following the procedure, established by law about appeals. And then the citizen will not have grounds for going to court.

At the discretion of a citizen, a complaint may be filed either with the court at the place of his residence, or with the court at the location of the body, association, official, state or municipal employee.

Having accepted the complaint for execution, the court, at the request of the citizen or on its own initiative, has the right to suspend the execution of the appealed action (decision).

Article 5 of the Law on Appeal defines the time limits for filing a complaint with the court:

3 months from the day when the citizen became aware of the violation of his right;

1 month from the date of receipt by a citizen written notice on the refusal of a higher body, association, official to satisfy the complaint or from the date of expiration of a month after the filing of the complaint, if the citizen did not receive a written response to it (here again we must remember about the possibility of extending the term for considering a complaint established by the Law on Petitions).

Missed by good reason the deadline for filing a complaint may be restored by the court.

A citizen's complaint against the actions (decisions) of state bodies, local governments, institutions, enterprises and their associations, public associations, officials, civil servants is considered by the court according to the rules of civil procedure, determined by the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the features established by the Law on Appeal . It is important to note that this Law establishes a kind of presumption of guilt of the bodies and persons whose actions (decisions) or inactions are being appealed: in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 6 of the said Law on state bodies, local self-government bodies, institutions, enterprises and their associations, public associations, officials, state and municipal employees whose actions (decisions) are appealed by a citizen are assigned a procedural duty to document the legality of the appealed actions (decisions). In turn, the citizen is relieved of the obligation to prove the illegality of the contested actions (decisions), but is obliged to provide evidence of the violation of his rights and freedoms.

Based on the results of consideration of the complaint, the court makes a decision. Having established the validity of the complaint, the court recognizes the contested action (decision) as illegal, obliges the citizen to satisfy the demand, cancels the measures of responsibility applied to him, or otherwise restores his violated rights and freedoms. If the appealed action (decision) is recognized by the court as legal, not violating the rights and freedoms of a citizen, it refuses to satisfy the complaint.

It should be noted that to date, most of the provisions of the Law on Appeal are duplicated by the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which, along with other issues, fixes the specifics of proceedings in cases arising from public legal relations. Article 245 of this Code distinguishes the following categories of cases arising from public legal relations from those considered by courts of general jurisdiction:

Ø on applications of citizens, organizations, the prosecutor on contesting normative legal acts in whole or in part, if consideration of these applications is not within the competence of other courts;

Ø on applications for challenging decisions and actions (inaction) of state authorities, local governments, officials, state and municipal employees;

Ø on applications for the protection of electoral rights or the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation;

Ø other cases arising from public relations.

As you can see, the list of cases considered by the courts is much broader than that outlined by the Law on Appeal. In fact, this is one of several, even if the most numerous in terms of volume, category of cases arising from public legal relations. Currently, the main provisions of the Law on Appeal are actually included in ch. 25 Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.
2.3. The procedure for applying and appealing to other entities

Speaking of appeals and appeals, we deliberately placed an emphasis on citizens. However, this does not mean at all that other subjects of administrative and legal relations are deprived of the opportunity to apply and, in particular, appeal against violations of their rights. These rights are universal. So, legal entities have the right to apply to the court in cases provided for by law. For example, in accordance with Part 1 of Art. 15 of the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 N 134-FZ "On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision)" it is established that the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision) is carried out in the administrative and/or legal process. Such appeals are considered by the court in the manner prescribed by the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. So, in particular, ch. 24 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation defines the procedure for considering cases of contesting non-normative legal acts, decisions and actions (inaction) of state bodies, local governments, other bodies, officials. It should be noted that this procedure is largely similar to the procedure established in relation to this category of cases by the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. So, in accordance with Art. 200 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation to prove the compliance of the contested non-normative legal act with the law or other regulatory legal act, the legality of the contested decision, the contested actions (inaction), the presence of the body or person of appropriate powers to adopt the contested act, decision, the contested actions (inaction), as well as the circumstances that served as the basis for the adoption of the disputed act, decision, the commission of the disputed actions (inaction) is assigned to the body or person that adopted the act, decision or committed actions (inaction).

The Arbitration Court, having established that the disputed non-normative legal act, decision and actions (inaction) of state bodies, local self-government bodies, other bodies, officials do not comply with the law or other regulatory legal act and violate the rights and legitimate interests of the applicant in the field of entrepreneurial and other economic activity, decides on the recognition of a non-normative legal act as invalid, decisions and actions (inaction) illegal. If the arbitration court establishes that the disputed non-normative legal act, decisions and actions (inaction) of state bodies, local government bodies, other bodies, officials comply with the law or other regulatory legal act and do not violate the rights and legitimate interests of the applicant, the court shall take decision to refuse to satisfy the stated requirement.

Decisions of the arbitration court in cases of contesting non-normative legal acts, decisions and actions (inaction) of state bodies, local self-government bodies, other bodies, officials are subject to immediate execution, unless other terms are established in the court decision.

Right to peaceful assembly

One of the many components of the administrative and legal status of citizens is the right, which can be conditionally designated as the right to peaceful assembly. Conventionally, because the analysis of the legislation indicates that the concept of "assembly" is also used in a narrow sense as one of the forms of public events. In our opinion, any public event, be it a rally or a demonstration, is first and foremost a gathering of people. However, further the term "assembly" will be given in a narrow sense, as it is defined by the legislation of the Russian Federation. This right is based on Art. 31 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establishes that citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, marches and picketing.

Declared by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the named right of citizens of the Russian Federation to peaceful assemblies acquires real meaning in the Federal Law of June 19, 2004 N 54-FZ "On Meetings, Rallies, Demonstrations, Processions and Pickets" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Assemblies), the norms of which are aimed at ensuring the exercise of this right.

As already noted, for quite a long time after the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation at a national referendum on December 12, 1993, the legal regulation of the procedure for exercising the right of citizens, enshrined in Art. 31 of the Basic Law of our country, was carried out by a number of by-laws. Among them, it is especially necessary to highlight the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 25, 1992 N 524 "On the procedure for organizing and holding rallies, street processions, demonstrations and picketing." This Decree provided that before the adoption of the relevant Russian law the procedure for holding public events will be determined by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the procedure for organizing meetings, rallies, street processions and demonstrations in the USSR" in part that does not contradict the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation on November 22, 1991. Let us note, in particular, that the said Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR did not provide for the existence of such a form as picketing. It was specifically stipulated that the exercise of the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, to hold rallies, street processions, demonstrations and picketing should not violate the rights and freedoms of others. The use of this right to forcibly change the constitutional system, incite racial, national, class, religious hatred, to promote war and violence was prohibited. It is curious that Decree of the President of the Russian Federation N 524 ordered the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the then existing Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation to submit a draft law on the procedure for organizing and holding rallies, street processions, demonstrations and picketing within a month for submission as a legislative initiative to the Supreme RF Council. However, it took another 12 years for the appropriate federal law to be passed.

There are 2 peaceful forms of violence: law and decency "I. Goethe.

"The concept of "raw food" is a synonym for cultural food that meets the requirements of a highly civilized modern person."

V1: Reforms of Peter the Great: European and Russian ways of creating an empire.

Addressing someone, we call our addressee. This word, as we call it, is called in Russian an appeal. Sometimes it is expressed in several words, between which punctuation marks or conjunctions are placed. Also, often in a sentence, the phrase acts as an appeal. Examples: " Mother, I love you. Mother and father you are the most precious people to me. Dear Mom, I love you".

What words express appeal

Expression of emotions

Feelings of joy and sadness, rage and admiration, caress and anger can express an appeal. Examples show how emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also with the help of suffixes, definitions, applications: " Nadia don't leave us! Do not think, pitiful little fanfare that scared me. Nightingale, my light how sweet you sing!"

Vocative suggestions. Common Treatments

Appeals can be very similar to so-called vocative sentences. These sentences contain a semantic connotation. But it does not have an appeal. Examples of a vocative sentence and a sentence with an appeal: "Ivan!" she said with desperation. / We need to talk, Ivan".

In the first case, we are dealing with a vocative sentence that contains the semantic coloring of prayer, despair, hope. In the second case, it's just a call.

Examples of sentences in which this speech component is common demonstrate how verbose and detailed the appeals can be: " The young maiden who loosened her braids and parted her lips for a love song you will dream of me. You, who spoke of glory and freedom, who forgot all their promises don't expect mercy."

AT colloquial speech common appeals are dissected in the sentence: "Where, mil you go human?"

Address and styles of speech

In literary and colloquial speech, "Do not torment me, you, sadness-longing! Where are you taking me track stitches?"

For calls, it is quite common to use constructions with a particle about. If this particle is used with a pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a definitive clause: " Oh you, who recently answered me with a grin Have your eyes fallen?"

Particle Handling a more common in colloquial speech: Masha and Masha where is our porridge?"

Place of reference in the proposal

The appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: " Andrew what happened to you yesterday? / What happened to you, Andrew happened yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday Andrew?"

Appeals may not be part of sentences, but used independently: " Nikita Andreevich! So why aren't you going?"

Punctuation marks when addressing

The appeal, in whatever part of the sentence it may be, is always separated by commas. If it is taken out of the structure and is independent, then most often an exclamation mark is placed after it. Let's give examples of a sentence with an appeal, separated by punctuation marks.

• If the appeal is used at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is placed after it: " Dear Natalya Nikolaevna sing to us!"
• If the appeal is located inside the sentence, it is isolated on both sides: "I recognize you, cute, along the gait".
• If the appeal is placed at the end of the sentence, then we put a comma in front of it, and after it the sign that the intonation requires - a dot, an ellipsis, Exclamation point or a question mark: "What did you eat for dinner, children?"

And here are examples in which the appeal is outside the sentence: " Sergey Vitalievich! Urgently in the operating room! / Dear Motherland! How often I thought of you in a foreign land!

If the treatment is used with a particle about, then the punctuation mark between it and the appeal is not put: " Oh sweet garden I breathe in the scent of your flowers again!"

Rhetorical address

Usually addresses are used in dialogues. In the poetic, they are involved in stylistic coloring messages. One of such stylistically significant is the rhetorical appeal. We see an example in the famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Death of a Poet": "You, the greedy crowd standing at the throne, are the executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory!" (This, by the way, is also a sample of a common address.)

The peculiarity of a rhetorical appeal is that, like a rhetorical question, it does not require an answer or response. It simply reinforces the expressive message of speech.

you and you

The most common distinction is between formal and informal. Officially, formal address in modern Russian is made with the use of the second person plural pronoun "You", addressed to the respondent in the singular. In written speech, the pronoun "You", addressed to a specific interlocutor, is capitalized. Addressing using the pronoun "you" is considered informal. For brevity, a formal appeal is often called "an appeal to you", an informal one - respectively, "an appeal to you", although this is not entirely correct and does not always correspond to reality.

It is believed that the appeal to you first began to be applied in relation to the Byzantine emperors, in connection with the combination of several different titles in their person. Sometimes the plural is considered a very ancient metaphor for power and authority.

In English, starting from the 15th century, the appeal “to you” (English you) was almost universally adopted. As a result, the normative forms of pronouns of the second number ceased to differ, thus the appeal "to you" disappeared from English as an independent form. An exception is archaic or poetic speech: religious texts, prayers (when referring to God), poems where the pronoun "you" is used (eng. thou).

related

Contact form associated with family relations, implies a mention of marital status (father, mother, grandmother, grandfather, uncle, aunt).

Emphatically familiar

The form of address associated with the degree of friendly relations implies a simplification or stylized mutation of names (Mikhail - Misha, Mikhon; Pavel - Pasha, Pashok, Pashka; Natalia - Natasha, Natusya, Tusya, etc.), the formation of derivatives from the name, surname or patronymic (Pavlovich - Palych, Alexandrovich - Sanych, etc.) There are also - as a rule, on the basis of friendly relations - humorous options, in which the formation is also made from the name, surname or patronymic (Arthur - Arturische, Tsapkin - Tsap- Tsarapkin, Stepanovich - Stepanych - Stakanych ( reference in the movie Parade of the Planets) etc.)

The underlined-familiar form of address is common mainly among the older generation, who use it when referring to their closest acquaintances and friends. Among the younger generation, it is often considered rude and incorrect, sometimes "gopnicheskoy"; in such groups, rude, emphatically simplified and “mundane” addresses are considered acceptable, akin to nicknames (Khripunov - Khriply or Khripaty, etc.).

Social

A form of address related to civil, social, political or professional status or rank (citizen, comrade, sir, mister, colleague, doctor, soldier, warrior, etc.) with possible combinations (for example: comrade major).

Gender

Form of address associated with gender (man, woman, girl, young man, citizen, citizen, etc.)

antigender

Form of address, emphatically unrelated to gender (buddy, comrade, etc.)

In Russia

In formal address, the given name and patronymic are used ( Elena Sergeevna), when informal - only the name, often it diminutive forms (Elena or Lena). In a formal address, a surname or position or title can also be used in combination with one of the address words ( mister, comrade etc.): Mr. Ivanov, Mr. President, comrade major. AT Russian army appeal comrade preserved from Soviet times.

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Forms of Appeal" is in other dictionaries:

It was not easy for an illiterate person, unable to understand the abundance of title formulas, often complex and difficult to pronounce. The commoners, who did not know the ranks and insignia, therefore preferred to turn to the bars easily: BARIN, MADY, ... ... Encyclopedia of Russian life of the XIX century

Forms, types and mechanisms of inflation Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Forms and types of inflation- Inflation (from Latin inflatio swelling) - depreciation of money, manifested in the form of an increase in prices for goods and services, not due to an increase in their quality. Inflation is caused primarily by the overflow of channels monetary circulation excess cash... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Title in a feudal society is a form of appeal to persons of noble origin, clergy and civil servants to emphasize their special, privileged position in accordance with the title, rank assigned to them, ... ... Wikipedia

FORMS OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT- due to the nature of local self-government, forms of direct and indirect (through representatives) participation of the population (residents of a given territory) in resolving issues of local importance. Citizens of the Russian Federation exercise the right to local self-government in ... ...

FORMS OF EXERCISING THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE- institutions of direct (direct) and representative democracy, through which the people exercise their power. The constitution establishes the state legal forms(institutions), the mechanisms through which the people implement ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "Constitutional Law of Russia"

The total cost associated with the circulation process (See Circulation) of goods. By its economic nature, I. o. divided into pure and additional. Net costs are due to the act of purchase and sale, the change in the forms of value in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The problem of inversion of Abelian integrals of the first kind of an arbitrary field of algebraic functions. In other words, the problem of the inversion of Abelian integrals of the first kind on a compact Riemann surface F of the kind corresponding to a given algebraic equation F(z, w)=0.… … Mathematical Encyclopedia

Inflation. Forms and types of inflation- Inflation (from lat. inflatio swelling) depreciation of money, manifested in the form of an increase in prices for goods and services, not due to an increase in their quality. Inflation is caused, first of all, by the overflow of money circulation channels with excess money ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Time of turnover (circulation) of capital- (capital turnover period) - the total period during which the value advanced in monetary form goes through the stages of circulation, production and again circulation, i.e. makes a circuit, returning to the businessman back in cash ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

Books

• Legal regulation of monetary circulation (monetary law). Monograph, N. M. Artemov, I. B. Lagutin, A. A. Sitnik. The monograph is devoted to the study of the theory and practice of money circulation in Russia and a number of foreign countries. The authors substantiate the concept of monetary law, propose an author's approach to…