Political map of the world western hemisphere. "Modern political map of the world

It can be considered in two aspects. The first is a simple publication on paper, which reflects how the world works in terms of the alignment of political forces. The second aspect considers this concept from a broader perspective, as about the formation of states, their structure and split, about the reshuffle of forces in political world, about the advantage and influence of large and powerful states on the economy of the world. The past gives us a picture of the future, which is why it is so important to know the stages in the formation of the political map of the world.

general information

Every state has its life cycle. It is a curve that looks like a hump. At the beginning of its journey, the country is being built and developed. Then comes the peak of development, when everyone is happy and everything seems to be fine. But sooner or later, the state loses its strength and power and begins to gradually fall apart. So it has always been, is and will be. That is why over the centuries we have seen the gradual rise and fall of great empires, superpowers and huge colonial monopolies. Consider the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. The table is shown in the figure:

As you can see, many historians distinguish exactly five stages modern history. In various sources, you can find only 4 main ones. Such a dilemma arose a long time ago, since it is possible to interpret the stages of the formation of the political map of the world in different ways. The table of main sections proposed by us contains the most reliable information to date.

ancient period

In the ancient world, the first great states enter the arena of major events. You all probably remember them from history. This is the glorious Ancient Egypt, powerful Greece and the invincible Roman Empire. Simultaneously with them, there were less significant, but also quite developed states in the middle and East Asia. Them historical period ends in the 5th century AD. It is generally accepted that it was at this time that the slave-owning system became a thing of the past.

medieval period

In our minds, during the period from 5 to 15 centuries, there have been a lot of changes that cannot be covered in one sentence. If the historians of that time knew what political map world, the stages of its formation would have already been divided into separate parts. After all, remember, during this time Christianity was born, was born and disintegrated Kievan Rus, begins to emerge In Europe, large feudal states are gaining strength. First of all, these are Spain and Portugal, which vied with one another to make new geographical discoveries.

At the same time, the political map of the world is constantly changing. The stages of formation of that time will change further fate many states. The mighty Ottoman Empire will exist for several more centuries, which will capture the states of Europe, Asia and Africa.

new period

From the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries begins new page in the political arena. It was the time of the beginning of the first capitalist relations. Ages when huge colonial empires that conquered the whole world begin to emerge in the world. The political map of the world is often changed and remade. Stages of formation constantly replace each other.

Gradually Spain and Portugal lose their power. Due to the robbery of other countries, it is no longer possible to survive, because more developed states are switching to completely new level production - manufactory. This gave impetus to the development of such powers as England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. After civil war in America they are joined by a new and very large player - the United States of America.

The political map of the world changed especially often at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The stages of formation in that period depended on the outcome of successful military campaigns. So, if back in 1876 European countries only 10% of the territory of Africa was captured, then in just 30 years they managed to conquer 90% of the entire territory of the hot continent. The whole world entered the new 20th century already practically divided between the superpowers. They controlled the economy and ruled alone. Further redistribution was inevitable without a war. Thus ends a new period and begins the latest stage in the formation of the political map of the world.

The newest stage

The redistribution of the world after the First World War made huge adjustments in First of all, four powerful empires disappeared. This is the UK Ottoman Empire, Russian empire and Germany. In their place, many new states were formed.

At the same time, a new trend appeared - socialism. And a huge state appears on the world map - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At the same time, such powers as France, Great Britain, Belgium and Japan are becoming stronger. Some of the lands of the former colonies were transferred to them. But such a redistribution does not suit many, and the world is again on the verge of war.

At this stage, some historians continue to write about the newest period, but it is now generally accepted that with the end of World War II, the modern stage of the formation of the political map of the world begins.

Modern stage

Second World War outlined to us those boundaries, most of which we see today. First of all, this concerns the states of Europe. The war brought the greatest result by the fact that they completely disintegrated and disappeared. New independent states arose in South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia.

But the most big country in the world - the USSR. With its collapse in 1991, another important stage appears. Many historians distinguish it as a subsection modern period. Indeed, in Eurasia after 1991, 17 new independent states. Many of them decided to continue their existence within the borders of the Russian Federation. For example, Chechnya defended its interests for a long time, until the power of a powerful country won as a result of hostilities.

At the same time, changes continue in the Middle East. There is a unification of some Arab states. In Europe, a united Germany is emerging and the Union of the FRY is disintegrating, as a result of which Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro appear.

Continuation of a story

We have presented only the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. But the story doesn't end there. As events show recent years, you will soon have to allocate a new period or redraw the cards. After all, judge for yourself: two years ago, Crimea belonged to the territory of Ukraine, and now all atlases need to be completely redone in order to change its citizenship. And also problematic Israel, drowning in battles, Egypt on the verge of war and the redistribution of power, incessant Syria, which mighty superpowers can wipe out from the face of the Earth. All this is our modern history.

The geographical map of the world is an overview map of the relief of the earth's surface. A coordinate grid is applied on the geographical map of the world. Separate states and countries are not displayed on the geographical map of the world in order to generalize and simplify the display of the surface topography above sea level (the darker the color, the higher the surface). The geographical map of the world clearly and concisely shows information about the main continents, seas and oceans and allows you to quickly create an image of the relief of the whole world. View geographical maps of the world online in Russian:

Detailed geographic map world in Russian:

Geographic map of the world close-up in Russian- opens in a new window in full screen. The geographical map of the world in high resolution shows all the continents with the names: Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Antarctica and Australia. The geographic map of the Earth shows the location of the oceans: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean. A large geographical map of the world allows you to see the seas, islands, bays, deserts, plains and mountains. The geographical map of the world is a map of the globe and looks like a map of continents, seas and oceans. The geographic map of the world can be downloaded for free at good quality.

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format:

Geographical map of the world with coordinates of latitude and longitude, indicating the currents of the world's oceans close-up:

Geographic map of the world in Russian large format opens in a new window in full screen. A high-resolution geographic map of the world shows a high-quality map of the world in Russian with parallels and meridians, with oceans and seas, with latitude and longitude, with seas and oceans. The geographical map of the world shows plains, mountains and rivers, continents and continents of the globe. If you enlarge the geographical map of the world, you can see separately the geographical map of each continent.

Outline map of the world

In geography lessons at school, it is often required contour map world:

The contour geographical map of the world opens in a new window in full screen.

What to see on the geographical map of the world:

First of all, on the geographical map of the world, mountains and plains marked different color(the darker the color, the higher the mountains). Most high mountains on a geographical map they go with an indication of the height of the peak above sea level. Most major rivers are named on the map. The largest cities are also indicated on the geographical map of the world. On this map, you can immediately see where the oceans, seas, islands and lakes are located.

Continents and continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. The largest continent is Eurasia.

oceans of the world: There are four oceans in the world - Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian. Most big ocean in the world - Pacific Ocean.

Largest seas in the world in descending order of area: the largest sea in the world - Sargasso Sea followed by the Philippine Sea, Coral Sea, Arabian Sea, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Fiji Sea, Weddell Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Gulf of Mexico, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea, Scotia Sea, Hudson Bay, Greenland Sea, Catfish Sea, Riiser-Larsen Sea, Sea of ​​Japan, Arafura Sea, East Siberian Sea.

Most big islands in the world descending area: the largest island in the world - Greenland, followed by the islands: New Guinea, Kalimantan, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, Great Britain, Honshu, Victoria, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, south island (New Zealand), Java, North Island (New Zealand), Luzon, Newfoundland, Cuba, Iceland, Mindanao, Ireland, Hokkaido, Haiti, Sakhalin, Banks, Sri Lanka.

Most long rivers peace: most big river in the world - Amazon, after it there are rivers: Nile, Mississippi - Missouri - Jefferson, Yangtze, Huanghe, Ob - Irtysh, Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider, Lena - Vitim, Amur - Argun - Mutnaya channel - Kerulen, Congo - Lualaba - Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi, Mekong, Mackenzie - Slave - Pis - Finlay, Niger, La Plata - Parana - Rio Grande, Volga - Kama.

The highest mountains with a height of more than 8 km: most big mountain in the world - Chomolungma, a little lower are the mountains: Chogori, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Nangaparbat, Annapurna I, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum II and Shishabangma.

Most large lakes by continent: in Africa, Lake Victoria, in Antarctica, the subglacial Lake Vostok, in Asia, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Baikal, in Australia, Lake Eyre, in Europe, the salty Caspian Sea and freshwater Lake Ladoga, in North America- Lake Michigan-Huron, in South America - salt Lake Maracaibo and fresh lake Titicaca. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.

political map– geographical map of the globe, continent or region, which reflects the territorial and political division. The main elements of the content of the map are the borders of states and dependent territories, capitals, big cities, sometimes the political map displays communication routes, the boundaries of autonomous entities within states with a federal structure, capitals and centers of units of administrative-territorial division.

AT modern world there are over 250 countries. They are diverse in place in the international division of labor and in international relations, in terms of economic development, by the size of the territory, by population, by its ethnic and national composition, by geographic location and for many other indicators. 193 states are members of the United Nations(as of 01.01.2018) and 2 observer states: Holy See (Vatican) and the State of Palestine.

The diversity of the countries of the modern world.

The countries of the world are grouped according to different criteria. For example, stand out sovereign, independent countries(about 193 out of 250) and dependent countries and territories. Dependent countries and territories may wear different names: possession - the term " colonies» not used since 1971 (there are very few left), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. So, Gibraltar is a British property; Island reunion in Indian Ocean, the country Guiana in South America, the overseas departments of France; island country Puerto Rico declared a "state freely affiliated with the United States."

Grouping countries by area:

• very large countries(territory over 3 million sq. km): Russia(17.1 million sq. km), Canada(10 million sq. km), China(9.6 million sq. km), USA(9.4 million sq. km), Brazil(8.5 million sq. km), Australia(7.7 million sq. km), India(3.3 million sq. km);
• major countries(have an area of ​​more than 1 million km2): Algeria, Libya, Iran, Mongolia, Argentina, etc.;
• medium and small countries : these include most of the countries of the world - Italy, Vietnam, Germany, etc.
• micro-states: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican. This includes Singapore and the island states. caribbean and Oceania.

According to the population, they are 10 largest countries peace : China (1318 million people); India (1132 million people); USA (302 million people); Indonesia (232 million people); Brazil (189 million people); Pakistan (169 million people); Bangladesh (149 million people); Nigeria (144 million people); Russia (142 million people); Japan (128 million people). The population of countries is constantly changing, so this "big ten" is also changing. Most of the world's countries are middle-sized states (less than 100 million people): Iran, Ethiopia, Germany, etc. The smallest countries in terms of population are micro-states. For example, 1,000 people live in the Vatican.

State system, forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world.

The countries of the world also differ in forms of government and by forms of territorial-state structure.

There are two main forms of government: republics , where the legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power to the government (USA, Germany), and monarchy where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited (Brunei, UK).

Most countries in the world have republican form board. There are presidential republics, where the president heads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.), and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is smaller, and the head of the executive branch is the prime minister appointed by the president. The monarchy is currently 29 .

Monarchies are constitutional and absolute. At constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and the activities of parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive - to the government. The monarch at the same time "reigns, but does not rule", although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc.

At absolute monarchy The power of the ruler is not limited by anything. There are only six states in the world with this form of government: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United United Arab Emirates, Vatican.

Of particular note are the so-called theocratic monarchies , i.e. countries where the head of state is also its religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia).

There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include states that are part of the so-called Commonwealth (until 1947 it was called " British Commonwealth nations"). The Commonwealth is an association of countries that includes the UK and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories(Total 50 states). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in previously owned territories and countries. AT 16 Commonwealth countries formally considered the head of state british queen. The largest of them include Canada, Australia, New Zealand. In them, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General, and the legislature is Parliament.

1. MODERN POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD

1.1. Modern political map of the world

What information does the political map of the world carry?

· A political map of the World - This is a geographical map that shows the territories, borders, largest cities of all countries of the world.

The main objects of the political map of the world are countries, territories and their borders.

· The country - territory, having certain boundaries, using state sovereignty or under the rule of another state and deprived of state independence (colonies, trust territories).

Today, there are 193 independent states on the political map of the world: 43 in Europe (including Russian Federation); 48 in Asia (including the Palestinian state); 53 - in Africa (excluding Western Sahara, the status of which is subject to settlement, in accordance with the relevant decisions of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (OAU); 35 - on the American continent; 14 states - in Australia and Oceania.

· State - political form of organization of society. The main features of the state: 1) the presence of bodies exercising supreme power, extending to the entire population; 2) the presence of a right-a set of generally binding rules of conduct established by the state; 3) availability certain territory subject to the authority, jurisdiction of the State.

Each country has its own economic and geographical position (EGP), which is understood as the position of the country in relation to the centers of the world economy, raw materials and sales markets.

The process of formation of states continued for several millennia. Some states (Egypt, China) have about 6 thousand years of history, others - a little over 200 years (USA). Some modern states in their current form lasted less than 15 years (Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, etc.).

The process of forming the political map of the world also has several millennia. Its beginning is associated with the period of the primary stages of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property, which determined social stratification society. Its further deepening led to the intensification state building and the struggle for the redistribution of spheres of influence. The change in social formations determined the boundaries of the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. Among them:

1. Ancient - up to 5 in. AD, is characterized by the formation and development of such major centers of civilization as Egypt, China, India, Mesopotamia. many states ancient world originated in the Mediterranean and are associated with the heyday of Greece, Rome and Carthage.

2. Medieval - covers approximately V-XVI centuries. emerges in Europe a large number of feudal states, trade ties between them are intensifying, territorial claims of feudal states to each other cause numerous military conflicts. At this time, Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Moscow State, Portugal, Spain, England.

3. New - formation of a modern political map: ( From the 16th century to the end of the First World War) - corresponds to a whole era of the birth, rise and establishment of capitalism, the formation of a colonial empire. So, in 1876, only 10% of the territory of Africa belonged to Western European countries, while in 1900 - already 90%.

4. Newest - from 1914 to the second half of the 90s. The 20th century is associated with two wars, the October Revolution in Russia, the formation of socialist and capitalist camps, with political and economic confrontation between them. The disintegration of the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, the USA, Japan and a number of other metropolitan countries also belongs to this stage, as a result of which more than 100 new independent states arise in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

5. Modern - from 1990 to the present day. To major events of this period, which radically changed the political map of the world, include:

· Crash socialist camp;

The collapse of the USSR by 15 sovereign states;

· Reunification of Germany with the GDR;

· The collapse of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and the formation of seven independent states on their territory (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia).

Separation of the independent state of Eritrea from Ethiopia;

· Reunification of Hong Kong with China;

· Breakup of Serbia and Montenegro into two independent states.

1.2. Diversity of the countries of the world. Political system

When studying the political map of the world, various criteria are used to unite states into groups. The most common of these are indicators characterizing the country:

1. by area size:

· The largest(more than 3 million sq. km)- Russia, Canada, USA, China, India;

· Large (1-3 million sq. km) - Argentina, Mexico, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia;

· Medium(less than 1 million sq. km)- Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Turkey;

· Dwarf (less than 0.01 million sq. km)- Vatican, Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino.

2. by population- the largest (million people) - China (1280), India (1045), USA (287), Indonesia (217), Brazil (174), Pakistan (148), Russia (145), Bangladesh (134), Nigeria ( 130), Japan (127).

3. by national composition of the population -single and multinational;

4. according to the peculiarities of the geographical location - seaside, inland, island, peninsular, archipelago countries.

Countries are also grouped according to political criteria, such as political system (monarchies and republics), administrative-territorial unit (unitary, federal, confederal).

If the association of states is based on qualitative features, then they speak of typologies countries.

· Economically developed- approximately 60 countries of the world.

1) "Big Seven" - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - these countries account for about 50% of the world GDP.

2) Smaller countries- the countries of Western Europe, their economic potential is noticeably lower, but in terms of GDP per capita, these countries are not inferior to the G7.

3) Countries of "settlement capitalism" - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.

Developing countries- include more than 150 countries in which about 70% of the world's population lives. This group is conditionally divided into:

1) Key countries - India, Brazil, Mexico, which have significant natural, human and economic potential, but in terms of GDP per capita are much inferior to developed countries.

2) Less developed countries in Latin America, Asia and North Africa, whose GDP per capita exceeds 1 thousand dollars - Chile, Peru, Egypt, Tunisia.

3) Newly industrialized countries Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, etc., which achieved economic growth at the end of the 20th century.

4) Oil-exporting Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, etc., where, thanks to the influx of "petrodollars", per capita GDP reaches the level of developed countries.

5) The lagging countries which are characterized by a multistructural economy with strong feudal remnants and where the per capita GDP does not reach 1 thousand dollars a year - Kenya, El Salvador, etc.

6) The least developed (poorest) countries, where consumer agriculture predominates, there is practically no industry and services, and per capita GDP is $ 100-300 per year - Afghanistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, etc.

In this typology, it is very difficult to determine the place of post-socialist states, which in many respects are not inferior to developed countries, but have a rather low GDP per capita. That is why countries such as Russia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, etc., are often singled out as a special type of countries with economies in transition .

GDP (gross domestic product) -the total value of domestically produced goods and services at market prices over a given period.

There are only two forms of state government in the world - monarchical and republican.

· Monarchy - a form of government in which the supreme power belongs to the monarch - the king, duke, sultan, emir, prince and is inherited. There are 30 monarchies in the world.

Monarchies are:

1. Absolute - the power of the monarch is not limited by anything.

2. Constitutional - the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution.

3. Theocratic - such a form of government of the monarch, when he is both the head of state and the head of the church.

· Republic - a form of government in which the supreme legislative power belongs to an elected representative body - the parliament, and the executive power belongs to the government. More than 140 countries in the world are republics. Republics are divided into presidential, in which the president is endowed with great powers, heads the government, and parliamentary, in which the main figure is the head of government, and not the president. presidential republics are: the USA, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, etc., parliamentary republics - Germany, Italy, India, Israel, etc. The socialist republics are - China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam.

· A rare form of government are states within the Commonwealth. There are only 15 such countries. The formal head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General. These countries are the former dominions of Great Britain (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc.).

In addition, according to the form of the administrative-territorial structure, there are unitary and federal.

· unitary state - this is a form of administrative-territorial structure of the country, in which the country has a single, indivisible executive and legislative power.

· federal state - has such a form of the administrative-territorial structure of the country, in which, along with uniform (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing units (republics, lands, states, marks, etc.) that have their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

After the Second World War, the political map of the world reflected such important processes as the formation of a number of socialist states, the collapse of the colonial system and the emergence of dozens of liberated countries, the growth of the non-aligned movement. But the main content of the entire post-war period was the global confrontation between East and West, " cold war between them. Numerous military-political alliances emerged, including the two main ones: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). AT different parts around the globe, hundreds of military bases were created, every now and then flashed local wars. Numerous hotbeds of international tension and regional conflicts have emerged on the political map of the world.

Throughout the post-war period, the main hot spot» remains Near East, including area Persian Gulf. And not the last role in this is played by the historically established interweaving of cultures and religions. Here interests collide not only Arab countries and Israel, but also other states.

In the second half of the 1980s, international relations saw a transition from confrontation to mutual understanding and cooperation. Good-neighbourliness began to replace mistrust, suspicion and enmity. Now this applies to relations between Russia, the CIS and the United States, between the countries of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) and other regions. The political map of the world reflects such important processes and phenomena as the unification of Germany, the formation of the CIS, the beginning of real disarmament, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the proclamation by NATO countries of the Partnership for Peace program, in which our country also participates. By political means managed to untie the tight knots of many regional conflicts.

As a result, international tensions have subsided, and the world has become calmer and safer. The role of the United Nations (UN), which includes 185 countries, is of great importance in easing tension.

All changes taking place on the political map of the world are studied by new branch social and economic geography - political geography (geopolitics). Her area of ​​interest includes: features of public and political system, forms of government and administrative-territorial division, internal and foreign policy, political and geographical position of countries, assessment of borders and border regions, assessment of borders and border regions, geographical differences in the social and class structure of the population, religious, national composition population, etc. the main task – study of geography international relations, the balance of power between the great powers.

A POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD

A POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD

a map of the globe, which shows states, capitals, major cities, etc. In a broad sense, this is a collection of information about the nationality of territories, the subject of study of political geography. The process of formation of P. to. m. has several millennia. There are several periods. Ancient (before the 5th century AD) is associated with the development and collapse of the first states on Earth - ancient egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, ancient rome and others. In the medieval (5th-15th centuries), large land masses (in particular, Europe) were completely divided between different states. The new period (from the turn of the 15th-16th centuries until the end of the First World War) corresponds to the beginning of European colonial expansion and the spread of international economic ties throughout the world. The newest period (from 1917 to the present day) is divided into three stages: the 1st is characterized by the emergence of the USSR, changes in borders in Europe, the expansion of the colonial possessions of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Japan; 2nd is associated with the collapse of colonial empires in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania and the beginning of the socialist experiment in a number of countries in Europe and Asia; The 3rd stage is characterized by the unification of Germany, the declaration of independence by the republics former USSR and Yugoslavia.

Brief geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008 .

A political map of the World

1) a geographical map of the globe or its parts, which reflects the territorial and political division.
2) A summary of information on the political geography of the globe or a large region: location, borders, capitals of states, forms of government, administrative-territorial structure, interstate. relations. The political map of any region is not constant in time, that is, it is a historical category. Political map changes can be of two types: quantitative and qualitative. quantitative associated with the state ter. and borders. quality changes are associated with transformations in political system states.
Quantitative changes in the political map include territorial gains or losses. These processes can go peacefully (for example, the development of Siberia by the Russians in the 17th century, the purchase of Alaska by the USA from Russia in 1867, the voluntary cession by France of some regions of its African colonies in favor of Germany in 1911), or they can proceed in the form of military operations (changes in state borders as a result of the 1st and 2nd world wars, the conquest of Mexican Texas by the US army in 1845, etc.). The unification and disintegration of states can also be attributed to quantitative changes: these transformations are clearly visible on the geographical map.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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