Regional instruments of economic and political cooperation presentation Zolotukhin. Presentation on the topic: "International organizations" Union State: Russia and Belarus

“Countries of Independent States” - Ancient Castle of Armenia. The total length of the borders is 12,187 km. In what month and year was the agreement on the creation of the CIS signed? The capital is the hero city Moscow. What did the charter say? National language - Russian. Coast of Azerbaijan. National Flag of Kazakhstan. The Republic of Azerbaijan, a state in western Asia, in Transcaucasia.

"Russia and the CIS" - Azerbaijan. Moldova. CIS bodies. CIS emblem. Samsonov, Viktor Nikolaevich (1993-1997) Prudnikov, Viktor Alekseevich (1997-2001). Chairmen of the Council of Heads of State. Russia and the CIS. Joint organizations in the CIS. Kyrgyzstan. Areas of joint activities of member states: Kazakhstan. Members of the Commonwealth. Ukraine.

"Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States" - Blue color resembles the color of the sky, which means it symbolizes the high and pure. The most recent state to join the CIS was Georgia. Armenian flag. Ukraine. The CIS also included Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Flag of Kazakhstan. The Republic of Uzbekistan. Mother of God. Each nation creates and respects its own national-state symbols.

“CIS countries” - Labor migration. Exports of the CIS countries – 700 billion dollars. V. Technical regulation. Package I (development and signing before 01/01/2011, entry into force on 07/01/2011). Agreement on common principles of regulation in the field of protection intellectual property. 10. II package (development and signing before 07/01/2011, entry into force 01/01/2012).

"CIS Banks" - CIS banks are on the verge of change. 6. Thus, the Russian VTB has subsidiaries in six CIS countries. Rice. 1. Dynamics of assets of banks in the CIS countries. Penetration of CIS banking systems. 2. 3. Fig. 2. Ratio of bank loans to GDP in the CIS countries, %. 5. Not for everyone... Growth potential is still high, but...

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Presentation on the topic: Integration process in the CIS

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International relations in the modern world Modern world- the world of competition. The best illustration of this is the development of events over several years of the 21st century. Countries with highly developed economies are pushing less developed competitors out of those promising world markets where they can do so. But not only economies compete - there is a competition between projects for the future world order, between different points of view on the path of development, between forms of organization international life and principles of relations between countries.

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After the collapse of the USSR, 15 sovereign states were formed on its territory. Moreover, many states appeared on the world map that either previously did not exist at all (Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) or had very limited experience of independent statehood (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). A special category of “unrecognized post-Soviet states” also appeared, including Nagorno-Karabakh, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The states that emerged in the post-Soviet space initially faced the objective need to search for their “international structural identity.” Republic former USSR faced a choice - to begin the process of forming a new international political region or to join one or another already existing one.

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The Beginning of History On December 8, 1991, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the leaders of Russia were President B.N. Yeltsin and Secretary of State G.E. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L.M. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and of Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S.I. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the cessation of the activities of the USSR “as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality.” The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States was announced, open to the accession of former members of the Union and other states.

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Composition On December 11, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, at the initiative of Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 Central Asian republics took place in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on the condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya Accords. Recognition of Nazarbayev’s merit was the decision to gather everyone in the capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. There, on December 21, 1991, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. The conclusion of the Bialowieza Agreements was reaffirmed: “With the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist.” Later they were joined by Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova - in total, 12 republics from the previous 15 entered the CIS. Only the Baltic republics were left behind.

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The goals of creating the union are cooperation between member states in political, economic, legal, cultural, environmental, humanitarian and other fields, cooperation in ensuring international peace and security, as well as achieving disarmament; – creating a common economic space, ensuring interstate cooperation and integration in the interests of a comprehensive and balanced economic and social development member states; – mutual assistance in order to create peaceful conditions the lives of peoples, ensuring collective security; – peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between participating countries; – assistance to citizens of member states in free communication, contacts and movement throughout the territory of countries that are members of the Commonwealth.

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General information Relations between the CIS member states are based on the principles of respect for sovereignty, self-determination and territorial integrity countries and non-interference in their foreign policy and internal affairs, the inviolability of existing borders, the non-use of force and the resolution of disputes by peaceful means, as well as the rule of international law. The total territory of the states that are part of the CIS (excluding the territory of Turkmenistan) is 21.6 million square meters. km., population – St. 275 million people (2006). The headquarters of the Commonwealth is located in Minsk (Belarus). In the CIS countries approx. 10% of the world's industrial potential and almost 25% of the world's proven reserves natural resources. The working language of the CIS is Russian. The Commonwealth has its own official symbols and flag.

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Modern changes In August 2005, Turkmenistan withdrew from the full members of the CIS and received the status of an associated observer member. On August 12, 2008, after the outbreak of the armed conflict in South Ossetia, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili announced Georgia's withdrawal from the CIS. In 2008, Afghanistan announced its desire to join the CIS.

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Integration processes in the CIS Integration processes in the CIS are taking place in conditions of a deep systemic socio-economic crisis. Economic ties between the Commonwealth states have weakened significantly. The role of the Commonwealth states in the dynamically growing world economy has sharply decreased. Strengthen your position in global economy CIS countries can only by forming a regional association of states capable of becoming integral part world post-industrial center in the form of its fourth regional component along with the EU, NAFTA and APEC. Otherwise, they will inevitably be pushed out to the backward periphery with the dominance of the extraction of non-renewable mineral resources and the production of low-tech, labor-intensive and resource-intensive products. IN last years integration processes in the CIS go in parallel with the emergence and active development of regional associations of the Commonwealth countries.

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Union State: Russia and Belarus Russia and Belarus have maintained the closest economic ties since Soviet times. On December 8, 1999, they signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of Belarus and Russia (came into force on January 26, 2000). Active work is underway to create a common legal framework, a common currency, economic, defense, and humanitarian space. The Union is expected to establish a unified Constitution and legislation, president, parliament, cabinet of ministers and other bodies supreme power, symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), currency (it is assumed that the Russian ruble should become the single currency), army, passport, etc. Currently, the symbols of the Union State - the flag, coat of arms and anthem have not been approved. The President and the united Parliament of the Union may be elected by universal suffrage.

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Eurasian Economic Community On October 10, 2000, in Astana (Republic of Kazakhstan), the heads of state (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan) signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Community. The Treaty lays down the concept of close and effective trade and economic cooperation to achieve the goals and objectives defined by the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. Organizational and legal instruments for the implementation of the agreements reached, a system for monitoring the implementation of decisions made and the responsibility of the Parties are provided. In August 2006, at the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC, a fundamental decision was made to create Customs Union consisting of only three states that are ready for this - Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan.

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Central Asian Cooperation Central Asian Cooperation (CAC) was formed on February 28, 2002 by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to replace the Central Asian Economic Community. The stated goal is to create a single economic space in the Central Asian region. On October 18, 2004, at the CAC summit in Dushanbe, Vladimir Putin signed a protocol on Russia’s accession to this organization. The summit confirmed the unconditional leading role that will belong to Russia as an investment donor and mediator in resolving conflict situations. On October 6, 2005, at the CAC summit in St. Petersburg, a decision was made, in connection with the upcoming entry of Uzbekistan into the EurAsEC, to prepare documents for the creation of a united organization of the CAC-EurAsEC - i.e., in fact, it was decided to abolish the CAC.

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GUAM GUAM is a military-political bloc created in October 1997 by the republics - Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005 the organization also included Uzbekistan). The name of the organization is formed from the first letters of the names of its member countries. Before Uzbekistan left the organization it was called GUUAM.GUUAM - an organization opposing itself regional associations with the participation of Russia. It was created with the active support of “external forces,” in particular the United States. Its participants - Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (came out in 2005), Azerbaijan and Moldova - declare common strategic interests and coordinate their foreign policy activities. Coordinated speeches by representatives of the GUUAM countries at the UN and OSCE are practiced.

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Organization of the Collective Security Treaty In-depth military-political cooperation between the CIS countries is developing within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992. Currently, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan participate in it. The purpose of the CSTO is to prevent and, if necessary, eliminate a military threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the participating states. CSTO members: Republic of Armenia Republic of Belarus Republic of Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Republic of Tajikistan Republic of Uzbekistan

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Single Economic Space In 2003, the heads of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine announced their intention to create a single economic space (SES “four”) with the prospect of establishing a Regional Integration Organization. The creation of the Common Economic Space is intended to coordinate efforts to bring together interested Commonwealth states and represents a real chance to change the situation for the better. The pragmatic economic interest is obvious to all participating countries. The predominant part of Russian trade turnover with the Commonwealth countries is trade with Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the main partners of the Russian Federation in the CIS. Indeed, these states and Russia account for 94% of GDP and 88% of the total trade turnover of the Commonwealth. The SES concept assumes that, in addition to a single space for the movement of goods, it is necessary to create a single space for the movement of capital, services and labor. Today, there are a fair number of barriers in this space, and each state shows a high degree of sophistication, erecting them on absolutely legitimate grounds and protecting domestic business.

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Disintegrating factors Factors hindering the integration of post-Soviet republics, first of all, include diversity of vectors and varying degrees progress of economic and political transformations in the Commonwealth countries. Day after day, in the course of reforms, the CIS states are losing similar features of political and legal structures and economic policies, while simultaneously accumulating new differences. Foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries is increasing due to a decrease in the volumes of exports and imports in the mutual trade of the Commonwealth member states. At the same time, the CIS is turning into a resource segment of the world market, in which competition between the newly independent states as exporters of raw materials will intensify. These qualitative characteristics of the economies of post-Soviet states also do not contribute to deepening interaction. Disintegrating factors of a political nature include, first of all, authoritarian motives in the behavior of state leaders, insufficient activity in the direction of uniting the Commonwealth and increasing the efficiency of its institutions, and differences in approach to issues of cooperation.

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A situation is emerging in the CIS: an attempt to maintain a single economic space without a single state or supranational structures, in conditions of systemic breakdown, turned out to be unsuccessful. The collapse of the USSR and the transformation recession caused powerful disintegration trends. Under these conditions, the implementation of agreements, largely copied from the founding documents of the European Union, was and remains impossible. Using the EU experience should not mean borrowing, but studying the basic laws of the integration process, forms of organizing interaction, in order to develop an adequate development strategy that takes into account the specifics of current state CIS countries.

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The basis further development integration processes of the CIS countries should be based the following principles: - full equality of the CIS member countries; - ensuring the guaranteed functioning of the sovereignty, political independence and national identity of each state; voluntary participation in integration processes; - reliance on one’s own potential and internal national resources; - mutual benefit, mutual assistance and cooperation in the economy, which includes freedom of movement of labor and capital, pooling of national resources for the implementation of joint economic, scientific and technical programs that are beyond the capabilities of individual countries; - stage-by-stage, multi-level and multi-speed nature of integration, the inadmissibility of its artificial formation; - availability of effective resolution mechanisms controversial issues, contradictions. The necessity of the first thesis is beyond doubt - only under conditions of equality, openness and trust is effective integration possible. Like the requirement to preserve sovereignty, mutual benefit, focus on one’s own strengths are logical and interdependent. True integration is possible only on the basis of voluntariness, as objective conditions mature.

International relations International relations of states are one of the foundations on which modern society is built. Today, the very existence of civilization depends on the relationship between states. Modern international relations are complex system political, economic, cultural and other connections. Today, there are several global trends in the development of international relations.

European Union The European Union is based on cooperation between European states after the Second World War, with the aim of guaranteeing peace and promoting economic and social progress within a single union. This process developed gradually. At first the emphasis was on economic cooperation, to develop common policies in the field of trade and Agriculture. Later, cooperation began to develop in the political sphere, in areas such as foreign policy and development cooperation. The first institutions of the European Union are the Council of Ministers, European Commission, European Parliament and European Court. On May 9, 1950, an event of historical importance occurred. French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed that the Federal Republic of Germany and other European countries unite in order to achieve peaceful goals. As of January 1995, the 15 member states were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.

Russia and the USA Currently, relations between Russia and the USA are developing in such areas as the fight against terrorism, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, space research. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic and socio-political crisis in Russia, the sharp decline in its international prestige and military-political potential led to the fact that the United States became virtually the only world leader. This fact, as well as the operations of the United States and its allies against Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq, caused confusion in Russia regarding building relations with the United States. In 2003, Russia, together with France and Germany, actually led the “camp of those who disagree” with US actions regarding Iraq. At the end of 2004, an unprecedented “cooling” occurred in Russian-American relations associated with the events in Ukraine (“Orange Revolution”). The struggle for influence between Russia and the United States has engulfed the entire post-Soviet space. At the beginning of 2007 between the USA and Russia with new strength A conflict broke out over the US intention to deploy elements of its missile defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic. According to US leaders, this step is aimed at protecting Europe from North Korean and Iranian missiles. The Russian leadership categorically rejects such an explanation.

Russia and the USA The United States, despite problems in the political sphere, has traditionally been one of Russia's leading trading partners. In 2005, bilateral trade turnover reached $19.2 billion, with Russian exports amounting to 15.3 billion and imports 3.9 billion. Direct Russian investments in the American economy exceed $1 billion. Russian companies Lukoil operate in the United States, Norilsk Nickel (plant for the production of platinum group metals), Severstal (steel production company), EvrazGroup (vanadium production plant), Interros (hydrogen energy) and some others.

Russia and the USA Medvedev-Obama Commission, officially known as bilateral Russian-American The Presidential Commission was proclaimed on July 6, 2009 by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and US President Barack Obama during President Obama's visit to Moscow. It is designed to promote improved communication and cooperation between the Russian and US governments. According to the statement of purpose of the Commission, agreed upon between the two parties in October 2009, the Commission was created to “identify areas of cooperation and implement joint projects and actions aimed at strengthening strategic stability, international security, economic prosperity and the development of ties between Russian and American peoples. The work of the Commission is based on the basic principles of friendship, cooperation, openness and predictability, and we are committed to resolving differences openly and honestly, in a spirit of mutual respect and acceptance of each other's points of view.”

Russia and the EU The Russian Federation is one of the EU's most important partners. The priority task of the European Union is to create a strong strategic partnership with Russia on solid foundation mutual respect. Russia is the EU's largest neighbor, becoming even closer with the Union's enlargement in 2004 and 2007. The 2003 European Security Strategy emphasizes that Russia is a key player in the geopolitical and security spheres, both globally and regionally. Russia and all EU countries are members of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe. The EU and Russia are already leading working together on a wide range of issues, including modernization Russian economy and its integration into the world economy, security issues, international problems. The EU and Russia have a broad dialogue on political issues affecting the world, including conflict resolution in the Middle East, Afghanistan, the Western Balkans and Sudan, as well as preventing the spread of weapons mass destruction and related technologies, as in the situation with Iran and North Korea.

Russia and Greece The relevance of Russia's development and maintenance of foreign trade relations comes down to the main question of which markets are considered priority and favorable today, as well as those that are strategically important to enter. From this point of view, the development of foreign economic relations between Russia and Greece is extremely necessary. Greece has traditionally been one of the main importers of Russian goods (both raw materials and high-tech), which puts it in preferential terms in trade relations with Russia. On the other hand, Greece is a member of the EU, which allows Russia to find the few ways to enter European markets. Thus, building effective trade economic relations with Greece, Russia, to some extent, is speeding up the development of economic relations with the European Union.

Russia and France For the first time, diplomatic relations between Russia and France were established in 1717, when the first Russian ambassador to France presented his credentials signed by Peter I. On October 28, 1924, diplomatic relations were established between the USSR and France. In November 2007, at the XIIth meeting of the Intergovernmental Commission, a joint Statement was signed declaring 2010 the Year of Russia in France and the Year of France in Russia. France has always been and remains one of Russia's most important European partners. Suffice it to say that the situation in Europe and the world was largely determined by Russian-French relations throughout their entire centuries-old history. The fundamental document of relations between Russia and France is the Treaty of February 7, 1992 (came into force on April 1, 1993). It cemented the desire of both sides to develop “a new relationship of harmony based on trust, solidarity and cooperation.” Since then, the legal framework of Russian-French relations has been significantly enriched - several dozen agreements have been concluded in various areas of bilateral interaction. Russian-French political contacts are becoming increasingly intense. Meetings of heads of state held on a regular basis created the conditions for a qualitative shift in the development of Russian-French relations.

Russia and Spain in the 20th century there were long breaks in Russian-Spanish relations, and when these relations were restored in 1977, this act was part of the transformations that took place in Spain as part of its transition from dictatorship to democracy, in the process of gaining Spain new international status. The fundamental document of Russian-Spanish relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, which was signed between our countries in 1994, but, of course, the legal framework of our relations is not exhausted by this treaty. We have a very wide range of agreements that create the basis for the development of bilateral cooperation in the most various areas. Our relations as a whole are developing favorably, and this is manifested primarily in the fact that there is an active political dialogue between our countries, including on top level. The choice of Russia as the first country to visit by Spain, which headed the European Union in 2010, “is proof of the EU’s desire to establish a framework for strategic cooperation with Russia,”

Russia and Great Britain History of relations between Great Britain and Russia Harmony has not always reigned in them, but they are much longer and richer than many people think. The ties between the British and Russian royal houses were intertwined with trade contacts. Trade relations between the two countries began more than 400 years ago. Britain and Russia fought together in the war against Nazi Germany. The unique feature of British aid to the Soviet Union was that it maintained a tradition of maritime and trade relations. After World War II, the development of relations was hampered by the Cold War, but bilateral contacts continued, including high-level visits. Margaret Thatcher in 1984 called Mikhail Gorbachev a person with whom she could “do business.” The mutual understanding established between them in the 1980s helped pave the way for a positive state of relations between the two countries. After the collapse of the USSR, relations between the UK and the Russian Federation improved, but deteriorated again in the 2000s due to disagreements over extraditions. This disagreement escalated to the deportation of four Russian diplomats by Britain, soon followed by the deportation of four English diplomats by Russia. Several British consulate offices and one cultural cooperation organization were forced to close. Since 2007, Russia has again begun long-range patrols with TU-95 bombers. These patrols repeatedly passed close to British airspace, where they were escorted by British fighter jets. However, there are also positive aspects of the development of Russian-British relations. Cooperation in the energy sector is actively developing between Russia and the UK. In September 2003, at the Energy Forum in London, a Communiqué on cooperation in the field of energy and a Memorandum were signed between the two countries on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline, through which Russian gas will flow through the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and other countries.

Russia and Germany Cooperation between Russia and the Federal Republic of Germany has been and remains one of the main priorities in Russian foreign policy and economics. It is enough to track the number of visits of the Russian President to Germany and evaluate statistical data on economic cooperation. In general, our economic relations are developing steadily, in an upward direction. A reliable and effective mechanism for coordinating cooperation in this area has been created. The joint high-level Working Group on strategic issues of economic and financial cooperation, mixed Commission for scientific and technical cooperation. Of course, there are still many untapped reserves in our relations. As the political and socio-economic situation in Russia changes for the better, we increasingly feel the growing interest of German businesses in expanding their presence and activities in our country. Over the past few years, a qualitative leap forward has been made in cooperation between many Russian regions and the states of Germany. Today this form of economic interaction is one of the most advanced and promising. Among the countries of the European Union, Germany is considered one of the countries with which Russia traditionally has the most friendly and fruitful relations. Angela Merkel, who came to power in 2005, is more skeptical about Russia. She made it clear that she would return Germany’s main foreign policy orientation to the United States, and that she would need to treat Russia more distantly, albeit pragmatically. As one of the few Western countries, Germany, through its Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, criticizes US plans to base missile defense in Eastern Europe and calls on them to consult with Russia.

Russia and the Baltic countries Having become independent, the former Baltic republics began to demand that they be officially called “Baltic countries.” After the collapse of the USSR, Russia’s relations with the Baltic countries were very difficult. The abundance of historical grievances and mutual claims prevented the finding of mutual understanding in the national, cultural, political, economic spheres., Unlike the countries of the CIS, the Baltic republics prefer to demonstrate their independence from Russia through purely political methods. However, this relationship has extremely interesting political implications. Port and other transport work mainly employs the Russian-speaking population deprived of Baltic citizenship. This is explained by the personnel policy of Soviet times. At that time, it was customary for transport workers not to be Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, but for visitors from the interior regions of Russia. The undisputed leader with a negative rating was Estonia. The country's Foreign Minister Siim Kallas claims that Russia expects Estonia to grant citizenship to the Russian-speaking population, abandon the idea of ​​joining NATO, establish visa-free relations with Russia and conclude a large-scale confederation agreement with it. “In this case, relations between Estonia and Russia will improve, but what will be left of an independent Estonian state?” Callas summed up sadly.

Russia and the Baltic countries Despite the presence of prerequisites for a warming of Russian-Baltic relations, in order to achieve “friendship” it is necessary to overcome the trust deficit. Russia and Lithuania have been arguing for a long time about what should come first - approval by the Russian side of the border agreement or reaching a final agreement on the procedure for transit to the Kaliningrad region through Lithuanian territory, The same way“waiting for the first step” the Russian-Estonian dialogue is stalled. Political psychologists know that the strong take the first step. Today, against the backdrop of Russia’s strengthening international position, Moscow has the luxury of taking such a first step without it being perceived as a sign of weakness.

Russia and the Scandinavian countries The North of Europe has traditionally been identified with five countries - Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland and was generally characterized by significant stability and a high (albeit with differences for individual countries) level of development. Until recently, relations between Russia and Sweden could be called almost exemplary. The developed country of Northern Europe did not think about joining NATO and refrained from harsh anti-Russian statements. But after the center-right coalition came to power in the fall of 2006, everything changed, and this was most clearly demonstrated during Georgia’s aggression in South Ossetia. Even earlier, the stumbling block in Russian-Swedish relations is the Nord Stream gas pipeline project along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. The main arguments against come from environmentalists. However, Stockholm's actions are primarily explained by economic interests in the region and the desire to prevent Russia from becoming the “queen of the Baltic.” Relations between Russia and Sweden in recent years have been far from ideal. However, Russia also had to listen to criticism from representatives of other Scandinavian countries. But Finland and Norway are much more focused on economic ties with Russia than Sweden. And therefore their authorities could not afford such harsh statements as the Swedish ones. Sweden is not very interested in Russia as a trading partner. The Russian Federation supplies mainly energy resources to the West, and Sweden covers its energy needs mainly through supplies from Norway, consistently displacing hydrocarbons with other energy sources. As a result, Russia accounts for four percent of Swedish imports and two percent of exports. At the same time, despite political difficulties, trade turnover between the two countries in the period from 2000 to 2008. grew fivefold.

Russia and the Scandinavian countries On December 30, 1991, Finland recognized Russia as the successor state of the USSR. In January 1992, the Russian-Finnish Treaty on the Fundamentals of Relations was concluded. Currently, there are about 90 interstate and intergovernmental documents in force between Russia and Finland, regulating almost all areas of bilateral interaction. Regular contacts are maintained between the heads of the ministries of foreign and internal affairs, economic development and trade, transport, customs and border departments. Interparliamentary relations are active. The Finnish Parliament has a Friendship Group with Russia, State Duma A Group for Relations with the Parliament of Finland was formed. Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Finland is mutually beneficial, and the growth of trade turnover remains positive. Most of Russian exports to Finland consist of raw materials and energy resources - about 88%. Finished products account for about 11.5%, machinery and equipment – ​​1.5%. More than half of Russian imports from Finland are machinery, equipment and vehicles, the share of raw materials is 22%, approximately 13% is chemical products, about 4% is food. One of the foundations of the entire complex of bilateral relations is energy cooperation between Russia and Finland. Russia is a reliable supplier of energy resources to Finland, including 100% of this country’s needs for natural gas, almost 70% for crude oil, a third for coal and 10% for electricity.

Russia and the Scandinavian countries Using its geographical location, Norway is increasingly claiming the role of a connecting link or “bridge” between Western Europe and Russia. Cooperation initiated by Norway in the Barents/Euro-Arctic region is a confirmation of this kind of aspiration. The maritime border issue between Moscow and Oslo remains unresolved, which is why there is a so-called “gray zone” in the Barents Sea. It is interesting that in the early 80s, the Soviet Union tried to start economic activities in it and even began drilling, however, faced with protest from Norway, it stopped work. It is clear that the position of our country after the collapse of the USSR weakened sharply and one could not seriously count on securing this territory for Russia. The contradictions between countries are objective; no one wants to give in, knowing full well that the era of cheap and accessible hydrocarbons is gradually ending. But interested parties are keen to have a conversation at the negotiating table, and the discussion has not yet crossed diplomatic boundaries. One of the main features of the structure of Russian exports, which distinguishes it from supplies to most other European countries, is the extremely small share in the export of energy resources (oil and petroleum products, coal) to Norway, as well as complete absence it contains natural gas. Imports from Norway differ significantly from Russian exports: in 1997. its main positions were food products, primarily fish and fish products - 52%, machinery and equipment - 15%, chemical products - 9%. However, the increase in imports from Norway was due to an increase in fish supplies. (the ratio of the number of export commodity items to import ones is expressed in the proportion 1:3).

Russia and Japan Over the past years, Russian-Japanese relations have steadily developed and been filled with new content. They are characterized by mutual commitment to universal democratic values, the absence of ideological and military confrontation, and deep mutual interest in cooperation on international arena. The basic principles for the development of ties were agreed at the highest level: mutual trust, mutual benefit, long-termism, close economic cooperation. IN Lately There is a noticeable intensification of bilateral trade and economic relations. In volume Russian-Japanese trade turnover more than doubled and reached a record level in the history of bilateral relations of 8.85 billion dollars. Japanese-Russian foreign trade and economic relations have recently been at the stage of expansion. Total foreign trade increased by about 31.5% year-on-year to 694.2 billion yen. The volume of imports from Russia increased by 19.6% compared to the previous year and amounted to approximately 490.2 billion yen, and exports of goods to Russia increased by 72.6% and amounted to 204 billion yen.

Russia and China On October 2, 1949, the USSR was the first to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC. China considers relations with Russia to be a model of political partnership. This statement was made by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi. In terms of bilateral relations, the Russian side attaches paramount and extremely important importance to the established system of regular annual meetings President of the Russian Federation and Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Russian-Chinese relations are characterized by consistently high dynamics of development, a solid legal framework and an extensive organizational structure of bilateral interaction, active ties at all levels. The Shanghai (April 1996) and Moscow (April 1997) confidence-building agreements signed by the heads of five states - Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - are being successfully implemented military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the area of ​​the former Soviet-Chinese border. At the end of 2008, China took third place among Russia's foreign trade partners (after Germany and the Netherlands), its share in Russian foreign trade turnover was 7.6%, while China accounted for 4.6% of Russia's exports (7th place) and 13% of imports Russia (2nd place).

Russia and the countries of the Middle East The situation for Russia's return to the Middle East has become most suitable: in contrast to previous times, when the countries of the region were divided into friends of the Kremlin and the White House. Moscow has established more or less smooth relations with almost everyone, including Israel. The Russian Federation has established that “ priority Russia must restore and strengthen its positions, primarily economic, in this rich and important region of the world for our interests.” Russia, as it tries to regain its former influence in the region and reaffirm its status as a great power equal to the United States in strength, must demonstrate its interest in the problems of the Middle East, especially when such important events as the coup in Gaza occur there. Otherwise, it will be perceived as a minor player in the Middle East arena, where the US, EU and UN play vital role. The Israeli leadership is still striving, although without much hope, to enlist Russian support in the Iran problem and to persuade Russia not to sell to Syria and Iran modern weapons. Although the most important factor determining Russian Middle Eastern policy is the interests of the Russian military-industrial complex. Arms sales abroad bring billions of dollars to Russia every year.

Russia and countries Latin America Russia maintains diplomatic relations with all 33 states of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). In relations with Grenada were restored, relations were established with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Bahamas, Saint Lucia. A line is being pursued to strengthen friendly ties with the states of the region, increase interaction on the world stage, and develop trade, economic, investment, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation. Political dialogue is developing. The official visit of Russian President V.V. Putin to Cuba (2000) - the first at the highest level to Latin America - and to Mexico (2004) was important. The promotion of cooperation with leading partners in the region was facilitated by official visits to Russia by the presidents of Chile P. Aylwin (1993) and R. Lagos (2002), Argentina C. Menem (1998), Venezuela W. Chavez (2001). ), Brazil F.E. Cardoso (2002). Russia, incl. within the framework of the G8, provides political support to the process of peaceful resolution of the armed conflict in Colombia. Contacts are maintained with Venezuela and Mexico as leading oil producers in the interests of ensuring the stability of the oil market and protecting the economic interests of Russia. A large company enters the Latin American markets Russian business. Russian companies successfully operate in the field of supplying equipment for hydroelectric power plants in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and participate in the development oil fields in Colombia, there are joint ventures for assembling cars in Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, and Ecuador. Humanitarian and cultural ties are expanding. A major project of cultural cooperation was the opening in Brazil of the first foreign school of the State Academic Bolshoi Theater (Joinville) and the school named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Fortaleza.

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA; fr. Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALENA; Spanish Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) is a free trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico, based on the European Community model ( European Union). The NAFTA agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.

The goals of NAFTA: 1) Eliminate customs and passport barriers and stimulate the movement of goods and services between participating countries. 2) Creating and maintaining conditions for fair competition in the free trade area 3) Attracting investment in countries that are members of the agreement 4) Ensuring the protection and protection of intellectual property rights 5) Creating a single continental market NAFTA

LAAI (LAI) Latin American Integration Association (LAI) is an association of economic cooperation between 12 Latin American countries. The purpose of the organization is to develop regional economic cooperation and trade; creation of a common market. Legal basis LAI - Montevideo Treaty (1980). The association's headquarters are located in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Member countries: Member countries are divided into three groups: more developed (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico), middle level (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile) less developed (Bolivia, Paraguay, Ecuador), and Cuba. LAAI

ASEAN Association of Nations South-East Asia(English: Association of SouthEast Asian Nations) is a political, economic and cultural regional intergovernmental organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 9, 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of the “ASEAN Declaration,” better known as the “Bangkok Declaration.” The treaty formalization of ASEAN occurred only in 1976 in the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and the ASEAN Declaration of Concord signed on the island of Bali. The highest body of ASEAN is the summit of leaders (heads of state and government) of member countries, which has been held annually since 2001.

ASEAN Goals of ASEAN: According to the Bangkok Declaration, the goals of the organization are: “(I) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through a common endeavor... to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian countries, and ( II) establishing peace and stability in the region... through... adherence to the principles of the UN Charter."

ASEAN Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines (10 countries) Secretariat Location: Jakarta

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an international (regional) economic organization. APEC is the largest economic unification(forum), which accounts for over 57% of world GDP and 48% of world trade (2007). APEC

21: Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, Hong Kong (PRC), Indonesia, Canada, China, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Korea, Russia, Singapore, USA, Thailand, o. Taiwan, Philippines, Chile, Japan APEC

APEC goals and objectives: The main goals of the organization are to ensure a free, open trade regime and strengthen regional cooperation. In 1994, the creation of a free and open trade system and a liberal investment regime in the Asia-Pacific region by 2020 was announced as a strategic goal. Most the developed countries must carry out liberalization by 2010. Each country independently determines its status and the timing of the introduction of new regimes based on individual plans actions. APEC

SCO Shanghai organization Cooperation (SCO) is a regional international organization founded in 2001 by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. With the exception of Uzbekistan, the rest of the countries were members of the Shanghai Five, founded as a result of the signing in 1996-1997. agreements between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia and Tajikistan on strengthening confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the participants renamed the organization.

The total territory of the SCO countries is 30 million km², that is, 60% of the territory of Eurasia. Its total demographic potential is a quarter of the world's population, and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States. One of the features of the SCO is that, in terms of status, it is neither a military bloc, like NATO, nor an open regular security meeting, like the ASEAN ARF, occupying an intermediate position. The main objectives of the organization are to strengthen stability and security in a wide area uniting member states, combat terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, develop economic cooperation, energy partnership, scientific and cultural interaction. SCO

SCO 6+4: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan + India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan. Headquarters: Beijing

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is an interstate association (cooperation agreement between independent countries) most of the former union republics of the USSR. CIS

The CIS is based on the principles of sovereign equality of all its members, therefore all member states are independent subjects of international law. The Commonwealth is not a state and does not have supranational powers. The main goals of the organization are: *cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields *cooperation in ensuring peace and security *mutual legal assistance*peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between the states of the CIS organization

members of the CIS an associated member of the CIS a state that has left the CIS an actual member of the CIS a state participating in some CIS structures as a CIS observer

The main military-political alliances of the modern system of international relations