Volga river basin area. Volga river basin. The economic role of the river in the life of the country

One of the largest waterways in the world is the Volga River. Which ocean basin does it belong to? This is the most full-flowing river in Europe, which has no flow. It flows into the Caspian Sea, and therefore belongs to its basin. Almost through all European part The territory of Russia carries its waters this mighty river. Many cities and villages are built on its banks. From time immemorial, it has been for people both a breadwinner and a transport artery.

Volga river

Which ocean basin does this belong to? water artery are studying at school. But not everyone realizes that the Caspian Sea, into which it flows, is inland and has no flow. The Volga is the largest river in Europe. It starts on the Valdai Upland near the village of Volgoverkhovye. From a small stream it turns into a mighty one deep river and flows into the Caspian Sea near the city of Astrakhan, forming a wide delta. At the Volga River, the source and mouth are located at a distance of more than three and a half thousand kilometers from each other, therefore it is conditionally divided into three parts, which differ slightly in hydrological and environmental conditions.

1. The Upper Volga is the section from the source to the confluence of the Oka River. Here it flows through dense forests.
2. From the Oka to the mouth of the Kama - the middle Volga. This site is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.
3. Lower Volga - from the Kama to the confluence with the Caspian Sea. It flows through the steppe and semi-desert zones.

Volga river basin

About a third European territory Russia is connected with this river. Its basin extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands to Ural mountains, it occupies an area of ​​almost one and a half million square kilometers. This full-flowing mighty river is fed mainly by meltwater. Several large rivers and many small ones flow into it - about 200 in total. The most famous of them are the Kama and Oka. In addition, its tributaries are Sheksna, Vetluga, Sura, Mologa and others.

At the source, the Volga is divided into several branches. The largest of them is Akhtuba, which has a length of more than 500 kilometers. But the Volga River carries its waters not only to the Caspian Sea. Which ocean basin this water artery belongs to can be found in any encyclopedia. But people connected it with other seas with the help of canals: the Volga-Baltic and Volga-Don are known. And through the Severodvinsk system, it connects to the White Sea.

Every inhabitant of our country knows the Volga River. To the basin of which ocean this symbol of Russia belongs, however, not everyone knows. There are several more interesting facts about this river, which few people know:

Economic importance

The basin of the Volga River has long fed and provided for the people living on its banks. There are many game animals in the forests, and the waters are rich in fish - about 70 species are found in it. Huge areas around the river are occupied by crops, horticulture and melon growing are also developed. In the Volga basin are located large deposits oil and gas, deposits of potash and table salt. Great importance this water artery also has a traffic artery. For shipping, the Volga has been used for a long time, huge caravans - up to 500 ships - went along it. Now, in addition, several dams and hydroelectric power stations have been built on the river.

Foreword:

For a long time we wanted to write a review article about this the great Russian (Mari, Tatar, Chuvash, etc.) river! Nomads from the very beginning of their existence traveled along the banks and waters of this river! In 1997 (and several times afterwards) the Nomads reached Astrakhan, that is, to the mouth of the Volga.

And in 2000 large group Nomads traveled up Volga- to the Rybinsk reservoir (then we went to the Onega and Ladoga lakes, and then to St. Petersburg). Along the Volga we visited the cities of Cheboksary, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma. Those were great times, and there are many photos left, however, then there was film photography. But if there is time, we will scan these photos and tell you about this exciting journey on our website!

Over the years of our travels, we have visited different points of this great river, from the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (at the mouth of the Oka) and the Makaryevsky Monastery (at the mouth Kerzhenets), before the mouth of the Kama and Long glades in Tatarstan. They were also in the Ulyanovsk region on their own business.

On many articles of our site you can see stories and photo of the Volga river, for example, at the mouth rivers Ilet, Big and small Kokshaga, Yurino (Sheremetyevo Castle)), Kozmodemyansk, Vasilsursk, Devil's settlement, Arda river, Dorogucha, Kerzhenets, Vetluga, Trinity Posad, Mount Alamner, Sviyazhsk island, the mouth of the Sviyaga, Bulgars etc.

I think it’s not necessary to remind that Kazan is also located on the Volga, and in the days of carefree students (when our Team was born) we climbed onto the roof of our KFEI hostel - and from there stunning panoramas opened on the historical center of Kazan, as well as on the Volga from Sviyazhsk to Bogorodsky mountains. Dachnoye, Morkvashi, Borovoe-Matyushino - were the places of our hikes and gatherings, and the Kamskoye mouth is still considered one of the most beautiful places Republic of Tatarstan!!!

It should also be noted that half of the Nomads were born in Zvenigovsky district of Mari El- that is, practically on the banks of the Volga! And since childhood, we went fishing on the Volga backwaters, oxbow lakes and floodplain lakes.

Thus, the idea arose to write this review article, which will include photos of the most beautiful and remarkable places on the Volga in our region, as well as links to those articles that will talk about the Volga and places on its glorious shores!

This article, as always, is not finished. And new links and materials will appear in it - as we travel through the native expanses of Mari El and Tatarstan! Therefore, we ask dear readers to send interesting material and photos to our address:

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The average annual water consumption near the Upper Volga Beishlot is 29 m³/s, near the city of Tver - 182, near the city of Yaroslavl - 1110, near the city of Nizhny Novgorod - 2970, near the city of Samara - 7720, near the city of Volgograd - 8060 m³/s. Below Volgograd, the river loses about 2% of its flow to evaporation.

The maximum water flow during floods in the past below the confluence of the Kama reached 67,000 m³/sec, and near Volgograd, as a result of a spill over the floodplain, it did not exceed 52,000 m³/sec. In connection with the regulation of the runoff, the maximum flood discharges have sharply decreased, while the summer and winter low water discharges have greatly increased. The water balance of the Volga basin to Volgograd on average for multi-year period is: precipitation 662 mm, or 900 km³ per year, river runoff 187 mm, or 254 km³ per year, evaporation 475 mm, or 646 km³ per year.

Prior to the creation of reservoirs, the Volga carried about 25 million tons of sediment and 40–50 million tons of dissolved mineral substances to the mouth during the year.

The water temperature of the Volga in the middle of summer (July) reaches 20-25 °C. The Volga breaks up near Astrakhan in mid-March; in the first half of April, the break-up occurs on the upper Volga and below Kamyshin, along the rest of its length - in mid-April. It freezes in the upper and middle reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches at the beginning of December; Free from ice remains about 200 days, and near Astrakhan about 260 days. With the creation of reservoirs, the thermal regime of the Volga changed: in the upper pools, the duration of ice phenomena increased, and in the lower pools it became shorter.

The middle Volga is characterized by three main types of banks. The right ones are steep, descending to the Volga with slopes, sometimes forming cliffs at the turn of the river. The left ones are extremely gently sloping sandy shores, gradually rising to a low meadow floodplain, but they alternate with steep clayey or sandy-clayey almost sheer slopes, which in some places reach a considerable height.

Middle Volga in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Below the confluence of the Oka, the Volga flows along the northern edge of the Volga Upland.

Volga in Nizhny Novgorod. On the opposite bank of the city of Bor

911 km: on the left bank, opposite Nizhny Novgorod, there is the city of Bor and the Moss Mountains.

915 km: the territory of Nizhny Novgorod and the water area of ​​the port of Nizhny Novgorod ends. There are also many riffles and islands in the region of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga, the largest of them are Pechersky Sands (910 - 916 km) and Podnovsky (913 - 919 km).

922 km: on the right bank is the Oktyabrsky settlement, where the fleet maintenance base is located, and in 1960 the first catamaran-type ships were built.

933 km: on the right bank is the city of Kstovo, located in the bend of the river - the Kstovsky knee, in the interfluve of the Volga and Kudma, where barge haulers made a halt. In the Kstovo region, the Volga turns south.

939 - 956 km: many backwaters and islands, the largest of which is Teply (939 - 944 km). Lake Samotovo flows in at 944 km from the left.

955 km: the Kudma river flows in from the right.

956 km: on the right is the village of Kadnitsy.

966 km: the beginning of the Cheboksary reservoir, formed in 1980 by a dam near the city of Novocheboksarsk. The area of ​​the reservoir is 2200 km², the length is 332 km, the maximum width is 13 km (below the mouth of the Veluga River). Due to the fact that the Cheboksary HPP has not yet reached its design capacity, the level of the Cheboksary reservoir is 5 meters below the design level. In this regard, the section from the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric power station to Nizhny Novgorod remains extremely shallow, and navigation on it is carried out thanks to water releases from the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric power station in the morning. At the moment, the final decision on filling the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level has not been made. As alternative the possibility of constructing a low-pressure dam combined with a road bridge above Nizhny Novgorod is being considered.

993 km: the river Sundovik flows from the right, at the mouth of which the city of Lyskovo is located.

Before the formation of the Cheboksary reservoir, it stood on the banks of the Volga, but then the river changed its course and moved away from the Lyskovsky bank, approaching Makaryevsky Monastery and the village of Makaryevo(995 - 996 km). Today, Lyskovo is connected with the Volga by a shipping canal, and Makaryevo village located on the left bank of the Volga.

995 km: the Kerzhenets River (length 290 km) is the left tributary of the Volga.

1005 - 1090 km: many islands, backwaters and channels. Most big Island- Barminsky (1033 -1040 km).

1069 km: right tributary - the river Sura (length 864 km). At its mouth and on the right bank of the Volga is Vasilsursk settlement.

Volga in the Mari Republic

The Volga enters the territory of the Republic of Mari El (Mari Republic) immediately after Vasilsursk. The length of the Volga in the territory of the republic is 70 km.

1260 - 1264 km: The Volga again falls into the territory of the Mari Republic, here on the left bank is the city of Volzhsk. In the Volzhsk region, the borders of three republics are joined - the Mari Republic, Chuvashia and Tatarstan.

The Volga enters the territory of Tatarstan outside the city of Volzhsk, at 1965 km. The length of the Volga in Tatarstan is 200 km. Basically, the river flows through the territory of the East European Plain, but the right bank is located on the Volga Upland.

1269 - 1276 km: on the left bank is the city of Zelenodolsk. Opposite it, on the right bank, is the village of Nizhniye Vyazovye.

1275 - 1295 km: there are many small islands on the Volga - Vyazovsky Island, Tatar Griva Islands, Kos Islands, Vasilyevsky Island, Sviyazhsky Islands.

1278 - 1284 km: the river Sviyaga flows to the right(375 km).

1282 km: on one of the Sviyazhsky Islands, in fact, at the confluence of the Volga and Sviyaga stands city-monument Sviyazhsk.

Sviyazhsk island, Volga river

1280 - 1285 km: on the left bank is the village of Vasilyevo - the center of the Raifa section of the Volzhsko-Kama Reserve, founded in 1960.

1295 km: on the right bank is the village of Morkvashi Naberezhnye, near which the Kazan road bridge was built in 1989.

1302 km: on the right bank - the village of Pechishchi, on the left - Arakchino. 1305 km: on the right bank - the village of Verkhny Uslon.

1310 km: the left tributary of the Kazanka River flows into the Volga.

1307 - 1311 km: on the left bank of the Volga, as well as along the left bank of the Kazanka, the city of Kazan is located. In the Kazan region, the Volga turns south. Behind Kazan along the right bank of the Volga, replacing each other, the Uslonsky, Bogorodsky and Yuryevsky mountains stretch, and on the left bank meadows grow.

1311 - 1380 km: on the banks of the Volga there are many small villages, towns and villages. On the right bank are Nizhny Uslon (1320 km), Klyuchishchi (1322 km), Matyushino (1325 km), Tashevka (1330 km), Shelanga (1338 km), Russian Burbasy (1356 km), Krasnovidovo (1358 km), Kamskoye Ustye (1380 km). On the left bank are Kukushkino (1311 km), Novoe Pobedilovo (1312 km), Old Pobedilovo (1315 km), Matyushino-Borovoe (1330 km), Teteevo (1357 km), Atabaevo (1376 km) - the center of the Volga-Kama Reserve.

1377 - 1390 km: on the left, the Kama River flows into the Volga(2030 km 21)

- the main and full-flowing tributary of the river. There is even a theory that it is not the Kama that will flow into the Volga, but the Volga into the Kama. In hydrography, there are several rules for distinguishing the main river and its tributaries; the following signs of rivers are usually compared at their confluence: water content; pool area; structural features of the river system - the number and total length of all tributaries, the length of the main river to the source, the angle of confluence; altitudinal position of the source and valley, the average height of the catchment area; geological age of the valley; width, depth, current speed and other indicators.

Therefore, it is more correct to say that it is not the Kama that flows into the Volga, but the Kama Bay of the Kuibyshev reservoir, more than 200 km long, into which the Kama River flows.

After the confluence of the Kama The Volga becomes full-flowing, mighty and wide river and the Lower Volga region begins.

Lower Volga

The Lower Volga flows through Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia.

The Lower Volga flows along the Volga Upland, across the territory of the East European Plain and Caspian lowland. The basin of the Lower Volga to Samara and Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, from Saratov to Volgograd - in the steppe zone, and below Volgograd - in the semi-desert. In the lower reaches, the Volga receives relatively small tributaries, and from Kamyshin to the Caspian Sea it flows without tributaries. AT Astrakhan region when it flows into the Caspian Sea, the Volga forms a delta.

1430 km: on the right bank stands the city of Tetyushi.

1430 - 1440 km: Tetyushsky mountains are located on the right bank, at 1440 km the Kuibyshev reservoir narrows sharply, but then quickly expands again.

1445 km: the Utka River flows from the left, at the mouth of which are the villages of Polyanki and Berezovka.

Volga in the Ulyanovsk region

If you look along the left bank, then the Volga enters the territory of the Ulyanovsk region after the confluence of the Utka river, on the right bank the border between Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region is located in the region of 1495 km along its course. The length of the Volga in the region is 150 km. The Volga divides the Ulyanovsk region into an elevated right bank (up to 350 m) and a low left bank.

1468 - 1470 km: the Maina River flows from the left, at the mouth of which the village of Staraya Maina is located.

1495 - 1520 km: Undorovskie mountains stretch along the right bank.

1521 km: Ulyanovsk begins on the right steep bank, called the Crown, and on the left gentle bank. 1527 km: Ulyanovsk bridge connecting the left-bank and right-bank parts of the city. On the left bank, Ulyanovsk ends at 1528 km, and on the right bank it stretches up to 1536 km. On the territory of Ulyanovsk, the Volga narrows to 3 km, but after the Ulyanovsk bridge, the Volga becomes very wide, and below the city it reaches its greatest width - 2500 m.

1536 - 1595 km: Kremensky, Shilovsky and Senchileevsky mountains stretch one after another along the right bank.

1543 km: on the right bank on the chalk Kremensky mountains is Novoulyanovsk - a satellite city of Ulyanovsk.

1548 km: on the right at the mouth of the Tunoshka River, which flows into the Volga, on the Kriushinsky mountains is the village of Kriushi.

1555 km: the left tributary is the Kalmayur River, opposite which on the right bank is the village of Shilovka.

1572 km: on the right bank is the city of Sengilei, in the area of ​​which the Tushenka and Sengileika rivers flow into the Volga. Sengileevskaya Bay serves as a shelter for ships during storms.

1575 - 1577 km: on the left bank is the village of Bely Yar.

1585 - 1598 km: the Bolshoi Cheremshan river flows from the left (336 km). The mouth of the river turned into a large Melekessky bay. On its right bank is the village of Nikolskoye on Cheremshan, on the left - the village of Khryashchevka (1598 - 1599 km). At the confluence of the Bolshoy Cheremshan River in the Melekessky Bay is the city of Dmitrovgrad.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL AND PHOTO:

Nomad Archives

Wikipedia site

http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/

http://maptatarstan.rf/tatarstan/atlas/volga-kama

http://fotki.yandex.ru/

Drainage basin, or catchment - part earth's surface, including the thickness of the soil from which the river or river network receives water supply. The catchment area genetically determines the quantity and quality of runoff, thereby laying down the main parameters of natural water resources.

Each river basin has surface and underground watersheds. A surface catchment is a section of the earth's surface from which water flows into a river network. An underground catchment area is a part of the soil stratum, from which water enters the river network underground. The surface catchment may not coincide with the underground.

A river that flows directly into the sea or into an endorheic lake is called the main one; the rivers flowing into the main one are tributaries of the first order, then there are tributaries of the second order, the third, etc. The totality of the main river with all tributaries forms river system. The ratio of the total length of all rivers in the basin (or other territory) to the area characterizes the density of the river network.

On the territory of Russia, 8 of the 50 largest world river basins are located in whole or in part: the basins of the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Volga, Dnieper, Don, and Ural rivers.
The Ob River has the largest area of ​​the basin - 2990 thousand km2; the length of the river is 3650 km (from the source of the Katun River - 4338 km, from the source of the Irtysh River - 5410 km).

In the basin of the Yenisei River (the area of ​​​​the basin is 2580 thousand km2, the length of the river is 3487 km; the length from the sources of the Small Yenisei River is 4102 km) there is a unique one, which, together with adjacent territories, including protected areas, belongs to the World Natural Heritage sites.
The area of ​​the Lena River basin is 2490 thousand km2. The river, 4400 km long, originates on the slopes of the Baikal Range, flows into, forming a large (about 30 thousand km2) delta.

Most of the Amur River basin is located in Russia. The Amur is one of the largest rivers in the Far East region (length 2824 km; from the source of the Argun River - 4440 km; basin area 1855 km2). A serious problem of the river is the intensive development of the right bank of the river by the PRC, in connection with which the load on the ecosystems of the basin has sharply increased in the last decade. Wasteful use natural resources, at significant difference Chinese environmental regulations from Russian standards, leads to a change in the natural resource potential, in particular, to a deterioration in the state valuable species commercial fish, disruption of seasonal migration routes of ungulates and protected species of waterfowl, changes in the fairway of the river as a result of uncontrolled excavation in the water protection zone, pollution of it with harmful substances.
The area of ​​the drainage basin of the Volga River - the largest in Europe - is 1360 thousand km2, that is, 62.2% of the European part of Russia, 8% of the area of ​​Russia, almost 13% of the territory of Europe. 2600 rivers flow directly into the Volga (length 3530 km), and in total there are more than 150 thousand watercourses in the basin with a length of more than 10 km. Its largest tributaries are the Oka and Kama rivers. The catchment area of ​​small rivers is 45% of the total area of ​​the basin.

The Volga is one of the largest rivers in Russia. Its basin area is 1,361,000 km². The Volga river basin unites about 66.5 thousand different rivers. Since this guide describes the rivers of the Moscow region, we will consider only the following reservoirs:

The rivers Gzhat and Vazuza

The Gzhat River, the right tributary of the Vazuza, which is, in turn, the right tributary of the Volga, originates south of the city of Gzhatsk. After Gzhatsk, the river flows to the north westbound and flows into the Wazuzu at about 50 km above its mouth. The length of the river Gzhat - 110 km.

The rivers Gzhat and Vazuza flow almost through a treeless and flat plain. There are no forests at all along the banks of the Gzhat River, not everywhere along the coast you can even find coastal thickets of willow, common for steppe rivers. Only in front of Bolshoy Nikolsky (about 30 km from the mouth) on the banks of the Gzhat there will be a small copse. Parking on the Gzhat River is possible only open, not provided with either greenery or firewood. Firewood must be collected along the way and carried with you. There are frequent settlements along the banks, lava and bridges are thrown across the channel in many places.

The bottom of the river is mostly sandy, the banks are dry. There are no dams. The width of the river is about 10 m near the city of Gzhatsk and about 30 m at the mouth. Depth in summer time 20 – 70 cm.

The Vazuza River flows in higher and slightly hilly banks, in some places covered with weak copses. On the banks of the Vazuza, it is possible to find a suitable place for parking, easier with fuel for a fire. The width of the river does not exceed 30 m, it is somewhat narrowed by the banks. The bottom is sandy, sometimes rubble. Under the spans of the bridge of the Riga railway, there are heaps of stone and iron. It is necessary to pass by kayak near the left bank. There are no dams on the Vazuse River between the mouth of the Gzhat River and the Volga.

The route along the Gzhat River starts from the city of Gzhatsk of the Belarusian Railway (180 km from Moscow) and ends in the city of Zubtsovo - Riga railway. Route length about 140 km, of which about 90 km along the Gzhat River and about 50 km along the river Vazuza.

The route can be extended along the Volga from the city of Zubtsovo to the city of Kalinin, that is, to go about 160 more km. The Volga in this section is a significant river, its width is up to 90 m near the city of Zubtsov and up to 130 m near the city of Kalinin. However, the depth of the river is not so great and does not exceed 25 cm on the rapids, of which there are nine between the cities of Zubtsov and Kalinin.

The banks of the Volga near Rzhev are high, hilly, gradually decreasing towards the city of Kalinin.

The banks of the Volga are not very rich in forests, there are many open places, especially in the area of ​​​​such large settlements like the cities of Zubtsov, Staritsa, Kalinin. However, copses and even forests in many places frame the blue ribbon of the Volga for a long time, many picturesque and beautiful places, it is not difficult to find a good place for tourist parking.

The channel of the Volga and its banks are mostly gravel, sandy beaches few.

Return from the city of Kalinin by train.

The Darkness River is the left tributary of the Volga, originates on the uplands of the plain, extending north of the city of Rzhev, flows east, and after the city of Vysoky, it deviates somewhat to the north. For some distance, Darkness flows parallel to the Volga, to the north of it, then turns to the southeast and soon merges with the Volga 16 km above the city of Kalinin. The length of the river is 140 km.
Darkness flows through a wooded plain, in slightly hilly shores. The river is picturesque, there are many good and beautiful places for tourist stops.
There are few villages on the banks. The bottom of the river is clayey in places, sandy in places. The river is low-water, by the end of June or by the beginning of July the water drops so much that even in a kayak it is not possible to pass through a number of sections. This circumstance limits the tourist value and the possibility of the river of Darkness, although it is picturesque and beautiful.
On Darkness, within the possible route, there are 4 dams, the exact location of which is unknown.
The route starts from the city of Vysokoye and ends in the city of Kalinin - 96 km (i.e. 80 km along the Tma River and 16 km along the Volga).
The route can be extended by going along the Volga below Kalinin to the city and Novo-Zavidovo station for another 70 km. On this route, the Volga is wide (up to 300 m) with a large number of sandbars, a wide meadow floodplain, which is interrupted by forests and copses.
Having passed the village of Lisitsy, where the tourist base “Lisitsky Bor” is located, the Volga expands noticeably, there are many sandy islands in the channel. Near the village of Vidigovo, the width of the Volga is 1.5 km, near the village of Gorki, 2 km. Here on the left bank there is a lot of forest, a good place for parking.
A little lower than the village of Sloboda, the Volga forms two branches: one of them, the northwestern (right along the way) leads to the Noginsk reservoir, and the second - southeastern - (the own channel of the Volga) leads to the Volga reservoir. These branches form a large island, at the western end of which there is a bay and a forest - a possible place of parking. For tourists heading to Novo-Zavidovo, you need to sail along the right sleeve so that the island remains on the left. This shortens the path. To the west of this branch, the Noginsk reservoir begins - its eastern part. The dam (embankment) of the Leningrad highway will be visible on the horizon. You have to go under the bridge.
In front of the second earthen dam, along which the tracks of the Oktyabrskaya railway (crossing the entire Noginsk reservoir) are laid, the city of Novo-Zavidovo begins on the right bank. Entering the bay through the railway dam, you can get very close to the water railway station Novo-Zavidovo.

The upper reaches of the Tvertsa River after the completion of the construction of the Vyshnevolotskaya water system connected by canals with the rivers Tsna and Msta. Tvertsa flows first a little to the east near the Osechenka station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, coming very close to the canvas, it turns south and flows in this direction for a long time. Somewhat south of the city of Torzhok, the Tvertsa River changes its direction to the east and thus flows to the city of Kalinin.

Having rounded Kalinin from the north and east, the Tvertsa flows into the Volga within the eastern part of the city. The length of the river is about 200 km. Tvertsa flows calmly along a wooded plain in relatively high and hilly banks, making wide loops.

On the banks of the river in the upper and middle reaches there is a lot of forest, few settlements. The shores and bottom are loamy with an admixture of pebbles and rubble. There are almost no sandbanks; in some places they appear only below the city of Torzhok. In some places there are small gravel rapids.

A significant population of the Tvertsa River and depletion of the banks with forests begins in its lower reaches after the intersection of Tvertsa with the Leningrad Highway (near Mednoe - 37 km to the mouth).

After the second railway bridge, when the river already enters the suburban area of ​​Kalinin (the last 10 km) the shores are completely cleared of the forest, and the settlements follow one after the other.

Here on the river you can meet local boats serving the residents of the suburbs. But this circumstance should not overshadow the tourist - the finish line in the area of ​​a large, especially a regional city in such conditions is common.

Pioneer camps and rest houses were located in many places on the Mednoe-Kalinin section among coniferous groves.

You can start the route from Vyshny Volochek, but the first 10-12 km it will be necessary to go partially along the canal within the city (you need to enclose one beyshlot), then move along the section of the Tvertsa River with very dirty and stagnant water. Therefore, it is better to start the route from the Osechenka station of the Oktyabrskaya railway, from which Tvertsa is no more than 1.5 km. On the river, the nearest village to the station is Tverestyanka.

There are several options for kayaking trips along the Tvertsa River.

A full route and two shortened ones, which can be completed on May Day holidays - 3-4 days.

1. Osechenka station (Tverestyanka village) - Kalinin city - about 175 km.
2. Osechenka station - city of Torzhok - 90 km.
3. The city of Torzhok - the city of Kalinin - 85 km.

Of the last two shortened routes, the first along the upper and middle reaches of the Tvertsa is more interesting, as it passes through the more picturesque and wooded part of the river.

If you start the route from the city of Vyshny Volochek, then the route is extended by 20 - 25 km.

To the starting points: the city of Vyshny Volochek, Osechenki station, the city of Torzhok, you should go by train along Oktyabrskaya railway.

From the river to the stations of the cities of Torzhok and Kalinin is quite far (4-5 km). You have to get there by car.

Rivers Orsha and Soz

These two small rivers are left tributaries of the Volga in the section between the Kalinin and the Ivankovskaya dam. The mouths of the Orsha and Soz rivers are significantly removed from each other. The mouth of the Orsha is located 2 km below Kalinin, and the mouth of the Sozi (after the construction of the dam flows into the Volga reservoir) is 30 km from the Ivankovskaya dam. These rivers flow from the Orshinsky lakes: the Orsha from the Orshino lake and flows first in a westerly direction, and the Soz - from the Great Lake and flows to the southeast.

Lake Orshino is not connected by a channel with other lakes of the vast Orshinsky swamps - Svetly, Shchuch'y, Glubokie and Velikiy, which are interconnected by channels, but from the Orsha River, from its eastern bend towards Lake Svetloye, a drainage canal was dug, called Denisovsky by the name of the village, near which it departs from the Orsha River to the east.

This channel, however, does not reach Lake Svetloye - a jumper with a width of about 1.5 km(possibly due to the significant difference in water between the lake and the canal). Thus, having overcome this small portage, you can make the so-called Orshinsky round-the-world trip on a kayak. In the proposed route, the city of Kalinin can be taken as the starting point, and the city of Novo-Zavidovo as the final point.

This route provides for the passage of a small section of the Volga from Kalinin to the village of Orshino, overcoming Orsha (up the river) to the village of Denisovo, advancing along the Denisovsky Canal to its end, overcoming a portage 1.5 km from the canal to the first lake Svetloye, the passage of all 4 lakes from west to east, exit to the river Soz and down the river to the Volga reservoir.

Both at the beginning of the route and at the end, the following options are possible:

In the initial part of the route, you can exclude the advance along the Volga and up the Orsha, having reached from Kalinin to Denisov in a random car along a country road.

This option, however, is fraught with difficulties, both in finding a car and in driving along a country road with a length of about 25 km. It is also possible to go from the village of Denisovo along the Orsha River from the top (down the river), for which you should take a regular bus (usually overcrowded) from the Kalinina station to the village of Slavnoye, located on the Orsha River above the village of Denisovo.

It should be noted that the Orsha River from Glorious to Denisovo is shallow and passable only when high water(after the flood).

Route termination options are as follows:

• after passing the mouth of the Sozi River, kayak along the Volga reservoir to the Ivankovskaya dam, that is, to the Bolshaya Volga station of the Savelovskaya railway;
• passing the mouth of the Sozi - up the Volga reservoir to the Novo-Zavidovo station of the Oktyabrskaya railway;
• having passed along the river Soz to the pier (it is located on Sozi above the mouth at 12 - 13 km from the reservoir) use a local boat and take it to the Ivankovskaya dam.

The most difficult section on the route is the transfer of kayaks across the dam to the old Denisov Canal, moving along this canal to its end, and dragging through the swampy forest to Lake Svetloye. In this area, keep the following in mind:

• at about 1 km from the village of Denisovo, up the canal, there is a narrow-gauge railway bridge. Shortly after the bridge there is a convenient and dry place for overnight parking. They should be used, as further along the path there will be a swampy area up to Lake Svetloye. The wooded shores of the lake are dry and suitable for camping. Around 8 km from the village of Denisovo, the old Denisovsky canal begins, mating with the new one at an acute angle on the left along the way. The junction of the canal is marked by a two-meter-high waterfall (the bed of the old Denisovsky canal is higher than the new one). Here it is required to drag the kayaks over the dam dividing the channel;
• for the first kilometer of the way, the old canal runs through a swampy meadow, the channel itself is heavily overgrown with sedge and shrubs (apparently it has not been cleared for a long time), it is difficult to advance kayaks, oars have to be used as poles. The channel is difficult to see, then when the channel enters the forest, its channel becomes more noticeable. AT summer months, apparently, the channel dries up;
• when the kayaks reach the clearing of the former high-voltage power line along the canal, on which the masts have already been knocked down by time, here you need to go to the portage. You need to go north, according to the compass. There are many paths in the forest leading to Lake Svetloe, therefore, it is useful to send reconnaissance. Dragging through the swampy forest about 1.5 km.

You should move along Lake Svetloe along its eastern shore and carefully follow the channel. It should be in the northeast corner of the lake.

The channel is blocked by an earthen dam, through which a pipe for a spillway is passed. Therefore, the channel from the side of the lake is poorly visible. Here the dam is to be carried out in order to enter the channel leading to Lake Shchuchye. The channel is good, deep, but the banks are marshy, they cross swamps. The shores of Lake Shchuchye are swampy, however, on its northern shore, among the woods, there is a lonely hut. Here lives the watchman of peat extraction, here you can, in extreme cases, spend the night.

The channel to Lake Glubokoe is located in the northeastern corner of the lake and is easily found.

Lake Glubokoe is connected with Lake Velikie by two wide channels. It is necessary to move along the southern channel, for which you should keep south coast Lake Deep. In front of the entrance to Lake Velikoye, on the left northern bank of the channel, there are good places for parking. There is a village there.

The southern shores of the Glubokoe and Velikoye lakes are swampy and open, the northern shores are dry and wooded, there are settlements there.

It is necessary to sail along the Great Lake along the southern shore, since the Soz River emerges from its southeastern corner. Soz is not very simple and easy to detect, it should be looked for among the coastal thickets of sedge and reeds. Soz River during the first 15 km(up to the bridge near the village of Bykovo), flows strongly meandering among the swampy open area. There are no parking spaces. After the village of Yamki and Ilyino, the river enters the forests. Almost uninhabited forests stretch to the village of Kharitonovo (for 15 km). The river is winding and beautiful.

There are two earthen, easily passable dams on the Sozi River. In the village of Pervomaisky, there is a low bridge, and in 5 km below there is a pier, from where boats go to the Ivankovskaya dam. Already in front of the village of Popovsky, Soz expands greatly.

Route length:

City of Kalinin – city of Novo-Zavidovo – 200 km

of which along the Volga about 22 km

up the Orsha - 45 km

along the Denisovsky Canal - 12 km

on lakes and channels - 24 km

along the Sozi river to the village of Popovsky - 40 km

along the Sozi river to the village of Ustye - 14 km

Total to the Volga reservoir about - 157 km.

The end of the route is possible in three ways:

• along the Volga reservoir to the Ivankovskaya dam - 30 km
• up the Volga to the city of Novo-Zavidovo - 40 km
• to the city of Konakovo about 15 km

It is also possible to finish the kayaking part of the route at the pier on the Sozi River and continue on the boat to the Ivankovskaya Dam (Bolshaya Volga station of the Savelovskaya Railway).

The way from the village of Denisovo to the pier on the Sozi River (85 - 90 km) pass in 4 days.

In the summer months, apparently, the Denisov Canal dries up and becomes very shallow. Almost already from the village of Denisovo, tourists in kayaks or boats are forced to start dragging, which is measured at 12-15 km.

Transport: Approach to the starting point - the city of Kalinin by electric train from the Leningradsky railway station.

Departure either by the Savelovskaya railway (from the Bolshaya Volga station) or by the Oktyabrskaya railway from the Konakovo or Novo-Zavidovo stations.

The Medveditsa River is a left tributary of the Volga, it originates northeast of the Spirovo Oktyabrskaya railway, flows, making large bends in a southeast direction to the mouth of its right tributary, the Kulaki.

Here Medveditsa changes its general direction to the east, makes a large bend to the north and, having taken the left tributary of the Yakhroma River, sharply turns almost to the south. The Medveditsa flows into the Volga between the cities of Kimry and Kalyazin. The length of the Bear is about 270 km.

Due to the difficult approaches to the river in its upper reaches (either there are no good roads, or there is no passenger traffic), it can be recommended to start the route from the village of Gorodok, which lies on the highway Kalinin - Straps. There is a regular bus service on this highway.

Near the village of Gorodok Medveditsa is already quite wide (15 - 20 m). It flows in hilly sandy-loamy shores, overgrown mainly with pine forests. There are no problems with parking spaces. There are few settlements along the coast. In the lower reaches, the river is very picturesque, there are many forests and beautiful corners on its banks.

In the very lower reaches (below the village of Malchikovo), the backwater of the Volga is affecting. In these places, the Bear gradually widens and floods its floodplain, reaching a width of several hundred meters.

In the lower reaches, the river is deep, approximately from the village of Upper Trinity to the mouth.

In the middle reaches from the beginning of the route (the village of Gorodok) to the village of Troitsa, the river quickly becomes shallow after the flood, and already in July sandbanks are exposed, which interfere with the normal progress of kayaks. In many places, kayaking without rowers is required.

There are two dams on the route:

• the first in the area of ​​the village of Medveditsa;
• the second near the village of Upper Trinity (105 km from the beginning of the route).

The length of the section of the river from the village of Gorodok to the mouth - 165 km.

Transport: To the starting point - the village of Gorodok, you must first go by electric train to Kalinin (168 km), then by regular bus.

The route can end in three places (start from Gorodok village):

• at the Sknyatino station of the Savelovskaya railway - 180 km.
• near the city of Kimry (station of the Savelovskaya railway) - 210 km
• near the city of Kalyazin Savelovskaya railway - 200 km

Before the formation of the Volga Reservoir (Ivankovsky), the Lama River was a right tributary of the Shoshi River. Now the Lama flows into the Shoshinsky reservoir, which is integral part Volga reservoir.

Lama originates southeast of the city of Volokolamsk, flows first in a northwest direction, and after the village of Yaropolets changes its direction to the northeast.

The total length of the Lama River is 150 km, for the passage of kayaks - 120 km. The Lama River, cutting through the western spurs of the Kalinin-Dmitrovsky ridge, first flows, winding strongly in a narrow treeless valley with high indented banks, heavily populated and built up.

In the upper course, up to the village of Tishkovo, the river is narrow no more than 3 - 4 m and shallow, littered with brushwood and replete with rifts.

After the village of Yaropolets, the river flows through a wider valley, but in high banks, framed mixed forest, which, however, comes close to the river.

The riverbed becomes less winding and the meanders are often broken by long junctions. The river becomes wide - 40 - 60 m.

After the right tributary of the Yauza River flows into the Lama (the village of Sentsovo), the river becomes wide - about 30 - 50 m, full-flowing, its waters flow calmly in high banks covered with forest. Boats go down from the village of Sentsovo along Lama.

In the lower reaches of the Lama, approximately from the village of Dor to the village of Sentsovo, mole spring timber rafting is carried out. Below the village of Sentsovo there is no rafting. On the rafting site at the bottom of the river there are driftwood.

In the upper reaches of the river from the Volokolamsk station to the Yaropolets station, there are no places for parking. On the section from Yaropolets to the village of Dor, places for overnight parking can be difficult to find. And only below the village of Dor (after the confluence of the right tributary - the Big Sister) - there are enough places for parking.

There are artificial obstacles on Lama:

1. A small dam near Volokolamsk station, the route should start downstream from the dam.
2. Numerous kadis on the section of the river from Volokolamsk station to the village of Tishkovo and two bridges with spans clogged with snags.
3. Three dams:

• near the village of Smichka (factory named after Lenin), drift along the left bank;
• outside the village of Yaropolets, surrounded by the right bank;
• a dam between the villages of Shubino and Vlasovo, carried along the left bank.

After the dams, as a rule, the river is shallow, there are shallows.

1. Four zapans near the villages of Matyushkino, Maksimovo, Selenuchye and Sentsovo.

The first three zapanis, after the recession spring waters, are usually filled with forest and easily passable by flooding one of the links of the sapani. The last flood keeps the forest until later spring runoff, and in the month of May it is possible to find a molar forest before the flood at 800-1000 m.

The following routes are possible along the Lama River:

At big water(shortly after the flood or summer showers) the full route from the Volokolamsk station to the house of the buoy operator "Kabanovo", located already in the area of ​​​​the Shoshinsky reservoir - 130 km.

1. In case of low water, a shortened route from the village of Smychka or from the village of Yaropolets, starting the route after the dams.

Route length:

from Smychka to Kabanovo - 105 km

from Yaropolets to Kabanovo - 90 km

All routes end in the area of ​​the Shoshinsky reservoir, West Side which is dotted with numerous islands, is shallow, and in summer it is heavily overgrown with reeds and sedge. After the village of Paveltsevo, you should keep to the fairway, fixed with buoys. In order not to stray from the right direction and not get on the fairway of the Shoshi River, you should always move in the northeast or east direction.

Transport: Entrances and exits: To the station Volokolamsk - by train. The Lama River flows at 500 m from the station.

At the beginning of the route from the village of Smychka or the village of Yaropolets, you need to get to these points by regular buses that go from the station to the city and from the city to the villages of Smychka or Yaropolets.

From the final point (the buoy-keeper's house "Kabanovo") you should walk on foot to the village of Kozlovo - 3 km. A regular bus runs from Kozlovo to the Zavidovo railway station of the Oktyabrskaya railway.

The kayak route can be completed a little further on Kabanova, near the village of Novo-Zavidovo. In front of the railway dam there is a bay, moving along which you can approach almost the Zavidovo station itself.

In this case, the water route is increased by 15 km and from the water to the station no more than 200 m.

The Dubna River is the right tributary of the Volga, the largest river in the north of the Moscow region. Her length is 170 km. D at bna originates northeast of the city of Zagorsk in the spurs of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, flows in a northwesterly direction, making two large loops and changing direction from west to north and flowing into the Volga below the city of Dubna (below the Ivankovskaya dam).

The Dubna River is very peculiar and in a significant part, flowing through a long swampy lowland, resembles the Polesye rivers.

The journey can be started from the highway bridge north of the village Chentsovo. Here the river is full-flowing and deep. First 5 - 6 km after the bridge, the river flows further in relatively high banks, below the city of Konstantinov, the river enters a vast swampy lowland and flows in a northerly direction (10 km) among the low banks. In a number of places the river is artificially straightened, resembling a canal. River wide 20 – 30 m and depth up to 1 m. The river has this character until the right tributary of the Suloti River flows into it, approximately for 15 - 17 km. Here parking is completely excluded.

Below the mouth of the Suloti, Dubna becomes more sinuous, but even here there are straight sections. The right bank is lower, swampy, more open, overgrown with willow along the water, the left bank is high, wooded. Among the alder and aspen, birch trunks turn white. After the confluence of the Suloth, the water in Dubna turns yellow, as the Suloth flows out of powerful swamps and carries waters tinted with humus. The river has such a view up to the village of Okemovo, for about another 15 - 17 km after the mouth of the Suloti River.

Below the village of Okemovo (which is not visible from the water), the banks of the river gradually rise, the swampiness disappears, the forest is thinned out, the river takes on an impressive appearance, the width is 30 - 40 m, depth of 2 or more meters. Below the village of Nushpoly (at about 9-10 m from Okemovo village) the banks become treeless. It is bad with firewood here, the places are not very attractive, it is better to pass them without stopping, especially since this area is not so large (6 - 8 km).

After the village of Sushchevo (from Nushpola about 9-10 km) Dubna flows in high sandy shores among the protected forest.

In a short section, the Dubna River receives three left tributaries: the Velya River, the Vetelka River and the Yakot River, of which the Velya River is a raftable river. Firewood is driven along it for a porcelain factory in the city of Verbilki. These places for almost 20 km are especially beautiful, and it is advisable to organize day trips here (especially closer to the mouth of the Yakot River). There are also many good places for swimming.

In the area of ​​the city of Verbilki, the banks are bare. Below the Verbilki in Dubna, there are shoals and rifts. In the channel in some places there are boulders and powerful thickets of reeds and sedges, and the banks in places with boulders and pebble inclusions.

In the lower reaches of Dubna, there are islands in the channel, but there are few good places for parking.

Artificial obstacles on the Dubna River:

1. Old destroyed dam, about 3 km below the highway bridge near the village of Chentsy, a run-off is required.
2. Remains of piles of the old bridge in front of the existing new bridge near the village of Konstantinovka.
3. Zapan outside the city of Verbilki at the porcelain factory, a portage is required.
4. Old piles under the railway bridge of the Savelovskaya railway.
5. A dam with a central weir (passable with care and preliminary inspection - there may be stuck wood and driftwood in the weir). Dam in 1 km from the railway bridge.
6. Destroyed dam near the village of Glinki, about 6 km below the railway bridge, carry-out along the right bank (50 m).

Natural obstacles on the Dubna River:

1. Several sandbanks in the riverbed below the city of Konstantinov, they appear during low water in the second half of summer.
2. Rocky shoal in front of the town of Verbilki.
3. Between the sinkhole at the porcelain factory and the railway bridge of the Savelovskaya road there is an extended rocky rift with large boulders in the river. The current is weak. At low water, the rift is not passable, the wiring is along the left bank.
4. Below both dams there are shallow areas and rubble rifts.
5. 3a village Tarusovo (10 km below the railway bridge) is a large sand and gravel, heavily overgrown with reeds and sedge shallows.
6. Opposite the village of Starikovo (7 km above the mouth of the Sestra, the left tributary of the Dubna) - a large rocky rift.

In high water, all the rifts are hidden under water.

1. From the village of Fedortsevo, located on the Sulot River, to the city of Verbilka - 65 km, (of which about 9 - 10 km). There is a small dam on the Suloti River between the lake and the mouth.
2. With high water (end of April - beginning of May), the route from the city of Verbilki to the station Tekhnika on the railway line Dubna - Verbilki - 45 km. In this case, having reached the Dubna until the left tributary of the Sestra flows into it, you need to climb up the Sestra until it is crossed by the channel named after. Moscow (about - 3 km).
3. From the village of Chentsy to Verbilki - 85 km or from the village of Chentsy to the station Technika - 130 km(not forgetting, however, the swampiness of the shores in the Konstantinovo-Okaemovo section). Starting the route from the village of Chentsy, you should diversify it by entering Lake Zabolotskoye (up the Suloti about 4 km), which is an example of a relict landscape of the ancient geological era. There is a lot of game on the lake, and there are beavers in the Suloti River. The lake is overgrowing.

Transport: From the Yaroslavsky railway station to Zagorsk by train, then by regular bus or to the Dubna River (beyond the village of Chentsy), or to the village of Fedortsevo. The length of the bus route to the Dubna River is 28 km, to the village of Fedortsevo - 45 km.

Departure from the Verbilki station and from the Technika station by train along the Savelovskaya railway. In both cases, approaches to the station from the water are about 1 km.

The Nerl River is the right tributary of the Volga, flows out of Lake Somino and flows in a northwestern direction, first in wetlands, and then after the village of Kopnino in hilly, very picturesque, forested banks and flows into the Volga below the city of Kalyazin. River length - 110 km.

The Nerl is very winding in its upper reaches, gradually straightens to the mouth, becomes full-flowing, and below the Nerl village the river becomes navigable.

The upper reaches of the river are sparsely populated, however, after the village of Svyatovo, the number of settlements increases greatly.

Since the river enters the forest zone after the village of Kopnino, convenient places for overnight stays can be easily found among the picturesque nature.

On the river below the village of Svyatovo, as well as below the village of Grigorovo, there are numerous sandy-stony shoals and rifts, which stretch in a chain for 2-4 km. On the rifts, the speed of the river reaches 6 km at one o'clock.

Lake Somino, elongated in shape, from which the Nerl flows, is connected to Pleshcheevo Lake by the Veksa River, about 3 km. The shores of the lake and the Veksa river are swamped, there are several stabs on the Veksa river, and in some places the river is littered with snags.

Lake Pleshcheyevo is somewhat elongated in shape, has a maximum length of about 10 km, and the width is about 8 km. The eastern shores of the lake are gently sloping, partially swampy and treeless. Western, northwestern and northern - wooded. The lake is very shallow in the southeastern part, reaching a depth of 25 cm in the northwestern part. Because the lake is open on most sides and exposed to winds, the lake often experiences heavy seas.

The Veksa River flows out of the northwestern section of the lake.

At the source of the Veksa there is a farm - it can serve as a guide.

It is better to bypass Lake Pleshcheyevo along the eastern shore, moving to the source of the Veksa River from Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. The source of the Vexa is more easily detected when approaching it from the east. In addition, after the village of Kriushkino, there are good wooded places for overnight stay.

This is important to keep in mind, given the swampiness of the banks of the Vexa, Lake Somino and the sources of the Nerl.

The route starts from the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, which stands on the shore of Lake Pleshcheeva at the confluence of the Trubezh River and the first kilometers of the route pass along the Trubezh River. Further, the path follows the eastern shore of Lake Pleshcheyevo (12 km), then along the river Veksa (12 km), then along Lake Somino (3 km) and, finally, along the Nerl River.

You can end the route either at the mouth of the Nerl River near the Sknyatino station of the Savelovskaya Railway or in the city of Kalyazin, having reached the mouth of the Nerl, to the city along the Volga - 30 km.

The length of the route from Pereslavl-Zalessky to Sknyatino is about 140 km, and to the city of Kalyazin - about 170 km.

There are artificial obstacles on the route:

1. A spillway bridge on the Veksa River a little below the city of Usolye (not reaching Lake Somino).
2. A dam on the Nerl River below the village of Komnino.
3. A bridge with a roll near the village of Svyatovo, you have to pass on the left under the second span.
4. A dam and a mill below the village of Grigorovo. Drift along the right bank.
5. In the summer months, the Nerl River becomes very shallow and overgrown, so in July - August and in dry summers it is impossible to travel along it.

Transport: To the starting point - the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky, get by train along the Yaroslavl railway to the Berendeevo station (140 km) then by regular bus to the city (21 km). Return from the final destination - Sknyatino station or from the city of Kalyazin by train along the Savelovskaya railway.

A water trip is also possible along the considerable length of the left tributary of the Nerl - the Kubr River, with an exit then at the village of Grigorovo to the Nerl.

The journey should start from the village of Novaya, located on Yaroslavl highway on the 46th km from the city of Zagorsk.

The length of the route from the village of Novaya along the Kubr River and along the lower reaches of the Nerl to the Sknyatino station is about 140 km, of which along the Kubr River about 65-70 km. In length, it is equal to the route along the Nerl and lakes from Pereslavl-Zalessky.

The Kubr River flows first in the flat banks, and then in the hilly ones. There is a lot of forest on the banks, there are places for parking. There are many boulders in the channel of the Kubr River. Kubr can be passed only in high water, in the summer this river is not passable.

On the river Kubr, during its 65 km many dams (6-8 pieces).

Catchment and river basin

Definition 1

A catchment area is a part of the earth's surface, the thickness of soils and soils, from where a particular river receives food.

Rivers, as a rule, have not only surface nutrition, but also underground, so the catchment can be surface and underground.

These watersheds may not coincide.

Definition 2

A river basin is a part of land that includes a particular river system, bounded by an orographic watershed.

The catchment and basin of the river usually coincide, but there are cases and discrepancies. Cases of non-coincidence are typical for arid regions with a flat relief.

The orographic boundaries of the basin and the boundaries of the catchment do not coincide in cases where part of the groundwater flow comes from outside the basin, or, conversely, goes beyond it.

There are not only river basins, but also lake, sea, and ocean basins. There are 4 largest ocean basins on the planet: the Arctic, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans.

The river basins are distributed among the ocean basins. There are also empty areas the globe. The rivers flowing in these areas do not carry their water to the ocean.

The drainless regions of Russia include: the basin of the Caspian Sea, including the basin of the Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura.

River basins have the main morphometric characteristics: area, length, maximum width, as well as the distribution of the basin area over the heights of the terrain.

The height of the area is shown by a hypsographic curve, which is used to calculate the average height of the pool.

Volga basin

Remark 1

The Great Russian River originates on the Valdai Upland, the height of which in this region is 229 m. The river carries its waters to the south through the entire Russian Plain and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth of the river is 28 m below sea level. The Volga water does not enter the ocean, so it is largest river internal drain.

The Volga basin is 1/3 of the European territory of Russia. In the west, it starts from the Valdai and Central Russian Upland and in the east it reaches the Urals. The main part of the catchment area that feeds the Volga from its source to Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod is located in the forest zone, the middle part to Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part to Volgograd is in the steppe zone, and the most southern part located in the semi-desert zone. The Volga basin sharply narrows from Saratov and the river flows without tributaries to the Caspian Sea.

The hydrographic length of the river is variable and is assumed to be 3694 km. Variability is associated with secular fluctuations in the level of the Caspian water. The Volga basin occupies 40% of the European territory of Russia and is 1.5 million square meters. km. Located on the territory of the Russian Plain, the relief of the Volga basin is mainly flat and low, bordered by hills. Elevations in the basin occupy no more than 5% and have heights of up to 300 m. The Ufimskoe Plateau and the Belebeevskaya Upland, which are 400 m high, are exceptions.

Low pool areas include:

• upper reaches of the river;
• Meshcherskaya lowland;
• Oka-Don lowland;
• Caspian lowland.

Erosion processes are typical for half of the basin area, leading to the formation of ravines, different in length and depth, 15% of the territory is covered by swamping processes. The danger is represented by landslide and karst phenomena.

The Volga is in 5th place in Russia in terms of length, basin area, water content. The river yields in these indicators only to the Siberian rivers - the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur.

The Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses, the total length of which is 574 thousand km. The catchment area of ​​small rivers is 45% of the area of ​​the entire basin. In general, the Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The density of the river network is 40% higher than the national average and is 0.42 km per sq. km. km.

The flow of the Volga and Kama was regulated by 11 large reservoirs. At the confluence with the Kama, the Volga unites a smaller number of rivers and is inferior to the Kama basin - 66.5 thousand rivers against 73.7 thousand.

Remark 2

The Volga valley is younger than the Kama valley. Before the era of maximum glaciation, in the first half of the Quaternary, in modern form The Volga didn't exist yet. There was Kama, which, having united with Vishera, flowed into the Caspian Sea. To the north, to the Vychegda, there was a runoff of the modern upper reaches of the Kama, but glaciation reshaped the hydrographic network.

The fall of the Volga is 256 m, and the slope of the water surface is 7 cm / km. The speed of the current during low water varies from 0.7 to 1.8 km/h. In high water, the current speed increases to 9-11 km/h.

When it flows into the Caspian Sea, the Volga forms a delta, which begins at the point of separation of the left arm - Akhtuba.

Main sleeves:

• Bakhtemir;
• Kamyzyak;
• Old Volga;
• Akhtuba;
• Buzan;
• Bold.

From the beginning to the sea, the length of the delta is about 120 km, the area is 13 thousand square meters. km. In the upper part, the delta has a width of up to 17 km, and along the sea edge it reaches 200 km.

Northern Dvina river basin

The Northern Dvina flows in the north of the Russian Plain and is formed from the confluence of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers. With all its tributaries, the river flows into the White Sea, which belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. From the confluence of the two rivers to the point of confluence, the length of the river is 750 km. The river basin has an area of ​​357 thousand square meters. km and in terms of its size among the rivers of the European part, it ranks 5th.

The relief of the basin is represented by a hilly plain, descending in a northwesterly direction. A layer of glacial deposits covers the entire surface of the basin, so a significant part of it - 8.5% - is waterlogged. There are many mosses among the swamps.

The Northern Dvina basin is located in the taiga subzone, where spruce and pine coniferous species predominate. There are admixtures of small-leaved species. The river valley is occupied by meadows with forb-large-grass vegetation. The forests are rich in mushrooms and berries. The sandy banks of the Northern Dvina are reminiscent of the Volga banks. On the river, at the source, there are sandbanks that change their place every year.

Within the 25-kilometer zone in the upper reaches of the river, there are more than 20 shoals. The river is navigable throughout its length. Having received large tributaries, the Northern Dvina becomes full-flowing and wide, and on its way begins to erode loose banks.

Among the tributaries:

• Vaga;
• Yemets;
• Pinega.

Having met dense soil, the river breaks into many branches and carries water to the White Sea. The lake network is well developed in the river basin. In watershed swamps, lakes with a small mirror area are sometimes found. Lakes on old floodplain massifs are rare. On the floodplains of the rivers, a network of oxbow lakes is developed.

In general, the number of lakes in the catchment area is 17602. They occupy an area of ​​1517 square meters. km. The total number of rivers and streams in the basin is 61879, their length is 206248 km. The average slope of the Northern Dvina is about 0.07 ‰, which indicates that the river is typically flat.

In spring, the floodplain of the river is under water. Navigation is hampered by the presence of islands and sandy rifts. In addition, new islands are formed every year. The islands look like open sandbanks.

Remark 3

The hydrological regime of the river is determined climatic conditions, which are characterized by long cold winters, short cool summers with a lot of precipitation.

The river basin is dominated by wet air masses coming from the west, they bring about 500 mm of precipitation, so there is excessive moisture.

The hydrological regime is characterized by high spring floods and low summer low water. The rivers of the basin are mainly fed by melting snow. Due to this, the volume of spring flood runoff is equal to 50% of its annual value.

In low-water years, the volume of runoff is reduced to 40%, and in high-water years it increases to 80%. Ice breakup on the river is established in late October - early November, and ice drift occurs with the advent of April. The ice drift is very stormy with the formation of congestion. The direction of the river flow to the north is an important factor in the formation of the hydrological regime.