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SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION, SCO is a subregional international organization that includes 6 states - Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The total territory of the SCO member states is 61% of the territory of Eurasia, its total demographic potential is a quarter of the world's population, and its economic potential includes the most powerful Chinese economy after the United States. Official working languages are Russian and Chinese. Headquarters in Beijing.

The symbols of the SCO include a white flag with the organization's coat of arms in the center. The coat of arms depicts two laurel wreaths on the sides, in the center - a symbolic image of the Eastern Hemisphere of the earth with the outlines of the earth's landmass, which is occupied by the "six", above and below - the inscription in Chinese and Russian: "Shanghai Cooperation Organization".

Main stages of development of the SCO.

The predecessor of the SCO was the so-called “Shanghai Five” (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Tajikistan), formed as a result of the signing Agreements on confidence-building in the military field in the border area(1996) and Agreements on mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area(1997). The rapprochement of these countries was dictated primarily by the threat to the security of their border territories from the main source of instability in Central Asia - Afghanistan, where there was a civil war between the troops of the Northern Coalition and the Taliban. The first of these two agreements was signed in Shanghai, giving rise to the term "Shanghai Five". Collaboration at the summits in Almaty (1998), Bishkek (1999), Dushanbe (2000) made it possible to create an atmosphere of what came to be called the “Shanghai spirit” - to develop an atmosphere of mutual trust, through the first experience of mutual consultations to come to a mechanism for achieving consensus and voluntary agreement implement the provisions of the agreements reached. Gradually, the range of issues expanded to the areas of foreign policy, economics, security environment, including the use of water resources, crops, etc. All this led to the need to formalize the system of summits and consultations into a new regional association.

On June 14–15, 2001, a meeting of the heads of six states – Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – took place in Shanghai, at which the creation of the SCO was announced. As adopted at the summit Declarations The main goals were declared to be maintaining and ensuring peace, security and stability in Central Asia, as well as developing cooperation in political, trade, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, educational, energy, transport, environmental and other fields. Another important document is Convention against terrorism, separatism and extremism For the first time, it established at the international level the definition of separatism and extremism as violent, criminally prosecuted acts. Its signing comes as China worries about separatist uprisings near the borders with Central Asia, where the Uyghurs, Turkic-speaking Muslims who inhabit western China, live. Another no less interested country, Uzbekistan, has the largest population of all Central Asian states and is most susceptible to manifestations of separatism on the part of radical supporters of the restoration of the Islamic caliphate in the region.

In June 2002, the second meeting of the heads of SCO member states was held in St. Petersburg, at which three documents were signed - Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Agreement between the SCO member states on the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure And Declaration of the Heads of SCO Member States. The Charter legally enshrined those proclaimed a year earlier in Declarations guidelines for the development of the SCO. This charter gives the “six” the status of an international organization and is a basic document that determines, along with the main areas of cooperation, the internal structure and mechanism for forming a common course and building relationships with other countries and organizations.

The charter was signed in 2002 and ratified by the Federation Council in 2003.

On the basis of the 2001 Convention, in order to improve interaction in the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, illicit drug and weapons trafficking, as well as illegal migration, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was created, which received the status of a permanent SCO body in 2002. Its functions include coordinating the actions of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services of the SCO states.

In May 2003, the third key summit meeting in the history of the SCO took place in Moscow. At it, documents were signed defining the operating procedures of the main SCO bodies, the mechanism for forming the budget and other issues related to the current work of various SCO divisions. The coat of arms and flag of the organization were adopted. The Russian-speaking Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to Russia, Zhang Deguang, was chosen as the first executive secretary of the SCO. According to most analysts, we can talk about the practical completion of the organizational development of this organization at the Moscow summit, which was noted in the political Declaration adopted following the meeting. It also set the task of developing a clear mechanism for foreign policy coordination of the actions of SCO members both in Central Asia and in general on the world stage.

Main bodies of the SCO.

The operating procedure of the SCO bodies was finally determined only at the Moscow summit in 2003. It was decided that all main structures of the SCO will begin full-fledged work in January 2004. By this time, it is planned to complete the construction of the headquarters in Beijing and the preparatory work of the embassies of the member countries in Beijing for ensuring the activities of the secretariat during the initial period of work. The list of major organs includes:

Council of Heads of State– annual SCO summits in the capitals of participating countries.

Council of Heads of Government.

Council of Foreign Ministers(CMID) - the first meeting was held in November 2002. Prefaces high-level meetings, coordinates the positions of participants and prepares key documents for signing by heads of state (as in May 2003), and also accepts its own appeals (on the early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention against International terrorism and the Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism in 2002).

Meetings of heads of ministries and departments– the first meetings of defense ministers took place back in 2000 within the framework of the Five, and since then they have been held on a regular basis.

Secretariat(Beijing) - it is planned to employ up to 40 people and should begin work in 2004.

Regional anti-terrorist structure(RATS) (Bishkek). In August 2003, anti-terrorism exercises of the armed forces of the SCO countries “Interaction-2003” took place. Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan (Tajikistan as an observer) took part in the first stage of the exercise in Kazakhstan. The second stage took place in China. Full operation of the RATS headquarters is expected in 2004.

Problems and prospects of the SCO.

Pessimistic experts point out that the two most obvious problems of the SCO are too large divergences of interests between its members and uncertainty about its status due to the duplication of many SCO functions by the Treaty Organization that recently took shape in Dushanbe. collective security(CSTO), which includes four of the six SCO members. In addition, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have not yet ratified the SCO charter, adopted in 2002. This hinders the registration of the SCO with the UN and, as a consequence, international recognition her subjectivity. At the same time, countries such as Iran, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the USA and regional organizations such as ASEAN and the EU are showing interest in cooperation.

The question of the foreign policy orientation of the participating countries remains one of the key ones when assessing the development prospects of this organization. Analysts note that initiatives such as the project of a transport corridor from Shanghai to St. Petersburg - the prototype of the revived "Great Silk Road" - were accepted by the SCO as an alternative after the EU and the United States supported the project of a transport corridor from Europe to Asia TRACECA (TRACECA, Transport Corridor Europe Caucasus Asia).

The most clear differences between the SCO countries emerged regarding the war in Iraq in 2003. Then Russia, together with France and Germany, tried to prevent the outbreak of war, China verbally condemned the actions of the anti-Iraq coalition, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan took a generally neutral position, and Uzbekistan unconditionally supported military campaign. At the same time, the fact that Uzbekistan withdrew in 2002 from the regional organization GUUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova) formed in 1997 and entered the SCO in 2001 in advance speaks of the growing weight and attractiveness of this organization for the countries of the region.

The importance of the SCO.

The international weight of this organization is determined not only by the combined demographic and territorial potential of its member countries, but also by the emerging strategic partnership between the two nuclear powers and permanent members of the UN Security Council - Russia and China. This determines the role of the SCO in building a collective security system both in Central Asia and in the Asia-Pacific region. The SCO is an open organization to admit new members who share its basic principles. Although security issues were initially decisive in the formation of the SCO and remain one of the highest priorities, at the same time it would be incorrect to regard it as a military organization. This status is unacceptable due to the participation of SCO member countries in international unions and organizations with various obligations. So for China, its participation is generally an exception to the rule, since this country traditionally professes a policy of non-alignment with blocs of any states, adhering to independence and independence in foreign policy.

As many experts note, membership in the SCO largely meets the geopolitical interests of its participants. Thus, some SCO initiatives are obviously aimed at weakening American influence in the region, which corresponds to China’s desire to weaken American influence in the region and meets Russia’s desire to create a multipolar world, voiced under Foreign Minister and then Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Primakov. In the words of Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov after the 2003 Moscow summit, “The SCO should become modern organization a new type that meets the requirements of a multipolar world.”

Mikhail Lipkin

APPLICATION

CHARTER OF THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

Meeting of heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, St. Petersburg, June 7, 2002

The Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, which are the founding states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (hereinafter referred to as the SCO or the Organization),

based on the historical ties of their peoples;

Seeking to further deepen comprehensive cooperation;

desiring through joint efforts to contribute to strengthening peace, ensuring security and stability in the region in the context of the development of processes of political multipolarity, economic and information globalization;

Convinced that the creation of the SCO contributes to more effective joint use of emerging opportunities and countering new challenges and threats;

considering that interaction within the SCO helps to unlock the enormous potential of good neighborliness, unity and cooperation between states and their peoples;

based on the spirit of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultation, respect for the diversity of cultures and the desire for common development, established at the meeting of the heads of six states in Shanghai (2001);

Noting that compliance with the principles set out in the Agreement between Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the People's Republic of China on strengthening confidence in the military field in the border area of April 26, 1996 and in the Agreement between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the People's Republic of China on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area on April 24, 1997, as well as in documents signed during the summit meetings of the heads of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the period from 1998 to 2001, made an important contribution to the maintenance of peace, security and stability in the region and throughout the world;

reaffirming its commitment to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, other generally recognized principles and norms of international law relating to the maintenance of international peace, security and the development of good neighborly and friendly relations, as well as cooperation between states;

guided by the provisions of the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization of June 15, 2001;

agreed on the following:

Goals and objectives

The main goals and objectives of the SCO are:

strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between member states;

development of multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, promote the construction of a new democratic, fair and rational political and economic international order;

joint counteraction to terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, the fight against illegal drug and weapons trafficking, other types of transnational criminal activities, as well as illegal migration;

encouraging effective regional cooperation in political, trade, economic, defense, law enforcement, environmental, cultural, scientific and technical, educational, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest;

promoting comprehensive and balanced economic growth, social and cultural development in the region through joint actions on the basis of equal partnership in order to steadily increase the level and improve the living conditions of the peoples of the Member States;

coordination of approaches when integrating into world economy;

promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international obligations of member states and their national legislation;

maintaining and developing relations with other states and international organizations;

cooperation in prevention international conflicts and their peaceful settlement;

joint search for solutions to problems that will arise in the 21st century.

Principles

The SCO member states adhere to the following principles:

mutual respect for sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity states and the inviolability of state borders, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force or threat of force in international relations, renunciation of unilateral military superiority in adjacent areas;

equality of rights of all member states, search for common points of view based on mutual understanding and respect for the opinions of each of them;

gradual implementation of joint actions in areas of common interest;

peaceful resolution of disagreements between member states;

the SCO is not directed against other states and international organizations;

preventing any illegal actions directed against the interests of the SCO;

conscientious fulfillment of obligations arising from this Charter and other documents adopted within the SCO.

Areas of cooperation

The main areas of cooperation within the SCO are:

maintaining peace and strengthening security and confidence in the region;

searching for common points of view on foreign policy issues of common interest, including in international organizations and international forums;

development and implementation of measures to jointly combat terrorism, separatism and extremism, illicit drug and weapons trafficking, other types of transnational criminal activity, as well as illegal migration;

coordination of efforts on disarmament and arms control issues;

support and encouragement of regional economic cooperation in various forms, promoting the creation of favorable conditions for trade and investment in order to gradually implement the free movement of goods, capital, services and technology;

efficient use of existing infrastructure in the field of transport and communications, improvement of the transit potential of member states, development of energy systems;

ensuring rational environmental management, including the use of water resources in the region, implementing joint special environmental programs and projects;

providing mutual assistance in preventing natural and man-made emergencies and eliminating their consequences;

exchange of legal information in the interests of developing cooperation within the SCO;

expanding interaction in the fields of science and technology, education, healthcare, culture, sports and tourism.

The SCO member states can, by mutual agreement, expand the areas of cooperation.

1. To fulfill the goals and objectives of this Charter, the following operate within the Organization:

Council of Heads of State;

Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers);

Council of Foreign Ministers;

Meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments;

Council of National Coordinators;

Regional anti-terrorist structure;

Secretariat.

2. The functions and operating procedures of the SCO bodies, with the exception of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, are determined by the relevant provisions, which are approved by the Council of Heads of State.

3. The Council of Heads of State may decide to create other SCO bodies. The creation of new bodies is formalized in the form of additional protocols to this Charter, which come into force in the manner prescribed by Article 21 of this Charter.

Council of Heads of State

The Council of Heads of State is the highest body of the SCO. He determines priorities and develops the main directions of the Organization’s activities, decides fundamental issues its internal structure and functioning, interaction with other states and international organizations, and also considers the most pressing international problems.

The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The chairmanship at a meeting of the Council of Heads of State is carried out by the head of state - the organizer of the next meeting. The location of the next meeting of the Council is determined, as a rule, in the order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the SCO member states.

Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers)

The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) adopts the Organization's budget, considers and resolves major issues related to specific, especially economic, areas of development of interaction within the Organization.

The Council meets for regular meetings once a year. The Council meeting is chaired by the head of government (Prime Minister) of the state in whose territory the meeting is being held.

The location of the next meeting of the Council is determined by prior agreement of the heads of government (prime ministers) of the member states.

Council of Foreign Ministers

The Council of Foreign Ministers considers issues of the current activities of the Organization, preparation for a meeting of the Council of Heads of State and consultations within the Organization on international problems. The Council may, if necessary, make statements on behalf of the SCO.

The Council usually meets one month before the meeting of the Council of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers are convened on the initiative of at least two member states and with the consent of the foreign ministers of all other member states. The location of the regular and extraordinary meetings of the Council is determined by mutual agreement.

The Council is presided over by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the state member of the Organization on whose territory the next meeting of the Council of Heads of State is held, for the period starting from the date of completion of the last regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State and ending with the date of the next meeting of the Council of Heads of State.

The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, when carrying out external contacts, represents the Organization in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for the work of the Council.

Meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments

In accordance with the decisions of the Council of Heads of State and the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers), heads of line ministries and/or departments of member states regularly hold meetings to consider specific issues of developing interaction in relevant areas within the SCO.

The chairmanship is carried out by the head of the relevant ministry and/or department of the state organizing the meeting. The place and time of the meeting are agreed upon in advance.

To prepare and conduct meetings, by prior agreement of the member states, working groups of experts can be created on a permanent or temporary basis, which carry out their activities in accordance with the work regulations approved at meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments. These groups are formed from representatives of ministries and/or departments of member states.

Council of National Coordinators

The Council of National Coordinators is the SCO body that coordinates and manages the current activities of the Organization. It carries out the necessary preparations for meetings of the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) and the Council of Foreign Ministers. National focal points are appointed by each Member State in accordance with its internal rules and procedures.

The Council meets at least three times a year. The Council is presided over by the national coordinator of the member state of the Organization on whose territory the next meeting of the Council of Heads of State will be held, for the period starting from the date of completion of the last regular meeting of the Council of Heads of State and ending with the date of the next meeting of the Council of Heads of State.

The Chairman of the Council of National Coordinators, on behalf of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, may represent the Organization in carrying out external contacts in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for the work of the Council of National Coordinators.

Regional anti-terrorist structure

The regional anti-terrorist structure of the member states of the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism of June 15, 2001, located in the city of Bishkek (Kyrgyz Republic), is a permanent body of the SCO.

Its main tasks and functions, principles of formation and financing, as well as the procedure for its activities are regulated by a separate international treaty concluded between the member states and other necessary documents adopted by them.

Secretariat

The Secretariat is a permanent administrative body of the SCO. It provides organizational and technical support for events held within the SCO and prepares proposals for the annual budget of the Organization.

The Secretariat is headed by the Executive Secretary, who is approved by the Council of Heads of State on the proposal of the Council of Foreign Ministers.

The Executive Secretary is appointed from among the citizens of the Member States on a rotational basis in order of the Russian alphabet of the names of the Member States for a period of three years without the right of extension for the next term.

Deputy Executive Secretaries are approved by the Council of Foreign Ministers on the recommendation of the Council of National Coordinators. They cannot be representatives of the state from which the Executive Secretary is appointed.

Officials of the Secretariat are recruited from among citizens of Member States on a quota basis.

When performing official duties The Executive Secretary, his deputies and other officials of the Secretariat shall not seek or receive instructions from any Member State and/or government, organization or individual. They must refrain from any actions that could affect their position as international officials responsible only to the SCO.

Member States undertake to respect the international nature of the duties of the Executive Secretary, his deputies and the staff of the Secretariat and not to influence them in the performance of their official duties.

The location of the SCO Secretariat is Beijing (People's Republic of China).

Financing

The SCO has its own budget, which is formed and executed in accordance with a special Agreement between the member states. This Agreement also determines the amount of contributions that Member States make annually to the Organization's budget on a cost-sharing basis.

Budget funds are used to finance permanent SCO bodies in accordance with the above-mentioned Agreement. Member states independently bear the costs associated with the participation of their representatives and experts in the activities of the Organization.

Membership

The SCO is open to admit as members other states in the region that undertake to comply with the goals and principles of this Charter, as well as the provisions of other international treaties and documents adopted within the SCO.

The decision on the admission of new members to the SCO is made by the Council of Heads of State upon the proposal of the Council of Foreign Ministers on the basis of an official application from the interested state sent to the current Chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers.

Membership in the SCO of a member state that violates the provisions of this Charter and/or systematically fails to fulfill its obligations under international treaties and documents concluded within the SCO may be suspended upon the proposal of the Council of Foreign Ministers by decision of the Council of Heads of State. If this state continues to violate its obligations, then the Council of Heads of State may decide to expel it from the SCO from a date determined by the Council itself.

Any member state has the right to withdraw from the SCO by sending the depositary an official notice of withdrawal from this Charter no later than twelve months before the date of withdrawal. The obligations that arose during the period of participation in this Charter and other documents adopted within the SCO bind the relevant states until they are fully implemented.

Relations with other states and international organizations

The SCO can enter into interaction and dialogue, including in certain areas of cooperation, with other states and international organizations.

The SCO may grant an interested state or international organization the status of dialogue partner or observer. The procedure and procedures for granting such status are established by a special agreement between the Member States.

This Charter does not affect the rights and obligations of member states under other international treaties to which they are parties.

Legal capacity

The SCO, as a subject of international law, has international legal capacity. It enjoys in the territory of each Member State such legal capacity as is necessary for the implementation of its goals and objectives.

The SCO enjoys the rights of a legal entity and can, in particular:

– conclude contracts;

– acquire movable and immovable property and dispose of it;

– act in courts as a plaintiff or defendant;

– open accounts and make transactions with funds.

Decision making procedure

Decisions in the SCO bodies are made by agreement without voting and are considered adopted if none of the member states objected to them during the approval process (consensus), with the exception of decisions on suspension of membership or expulsion from the Organization, which are made according to the “consensus” principle minus one vote of the Member State concerned.”

Any member state can express its point of view on individual aspects and/or specific issues of decisions taken, which is not an obstacle to making a decision as a whole. This point of view is recorded in the minutes of the meeting.

In cases of disinterest of one or more Member States in the implementation of certain cooperation projects of interest to other Member States, the non-participation in them of these Member States does not prevent the implementation of such cooperation projects by interested Member States and, at the same time, does not prevent the said States -members to join in the implementation of such projects in the future.

Execution of decisions

Decisions of SCO bodies are executed by member states in accordance with procedures determined by their national legislation.

Monitoring the fulfillment of the obligations of the member states to implement this Charter, other treaties in force within the SCO and decisions of its bodies is carried out by the SCO bodies within their competence.

Permanent Representatives

Member states, in accordance with their internal rules and procedures, appoint their permanent representatives to the SCO Secretariat, who will be part of the diplomatic staff of the embassies of the member states in Beijing.

Privileges and immunities

The SCO and its officials enjoy privileges and immunities in the territories of all member states that are necessary to perform the functions and achieve the goals of the Organization.

The scope of privileges and immunities of the SCO and its officials is determined by a separate international treaty.

The official and working languages of the SCO are Russian and Chinese.

Duration and entry into force

This Charter is concluded for an indefinite period.

This Charter is subject to ratification by the signatory States and shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of the fourth instrument of ratification with the Depositary.

For a State that has signed this Charter and ratified it later, it shall enter into force on the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification with the depositary.

After the entry into force of this Charter, it is open for accession by any state.

For the acceding state, this Charter comes into force on the thirtieth day from the date of receipt by the depositary of the relevant documents of accession.

Dispute Resolution

In the event of disputes and disagreements arising in connection with the interpretation or application of this Charter, Member States will resolve them through consultations and negotiations.

Changes and additions

This Charter may be amended and supplemented by mutual agreement of the Member States. Decisions of the Council of Heads of State to make changes and additions are formalized in separate protocols, which are its integral part and come into force in the manner provided for in Article 21 of this Charter.

Reservations

Reservations cannot be made to this Charter that contradict the principles, goals and objectives of the Organization, or that may interfere with the performance of any SCO body of its functions. If at least 2/3 of the Member States have objections, the reservations must be considered to be contrary to the principles, purposes and purposes of the Organization or to interfere with the performance of any organ of its functions and have no legal effect.

Depository

The depositary of this Charter is the People's Republic of China.

Registration

This Charter, in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, is subject to registration with the Secretariat of the United Nations.

Done in the city of St. Petersburg on June 7, 2002 in one copy in Russian and Chinese, and both texts have equal authority.

An original copy of this Charter shall be deposited with the depositary, which shall forward certified copies to all signatory States.

For the Republic

Kazakhstan

For the Chinese

People's

Republic

For the Kyrgyz

Republic

For the Russian

Federation

For the Republic of Tajikistan

For the Republic of Uzbekistan

Literature:

System history international relations in 4 volumes. Events and documents. 1918–2003. Ed. A.D. Bogaturova. Volume three. Events. 1945–2003. Section IV. Globalization. Chapter 13. M, NOFMO, 2003
Lukin A., Mochulsky A. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: structural design and development prospects. – Analytical notes. M., MGIMO, vol. 2(4), February 2005

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent regional international organization founded in June 2001 by the leaders of Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Prior to this, all countries, with the exception of Uzbekistan, were members of the “Shanghai Five”, a political association based on the “Agreement on Strengthening Confidence in the Military Field in the Border Area” (Shanghai, 1996) and the “Agreement on the Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area” (Moscow, 1997).

These two documents laid down a mechanism of mutual trust in the military field in border areas and contributed to the establishment of truly partnership relations. After the inclusion of Uzbekistan in the organization (2001), the “five” became the “six” and was renamed the SCO. In addition, currently four countries - Belarus, Iran, Mongolia and Afghanistan - have observer status in the organization, and six - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey, Sri Lanka - are dialogue partners.

The tasks of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization initially lay in the sphere of mutual intraregional actions to suppress terrorist acts, separatism and extremism in Central Asia. In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg summit of the heads of state of the SCO, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed (came into force on September 19, 2003). This is the basic statutory document that sets out the goals and principles of the Organization, its structure and main areas of activity. In addition, in 2006, the Organization announced plans to combat the international drug mafia as the financial support of terrorism in the world, and in 2008 - active participation in normalizing the situation in Afghanistan.

In parallel, the activities of the SCO have also acquired a broad economic focus. In September 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation, designed for 20 years. The long-term goal is to create a free trade zone in the SCO space, and in the short term to intensify the process of creating favorable conditions in the field of trade and investment.

Today, cooperation within the SCO covers the areas of energy, transport, Agriculture, telecommunications and many other sectors of the economy. The countries included in it interact widely in the scientific, technical, cultural, educational, tourism, and humanitarian spheres.

In relations within the Organization, the SCO member states proceed from the idea of the “Shanghai spirit”, adhere to the principles of consensus, mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, respect for the diversity of cultures, and the desire for common development. In its foreign relations, the SCO proceeds from the principles of openness, non-affiliation with blocs, and non-direction against third countries.

The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States, which meets once a year. Countries preside over the Organization alternately, on an annual basis, ending their term of office with a summit.

The SCO has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure in Tashkent. The most important economic instruments - Business Council and Interbank Association SCO.

Official working languages are Russian and Chinese.

In accordance with the decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Rashid Alimov took up the post of SCO Secretary General in January 2016.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization, the creation of which was announced on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai (PRC) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.

In June 2002, at the St. Petersburg Summit of the Heads of SCO Member States, the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, which came into force on September 19, 2003. This is a basic statutory document that sets out the goals and principles of the organization, its structure and main areas of activity.

On June 8-9, 2017, a historic meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization took place in Astana, during which the status of a member state of the Organization was granted to the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

The main goals of the SCO include: strengthening mutual trust and good neighborliness between member countries; promoting their effective cooperation in political, trade, economic, scientific, technical and cultural fields, as well as in the fields of education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and others; jointly ensuring and maintaining peace, security and stability in the region; progress towards the creation of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order.

In relations within the organization, the SCO member states, based on the "Shanghai Spirit", adhere to the principles of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultation, respect for the diversity of cultures and the desire for common development, and in external relations they adhere to the principle of non-alliance and not targeting anyone and openness.

The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It meets once a year and makes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the Organization. The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO member states (CHG) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the Organization, resolve fundamental and pressing issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the Organization. Official languages SCO are Russian and Chinese languages.

In addition to the meetings of the CHS and the CST, there is also a mechanism for meetings at the level of heads of parliaments, secretaries of security councils, ministers of foreign affairs, defense, emergency situations, economics, transport, culture, education, health, heads of law enforcement agencies, supreme and arbitration courts, and prosecutors general. The coordination mechanism within the SCO is the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (SNK).

The organization has two permanent bodies - the SCO Secretariat in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Secretary General The SCO and the Director of the SCO RATS Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a period of three years. Since January 1, 2016, these posts have been respectively occupied by Rashid Alimov (Tajikistan) and Evgeniy Sysoev (Russia).

So currently:

eight countries are member states of the SCO - the Republic of India, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan;
four countries have observer state status with the SCO - the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Belarus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Mongolia;
six countries are SCO dialogue partners - the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the Republic of Turkey, and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

Introduction.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), established in June 2001, is one of the regional integration groups, which is at the initial stage of its formation. At the same time, she is, in fact, the direct heir of the Shanghai Five. The "Shanghai Five", formed as a result of the signing of the Agreement on Confidence-Building in the Military Field in the Border Area (1996) between the PRC, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and the Agreement on the Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area (1997). The rapprochement of these countries was dictated primarily by the threat to the security of their border territories from the main source of instability in Central Asia - Afghanistan, where there was a civil war between the troops of the Northern Coalition and the Taliban movement. Gradually, the range of issues expanded to the areas of foreign policy, economics, environmental protection, including the use of water resources, culture, etc.

Countries driven by the desire to ensure regional security and stability, resolve existing problems and jointly counter the increasing penetration of terrorist elements from Afghanistan, as well as religious extremism and separatism in Central Asia, saw the need to create a powerful regional grouping.

The solution to the most acute and current problems within the framework of the “five” and the deepening of comprehensive cooperation allowed the participants to reach an agreement on further development cooperation. In June 2001, the “Shanghai Five” was transformed into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the parties agreed on its charter and budget, and the ideological basis was the so-called “spirit of Shanghai” - mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, achieving mutual understanding, voluntary agreement to adhere to what has been achieved agreements.

The creation of the SCO, which included states with a population constituting a quarter of the population and 60 percent of the territory of the Eurasian mainland, two powers with nuclear weapons and gigantic economic potential - Russia and China, could not help but attract the attention of the whole world. India, Pakistan, Mongolia, and Iran have expressed a desire to participate in the activities of this association in one form or another, and an SCO Afghanistan contact group has been created. The international influence of the SCO is evidenced by the desire for cooperation with it by a number of international organizations, including the OSCE, the UN Anti-Terrorism Committee, etc.

Relevance of the course work: In today's unstable world, where our country faces many challenges in the political, economic, military and many other spheres, it becomes vitally necessary to build good neighborly relations with border states. In this regard, the factor of integration interaction between the Russian Federation and the countries of this region at all its levels is of particular importance; Russia’s participation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization seems especially promising.

The SCO, setting as its goals: strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between member states, developing multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, jointly combating terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, combating illicit trafficking drugs and weapons, other types of transnational criminal activities, as well as illegal migration, encouraging effective regional cooperation in political, trade, economic, defense, law enforcement, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest has great development potential, and also correlates with the main directions of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The development of integration between the SCO countries is of particular importance for residents of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, since it includes countries directly bordering these regions.

An object course work: Shanghai Cooperation Organization and prospects for further development of the SCO.

Item course work: problems of the current state, interaction and communication within the integration group.

Chronological framework: V course work The time period from the year of formation of the Shanghai Five to the present is considered.

The work aims to: goals: explore the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, current state SCO and problems of development of further integration.

Based on the goals, the course work sets the following: tasks:

1. Give a general description of the structure of the SCO;

2. Study the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;

3. Determine the role of the SCO in the global system of international

Relationships;

4. Consider the prospects for the development of the SCO.

The following sources are used in the course work: materials from forums dedicated to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, analytical reports of the Scientific Coordination Council for International Research of MGIMO, speeches by the heads of state of the SCO participants, articles from newspapers dedicated to the SCO, as well as declarations of the organization, the Treaty on Long-Term Good Neighborhood, Friendship and cooperation of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, materials from the official SCO website http://www.sectsco.org and the Internet resource http://www.infoshos.ru.

1. general characteristics Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

Characterizing the SCO (Appendix No. 1) It is necessary, first of all, to consider for what purpose and for what this organization was created. The existence of external threats and challenges to the well-being, stability and security of the states of the region, primarily in the face of the escalation of terrorism and extremism, as well as economic problems in a world experiencing difficult processes of globalization, is of decisive importance for the process of states’ accession to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

According to this, the SCO sets itself the task of strengthening mutual trust, friendship and good neighborliness between its member states; development of multidisciplinary cooperation in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and stability in the region, promote the construction of a new democratic, fair and rational political and economic international order; joint counteraction to terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations, the fight against illegal drug and weapons trafficking, other types of transnational criminal activities, as well as illegal migration; encouraging effective regional cooperation in political, trade, economic, defense, law enforcement, environmental, cultural, scientific and technical, educational, energy, transport, credit and financial and other areas of common interest; promoting comprehensive and balanced economic growth, social and cultural development in the region through joint actions on the basis of equal partnership in order to steadily increase the level and improve the living conditions of the peoples of the Member States; coordination of approaches to integration into the world economy; promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international obligations of member states and their national legislation; maintaining and developing relations with other states and international organizations; interaction in the prevention of international conflicts and their peaceful resolution; joint search for solutions to problems that will arise in the 21st century.

1 .1. History of the development of the SCO.

The creation of the Shanghai Five, and then the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Appendix No. 2) was due to a number of problems that arose, after the collapse of the USSR the most important of them were border issues, as well as cooperation in the border zone. It was necessary to come to a common solution to these issues, primarily with the dynamically developing and gaining strength of China. Because during existence Soviet Union these problems were not given enough attention and, as a result, over the years they have accumulated a great potential for conflict, so for Russia and other newly independent states of the former USSR, an early search for ways to develop cooperation was necessary. To resolve these issues, the only possible path was chosen - a peaceful settlement of controversial issues based on consensus and taking into account mutual interests.

The foundations of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization were laid at a meeting of the deputy foreign ministers of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan in Minsk on September 8, 1992. The implementation of these complex tasks, met with understanding in Beijing, nevertheless took four years.

The main “generator” of the processes taking place within the “Shanghai Five” is Russian-Chinese cooperation and dialogue between the two largest states the world that is in last years acquired a positive character. The leaders of the countries of the association began to meet regularly to jointly solve pressing problems in the region. The main result of the first meeting (1996) of the Shanghai Five was the signing by the presidents of the five countries of the Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field in the Joint Border Area. On April 24, 1997, at the second summit in Moscow, the leaders of the Five signed a five-party Agreement on the mutual reduction of armed forces and weapons on the joint border (in the area of the border of China and the other countries participating in the summit). The document defined a mechanism for strict control over compliance with obligations to not build up troops in the border area.

The agreements reached during the two meetings created a precedent for the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes.

On July 3, 1998, the third meeting of the Shanghai Five took place in Almaty. A meeting designed to give this kind of summits a regular character. The main topic of the Almaty meeting, as proposed by the Chinese side, was the expansion of cooperation in the field of regional security and trade and economic exchange. During the meeting, the foreign ministers of the participating countries signed a joint five-party statement, in which they reaffirmed their commitment to the principles of good neighborliness. It sets out an agreement to actively develop consultations on security issues, to which all interested states in the region could join. A wide range of issues related to both general problems of international security and specific areas of bilateral and regional cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region were also considered. The final document was signed by the foreign ministers. In negotiations on economic issues, the greatest attention was paid to multilateral energy projects.

Thus, the issues considered by the Shanghai Five went beyond the plane of border problems and now began to cover a much “broader” sphere, including both politics and economics and the development of cooperation in other areas, which is especially important, problems of international security began to be considered.

On August 24-25, 1999, the fourth meeting of the heads of the five states parties to the Shanghai (1996) and Moscow (1997) agreements on building confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area took place in Bishkek. The meeting was attended by President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin, Chairman of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, President of the Kyrgyz Republic A. Akaev, President of the Republic of Tajikistan E. Rakhmonov. In development of the fundamental agreements reached at the meeting in Almaty on July 3, 1998, specific directions for expanding multilateral cooperation have been outlined. During this meeting, the “Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People’s Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic on the point of intersection of the state borders of the three states” was signed.

Particular attention was paid to the issues of restoring the significance of the Great Silk Road, which passed through the territory of all the states of the Shanghai Five.

The final document of the summit was the “Bishkek Declaration”, signed by the heads of five states.

The summit in Bishkek practically coincided with the invasion of foreign gangs into the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and therefore all participants in the meeting expressed unanimous support for the measures taken by the Kyrgyz leadership to counter extremists.

It is possible that this event prompted the Shanghai Five states to pay special attention to the need to deepen cooperation in the fight against international terrorism and religious extremism.

This trend was especially evident at the fifth summit of the Shanghai Five on July 6, 2000 in Dushanbe.

The main outcome of the Dushanbe meeting was the development of common approaches in the fight against extremism and terrorism, which turned into real threat for the security of all states in the region without exception.

President of Uzbekistan I. Karimova took part in the summit as an observer. Uzbekistan, thereby, joined the process of searching for joint measures to counter religious extremism and international terrorism.

Taking into account the promising expansion of the number of participants in the organization, the President of Tajikistan E. Rakhmonov put forward the initiative to rename it the “Shanghai Forum”.

The “Dushanbe Declaration” adopted at the end of the meeting expressed the determination of the “five” participants not to allow their territories to be used for activities “harmful to the sovereignty, security and public order of any of the five states.”

The document also emphasized the parties’ desire to turn the “Shanghai Five” into “ regional structure multilateral cooperation in various fields.”

Joint work at the summits made it possible to create an atmosphere of what became known as the “Shanghai spirit” - to develop an atmosphere of mutual trust, through the first experience of mutual consultations to come to a mechanism for achieving consensus and voluntary agreement to implement the provisions of the agreements reached. Gradually, the range of issues expanded to the areas of foreign policy, economics, environmental protection, including the use of water resources, culture, etc. All this led to the need to formalize the system of summits and consultations into a new regional association.

Specific actions in this direction were taken at the summit of the association's participants held on June 14-15, 2001 in Shanghai.

The heads of state adopted a “Joint Statement” on Uzbekistan’s accession to the Shanghai Forum as a full participant.

It must be borne in mind that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was not created because another state was admitted to it. Time has presented new challenges: terrorism, extremism, separatism.

The signing of the “Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization” symbolizes the association’s entry to a qualitatively new, higher level, and significantly increases the authority of this organization in the region and in the world as a whole. The SCO is an organization that arose from the desire of states to jointly resolve issues of mutual security and confidence-building measures and subsequently expanded its interests into the spheres of political, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation.

1 .2. Organizational structure of the SCO.

During subsequent summits, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization began to take on specific shape and structure. In June 2002, the second meeting of the heads of the SCO member states was held in St. Petersburg, at which three documents were signed - the Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Agreement between the SCO member states on the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure and the Declaration of the Heads of the SCO member states. The Charter legally enshrined the SCO development guidelines proclaimed in the Declaration. The Charter gives the “six” the status of an international organization and is a basic document that determines, along with the main areas of cooperation, the internal structure and mechanism for forming a common course and building relationships with other countries and organizations.

In May 2003, the third meeting of the heads of state of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization took place in Moscow. During the summit, state leaders adopted a number of agreements that determined the final status of the SCO and the order of its functioning.

The heads of the six member states approved and signed the Agreement on the procedure for forming and executing the SCO budget, the Regulations on the Council of Heads of State of the SCO member states, the Regulations on the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the SCO member states, the Regulations on the Council of Foreign Ministers of the member states SCO, Regulations on the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States, Regulations on meetings of heads of ministries and/or departments of the SCO member states, Regulations on the SCO Secretariat, Regulations on the Executive Committee of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure and Regulations on the permanent representatives of the SCO member states to the SCO Secretariat , approved the candidacy of the first Executive Secretary of Ambassador Zhang Deguang (Appendix No. 3) and SCO symbols, and also signed and published the Declaration of the Heads of SCO Member States.

All main structures of the SCO began full-fledged work in January 2004. By this time, the construction of the headquarters in Beijing and the preparatory work of the embassies of member countries in Beijing were completed to ensure the activities of the secretariat in the initial period of work. The list of major organs includes:

Council of Heads of State– annual SCO summits in the capitals of participating countries.

Council of Heads of Government .

Council of Foreign Ministers(CMID) - the first meeting was held in November 2002. Prefaces high-level meetings, coordinates the positions of participants and prepares key documents for signing by heads of state, and also accepts its own appeals (on the early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention for the Suppression of International Terrorism and the Convention for the Suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism in 2002).

Secretariat(Beijing) - it is planned to have up to 40 people, began work in 2004. January 15 - The official opening ceremony of the SCO Secretariat was held, which was attended by Member of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Tang Jiaxuan, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and National Coordinators of the six member states, representatives of the UN, EU, OSCE, CIS and other international organizations, members of the diplomatic corps in Beijing, heads of Chinese departments.

It is necessary to highlight the presence of representatives of a number of influential international organizations, which emphasizes the significance of the actions and decisions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization for the entire world community and, first of all, for the Eurasian space.

Regional anti-terrorist structure, also formed in 2004, thus both permanent bodies were created, the SCO has already fully begun normal activities.

For a more complete reflection of all the structures of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a table is attached (Appendix No. 4) .

2. SCO in the world system of international relations.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization unites states that hold similar views on global development trends and are ready to jointly seek coordinated approaches to solving international and regional problems. Its other task is to strengthen regional economic and cultural cooperation. The SCO does not oppose itself to anyone; it is aimed at positive solutions to specific problems in the interests of its member countries.

The Shanghai Summit Declaration (June 2006) states: “The Pledge successful development The SCO is that it is invariably guided and unswervingly follows the “Shanghai spirit”, which is characterized by mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultation, respect for the diversity of cultures, and the desire for common development. All this is extremely important for the world community’s search for a new, non-confrontational model of interstate relations, which would exclude the thinking of the times “ cold war"would stand above ideological differences."

Attempts to pit the Shanghai Cooperation Organization against the West or to create an anti-American bloc on its basis are doomed to failure, since this contradicts the fundamental interests of the participating states interested in cooperation with the West in many areas. However, acting primarily in the interests of the association's participants, the SCO periodically faces misunderstanding and even hostility from those who see the world as unipolar and present their interests as universal.

The activities of the organization do not deny or diminish the cooperation mechanisms already developed by member states with other countries or groups of countries. The SCO's task is to create additional areas of cooperation that previously did not exist or are impossible outside its framework. The organization's fate depends on how broad these areas are and whether it can convince states of its ability to succeed.

The SCO approaches international security problems from a much broader perspective than the United States and its allies. If Washington puts military strikes on international terrorist centers and pressure on states that support terrorism in the first place, then, from the point of view of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, international terrorism is directly related to separatism and religious extremism. Thus, coordinating their activities with the United States, the SCO member countries act according to their own program, closely linking the anti-terrorist fight with ensuring their territorial integrity and guaranteeing the preservation of secular regimes in power in Central Asia.

Another area in which the Shanghai Cooperation Organization does not share the American approach is the fight against drug trafficking. There is a strong opinion in the participating states that the situation with drug production in Afghanistan after the arrival of anti-terrorist coalition troops there has worsened significantly, and the new authorities of Kabul and the foreign military formations supporting them are unwilling or unable to correct this situation. The flow of Afghan drugs into neighboring countries has increased and poses a serious threat to their security. The Agreement on Cooperation in the Fight against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, signed at the Tashkent Summit in June 2004, is of great importance.

In connection with the latest events taking place in the world economy, it is necessary to pay special attention to the policy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in this direction.

In the current conditions, regional economic cooperation is coming to the fore. Moreover, the future of the SCO depends precisely on the ability to establish economic interaction. Only on the basis of common economic interests are countries so different politically capable of creating a permanent and effective mechanism of cooperation. Speaking at the First Eurasian Economic Forum, held by the SCO Secretariat jointly with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the China Development Bank in the Chinese city of Xi'an in November 2005, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Wu Bangguo noted that Eurasian countries have advantages geographical proximity and great economic complementarity, have extensive areas of cooperation and broad prospects. In this regard, he called for, based on mutual respect, the principles of equality, mutual benefit and openness, to fully identify the role of the SCO and other regional organizations in the more dynamic and sustainable growth of the economies of the countries of the region.

Participation in the SCO has opened up new opportunities for economic integration between member states of this organization. Indeed, the territory of the SCO member states covers both the European and Asian continents, the region has rich resources and a huge market, so the potential for the development of trade and economic cooperation is unusually great.

Formally, work is underway. Many documents have been adopted that complement and develop each other: Memorandum on the main goals and directions of regional economic cooperation (2001), Program of multilateral trade and economic cooperation until 2020 (2003), Action Plan for the implementation of this program (2004), Mechanism for implementing the Action Plan (2005). Every year, meetings of the Council of Heads of State are held, at which plans for economic cooperation, etc. are considered. Legislation is harmonized, economic forums are held, the Business Council and the SCO Interbank Association have been formed, and the idea of creating an Energy Club has been put forward (however, things have not yet gone beyond the idea).

However, not a single project has yet reached the implementation stage. All reports from representatives of ministries responsible for economic cooperation (in Russia – the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, in China – the Ministry of Commerce) come down to a list of bilateral or (much less often) multilateral projects that, in fact, have nothing to do with the SCO only in that they involve member countries. None of them are projects with the participation of the SCO itself; they are only bureaucratically rewritten into reports.

Even two so-called “priority pilot projects” in the field of foreign economic and foreign trade activities, approved at a ministerial meeting in August 2006 in Tashkent, began to be implemented even before the involvement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. We are talking about highways Volgograd - Astrakhan - Atyrau - Beineu - Kungrad and Aktau - Beineu - Kungrad as part of the international transport corridor E-40 with the construction of a bridge across the Kigach River (coordinator - Uzbekistan), as well as the development of the transport route Osh - Sarytash - Irkeshtam - Kashgar with construction in Kashgar transshipment terminal for the organization of multimodal transport (coordinator - China). And yet, now the SCO will be given a more significant role in these projects.

Representatives of government agencies usually explain the slow launch of mechanisms for real cooperation by the complexity of the decision-making process in an international organization, where everyone has their own interests and it takes a lot of time to agree on a common position. But there are other motives and factors hindering economic cooperation within the SCO, which will be discussed in the next chapter.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the United States of America.

It is impossible to fully reflect the position of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the international system without considering the SCO's relations with the United States of America.

At first, the United States did not attach serious importance to the Shanghai process. Some assigned the SCO the role of a discussion club, and nothing more. Others saw it as an attempt by Moscow and Beijing to expand influence in Central Asia, but believed that it was doomed to failure, since both countries have insufficient resources and their interests largely contradict each other. However, after the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was sufficiently consolidated and many states in the region expressed a desire to join it, attitudes changed.

The SCO first attracted serious attention in 2005, when one of Washington’s main opponents, Iran, as well as close US partners India and Pakistan received observer status. (Another state that works closely with the United States, Mongolia, received this status in 2006, and even longtime Washington allies such as South Korea and Turkey have expressed interest.) But the real concern was the declaration adopted by the Council of Heads of State in Astana in June 2005. It contained an appeal to the members of the anti-terrorist coalition to determine “the deadlines for the temporary use... of infrastructure facilities and the presence of military contingents on the territories of the SCO member countries,” “taking into account the completion of the active military phase of the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan.”

The initiative to include this item in the declaration was made by Uzbekistan, whose leadership was disappointed by the US proposal to start independent investigation events of May 2005 in Andijan. But concern about the American presence in Central Asia is common to all member countries. They tend to view the introduction of foreign troops pragmatically, as a measure necessary to combat terrorism. The concern is that the United States can use its unlimited military presence not only for the purposes of this struggle, but also in pursuit of its own selfish plans at the expense of the states of the region.

Uzbekistan stands out against this background in that it has generally decided to change its policy of cooperation with the United States and the West in general and focus more on Moscow, Beijing and the SCO, which are less concerned about human rights issues. At the request of Tashkent, the American military base was withdrawn from Khanabad. The agreement on its creation, as is known, was reached at the peak of American-Uzbek rapprochement after the events of September 11, 2001 in order to ensure the actions of the anti-terrorist coalition troops in Afghanistan.

Be that as it may, the somewhat disdainful attitude of the Americans towards the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has changed. The reaction was immediate. On July 19, 2005, the US House of Representatives adopted a resolution expressing concern about the above-mentioned SCO declaration. In October 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and convinced the leadership in Bishkek to maintain the base international forces in Manas and even allow the transfer of American personnel withdrawn from Khanabad to Kyrgyzstan.

Perhaps an even more important result of this visit was the emergence of the concept of Greater Central Asia. Its origins are usually found in the article “Partnership for Central Asia,” written by Frederick Starr, director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute at High school international studies named after. Paul Nitze at Johns Hopkins University.

The main idea of the article is the creation of the Greater Central Asia Cooperation and Development Partnership (GCADP), a regional forum for planning, coordinating and implementing a whole series of US programs. According to Starr, a partnership that promotes increased trade, cooperation and the gradual democratization of the region is possible because progress in Afghanistan has created a remarkable opportunity not only for that country, but also for the rest of Central Asia. The United States, Starr believes, now has a chance to help transform Afghanistan and the entire region into a zone of safe sovereign states with viable market economies, secular and open systems government controlled that would support a good relationship from the USA.

In such a partnership, the role of Russia and China would be insignificant. True, Frederick Starr does not rule out that they could join him by making a significant financial contribution. The possibility of Iran's entry was completely excluded, unlike Pakistan, and India and Turkey "along with the United States would become unofficial guarantors of sovereignty and stability in the region." Thus, through Afghanistan, Central Asian states could establish close ties with India and Pakistan, which would diversify the international cooperation and would weaken the orientation towards Moscow and Beijing.

On June 13, 2006, just a few days before the SCO summit in Shanghai, the US Trade and Development Agency held the “Electricity Across Borders” forum in Istanbul. Participants from Central and South Asia presented the largest new infrastructure projects in the field of energy in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Representatives of Russia and China were not invited. Obviously, the forum was supposed to demonstrate the new role of the United States and Turkey in the development of cooperation between the states of Central and South Asia.

The idea of a Greater Central Asia has caused mixed reactions in the Central Asian states themselves, indifference in Moscow and concern in China. Kazakh Foreign Minister Kasymzhomart Tokayev positively assessed its possible role as a stimulus for scientific discussions, but emphasized that his country gives priority to cooperation within the SCO. An expert from Kyrgyzstan, Muratbek Imanaliev, concluded that in Central Asia the new project is considered American, which could cause concern in Moscow and Beijing.

But they spoke out most harshly in Beijing. A commentary from the ruling Chinese Communist Party's People's Daily said the United States was determined to use energy, transportation and infrastructure as bait to break Central Asia away from the post-Soviet system of dominance. In this way, they can shift the domestic strategic focus of Central Asia from the current partnership focused on Russia and China to a cooperative relationship with the states of South Asia. They are able to destroy Russia's long-term dominance in the Central Asian region, divide and disintegrate the integrity of the SCO and gradually establish American dominance in the new space of Central and South Asia. However, in the long term, the United States, by creating a “new hot stove,” may strategically underestimate other major powers and present the Central Asian states with a choice.

Recently, the situation in Afghanistan has become more complicated, which required the dispatch of additional coalition forces there. In this regard, the implementation of the concept of Greater Central Asia in its pure form is significantly difficult. At the same time, American activation in the Central Asian direction, the active participation of representatives of states in the region, including high-ranking ones, in events carried out in line with the policy of the United States, indicates the emergence of a new situation. The result of insufficient attention to it may be a reduction in the role of the SCO and a weakening of interest in cooperation among some member states hoping to receive more economic assistance through other lines. This would complicate the overall course of Russian foreign policy aimed at building a multipolar world and strengthening interaction in Asia.

The situation should not be dramatized. Political positions The United States in Central Asia, especially after the complications of its relations with Uzbekistan, has been significantly undermined. Most Central Asian states understand that political orientation towards Washington creates many internal problems. Yet the image of the United States and other Western countries as successful and wealthy states, capable of providing significant financial and economic assistance and in this regard more effective than politically closer Russia and China, remains high. Some Central Asian public circles also value the economically efficient, politically secular and, to varying degrees, rather harsh regimes of culturally similar states such as Turkey and Pakistan, as well as an economically growing India that can create an alternative to a rapidly rising China. The SCO's insufficient activity in the economic area, its slowness in decision-making, as well as its inflexible position on not expanding its membership complicates the situation.

Thus, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has defined the goals of its functioning and developed a clear structure for its internal organization, and also identified the main ways of interaction with other organizations and individual countries. The SCO also managed to take its rightful place in the system of international relations, becoming its significant part and having real opportunities to influence the processes taking place both in Central Asia and throughout the world.

3. Problems and prospects for the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The relatively short age of the organization shows that the SCO is at the initial stage of its development, and it will still have a long way to go to effectively achieve its goals. All SCO member countries need to maintain stability and security both internally and along the perimeter of external borders, intensify the solution of socio-economic and other problems, jointly counter emerging threats and challenges to their existence (both military-political and humanitarian, spiritual, economic spheres), which gives the organization additional relevance.

At the same time, serious obstacles for the SCO as a component of the emerging Asian security remain disproportions in economic development, the location and condition of road and telecommunications infrastructure, different levels of stability of national currencies, incomplete political transformations in most member countries, the presence of customs and other barriers between them, the growing problem of illegal migration. Finally, the energy factor can play both a positive, unifying role (remember the initiative to create an Energy Club within the SCO) and provoke a worsening of relations between large exporters and importers of fuel and energy resources (Russia, Kazakhstan). We must not forget about such an important and potentially conflict-generating factor as the environmental one.

But the most important obstacle for the SCO seems to be the contradictions in determining priorities in the organization's work between its largest states - Russia and China. If for the PRC the vector of economic cooperation is of paramount importance, then for the Russian Federation the priorities still remain maintaining stability in the region and the fight against terrorism and extremism, illegal migration, arms trafficking, and drug trafficking. And if the participating countries are faced with a choice between economics and security, then there is a high probability that not all of them, due to heterogeneity and differences in policy priorities, will choose the same aspect. This can certainly lead to a deadlock. There is also no consensus regarding the admission of new members of the organization: some are inclined to accept (for example, Russia), others are categorically against it (Kazakhstan). As K. L. Syroezhkin rightly notes, “the SCO lacks stability both in its relations with each other and there is no unity in relation to the development of the organization and its priorities,” which can have completely unpredictable (including negative) consequences.

The SCO strives for the universality of its actions by performing various tasks, but so far, except in the area of combating terrorism, it has not created either legislative or institutional mechanisms for their implementation. But such a desire without proper preparation can lead either to a loss of efficiency of the entire organization or to unjustified imbalances in specific segments and cooperation programs.

At the same time, military cooperation within the SCO has good prospects. So far it is not developing very quickly, although there are some achievements: defense ministers meet, joint exercises are regularly held. However, according to experts, it is advisable to substantively consider the issue of creating an SCO rapid reaction force capable of taking full responsibility for security in the region, so that the presence of extra-regional military contingents to stabilize the situation in Central Asia becomes unnecessary. There would be great prospects for peacekeeping forces SCO. The fact is that the presence of both American troops (albeit under the guise of an “anti-terrorist coalition”) and Russian troops (including under the auspices of the Collective Security Treaty Organization) is perceived by some circles in the Central Asian states with fear as attempts by major powers to establish or regain your influence. Chinese troops in the region could also provoke a similar reaction. At the same time, the same Russian and Chinese troops, as part of the peacekeeping forces of a new dynamic organization in which there is no one dominant force, would be perceived completely differently.

The second area in which the SCO member states have their own and invariably unified approach is the fight against the production and sale of drugs. In these states, there is a strong opinion that the situation with drug production in Afghanistan with the arrival of anti-terrorist coalition troops there has rather worsened, because the new Afghan authorities are not able to radically change the situation and the flow of drugs into neighboring countries is only increasing, posing a serious threat to their security. Currently, within the SCO, work has been completed on a draft agreement on cooperation in the fight against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

Another promising area of cooperation that is becoming increasingly clear is economics. General directions interactions in this area are formulated in the long-term program of multilateral economic cooperation until 2020, adopted at the first meeting of the Council of Heads of Government on September 23, 2003. A number of proposals were put forward at a meeting of experts in Beijing in November 2003.

A business council has been created within the organization, which includes representatives not only of government agencies, but also of business. With its help, under the auspices of the SCO, on the basis of a tender, it is planned to implement large projects that are significant for National economy all or several member countries (following the example of UN projects), which will have a great practical and demonstration effect, allowing ordinary citizens to experience real and tangible benefits from the functioning of the organization. Large companies would also show interest in the SCO as a serious customer. In this direction, projects in the field of infrastructure (for example, transport corridors) and nature conservation, especially water use - the most pressing problem in Central Asia - can receive the greatest support. However, to implement such projects, the SCO has a small budget of 3.8 million dollars. The US is clearly not enough. To increase it or attract other sources of financing, the creation of an SCO investment fund, which should finance joint projects, may be of particular importance.

Of course, we cannot do without over-optimistic forecasts. For example, observer E. Windisch believes that in the long term the SCO can turn into a counterweight to both NATO and OPEC for two reasons: 1) due to the obvious weakness of the UN, OSCE and other crisis management institutions, which, after the end of the “cold period”, wars" are at a loss, trying to determine their role in a changed world and belatedly responding to new threats of terrorism, arms smuggling and environmental disasters; 2) due to the radical change in the paradigm of Russian foreign policy, which has returned to the region.

Countries such as India, Iran, Pakistan, and Mongolia are showing great interest in the activities of the SCO. The issue of expansion is “frozen” for now, but such a possibility cannot be ruled out in the future.

Expansion of member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

Expansion is one of the main problems facing the SCO. Today, this problem is of decisive importance, since the SCO, firstly, has declared itself an organization open to other states. Secondly, until a certain stage of its development, the SCO can realize the potential of its expansion. In the future, if other states comply with its guidelines, the SCO will not restrict their desire to join the organization for long. We can conclude that if the SCO develops successfully, many states in the future will express a desire to share the interests of this organization.

Thus, the expansion of the SCO is acquiring decisive significance, and the admission of new states will not only change the number of participating countries, but will also change a number of aspects of the SCO’s activities. We can say that the expansion of the SCO will further strengthen and consolidate the organization and bring it to new level. But this expansion may also lead it down a path of weakening and stagnation. Therefore, the expansion of the SCO is not a technical, but a political issue, and it is necessary to demonstrate all the possibilities of expansion.

Further expansion of the SCO may also somewhat strengthen aspects of political geography; from this point of view, the expansion of the SCO towards the peripheral states of Central Asia is important. Here are located states such as Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, the Caucasus states, Pakistan, India, etc. Theoretically, these states are potential participants in the expanding SCO. However, for a number of internal and external reasons, the possibilities for accession of these states are very heterogeneous.

Turkmenistan, a state located in Central Asia, the only one in this region that has not joined the SCO. In all respects, this is the state closest to the SCO policy and has the most tolerant character. However, Turkmenistan pursues a policy of neutrality and does not participate in regional organizations, which contradicts the guidelines of the SCO. Besides. Turkmenistan does not express a desire to join the SCO. If in the future Turkmenistan changes its policy towards the SCO, it has every opportunity to join the organization.

Mongolia– The SCO does not have any particular disagreements regarding this state. In 2004, Mongolia became the first observer country in the SCO. On the other hand, there are no factors of terrorism, separatism, or extremism in Mongolia, and this country cannot have a significant influence on the anti-terrorism activities of the SCO. From a geopolitical point of view, Mongolia is considered a state in Northeast Asia and the priority of its policy is focused on international processes in this region.

In relation to the SCO, Mongolia has a unique geopolitical significance. In the northern and southern directions it borders with Russia and China. In the western and eastern directions - with the countries of North-East and Central Asia. Thus, it can be adjacent to all of the above directions. If Mongolia joins the SCO, this will help establish ties with the entire region and create favorable preconditions for interaction between the SCO member countries in Northeast Asia. Thus, Mongolia has vital strategic potential in relations with the SCO and is the most important factor in the further development of the SCO.

India and Pakistan are showing interest in the SCO. These two states are important elements of the international and regional anti-terrorist structure. On the territory of both states there are terrorist organizations In addition, due to the geographical proximity of South and Central Asia, terrorist organizations here have close relationships, sometimes forming a single whole. Therefore, India and Pakistan will easily find a common language with the SCO in matters of combating terrorism.

From the point of view of economic cooperation South Asia has access to the Indian Ocean, and China, Russia and Central Asian countries are interested in exporting their goods through the Indian Ocean. India and Russia have already created a South-North corridor connecting Russia with Indian Ocean, and the countries of Central Asia consider India and Pakistan as one of the ways to access the sea. Therefore, in the sphere of economic cooperation, India and Pakistan can quite easily integrate into the SCO.

These two countries have a certain weight on the world stage, so their possible entry into the SCO will expand the scope of the organization in the areas of politics, economics, security, cross-border cooperation, demography, culture and others.

But if India and Pakistan join the SCO, a number of problems may arise:

If India joins the SCO alone, it will have a negative impact on stability in South Asia. If Pakistan alone joins, this will complicate internal ties between the SCO member countries. If they join at the same time, then without a significant improvement in their bilateral relations, the SCO itself will become a victim of Indian-Pakistani contradictions and mutual attacks.

Both South and Central Asia are part of a vast region with sharp contradictions and complex problems. The entry of India and Pakistan into the SCO may lead to a shift in the center of the SCO's geopolitical influence.

Since both of these countries have nuclear weapons, their admission to the SCO could lead to a dead end in the measures taken within the SCO to control nuclear weapons.

The specific situation of India and Pakistan in the international arena is currently such that it is impossible to predict whether these countries will be able to fit into the SCO framework.

Iran historically has close ties with the Central Asian region; it maintains constant ties with the SCO member countries. In addition, the positions of the SCO and Iran on the issue of the Afghan Taliban also coincide. But Iran is located far to the west of the region, and there is a certain geopolitical distance between it and the SCO countries.

Iran pursues an independent foreign and domestic policy, which is quite difficult to reconcile with the political line of the SCO. Relations between Iran and the United States are very tense, the United States has blacklisted Iran, and it is difficult to predict how this confrontation will end. Therefore, Iran's possible entry into the SCO could lead to a number of problems.

Afghanistan, a country that is most directly related to the security of Central Asia. Even if the Taliban movement is completely eliminated, the greatest threat to the security of the Central Asian states will still come from Afghanistan. That is why the Afghan problem is the object of special attention for the SCO. In 2004, Afghan President Hamit Karzai participated in the SCO summit, during which the SCO's special attention to the situation in Afghanistan was announced.

However, there are currently many obstacles to Afghanistan's entry into the SCO. The first problem is the US protectionist line towards Afghanistan, which can directly affect the decision on membership in the SCO. Secondly, Afghanistan's admission to the SCO would mean that the organization assumes responsibility for achieving security and economic recovery in Afghanistan, while it is unknown whether the SCO has enough resources to achieve these goals. However, in the future, if the situation develops favorably, Afghanistan may well reach the level of meeting the criteria for membership in the SCO.

There is no doubt that the SCO is a worthy example of a strategic partnership aimed at strengthening regional security, economic progress and expanding integration in various fields while preserving the national and cultural characteristics of the participating countries. An example that can, over time, turn into a model for the construction of a multipolar post-Yalta system of international relations, a balanced, fair and effective system. Accordingly, the organization’s role in the emerging Asian and global security systems and in the search for solutions to global problems becomes all the more valuable.

Conclusion.

7 years after its establishment, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was originally organized as a multilateral mechanism solely for strengthening confidence-building measures in the military field in the border area, has emerged as an influential structure for multilateral cooperation in various areas of mutual interest and is making a significant contribution to the formation of the Asian - the Pacific region is a cooperative in nature regional security system based on equal cooperation of the participating countries.

From the concept of common security characteristic of the first stage of institutionalization of the SCO (1996-2001), the organization evolved to support the concept of security based on cooperation, at the same time transformed from a discussion club, a high-level forum into a full-fledged international organization with a formalized legal status and many areas of activity.

Within the framework of the Shanghai Five, and then the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a number of important documents were signed, which made it possible to create a legal framework for cooperation between the countries of the Central Asian region, ensure coordination of their foreign policy and efforts in the fight against terrorism and extremism, and determine the main and main directions of the organization’s work. Among the documents are the Agreement on Strengthening Confidence in the Military Field in the Border Area (1996), the Agreement on the Mutual Reduction of Armed Forces in the Border Area (1997), the Bishkek (1999) and Dushanbe (2000) Declarations, the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2001) , Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (2001), Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2002), Multilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation Program (2003), Declaration of the Fifth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2006), etc.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has gradually created a set of mechanisms and agreements to properly ensure sustainability, stability and security in the region. This gives grounds, despite a number of problems and contradictions between the participants in the vision of the priorities of the SCO’s work, to formulate a cautiously optimistic forecast regarding the prospects for its development.

Trade and economic cooperation is also intensively developing on the basis of mutual benefit and interest. Contacts in the humanitarian sphere are deepening and cultural cooperation is intensifying. The SCO is actively expanding its external relations, and the organization’s authority is growing. Installed official relations with international regional organizations such as the UN, ASEAN, CIS.

Thus, the SCO has achieved significant success in its activities. Its creation influenced not only the expansion of border issues between China and neighboring countries, but also greatly contributed to peace and stability in the region, curbing terrorism, separatism and extremism, strengthening economic interrelations, interaction in the industrial, energy, and humanitarian spheres between the member countries of the organization . Moreover, the organization is not a military alliance, but an effective, workable model of regional cooperation, based not on friendship against a common enemy, but on mutual trust, mutually beneficial cooperation, joint initiative and the priority of security.

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Applications.

Appendix No. 1

Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the world map.

SCO member states are marked in dark green

Countries with observer status are marked in light green.

Appendix No. 2

Brief information about the SCO

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a permanent intergovernmental international organization, the creation of which was announced on June 15, 2001 in Shanghai (PRC) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The highest decision-making body in the SCO is the Council of Heads of Member States (CHS). It meets once a year and makes decisions and instructions on all important issues of the organization. The Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States (CHG) meets once a year to discuss the strategy of multilateral cooperation and priority areas within the organization, resolve fundamental and pressing issues of economic and other cooperation, and also approves the annual budget of the organization.

The coordination mechanism within the SCO is the Council of National Coordinators of the SCO Member States (SNK). The organization has two permanent bodies - the Secretariat in Beijing, the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure in Tashkent. The Secretary General and the Director of the Executive Committee are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a period of three years. Since January 1, 2007, these posts have been respectively occupied by B.K. Nurgaliev (Kazakhstan) and M.U. Subanov (Kyrgyzstan).
The total area of the SCO member states is about 30 million 189 thousand square meters. km, which is 3/5 of the area of Eurasia, and the population is 1.5 billion people, which is 1/4 of the total population of the globe.

Appendix No. 3

SCO Secretaries General.

Zhang Deguang. Secretary General 2004-2006. Born in February 1941 in the eastern province of Shandong. Speaks Russian perfectly: in 1964 he graduated from the Faculty of Russian Language and Literature of the Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages. Further his career was connected with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Worked as a translator. Then - an employee of the Chinese Embassy in the USSR. Afterwards he was sent as an embassy counselor in the USA. Until 1993 - Ambassador to Kazakhstan. In 1993-1995 - head of department of Eastern Europe and Central Asia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1995 to 2001 - Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. And from 2001 to 2003 - Ambassador to the Russian Federation.

Bolat Nurgaliev. Secretary General of the SCO since 2006. A native of the Akmola region, after graduating from the Tselinograd Pedagogical Institute he worked in the First Main Directorate (intelligence) of the KGB of the USSR.

He collaborated in the Soviet embassies in Pakistan and India. Since 1992, he worked in the system of the foreign policy department of Kazakhstan. He was the head of the department of international security and arms control, and deputy minister. In 1996-2000 he was the Ambassador of Kazakhstan in Washington. Since 2000, he served as head of the diplomatic mission in South Korea, and since the end of 2003 - in Japan.

Appendix No. 4

Organizational structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The whole truth about the Shanghai Five No. 23 (105) dated June 14, 2001 http://www.businesspress.ru/newspaper/article_mId_40_aId_70425.html

History of the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization http://www.sectsco.org/html/00080.html

Chronicle of the main events within the Shanghai Five and the Shanghai Cooperation Organizationhttp://www.sectsco.org/html/00105.html

Declaration of the Fifth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization http://www.sectsco.org/html/00952.html

Lukin A. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: what next? http://www.polit.ru/research/2007/07/31/lukin.html

Mamaev Sh. SCO with Iran http://www.politjournal.ru/index.php?action=Articles&dirid=40&tek=5811&issue=164

Frederick Starr. Partnership for Central Asia http://www.analitika.org/article.php?story=20051122073817435

Aris S. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: based on materials from British and American researchers. http://www.infoshos.ru/?idn=330

Journal of International Law and International Relations 2007 – 2. The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the context of the formation of the Asian security system. - Voronovich. V.V. http://evolutio.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1172&Itemid=188

Syroezhkin, K. L. SCO: problems and prospects. Asiainform: information-analyst. portal. http://www.asiainform.ru/rusdoc/14822.htm.

T.T. Shaimergenov, G.A. Tusupbaeva. The role of international structures in ensuring regional security in Central Asia: prospects for the SCO and NATO. http://www.analitika.org/article.php?story=20071014004111495

Luzyanin S.G. Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 2008 model. http://www.perspektivy.info/oykumena/krug/shanchayskaya_organisaciya_2008-3-28.htm

Windisch, E. In the long term, the SCO wants to become a counterweight to NATO and OPEC. LentaCom.Ru: All Russia. social-political Internet gas. http://www.lentacom.ru/comments/3143.html

Zhao Huasheng. Some problems in the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization . http://www.infoshos.ru/?idn=429

Yulia Yakusheva: Problems and prospects for SCO expansion. http://www.ia-centr.ru/expert/585/

A.M. Vartanyan Why does Iran need SCO membership? http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2007/29-08-07a.htm

Labetskaya K. Meaningful work with the SCO observer countries has not yet developed http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/0/8041.html

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